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The recent COVID-19 pandemic has led many countries to adopt emergency cash transfer policies as a way to contain the economic and humanitarian crisis. Such initiatives were developed in a context of exacerbated gender, race, ethnicity and class inequalities resulting from physical and social distancing measures. The article analyzes, by means of an exploratory study and the so-called theory-driven evaluation of the program, the theoretical premises of the Brazilian Income Transfer Program (2003), Brazilian Emergency Assistance (2020) and Brazil Assistance (2021) programs, and their corresponding implementation dynamics. As cash transfer programs are given centrality in the contemporary public agenda, the conclusion is that evaluating their limits and advances - as to theoretical conception and mechanisms triggered in each context - contributes to trace evidence about their effectiveness in addressing long-term inequalities and those inequalities that arise in health emergency contexts.

This study aimed to characterize hospitalizations of residents in Paraná State, Brazil, that occurred during the neonatal period in a municipality different from their place of residence from 2008 to 2019, and to describe displacement networks for the first and last biennium of the series, corresponding to periods before and after initiatives to regionalize health services in the state. Admissions of children aged from 0 to 27 days were obtained from the Hospital Information System of the Brazilian National Unified Health System (SIH-SUS) database. For each biennium and health region, the proportion of admissions that occurred outside the municipality of residence, the weighted average distance traveled, and indicators of health and service provision were calculated. Mixed models were fitted to evaluate the biennial trend of the indicators and to investigate factors associated with the neonatal mortality rate (NMR). In total, 76,438 hospitalizations were selected, ranging from 9,030 in 2008-2009 to 17,076 in 2018-2019. The comparison of the networks obtained for 2008-2009 and 2018-2019 revealed an increase in the number of frequent destinations and in the proportion of displacements within the same health region. A decreasing trend was observed for distance, the proportion of live births with 5-minute Apgar ≤ 7, and for NMR. In the adjusted analysis for NMR, besides the biennial effect (-0.64; 95%CI: -0.95; -0.28), only the proportion of live birth with gestational age < 28 weeks showed statistical significance (4.26; 95%CI: 1.29; 7.06). The demand for neonatal hospital care increased over the study period. The displacement networks suggest a positive impact of regionalization, although investment in regions with the potential to become healthcare centers is necessary.

Introduction: Patients on renal replacement therapy (RRT) and kidney transplant recipients (KTR) present multiple factors that may increase the risk of death from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This study aimed to evaluate the incidence and impact of COVID-19 in RRT patients and KTRs., Methods: Between March 2020 and February 2021, we monitored the RRT population of thirteen dialysis facilities that refer patients for transplantation to our center, a tertiary hospital in Southern Brazil. In the same period, we also monitor COVID-19 incidence and mortality in our KTR population. Demographical, clinical, and COVID-19-related information were analyzed., Results: We evaluated 1545 patients in the dialysis centers, of which 267 (17.4%) were infected by COVID-19 and 53 (19.9%) died. Among 275 patients on the kidney transplant waiting list, 63 patients (22.9%) were infected and seven (11.1%) died. COVID-19 was the leading cause of death (29.2%) among patients on the waiting list. Within the population of 1360 KTR, 134 (9.85%) were diagnosed with COVID-19 and 20 (14.9%) died. The number of kidney transplants decreased by 56.7% compared with the same period in the previous twelve months., Conclusion: In the study period, patients on RRT and KTRs presented a high incidence of COVID-19 and high COVID-19-related lethality. The impact on the patients on the transplant waiting list was less pronounced. The lethality rate observed in both cohorts seems to be related to age, comorbidities, and disease severity.

Objective: This study aims to discuss the care for people in psychic crises conducted by the team of the Mental Health Center of the Mobile Emergency Care Service of the Federal District - Brazil (NUSAM/SAMU/DF/BRAZIL), describing the dynamics of care, since the regulation from cases to follow-up., Methods: Qualitative, exploratory, descriptive study, with data collected through data collection in the information system of the Health Department of the Federal District (SES/DF), participant observation activities and interviews, over a period of three months, with professionals from NUSAM/SAMU/DF. The qualitative analysis consisted of Bardin's content analysis., Results: NUSAM/SAMU/DF showed its ability to offer care in a humanized and resolving way to urgencies and emergencies of a psychosocial nature, considering the resources it has., Final Considerations: The service's pioneering spirit regarding the prehospital approach to people in psychic crises is highlighted, characterized by the singularized, humanized and resolutive service.

Based on different theoretical references (public health, program evaluation, and critical realism), the paper analyzes whether conditional cash transfers contribute to the reduction of monetary poverty and improved health care. It employs evaluative research material, consisting of a case study on the health conditionalities of the "Bolsa Família" Program (PBF) and its implementation by the Family Health Strategy in a primary care service (PHC service) located in a slum area in Rio de Janeiro. Experiences and perceptions of managers, health professionals, and beneficiary families were prioritized to understand the dynamics of the program. A predominant perception is that the PBF "benefits those who need it, but also those who do not need it". On the one hand, health care is recognized as limited, since households are vulnerable and with health problems resulting from this condition. On the other hand, having access to the Clinic is a crucial resource since the benefit is seen as of little value, which reinforces the idea of "aid". It concludes that the three domains of stratified reality contribute to understanding the scope of programs that address the imbrication of biological and social aspects in contexts marked by inequality and poverty.

Purpose: To describe and compare the anthropometric measurements and the orofacial proportions of healthy term newborns (NB) according to sex, from a public maternity hospital in the state of Sergipe, northeastern Brazil., Methods: Descriptive and analytical randomized study was carried out. The participants included were 46 randomly selected healthy and full-term RNs of both sexes. A digital caliper was used to measure measurements (in millimeters) with the NB supine and occluded lips. Twice different, previously trained researchers measured each NB. Data were described using simple and percentage frequencies. The mean differences were assessed using the Mann-Whitney test, with a significance of 5%. Associations evaluated by the Fisher Exact test, and Cohen D size effects were calculated., Results: Differences were found between the groups for the anthropometric measurements: midface third height (glabella-subnasal or sn-g) and bottom (subnasal-gnathion or sn-gn); and filter heights (upper-lip subnasal or sn-ls), the upper lips (subnasal-estomus or sn-sto), and lower (stomatal-gnathion or sto-gn), which was always greater in males. The orofacial proportions studied did not show differences between sexes., Conclusion: The study showed the presence of sexual dimorphism for the measures of the face at birth in the population born in Aracaju, Sergipe.

This study aimed to analyze aspects of the implementation of the National Permanent Health Education Policy of the Brazilian Ministry of Health, based on the experiences of Public Health Schools. Five workshops were held in schools located in different regions of the country, taking into account an analysis of the conceptual and organizational basis of the policy. The methodological premises hinged on a reflexivist approach based on a dialogue between the research team and school participants, which built on the identification and meaning of the experiences of these institution in permanent health education (PHE). This study shows that the principles and values of the PHE were adequate in these schools and employed as pedagogical practice, not only in clearly educational situations, as formative processes, but also in the very institutional development management and actions, as well as in their political action. The important role of these schools as co-fosterers of PHE in the country and their capacity of mobilizing different social agents should be emphasized.

Objective: To construct and implement an instrument (checklist) to improve safety when performing the prone maneuver., Methods: This was an applied, qualitative and descriptive study. The instrument was developed based on a broad review of the literature pertaining to the construction of a care protocol using the main electronic databases (MEDLINE, LILACS and Cochrane)., Results: We describe the construction of a patient safety tool with numerous modifications and adaptations based on the observations of the multidisciplinary team regarding its use in daily practice., Conclusion: The use of the checklist when performing the prone maneuver increased the safety and reliability of the procedure. The team's understanding of the tool's importance to patient safety and training in its use are necessary for its success.

This study aimed to describe the dynamics of intergenerational family relationships from the viewpoint of the elderly. It is a study of qualitative approach, developed with 32 elderly people registered in the coverage area of a Family Health Program in a city in the state of Bahia. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews during the first half of 2013, through home visits. We applied to thematic content analysis, and four categories emerged: harmonic intergenerational family relationships; conflicting intergenerational family relationships; family relationships permeated by intergenerational carefor the elderly; intergenerational relationships permeated by elderly caring for their grandchildren. The categories enabled an understanding of the dynamics of intergenerational family relationships from the viewpoint of elderly, unveiling family relationships guided in the care, support, family unity and even conflicts.

Objective To evaluate the effect of diosmin and hesperidin flavonoids in the prevention of amphotericin B nephrotoxicity, through an experimental model on rats. Method Adult, male Wistar rats were distributed into the following groups: saline; diosmin hesperidin (animals that received 50 mg/kg of diosmin hesperidin, drinking water, for ten days); amphotericin B (animals that received 15 mg/kg/day of amphotericin B through intraperitoneal treatment for five days); amphotericin B+diosmin hesperidin. Renal function, fractional excretion of sodium; potassium and magnesium and oxidative metabolites were evaluated. Results Treatment with amphotericin B reduced renal function, as shown by the clearance of creatinine, increased tubular function markers and fractional excretion of sodium, potassium, magnesium and oxidative metabolites. Pre-treatment with diosmin hesperidin ameliorated clearance of creatinine and reduced tubular and oxidative injury. Conclusion Administration of amphotericin B resulted in reduction of renal function with tubular injury, and diosmin hesperidin showing an antioxidant protective effect on the kidneys.

Objective: To assess the effect of high-voltage cathodic current on pain from a sciatica experimental model., Methods: A total of 16 male Wistar rats were submitted to the sciatica experimental model in the right hind paw. They were divided into sham group (GS) and group treated with cathodic current (GP-) for 20 min/daily, for 10 days). The model of sciatic compression was performed with a 4.0-chromic catgut thread tie in four points of the sciatic nerve. Assessment of nociception was performed by measuring the time during which the animal held its hind paw in a guarded position (THHP) and the pressure withdrawal threshold, by use of a digital electronic analgesymeter. Data collection was carried out before the sciatica experimental model (AS1), three days after compression (before, AS2, and after treatment, AS3), and five and 10 days after treatment (AS4 and AS5, respectively)., Results: According to the functional disability test, both groups showed an increase in nociception, with no reduction at any assessment time. Submitted to pressure, however, GS showed a reduction in the hind paw withdrawal threshold at all assessment times, while GP- showed a reduction in the hind paw withdrawal threshold only initially - at AS5, the threshold was restored., Conclusion: No change in nociception was observed on functional assessment; however, on pressure hind paw withdrawal assessment, the treatment with cathodic current showed to be effective with the summation of therapies.

Introduction: Ocular trauma is considered a health care problem because is an important cause for visual impairment. Intraocular foreign bodies are related to activities involving usage of metallic objects, but other materials can be present in the eye and have to be diagnosed and localized. Ultrasound biomicroscopy is an adequate subsidiary tool to evaluate an anterior chamber intraocular foreign body., Purpose: To characterize nature, localization, dimensions of foreign bodies and associated lesions to the anterior segment using ultrasound biomicroscopy., Methods: Retrospective clinical study of 7,182 patient's charts submitted to ultrasound biomicroscopy examination between 1999 and 2008, totalizing 59 eyes suspected of anterior segment foreign body., Results: Five cases presented two foreign bodies, fragments from the same nature, in different locations or not; and three cases had uncountable fragments in the anterior segment. Concerning localization: cornea, 11 (26%); conjunctiva, 10 (23%); iris, 10 (23%); lens, 9 (21%); sclera, 5 (12%); corneal angle, 5 (12%); ciliary body, 3 (7%). Among the associated lesions, it was identified: corneal perforation in 12 cases, corneal laceration in 2 cases, anterior synechia in 6 cases, traumatic aniridia 1 case, traumatic iridotomy in 3 cases, anterior chamber reaction in 10 cases and rupture of the anterior lens capsule in 4 cases. Considering composition: metallic, 21 (50%); non metallic, 20 were glass (48%) and 1 was vegetal (2%). The size of foreign bodies varied from 0.09 to 2.45 mm (average: 0.84 mm)., Conclusions: Ultrasound biomicroscopy is useful to localize foreign bodies in the anterior segment. This imaging method can give orientation about composition, path, and localization of foreign bodies and associated lesions, thus facilitating therapeutic planning prior to intervention, avoiding additional lesions to the eye.

Purpose: To describe orofacial indexes and proportions in adults, according to facial type and gender, and to verify the possibility to establish a way of classifying face based on anthropometry., Methods: Participants were 105 leukoderm adults, 34 male (32.4%) and 71 female (67.6%), with ages between 20 and 40 years old, patients in a private orthodontic clinic in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil. The findings from the cephalometric analysis contained in their orthodontic records were used for determination of facial type. Subjects were divided according to gender and facial type, and were submitted to anthropometric facial measures obtained directly through a caliper rule. These measures were compared to six variables: facial index, lower face index, upper face index, chin-face height proportion, chin height proportion, and mandibular height proportion., Results: The average values obtained by the subjects divided into genders and facial types that presented significant differences were: facial index, lower face index, upper face index, and mandibular height proportion for males, and mandibular height proportion, for females. To predict facial types, the following parameters were considered significant: facial index, upper face index and mandibular height proportion for the dolichofacial type, for males; and mandibular height proportion for the dolichofacial and lower face index for the brachyfacial type, for females., Conclusion: Some indexes and orofacial proportions present variations according to facial types and genders. In general, the anthropometric variables in this study are not good predictors to determine facial types.

Introduction: The protective effect of exercise on individuals with peripheral neuropathy is controversial., Objective: To assess the influence of physical training of moderate and progressive intensity on nociception of rats in an experimental sciatica model., Materials and Methods: The study assessed 18 rats divided into the following three groups: control group (CG); low-intensity swimming group (LISG); progressive-time swimming group (PTSG). To meet the physical training protocol, the animals were placed in a water tank for six weeks, three alternate days per week. In LISG group, the animals swam ten minutes per session, and, in PTSG group, the animals began swimming for ten minutes, and had a ten-minute increase per week. In CG group, the animals swam less than one minute per day, only to get used to the water environment. After finishing the swimming training, the experimental sciatica model protocol was started with constrictive ligature of the sciatic nerve with chromic catgut. Nociception was assessed using the functional disability test, which measures, in a one-minute interval, the time during which the animal holds its hind paw (THHP) in a guarded position. Assessments were performed preoperatively, and on the third, sixth, and tenth post-operative (PO) days., Results: All groups showed a significant increase in THHP on third, sixth, and tenth PO days, as compared to preoperative values. In CG, no significant change was observed in PO assessments, unlike what happened in LISG and PTSG groups., Conclusion: Exercise produced greater hyperalgesia.

Sanitary surveillance is an intersectorial and multidisciplinary practice of health regulation. The aim was to describe the scientific research on sanitary surveillance and its research groups in Brazil during the period of 1997 to 2003, through the Census of 2000, 2002 and 2004 of Directory of Research Groups of the Scientific and Technological Development National Council (CNPq). The term "sanitary surveillance" was used to search the production and the research groups in the Lattes Platform of CNPq. There were 1,194 items, 913 in bibliographic production and 281 in post-graduated production, with an increment of 540% on the period. There were 735 research groups, created mostly from 2000 to 2003 and 6,263 researchers concentrated in the Southeast Region and in CNPq sub area of Public Health. The great increase of the production lead to the conclusion that sanitary surveillance have been a locus of production only in the last decade, presented in scientific events of Public Health and until now concentrated just like others areas in Health.

Background and Objectives: Sevoflurane is presented in three types of vials. The differences in physical-chemical properties of those products are due to different manufacturing processes, although they are essentially identical regarding chemical comparison tests. It has been hypothesized that the Sevoflurane molecule could present chemical instability due to the formation of Lewis acids as a consequence of the materials used in the fabrication of the vials and the water content. The objective of this study was to analyze the clinical efficacy of Sevoflurane conditioned in different vials., Methods: Sixty-four adult patients were randomly divided into two groups. Two Datex-Ohmeda vaporizers, one with only Generic Sevoflurane and the other with Sevorane™, were used. The study coordinator was responsible for supplying the vaporizers and he did not participated in none anesthetic procedures. The same anesthetic technique and monitoring (ECG, HR, SpO₂, P(ET)CO₂, BIS, SEF, TOF, % INSP, % EXP, SBP, and DBP) were used in both groups., Results: During anesthesia, differences were not observed between both groups. A statistically significant difference was observed in the time between the interruption of Sevoflurane and spontaneous eye opening (13,91 ± 6.39 min in Group II, and 10.34 ± 6.05 min in Group I) and the interruption of Sevoflurane and handgrip on verbal command (15.38 ± 6.47 min in Group II, and 11.88 ± 6.60 in Group I). A statistically significance difference was not observed between the interruption of Sevoflurane and the moment that patients achieved an Aldrete- Kroulik index equal or above 8., Conclusions: during anesthesia a significant difference between both groups was not observed. Although awakening was 3,5 minutes faster in Group I (Generic Sevoflurane), anesthesiologists did not observe any difference in the clinical behavior of patients., (Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Editora Ltda. All rights reserved.)

The objective of this systematic review was to evaluate whether there is conclusive evidence that the professional application of fluoride varnish decreases the incidence of dental caries in preschool children. We searched the BBO, LILACS, MEDLINE and Cochrane electronic databases to identify controlled clinical trials that evaluated the development of cavitated caries lesions in children up to six years of age. Two researchers performed a critical appraisal of the studies selected for inclusion. Five-hundred and thirteen articles were found, but only eight met our inclusion criteria. Most of these eight studies were of poor methodological quality. They were also heterogeneous in relation to participants' previous caries experience, type of intervention performed on the control group, children's exposure to other sources of fluoride, and varnish application interval. The absolute differences between caries incidences in the control and test groups ranged from 0.30 to 1.64 and the preventive fractions varied from 5% to 63%. Fluoride varnish may be effective to decrease the incidence of dental caries in preschoolers, but more randomized clinical trials with better methodological quality are necessary to provide conclusive evidence in this respect.

Background: Diabetes and cardiovascular disease have emerged as key threats to human health, and the risk is increased in individuals with visceral obesity. The consensus is that physical exercise should be part of the treatment of diabetes mellitus (DM)., Objective: To compare the influence of guided and structured physical exercise programs (SPEP), three to five times per week, during a period of 20 weeks, on glycemic control and body composition of type 2 diabetic patients (DM2)., Methods: The research was conducted at the Universidade Federal de São Paulo (Federal University School of Medicine in São Paulo). At the clinical visit, patients from the Control Group (CG) n=17, mean age 55.8 years, were encouraged to engage in a physical exercise program. Patients from Group 3x (G3), n=14, mean age 57.4 years, were to engage in 1 hour of physical exercise, 3x/week, and Group 5x (G5), n=9, mean age 58.8 years, followed the same protocol but 5x/week. Mean of 5 years since diagnosis in all groups. Classes consisted of a 5-minute warm-up, 30-minute treadmill walk at 70% of maximum heart rate, and 10-minute relaxation. BMI, abdominal circumference (AC), percentage of body fat (BF), capillary glycemia (CG), fasting glycemia (FG), and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) were assessed., Results: A comparison was made between the baseline time point (B) and the 20th week (20th). BMI in G3 (B:29.5+/-2.9 vs. 20th: 28.3 +/- 2.2 Kg/sqm, p=0.005) and G5 (B:29.7+/-4.4 vs. 20th: 29.1 +/- 4.3 Kg/sqm, p=0.025); abdominal circumference in G5 (B:100.5+/-11.9 vs. 20th: 933 +/- 11.7 cm, p=0.001); BF in G3 (B:31+/-5.1 vs 20th: 26+/-5%, p=0.001) and G5 (B:32.4 +/- 5.4 vs. 20th: 30.3 +/- 6.9%, p=0.001); FG, G5 (B:150.8 +/- 47.5 vs. 20th: 109.2+/- 30.5 mg/dL, p=0.034), showed statistically significant differences. CG did not show statistically significant differences for these variables. CG showed a tendency to drop after physical exercise in G5. HbA1c showed no statistically significant differences in the three groups., Conclusion: G5 did better than G3 in most parameters assessed. However, results failed to show a decrease of HbA1c in DM2 patients.

A key objective of the Brazilian National Drug Policy is the quality of medicines supplied to the population. This study aimed to set priorities for the analysis of the National Program for Quality Control of Medicines. The main criterion was the drug's presence in at least three Pharmaceutical Care Programs under the Ministry of Health. Additional criteria were presence on the National List of Essential Drugs (RENAME) in 2002 and its indication for the 20 main causes of disability-adjusted life years (DALY). The sources were data from the Ministry of Health and related legislation. The drugs were classified according to the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System (ATC) of the WHO. The 13 pharmaceutical care programs included 893 products classified in 449 different ATC codes. Twenty-eight drugs were considered priorities, 26 of which were listed on the RENAME and 12 indicated as causes of DALY. It is recommended that the National Health Surveillance Agency and Secretariat of Science, Technology, and Strategic Inputs establish an integrated strategy to guarantee comprehensive quality of these drugs, including laboratory quality, registration, good manufacturing practices, and information for health professionals and the general population.

Background: the use of anthroposcopy in the assessment of posture and morphology of the stomatognathic system of mouth breathing children., Aim: to describe the postural and morphologic characteristics of the stomatognathic system of mouth breathing children, according to age., Method: participants were 100 children, of both genders, with ages ranging from 7 to 11 years and 11 months, leukoderms, in mixed dentition and with the diagnosis of mouth breathing. The investigated postural and morphologic characteristics of the stomatognathic system were labial and lingual resting position, possibility of labial occlusion, hyperfunction of the mentalis muscle during labial occlusion, bite and morphology of the lower lip, cheeks and hard palate, using the anthroposcopy methodology., Results: the results referring to the characterization of the studied population, according to the most frequent otorhinolaryngologic diagnosis, was of enlarged pharyngeal and palatine tonsils. A statistically significant difference was found between the percentages of each otorhinolaryngologic diagnosis, according to age. The results of the characteristics of the stomatognathic system indicated that the most common aspects in the studied sample were: half-open lips when in the resting position, tongue lowered on the mouth's floor in the resting position, possibility of labial occlusion, hyperfunction of the mentalis muscle during labial occlusion, alterations of bite, labioverted, symmetry of the cheeks and alteration of the hard palate. All of the studied characteristics presented the same frequency with the increase in age, with no statistically significant difference., Conclusion: mouth breathing children presented pathologic adaptations in the postural and morphological characteristics of the stomatognathic system. This suggests the importance of early diagnosis in order to avoid orofacial alterations.

The objective of this study was to reconstitute the history of the creation of the Nursing Undergraduate Course at the Medical Sciences School, University of Campinas, occurred in 1978, through an unofficial history, due to the insufficiency of pertinent documental sources. Nurses who participated directly and actively in this process were the subjects of the research. The School of Nursing, legally planned since 1966, was never established. To answer to the minimum necessary organization, it was instituted only one Department of Nursing, four years after the beginning of the course. The interest and the initiative to establish the course started from a titled nurse, outside of the university, hired specifically for this purpose. This fact explains the personal trace, not very institutional, that characterized in a predominant way the moment of creation and continuity of this course.

Purpose: To present the prevalence of iridociliary cysts in eyes of patients submitted to UBM examination., Methods: We analyzed retrospectively the UBM images of 1157 patients in the period from September 1995 to June 2004. The inclusion criterion was the UBM examination had been made on the four quadrants (superior, inferior, nasal and temporal) of the eyes. The cysts were assessed and classified in relation to their number in each quadrant; localization and morphology. Using the UBM Pro 2000 software we took the measurements of the largest diameter, wall thickness and area of the cysts besides the angle recession area (ARA)., Results: The prevalence of the cysts was 4.9%. No statistical difference was found between the prevalence of cysts regarding gender or between the right and left eyes. They were more prevalent in the inferior (39.8%) and temporal (29.1%) quadrants. The cysts with the largest diameter and area were located in the temporal and superior quadrants. No difference was found in relation to cysts' wall thickness in all quadrants., Conclusions: No statistical difference was found between the prevalence of cysts as concerns gender or between the right and left eyes. However, the cysts were more prevalent in the inferior and temporal quadrants. The locations of the largest cysts are preferentially the temporal and superior quadrants. The angle recession area was smaller in the temporal and superior quadrants. The cysts' wall thickness is practically the same in all quadrants. The diagnosis of iridociliary cysts was an occasional finding in 64.3% of the patients.

Background and Objectives: The mechanical ventilator support is one of the main used modalities of support in intensive therapy. In the modality of predetermined pressure, the maximum pressure is regulated, but the current volume (V T) is a complex function of the applied pressure and its speed to reach the pressure-target, of the available breathing time and the resistance to the breath. This paper has as objective to evaluate the influences of the increment of the breathing time in the pulmonary ventilation., Methods: The study was carried through in the Adult ICU of the Regional Hospital of Mato Grosso do Sul, located in Campo Grande. They had been enclosed individuals adult, both genders, between 16 and 84 years, submitted to the mechanical ventilation in controlled pressure mode or in controlled-watched mode. The breathing time was adjusted in 1 sec, developing in 0.2 sec until the boundary-value of 1.6 sec. The tidal volume (V T) and the volume minute (V E) had been evaluated of 13 patients in the breathing times of 1s; 1.2s; 1.4s and 1.6s., Results: In the mean of V T and V E an increasing increase was observed after-increment of the breathing time. We did not find in consulted literature, data which correlated the breathing time with alterations in the current volume., Conclusions: The increment of the breathing time in the ventilation for pressure control can have influence in the determination of the current volume offered to the patient.

This issue features facsimiles of Regimento proueytoso contra ha pestenença and Modus curandi cum balsamo, based on the original texts housed in the Biblioteca Pública de Evora and the Biblioteca Nacional de Portugal, respectively. Semi-diplomatic editions of both facsimiles--with transliterations into modern characters--have also been provided. These are followed by translations, in the case of Regimento from old to modern Portuguese and in the case of Modus curandi from Latin to modern-day Portuguese. This text explains the criteria used in preparing the semi-diplomatic versions and in modernizing the text of Regimento.

Objective: To evaluate the nutritional status of elderly persons and to compare the correlation between the body mass index (BMI=kg/m2) with measures of adiposity and fat distribution among elderly and middle-aged adults., Methods: Elderly persons (N=699; 60 years or older) and middle-aged adults (N=1,306; 40-59.9 years) participating in a population-based survey conducted in 1996 in the municipality of Rio de Janeiro were evaluated as to body mass index, arm, waist, and hip circumferences, skinfolds, and arm fat and muscle areas using standardized procedures. The cutoff points proposed by the World Health Organization for waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, and body mass index were used. Analyses were performed using the Spearman correlation coefficient and linear regression adjusted for age., Results: About 50% of elderly subjects were classified as overweight and more than 50% of women in all age groups had waist circumference and waist-to-hip ratio outside the normal range. Among men, these percentages were about 40% for waist circumference and 20% for waist-to-hip ratio. Among elderly subjects, the partial correlation (adjusted for age) between body mass index and measures of adiposity (waist circumference, skinfolds, and arm fat area) ranged from 0.45 to 0.85 for men and 0.55 to 0.86 for women. Weight and waist circumference were the variables more strongly correlated with body mass index among both elderly persons and adults., Conclusions: The prevalence of overweight among elderly persons was high for both men and women. Body mass index shows a similar relationship with adiposity regardless of ageing.

Background: facial measurements and proportions are very important for the orofacial myofunctional evaluation., Aim: to describe the facial measurements and proportions, according to age and gender., Method: 254 children, with ages ranging between 7.0 to 11.11 years., Results: there was no statistical difference between the mean values, regarding age and gender, for the upper lip and philtrum. As for the other facial measurements a statistically significant difference was observed between the obtained mean values. Girls presented lower mean values than boys. The facial proportions did not present statistical difference between the mean values in relation to age and gender., Conclusion: it is important to consider aspects of age and gender during the evaluation of the facial measurements.

Objective: This article aims at reviewing the relationship between early weaning and its consequences to oral motor development, focusing on the consequences to occlusion, breathing, and children's oral motor aspects., Sources: A literature review based on Medline database from the early 60s up to 2001 was performed taking into consideration the following topics: pediatrics, dentistry and speech language pathology., Summary of the Findings: Based on this review of literature, we could verify that early weaning may lead to a proper oral motor development rupture, which may cause negative consequences to swallowing, breathing and speaking activities as well as malocclusion, oral breathing and oral motor disorders., Conclusions: In addition to several benefits of breastfeeding, it contributes to a proper oral motor development and also avoids speech-language disorders, regarding oral motor system.

Background: We analysed 40 patients with mandibular condylar process fractures, treated through the closed (intermaxilary fixation or conservatively) or open methods (wire internal fixation,titanium miniplates, bone reduction or articular exploration), from January 1993 to January 1999., Methods: We evaluated these patients clinically with pre-determined criteria through the temporomandibular articulation touching (ATM), by observing the mandibular symmetry, dental oclusion, deviation to the mouth opening and maximum interincisal opening, besides the questionnaire about the complaints at ATM, disfunction of the mastication system and satisfaction of the treatment. We found an index of good clinical results of, at least, 70% (in the maximum interincisal opening) in the patients submitted to IMF. In the conservative method, we found an index of, at least, 42.9% and in the patients submitted to wire open reduction, at least, 28.6% (in the ATM touching exam) without significant difference in the clinical exams; the pain index at ATM in the closed method was 3.7% and in the open one was 15.4%; mastication disfunction was 22.2% in the closed method and 15.4% in the open one; we only found 7.1% dissatisfied patients in the closed method. There was no significant difference in the method results., Conclusions: The closed method - with IMF and conservative - and the open reduction - with ORIF - brought good clinical results in an evaluation up to 6 months. We could also conclude that there is no difference in the complaint results after the open or closed treatment according to the patients' opinion.

Objective: To evaluate clinical and evolutive characteristics of patients admitted in an intensive care unit after cardiopulmonary resuscitation, identifying prognostic survival factors., Methods: A retrospective study of 136 patients admitted between 1995 and 1999 to an intensive care unit, evaluating clinical conditions, mechanisms and causes of cardiopulmonary arrest, and their relation to hospital mortality., Results: A 76% mortality rate independent of age and sex was observed. Asystole was the most frequent mechanism of death, and seen in isolation pulmonary arrest was the least frequent. Cardiac failure, need for mechanical ventilation, cirrhosis and previous stroke were clinically significant (p < 0.01) death factors., Conclusion: Prognostic factors supplement the doctor's decision as to whether or not a patient will benefit from cardiopulmonary resuscitation.

This experience took place in a Medical Center, in Rio de Janeiro, in 1988. The group responsible for it included a social worker, a nutritionist, a nurse and a gynecologist. The aims were: to offer better health care; to discuss the importance, the results and the appropriate therapies of the Pap smear; to offer women an opportunity to meet and discuss their problems, experiences, desires, expectations; and to offer to the health professionals the opportunity to re-think their own practices. The methodology used was characterized by making appointments for a medical exam subsequent to a Pap smear; evaluation of each Pap smear result and its appropriate treatment, previous to the group consultation; group discussion about the Pap smear results; and about themes brought up by women clients. The main results were: an increase of 42.7% in the number of women who went for their first medical exam; an increase of ten minutes in the length of each medical exam; better screening for syphilis and gonorrhea, better quality of health care within the perspective of women as integral beings (greater appreciation of a woman s own experiences, be it in terms of her complaints and problems be it in her evaluation of the medical care system). This kind of consultation is of rather recent date and if it becomes more wide-spread it could result in an increase in the number and quality of the medical exam.