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The forage palm is adapted to regions with a semi-arid climate, constituting an important source of food for herds in the dry season, especially in Northeast Brazil. The objective was to evaluate the growth of small palm (Opuntia cochenillifera) without an irrigation system due to organic fertilization in the municipality of Santana do Ipanema-AL. The project was carried out in the Serrote dos Braz community, located in the municipality of Santana do Ipanema, mesoregion of the Sertão Alagoano. The experimental design was in randomized blocks, with an arrangement of subdivided plots. The cladodes were planted in a domino shape, testing two types of organic fertilization (cattle and poultry manure). For the evaluation of the vegetative development of the forage palm, the morphometric aspects of the cladodes and plants were observed. The characteristics analyzed in thecladodes were width, length and perimeter, determined with the aid of a measuring tape. The data obtained were subjected to analysis of variance followed by the Tukey test. It was concluded that organic fertilization with poultry manure had a significant effect on all variables studied when compared to bovine manure. Regarding the soil temperature, there was a significant difference in the hours observed during work.

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of organic and inorganic fertilizers on the pitaya’s Hylocereus undatus performance under field conditions. The experimental design used was Completely Randomized Block Design (CRBD). Five treatments consisting of the four different fertilizer dosages were included in this study, namely T1 (00-120-320-120); T2 (04-080-160-080); T3 (06-060-100-060); T4 (08-000-000-000) and T5 (Control: 00-000-000-000) of bovine manure (kg pit-1), urea (g pit-1), super simple (g pit-1) and potassium chloride (g pit-1), respectively. Parameters such as height, number, length, width, area, and volume of the cladodes were assessed at 20 and 320 days after planting. The number of fruits produced and mineral composition (N, K, Ca, Mg, P, and S) of H. undatus plants were also assessed. The results on morphometric characteristics of the cladodes, macronutrient composition, and fruit yield have been recorded with higher values in treatments 3 and 4. However, according to the principal component analysis performed, treatment 3 was the one that correlated with the evaluated characteristics. The results have indicated clearly the importance of combination of adequate dose of mineral and organic fertilizer for better vegetative performance and yield of pitaya crop.

The agroindustry of the Panela generates a high pollutant load which is represented by liquids, gases and solids. Among the most polluting solid wastes, the sugarcane bagasse is the one that generates the most environmental impact because it is poured directly into the ravines, triggering serious conflicts in the social and economic order. The objective in this research was to obtain organic fertilizers, from the sugar cane residues, adding microbial broths which were enriched with fertilizers. Five treatments were evaluated. They included compost, microbial broth, nitrogen additions, phosphorus and a fully randomized control with three replicates. The physical and chemical variables were determined from the organic fertilizer, besides the fertilizer effect in Raphanus sativus L plants. The microbial broth application on the sugarcane bagasse allowed to obtain a good organic fertilizer content which was full of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium. From the enriched organic fertilizer application, in doses of 2 and 4 t/ha-1, a greater length of the aerial part of R. Sativus was obtained, which resulted in greater weight of the aerial part but also from the radical part.

The microbial populations in the rhizosphere need MO as the exudates of the plants for their development. The soils of the Andean región of Bolivia are characterized by low levéis of OM (

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of biodigester treatment on the microbiological characteristics of swine wastewater (SW) at the production and storage sites, and to characterize and compare the microbiological composition of the soil, organic matter, and plants in the area of hay and haylage production. The area has been planted with Tifton 85 grass for eight years; and is exclusively intended for hay and haylage production, SW was used as the only fertilizer source. The experimental design was completely randomized with subdivided plotsin timeand five replications; the plots were the main areas of the SW in natura (affluent), the biodigester outlet (effluent), the storage pond, and the area of Tifton 85 production, which included the soil, plant residue on the soil surface (organic matter), and the aerial parts of the grasseswith subplots in the rainy and dry seasons. The microbial count in the SW was reduced during the treatment process, with higher counts in the affluent, and lower countsin the effluent and storage pond. The SW treatment was efficient in reducing the microbial population. The populations of Bacillus and Clostridiumwere influenced by the season of the year, with larger populations during the rainy season (summer) than during the dry season (winter). The mold genera identified in the SW area were Penicillium, Rhizopus, Fusarium, Helminthosporium, and Phoma. The genera Penicillium, Rhizopus, Fusarium, Cladosporium, Helminthosporium, Bipolaris, Phoma, Aspergillus, and Trichoderma were found in the area of Tifton 85 production.

Radish is a short-cycle plant, easily cultivated by family farmers, using organic manure which decreases production costs and may be a viable alternative for wastes produced on the farm. Current paper evaluates the effect of application of liquid swine wastes (DLS) and fowl wastes (CA), with and without complementation of mineral manure in the culture of two radish harvests. Five blocks and seven treatments were employed: 1) control; 2) mineral manure 100%; 3) 100% organic manure with CA; 4) 100% organic manure with DLS; 5) manure with 50% of CA supplemented with mineral manure; 6) 50% of DLS supplemented with mineral manure; 7) 50% CA + 50% DLS. Two seedlings were undertaken: application of treatments and the residual effect of manure of the harvest were evaluated. Parameters of the first harvest evaluated were dry and fresh leaf mass (g), number of leaves (NF), productivity (kg ha-1), dry mass of root (g), diameter (mm), height (cm), titratable acidity (% malic acid) soluble solids (°Brix), stiffness (N) and N, P, K rates (g kg-1) in the leaves. In the case of the second harvest, fresh mass (g), number of leaves, diameter (mm) and productivity (kg ha-1) were evaluated. Highest productivity rates in the first harvest were obtained for treatments 2, 5, 6 and 7. Only a significant difference for the number of leaves was detected in the second harvest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT This research aimed to evaluate the biogas production during the anaerobic biodigestion process of dairy cattle manure, with and without solids separation. Sixteen biodigesters of the batch type were used, each one with 2L of capacity, supplied with manure in four different conditions: (1) pure manure, after washing the floors of the free stall system; (2) manure after the solids separator; (3) manure after the solids separator and sand decanter and (4) manure with the solid retained in separator solids, dissolved in water. The hydraulic retention time was of 196 days. The highest reductions of volatile solids (VS) were obtained for the biodigesters supplied with manure that went through some process of solids separation. The highest potential of methane production(CH4) obtained was of 0.2686 m³ CH4 kg −1 of added VS, supplied to digesters with manure after solids separator. The best potential for biogas and methane production was observed when there was a reduction of the solids concentration in the manure and, in this case, the hydraulic retention time can be reduced, which reduces the volume of the biodigester and the cost of implementation and maintenance, but the highest biogas production occurred in the biodigesters without solids separation.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate sequential digestible phosphorus levels for gilts from 30 to 100 kg. Sixty gilts were used, with an initial weight of 29.98±3.37 kg and final weight of 100.66±8.82 kg, distributed in a randomized block design, with five nutritional digestible phosphorus levels: 2.19-1.88-1.68, 2.69-2.38-2.18, 3.19-2.88-2.68, 3.69-3.38-3.18, and 4.19-3.88-3.68 g kg−1, respectively, for the growth phases 30 to 50 kg, 50 to 70 kg, and 70 to 100 kg, with six replicates and two animals per pen. The nutritional plans did not influence the final weight, days to reach 100 kg, total and daily weight gain, total and daily feed intake, crude protein intake, digestible lysine intake, or metabolizable energy intake. An increase in digestible phosphorus and calcium intake was observed according to the increase in the digestible phosphorus level in the diet. There was a significant effect on feed conversion. No effect of nutritional plans was observed for backfat thickness, muscle depth, loin eye area, lean meat percentage, or carcass bonus index. There was no difference in the production of dry and natural matter or the residue coefficient. The effect of the nutritional digestible phosphorus levels in the contents of total solids and volatile solids was verified. There was a difference in the concentration of total nitrogen and total phosphorus in the manure. The nutritional plan with 3.19-2.88-2.68 and 3.69-3.38-3.18 g kg−1 of digestible phosphorus results in better feed conversion than the basal diet. For a lower excretion of phosphorus in the manure, the recommended nutritional plan is 2.19-1.88-1.68 g kg−1 of digestible phosphorus.

The tamarind tree has problems of seed germination, and methods to overcome it are necessary. This study aimed to evaluate substrates and pre-germination methods in the production of tamarind seedlings. The experiment was carried out in a protected environment, using a randomized block experimental design, in a 5 x 4 factorial scheme, corresponding to five pre-germination methods (mechanical scarification with sandpaper and imbibition in water for 24 h, tegument cut and soaking in water for 24 h, soaking in water for 24 h, seed soaked in water with Trichoderma harzianum for 24 h and seed soaked in water containing T. longibrachiatum for 24 h) and four substrates [100 % of soil, soil + commercial substrate (3:2), soil + bovine manure (3:2) and soil + goat manure (3:2)]. The use of substrates formulated with soil + bovine manure and soil + goat manure in the production of Tamarindus indica L. seedlings provides a higher growth. The pre-germination methods of mechanical scarification and the use of seed soaking in both Trichodermas positively influence the growth and quality of seedlings.

For the production of cashew tree seedlings, the use of substrates directly affects the growth and quality of seedlings, as well as water availability. In view of the above, the objective of this study was to evaluate substrates and irrigation blades in the production of cashew rootstocks. The experiment was carried out in a protected environment, at the Center of Science and Technology Agrifood of the Federal University of Campina Grande, Campus Pombal, Paraíba. Four irrigation slides (50, 75, 100 and 125% of the actual evapotranspiration - ETr) were used in 5 substrates [S1 = Franco-sandy flavic soil (SFA) soil, S2 = SFA + commercial substratum Basaplant® (3:1 ratio), S3 = SFA + bovine manure (3:1 ratio), S4 = SFA + sheep manure (3:1 ratio) and S5 = SFA + commercial substrate Basaplant® + bovine manure + sheep manure (3:0.3:0.3:0.3, respectively). The experimental design was randomized blocks, in a factorial scheme 4 x 5, comprising 20 treatments, containing 4 replications, totaling 80 plots and 2 useful plants per plot, totaling 160 plants. The seeds used were from an experimental orchard of the State University of Paraíba, Catolé do Rocha, Paraíba. Polyethylene bags of 1 L were used, where they were filled with the respective substrates. At 45 days after sowing (DAS) when the seedlings reached characteristics for transplanting, they were removed for evaluation. Under the conditions in which the present study was carried out, there was a significant effect between substrate and leaf only at plant height at 45 DAS, but there was significant significance for the irrigation blade alone. Crioulo cashew rootstocks can be satisfactorily produced with a 100% ETr blade. Taking into account plant height, a better development of cashew rootstocks occurred when using SFA + Basaplant® commercial substrate (3:1 ratio). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The high temperatures and low rainfall salinize water and soil in the Northeast Region, causing a reduction in the development of several species, among them, fava bean. The objective of this study was to evaluate bean-fava varieties submitted to levels of salinity and organic fertilization. The study was conducted in a protected environment, in the dependencies of the Federal University of Campina Grande, Pombal campus. The experimental design was a randomized block design, arranged in a 3x4x5 factorial scheme: three varieties of bean (V1: lavandeira, V2: sunshine and V3: rajada), four volumes of bovine manure (A1: 0% - without fertilization; A2: 8%; A3: 16% and A4: 24%), applied as a function of the soil volume of the container and five levels of salinity in the irrigation water (S1 = 0.3 dSm-1; S2 = 1.0 dSm-1; S3 = 1.7 dSm-1; S4 = 2.4 dSm-1 and S5 = 3.1 dSm-1). The Raio de Sol variety presented higher growth in relation to the others, however, the cultivar Rajada presented a higher acclimatization to saline conditions, mainly with the use of bovine manure in the concentration of 24%. Bovine manure attenuates the harmful effect of salinity, however, doses above 16% of manure at high salinity can be harmful to common bean. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT The quality of seedling is critical to obtain vigorous plants in the field. The present study aimed to assess biomasses and biometric relations of soursop seedlings. We used different substrates in protected environments. The experiment was performed at the Universidade Estadual do Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS) (State University of Mato Grosso do Sul). Five farming environments were developed in greenhouses: one covered with low-density polyethylene film (LDPE), another with with polyethylene and heat-reflective cloth under film under 50% shading in aluminized color, monofilament cloth under 50% shading in black, thermo-reflective cloth under 50% shading in aluminized color, and an environment covered with bacuri coconut straw. Substrates were made of manure, humus, cassava branches and vermiculite at different proportions. Each of them varying from 25%, 33.3%, 50% and 75% in mixture combination. Each environment was considered an experiment. A completely randomized design was adopted and later a joint analysis of them. Agricultural greenhouse covered with LDPE and thermo-reflective cloths under 50% of shading, proportionated seedlings with greater biomass. Substrates containing manure are the most suitable for soursop seedlings. High percentages of earthworm humus produce low quality soursop seedlings. Soursop seedlings had a Dickson’s quality index around 0.335. The greenhouse covered only with LDPE film did not produce high quality seedlings.

ABSTRACT The objective of the present study was to evaluate soil collected from a laying-hen farm and bird manure according to the season of the year and sampling site. Soil samples were taken at the poultry facility wall and at the distances of 15 m and 45 m from the building. Bird feces samples were collected inside the poultry house at the entrance and at 1/4 and 1/2 length of the building. Soil and bird feces samples were evaluated by bacteriological qualitative and quantitative analyses. The largest bacterial load was determined in the samples taken at the poultry facility wall in December/January. Soil microbial contamination degree was low. The highest bacterial count in bird manure was found in the samples collected at 1/2 length of the hen house at the end of December/January. The qualitative study of bird feces showed the presence of E. coli bacteria all through the research period and Enterobacter spp. in the samples taken from July until September. Microbial contamination of soil environment and bird feces is most likely to be affected by winter period as at that time the highest microbial population can be determined. This fact may be linked to the prevailing climatic and microclimatic conditions.

ABSTRACT The objective of this research was to evaluate the performance of anaerobic co-digestion of swine excreta associated with increasing doses of crude glycerin and different hydraulic retention times (HRT). A completely randomized design was adopted in a 3 × 4 factorial arrangement composed of three HRT (10, 17, and 24 days) and four crude glycerin doses (0, 5, 10, and 15 g/100 g of total solids [TS]), with four replications per treatment. The assessed parameters were: biogas production potential, reductions of volatile solids (VS), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and most probable number of total and thermotolerant coliforms. The biogas production per added VS presented quadratic effect at 17 and 24 days of HRT, with ideal doses of 5.5 and 5.9 g of crude glycerin/100 g TS, respectively. There was no difference among glycerin doses at 10-day HRT for VS reductions; however, at HRT of 17 and 24 days, there were differences, with greater reduction of 61.1% for 5 g of crude glycerin/100 g TS at 24-day HRT. The COD reduction values showed an effect among retention times, in which the 24-day HRT provided the best results. Reductions in coliforms were greater than 99%, with no difference among treatments. Addition of 5 to 6 g of crude glycerin/100 g TS with a 24-day HRT is more effective in biogas production and reduction of VS, COD, and coliforms from co-digestion of swine excreta.

The passion fruit is one of the fruit that has been gaining more prominence in the fruit sector because it is widely used in food, pharmacology and ornamentation. Its cultivation in the northeastern region of Brazil presents some limitations due to the organic matter content of the soil and / or the use of water of high salinity in some properties. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different types of manure and the interaction with different saline levels of irrigation water. The statistical design adopted was a randomized complete block design with 3 x 5 factorial design, with three types of manure (bovine, goat and poultry) and five saline levels (0.3, 1.3, 2.3, 3.3 ; 4.3 dS m-1) with four replicates and one plant per replicate. The data were analyzed using the statistical program Sisvar 5.3. It was concluded that there was no interaction between manure types and saline levels, however, goat manure favored the growth of yellow passion fruit seedlings. On the other hand, the increase in saline levels up to 4.3 dS m-1 impaired the growth of all variables up to 60 DAS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to evaluate the agronomical and environmental aspects in corn, soil characteristics and leachate resulting from the material combination of swine wastewater and mineral fertilizer in the long run. The experimental area has a history of swine wastewater application for experiments conducted since 2006, this being the seventh crop cycle in the area. Four doses of swine wastewater (0; 100; 200 and 300 m³ ha-1) associated with presence and absence of mineral fertilizer were applied, consisting of eight treatments. The results obtained were subjected to variance analysis and means compared by Tukey test at 5% significance. We conclude that the swine wastewater can be partially used as an alternative fertilizer, since the P and Mn are complemented with specific fertilization. There must be carefulness about Fe+2, Cu+2 and Zn+2 accumulation in soil, and also to the concentrations of Fe+2, Cu+2, Zn+2, NO3- + NO2- and Na+ in leachate which exceeded the limits at the highest SWW applied levels.

Sweet potato crop is usually cultivated with low fertilization investments, but the crop can present significant yield increase when correct fertilization is carried out in its cultivation. In this study aimed to evaluate the influence of the use of different fertilizer sources and doses on sweet potato yield and on physical and chemical properties of soil. The experimental design was a randomized block in 3x5 factorial scheme, with three replications. The treatments were composed of fertilizer sources (chicken manure, mineral fertilizer with chemical composition equivalent to the nutrients found in chicken manure and blend of chicken manure (50%) with mineral fertilizer (50%) equivalent to the sum of nutrients found in chicken manure) and fertilizer doses (nutrients equivalent to 0, 8, 16 and 24 t ha-1 of chicken manure). As result of study, it was found that the crop responds to soil fertilization with increases in total and commercial yields with the use of chicken manure, mineral fertilizers and the combination of both until the doses of 5.8, 6.5 and 7.0 t ha-1, respectively. Fertilization with chicken manure, alone or in combination with chemical fertilizers, promotes highest yields. There is no difference in soil bulk density and in total soil porosity as a function of fertilizer sources or doses. The addition of fertilizer promotes increases in pH and organic matter, P, K, Ca and Mg levels in the soil in relation to soil without fertilizer.

Organic agriculture stands out as a mode of production consisting of a sustainable system. One of the challenges of this method of cultivation is the production of sufficient quality food in sufficient quantities without compromising the environment. The objective of this study was to analyze the effect of organic substrates on germination and initial lettuce growth. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with four treatments (substrates) and two replicates. The substrates were tested: Sibipiruna compound, commercial substrate, Sibipiruna compound with slurry and commercial slurry substrate. The manure was obtained exclusively from the decomposition of vegetables. The effect of the substrates was evaluated by percentage of germination, fresh mass, dry mass and radicular length. It was possible to consider that there was a significant difference between treatments. The seeds, when germinated in substrate of Sibipiruna with slurry, presented higher dry mass and radicle length. Regarding the fresh mass, the values obtained were higher when the slurry was added to both substrates. The slurry obtained from the decomposition of plants increased the germination and the initial growth of the seedlings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Swine production in Santa Catarina is remarkable because of both the large number of animals as well as the high volume of swine slurry (DLS) generated. The DLS has fertilizer value, but its excessive or improper use can pollute surface and groundwater as well as contribute to the emission of greenhouse gases. An experiment was carried out in the Santa Catarina plateau to evaluate the incorporation into the soil and the addition of nitrification inhibitor as ways to increase the efficiency of DLS and mineral fertilizer (NPK) as sources of nitrogen (N) and other nutrients for corn. The treatments were the DLS and NPK fertilizers, the presence and absence of dicyandiamide (DCD), a control and the surface (Sup) or incorporated (Inc) applications and were arranged in a randomized block design with split plots and four replicates. The incorporation of fertilizer increased the N content in leaves, shoot dry matter and grain yields and the accumulation of N and K in the dry matter and P in corn grain. The DCD in general did not affect grain yield, except in superficial application of the DLS where their presence increased the yield compared to its absence. The DLS and mineral NPK fertilizers have similar efficiency that increases with incorporation into the soil compared to the surface application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

En la región Andino-patagónica frecuentemente la reposición de nutrientes para diferentes cultivos se lleva a cabo mediante el uso de estiércoles mezclados con viruta, comúnmente denominados abonos. Los mismos son acumulados en pilas de 1,5-2 m de altura. Al permanecer durante un período de tiempo al aire libre puede producirse un compostaje parcial, lo cual sería beneficioso. El compostaje es un proceso biooxidativo que involucra un sustrato orgánico, una etapa termofílica que debe alcanzar los 55 °C y una etapa de maduración. Si los abonos permanecen a la intemperie los nutrientes pueden ser transportados por el agua de percolación (particularmente en los meses de invierno de mayor precipitación), perdiéndose del suelo. Con el objetivo de determinar si ocurre un movimiento de fosforó extractable en NaHCO3 0,5M (P-Ol de fósforo Olsen) y nitrógeno inorgánico (Nin de nitrógeno inorgánico, amonio más nitratos) bajo pilas de abono, se tomaron muestras compuestas de suelos de tres bloques a distintas profundidades en un establecimiento cercano a la localidad del Bolsón. Se estudió también la relación entre P-Ol (índice agronómico) y fósforo extractable en 0,01M de CaCl2 (índice ambiental). Se tomaron las temperaturas de las pilas de abono en distintas estaciones del año. Para Nin se observó una alta dispersión en los datos y valores promedio excesivamente altos hasta 200 cm de profundidad. Los valores promedio (de tres bloques) encontrados para P exceden el umbral límite de 60 mg kg-1 P-Ol solo en la primera fecha de muestreo, aunque valores puntuales por bloque llegaron a 52 mg kg-1 a una profundidad de 40-60 cm. Se encontró una regresión lineal estadísticamente significativa entre P-Ol y P-CaCl2 en suelos y un umbral entre 50/60 mg kg-1 P-Ol similar al observado en la bibliografía. Se encontraron valores muy altos para ambas variables en los abonos. Es recomendable proteger las pilas de abono de las lluvias en los meses de invierno.In the Andean - Patagonian region, nutrient supply for different crops is frequently made using wood chips mixed with manure. These materials are accumulated in piles of 1.5 - 2 m height. As the piles remain for a period of time outdoors, a partial composting may occur, which would be beneficial. Composting is a biooxidative process, involving an organic substrate, a thermophilic phase that must be reached (55°C) and a maturity stage. If the manure piles remain outdoors, nutrients can also be transported by water and lost from the soil through percolation (particulary during winter months of higher precipitations). With the objective of studying if extractable phosphorus in NaHCO3 0.5M (P-Ol of phosphorus Olsen) and inorganic nitrogen (Nin;ammonium plus nitrates) move beneath the piles of manure, composites soil samples were taken from three blocks at different depths in a farm near the town of El Bolsón. The relationship between P-Ol (agronomic threshold) and extractable P in 0.01 M CaCl2 (environmental threshold) was also studied. Manure temperatures were taken in different seasons. Nin showed a high data dispersion and excessively high mean values up to the 200 cm depth. Average values (of three blocks) found for P exceeded the threshold limit of 60 mg kg-1 P-Ol only on the first sampling date in the 0-20cm depth, although individual data for each block reached 52 mg kg-1 in the 40-60 cm depth. A statistically significant linear regression between P-Ol and P-CaCl2 in soils was obtained, and a threshold near 50/60 mg kg-1, similar to the values reported in the literature. High values for both parameters were found in manures. It is advisable to protect piles of manure from rainfall in winter months.

Weed control has always been an important issue in agriculture. With the advent of no-till systems, soil erosion was reduced but herbicide use was increased. Organic no-till systems try to adjust reduced erosion to the no use of herbicides. Nevertheless, this adjustment is limited by the cost of mechanical weed control. This cost may be reduced by improved cultural weed control with cover crops mulches. In this paper we report a study on the application of compost manure on an oats winter cover crop, preceding soybean, instead of on the soybean summer crop. Treatments comprised a control without compost manure, and compost manure doses of 4 and 8 Mg ha-1 applied either on oats in winter or soybean in summer, organized in a randomized block design, with five replications. In summer, plots were split into weed-controlled or not controlled subplots. The timing of application and the manure doses did not affect the oats biomass or the soybean performance. However, in summer, without water stress, the application of manure at 8 Mg ha-1 directly on soybean has reduced weed biomass in this crop.O controle de plantas daninhas sempre foi um fator importante na agricultura. Com o advento do plantio direto reduziu-se a erosão do solo, mas houve aumento no uso de herbicidas. O plantio direto orgânico busca conciliar o controle da erosão com a eliminação do uso de herbicidas, porém o custo de produção é onerado pela necessidade de controle mecânico das plantas daninhas. Esse custo poderia ser reduzido por um melhor controle cultural com palhas produzidas por plantas de cobertura no inverno. Neste trabalho, antecipou-se a adubação da soja para a aveia, aplicando na aveia o adubo que seria aplicado na soja, de modo a aumentar a quantidade de palha de aveia sobre a qual a soja seria semeada no verão seguinte. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso com parcelas subdivididas. Os tratamentos foram uma testemunha sem adubação e duas doses de adubação orgânica: 4 e 8 Mh ha-1e aplicados apenas na aveia (inverno) ou apenas na soja (verão). No verão, os cinco tratamentos foram divididos em subparcelas: com e sem controle de plantas daninhas. A época de aplicação e a dose do adubo não afetaram a biomassa da aveia nem o rendimento da soja. Entretanto, em verão sem restrição hídrica, a dosagem de 8 Mg ha-1 aplicada diretamente na soja resultou em menor biomassa de plantas daninhas nessa cultura.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of Environmental Adjustment Contract for pig production (EAC) in improving the water quality in Pinhal River sub-basin, located in Concordia, west part of Santa Catarina State. The monitoring of water parameters occurred in eight sites of the river, during three years (2006-2009). To assess whether the EAC was efficient, Brazilian Water Law was used. The average annual concentrations of Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) were: 130.2 mg/L, 137.0 mg/L, and 99.8 mg/L. Turbidity showed the same trend of TDS. Concentrations of nitrate and Total Phosphorus (TP) decreased from 2006 to 2009; nitrate from 1.81 mg/L NO3-N to 1.54 mg NO3-N; TP from 0.29 mg/L to 0.10 mg/L, respectively. The same trends occurred for Fecal Coliforms and E. coli. These results show that obligations proposed by EAC had potentially improved water quality. These results can help the government, farmers, and society to establish environmentally sound and sustainable programs for pig production.

O trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito da aplicação de doses crescentes de dejeto líquido suíno sobre a produção e composição químico-bromatológica da parte aérea da aveia preta. O experimento foi conduzido em sistema de plantio direto sob o delineamento em blocos casualizados com quatro repetições e os tratamentos constituídos pela aplicação de 0; 10; 20; 30; 40 e 50 m³ ha-1 de dejeto líquido suíno. Foram determinados a produção de MS da parte aérea, a relação folha:colmo e os teores de proteína bruta (PB), fibra em detergente ácido (FDA), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), matéria mineral (MM), matéria orgânica (MO), nitrogênio (N), fósforo (P), potássio (K), cálcio (Ca), magnésio (Mg), cobre (Cu), zinco (Zn), manganês (Mn) e ferro (Fe). A aplicação de dejeto líquido suíno não promoveu efeitos significativos sobre a produção de MS e teores de FDN, MM e MO, mas promoveu aumento linear da relação folha:colmo e do teor de PB e redução linear no teor de FDA. Quanto aos minerais, as doses de dejeto líquido suíno promoveram aumento linear nos teores de N, P, K, Ca e Zn, sem efeitos sobre os demais minerais estudados. A utilização de dejeto líquido suíno na fertilização da cultura da aveia até a dose de 50 m³ ha-1 não aumenta a produção de forragem mas eleva o valor nutricional.The work has as objective evaluate the effect of application of increasing doses of pig slurry under yield and chemical composition of black oat shoot. The experiment was carried out in no-tillage system under experimental design of randomized blocks with four replications and the treatments composed by application of 0; 10; 20; 30; 40; 50 m³ ha-1 of pig slurry. Were determined the yield of total dry mass, the leaf-stem ratio and content of crude protein (CP), acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), mineral matter (MM), organic matter (OM), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe). The application of pig slurry did not promote significant effects on dry mass yield and content of NDF, MM and OM, but promoted linear increase of leaf-stem ratio and of CP and linear decrease in content of ADF. Regarding to minerals, the doses of pig slurry promoted linear increase in contents of N, P, K, Ca, and Zn, without effects on the other studied minerals. The use of pig slurry fertilization on the oat crop until the dose 50 m³ ha-1 does not increase forage production but increases the nutritional value.

O trabalho foi conduzido com o objetivo de verificar a resposta de uma pastagem de capim-tifton à adubação com chorume suíno (CS). O chorume suíno foi aplicado após os cortes em 15/10/2003 (emparelhamento), 24/11/2003, 10/1/2004 e 25/2/2004 nas doses de: 0, 15, 30 e 45 m³/ha/corte, totalizando 0, 60, 120 e 180 m³/ha na primavera-verão. Em 10/4/2004, foi realizado o último corte, quando não foi mais aplicado chorume suíno. A maior produção de MS (2.232 kg/ha) foi obtida no segundo corte (janeiro de 2004), com 30 m³/ha, 347% superior à obtida sem aplicação de chorume suíno. A resposta da produção total de MS à adubação com chorume suíno foi quadrática e resultou em produções de 1.397 (sem CS), 2.971 (15 m³), 4.696 (30 m³) e 4.714 (45 m³) kg/ha. A eficiência (24,5 kg MS/m³/ha) do chorume suíno não diferiu entre as doses aplicadas, mas variou de 5,6 a 49,7 kg MS/m³/ha entre os cortes. A extração máxima de nitrogênio foi de 28 kg N/ha (30 m³ ) e a recuperação de nitrogênio variou de 2% (quarto corte) a 12% (segundo corte). Os teores de PB e FDA foram afetados pela aplicação de chorume suíno e pela data de corte e variaram de 8,3 (sem chorume) a 10,7% (30 m³) no primeiro corte e de 45,9 (sem chorume) a 42,8% (45 m³) no último corte. A aplicação de chorume suíno é uma alternativa para aumentar a produção de pastagens de capim-tifton 85. Sugere-se a dose de 30 m³/ha como valor-referência para aplicação depois de cada corte ou pastejo.The work was carried out with the aim to verify the response of a cv. Tifton 85 pasture, in Depressão Central of Rio Grande do Sul state, to pig slurry (PS) fertilization, in the rates of 0, 15, 30 and 45 m³/ha/cutting, between October/03 and February/04, totalizing 0, 60, 120 e 180 m³/ha in the spring-summer. The PS was applied after cuttings, in: 15/10/2003 (uniformizing cutting), 11/24/2003, 1/10/2004 and 2/5/2004. The last cut was done in 4/10/2004 and then it was not applied PS. The highest production (2,232 kg DM/ha) was obtained in the second cutting (January/2004), with 30 m³/ha, a 347% higher than control. The total DM production response as function to PS was quadratic, being obtained 1,397 (without PS), 2,971 (15 m³), 4,696 (30 m³) and 4,714 (45 m³) kg/ha. The PS efficiency did not differ between the rates (24,5 kg DM/m³/ha) but it varied between cuttings, from 5.6 a 49.7 kg DM/m³/ha. The highest N extraction was 28 kg N/ha (30 m³) and the N recovery varied from 2% (fourth cutting) to 12% (second cutting). The CP and ADF content were affected by fertilization and cutting date, varying between 8.3 (without CS) to 10.7% (30 m³) in the first cutting and 45.9 (without PS) to 42.8% (45 m³) in the last cutting, respectively. The PS application is an alternative to increase the pasture production of cv. Tifton 85, being suggested the 30 m³/ha/cutting as reference-value.

A análise econômica é fundamental para a tomada de decisão no uso de fontes orgânicas de nutrientes. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar aspectos econômicos do uso de fontes orgânicas de nutrientes para auxiliar a tomada de decisão sobre o seu uso em diferentes condições de manejo do solo. Foi utilizado um experimento conduzido durante nove anos na Estação Experimental da Epagri de Campos Novos/SC. Os tratamentos consistiram da combinação de cinco sistemas de preparo (plantio direto, preparo reduzido, preparo convencional, preparo convencional com resíduos queimados e preparo convencional com resíduos retirados), combinados com quatro fontes de nutrientes (TES - testemunha, sem aplicação de nutrientes, AM - adubação mineral de acordo com a recomendação para cada cultura, EA - 5mg ha-1 de matéria úmida de cama de aves, ELB - 60m³ ha-1 de dejeto líquido de bovinos e; ELS - 40m³ ha-1 de dejeto líquido de suínos). Os atributos econômicos utilizados foram os custos variáveis (CV), a receita bruta (RB) e o custo da correção da fertilidade com calcário, P e K (CC), após nove anos de aplicação das fontes de nutrientes. A interpretação para cada combinação de fonte de nutriente e sistema de preparo do solo foi feita por meio de figuras triangulares e a área das mesmas com intervalo de confiança a 90% de probabilidade. Concluiu-se que o desempenho econômico das fontes orgânicas de nutrientes foi dependente do sistema de preparo do solo, sendo que as fontes apresentaram melhor desempenho no sistema plantio direto. O esterco de aves e o esterco líquido de suínos foram as fontes que apresentaram melhor desempenho econômico. O esterco líquido de suínos e o esterco líquido de bovinos, mesmo apresentando áreas diferentes, foram as fontes que apresentaram menor variabilidade nos atributos econômicos avaliados, não havendo um atributo que se destaque dos demais. O custo da correção da fertilidade do solo com calcário, P e K, após nove anos de aplicação das fontes de nutrientes, tem importante participação no desempenho econômico das mesmas.Economical analysis is important to make decision on the use of organic nutrient sources. The objective of this study was to elaborate an economical analysis of different nutrient sources to help farmers and technicians to make decision about the use of these sources at different soil management. The study was carried out at the Epagri Experimental Station of Campos Novos, using a long-term experiment. The treatments were a combination of five tillage systems (no-till; chisel plow; conventional tillage; conventional tillage with crop residues burned and conventional tillage with crop residues removed from the field), with four nutrient sources (TES=control, no fertilizer; AM=mineral fertilizer according with technical recommendation for each crop; EA=5mg ha-1 of moisture poultry litter; ELB=60m³ ha-1 of liquid cattle manure; and ELS=40m³ ha-1 of slurry pig manure). The economical attributes used were variable costs of production, total income, and the cost of the necessity of lime and fertilizers application to improve soil chemical condition after nine years of applying treatments. A model was used to quantify and analyse the effect of nutrient sources in economical aspects, for each nutrient source within each soil tillage. The outputs were triangular pictures and their areas with 90% confidence limits. It was concluded that economical aspect effects of the organic nutrient sources were dependent on tillage systems, and the better performance was in no-till system. EA and ELS showed better economical results. ELS and ELB, even showing different picture areas, were the sources that showed lesser variability in economical attribute evaluated, and did not have one highlight attribute among them. The use of cost of the necessity of lime and fertilizers application to improve soil chemical condition after nine years of applying treatments, showed important participation in nutrient source evaluation in respect to economical aspect.

Este trabalho foi conduzido com o objetivo de verificar o efeito da fertilização com dois tipos de camas sobrepostas de suínos (CSS), à base de casca de arroz (CA) e maravalha (MA), sobre a produção de uma pastagem natural, com predomínio de Axonopus sp. e Paspalum sp., sobressemeada com leguminosas (cornichão e trevo-branco). As camas sobrepostas foram aplicadas em quantidades equivalentes a 180, 360, 540 e 720 kg/ha de P2O5, constituindo quatro níveis de cama de casca de arroz (30, 60, 90 ou 120 t/ha) e quatro níveis de cama de maravalha (20,6; 41,2; 62,2 ou 82,8 t/ha). Foram incluídos dois tratamentos-testemunha: 180 kg/ha de superfosfato triplo (SFT) e ausência de adubação (AA). A sobressemeadura das leguminosas foi realizada em maio de 2004 e, a partir de agosto de 2004, foram realizados nove cortes da pastagem, a cada seis semanas. As maiores produções de matéria seca (MS) anuais (setembro/2004 a agosto/2005) com as aplicações de cama de casca de arroz foram obtidas nos níveis 30 e 60 t/ha e, com cama de maravalha, nos níveis 62,2 e 82,8 t/ha, que resultaram em produções de MS de 8.083 e 8.276 kg/ha, superiores às obtidas com superfosfato triplo (4.091 kg MS/ha) e sem adubação (3.071 MS kg/ha). A produção de MS de trevo-branco aumentou linearmente no outono e no inverno, de acordo com os níveis de adubação com cama de maravalha, mas não variaram com a adubação com cama de casca de arroz. O efeito fertilizante varia entre os tipos de cama sobreposta, que podem influenciar a composição botânica de pastagens mistas de leguminosas-gramíneas.This work aimed to evaluate the effect of two swine deep beddings (SDB): rice husk (CA) and sawdust coarse (MA) on the production of natural pasture. The predominant species in this pasture were Axonopus sp. and Paspalum sp. that was sod-seeded with the forage legumes birdsfoot trefoil and white clover. The SDBs were applied in amounts equivalent to 180, 360, 540, and 720 kg/ha of P2O5. In order to achieve the target P application, different levels of CA (30, 60, 90, and 120 t/ha) and MA (20.6; 41.2; 62.2; and 82.8 t/ha) were applied. Two control treatments were used: mineral fertilization (180 kg/ha of triple superphosphate, TSP) and no fertilization (AA). The legumes were sod-seeded in May/2004. After August/2004, the plants were cut every six weeks and nine cuts were performed. The highest annual (September/2004 to August/2005) dry matter (DM) production was obtained with 30 and 60 t/ha of CA or 62.2 and 82.8 t/ha of MA, with DM productivity ranging from 8,083 to 8,276 kg DM/ha. This productivity was greater than the one obtained with both TSP (4,091 kg DM/ha) and AA (3,071 kg DM/ha). The white-clover DM production increased linearly in the fall and in the winter seasons, as a function of MA and did not change with the CA rates. The results indicated that the CSS type (CA or MA) affects the fertilizing effect of these manures, influencing the production and the botanical composition of the pastures, specially the proportion of grasses and legumes.

Este trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de verificar a resposta de uma pastagem natural na Depressão Central do Rio Grande do Sul à adubação com chorume suíno nas doses de 0, 15, 30 e 45 m³/ha, equivalentes a 76,8; 153,7 e 230,5 kg N/ha/corte depois de cada um dos quatro cortes, realizados no período de outubro de 2003 e fevereiro de 2004, totalizando 0, 60, 120 e 180 m³/ha de chorume. A massa seca (MS) da pastagem aumentou de forma linear de acordo com as doses de chorume. Na pastagem testemunha, com aplicação de 45 m³/ha/corte, houve aumento de 108% na produção de MS (1.137 kg/ha/corte; 4.549 kg/ha no total dos cortes) e de 42% na altura da pastagem (21 cm) e redução de 8% no conteúdo de fibra em detergente ácido (FDA) (41,8%). A eficiência da aplicação do chorume foi, em média, de 16,9 kg MS/m³/corte. Com as aplicações do fertilizante, verificou-se aumento na concentração de nutrientes no solo (máximo: K = 200 mg/L; P = 52 mg/L; Ca = 1,8 cmol c/dm-3; Mg = 1,4 cmol c/dm-3). A dose de 30 m³/ha/corte pode ser um valor-referência para as pastagens naturais na primavera-verão.The work had the objective to verify the response of a natural pasture, in the "Depressão Central of Rio Grande do Sul", Brazil, to pig slurry fertilization, in the doses of 0, 15, 30 and 45 m³/ha, equivalent to total application of 0, 76.5, 153.3, and 230.5 kg N/ha/cutting of N after each one of the four cuttings, between October/03 and February/04, totalizing 0, 60, 120, and 180 m³/ha of slurry. There was a linear increase of dry matter (DM) as function of pig slurry application. Compared to the control treatment, application of 45 m³/ha/cutting resulted in: a) 108% increase in the DM production (1.137 kg/ha/cutting; 4.549 kg/ha in total of the cuttings) and 42% in the pasture height (21 cm); b) 8% decrease in the ADF concentration (41.8%). The pig slurry application efficiency was, on average, 16.9 kg DM/m³/cutting. There was addition of soil chemical elements with fertilizer application, reaching a maximum of K = 200 mg/L; P= 52 mg/L; Ca = 1,8 cmol c/dm-3; Mg = 1,4 cmol c/dm. The 30 m³/ha/cutting can be a reference-value for the natural pasture in the spring-summer.

En el estudio que se realizó en dos localidades de la zona de ladera al norte del departamento del Cauca, Colombia, se utilizó un diseño de bloques al azar con seis tratamientos: 1. Parcelas descubiertas (referencia), 2. Rotación cultivos + abono orgánico (labranza); 3. Rotación a partir de pradera mejorada (labranza mínima + abono químico); 4. Rotación convencional (labranza + abono químico); 5. Rotación cultivos + leguminosas (labranza + abono químico); 6. Rotación a partir de pradera mejorada (labranza + abono químico). Los tratamientos se establecieron como parcelas de escorrentía durante ocho años y luego se sometieron sin vegetación a la exposición de las lluvias durante 10 meses y se compararon con las parcelas de referencia que habían estado cubiertas por pradera nativa durante 15 años. Para evaluar la estabilidad estructural se utilizó la prueba de turbidimetría y los resultados se presentaron como el área bajo la curva (ABC) para la variable dispersión (%), la cual fue más baja para los agregados tomados de la superficie de suelo virgen (Tratamiento 1) y de rotación de cultivos más labranza mínima (Tratamiento 3). Los tratamientos de rotación con adición de abono orgánico (gallinaza 3 t/ha) y coberturas de leguminosas presentaron valores más altos.The study carried out in two localities in zones to the north of the department of the Cauca Colombia , random a design of blocks with six treatments was used: 1. bare plots (reference); 2. Rotation crops + organic fertilizer. (Farming); 3. Rotation from improved praire. (Minimum till + chemical fertilizer); 4. Conventional rotation. (Chemical Farming + chemical fertilizer); 5. Rotation crops + legumes. (Chemical Farming + chemical fertilizer); 6. Rotation from improved praire. (Chemical Farming + chemical fertilizer). These treatments established as run-off plots during eight years were exposed without vegetation to the impact of rains during 10 months, which were compared to the reference plots whose original to praire was 15 years old. To evaluate the structural stability the test of turbidimetría was used. The results appeared like the area under the curve (AUC) for the dispersion variable (%), which was lower for the aggregates taken from the surface of virgin soils (Treatment 1) and rotation of crops plus minimum till (Treatment 3). The rotation treatment with addition of organic chicken manure (3 t/ha) and covers of legumes presented the higher values.

To determine the fate of Shiga toxigenic Escherichia coli (STEC) non-O 157 in composted manure from naturally colonized cattle, fresh manure was obtained from three cows carrying non-O157 STEC strains possessing the stx2 gene. Two composting systems were used: a 0.6m deep cave opened in the soil and an one meter high solid manure heap in a pyramidal architecture. Every day, for the 10 first days, and every five days for a month, one manure sample from three different points in both systems was collected and cultured to determine the presence of E. coli and the presence of the stx 2 gene in the cells. The temperature was verified at each sampling. STEC non-O157 E. coli cells survived for 8, 25 and 30 days at 42, 40 and 38ºC, respectively, in the deep cave and 4, 4 and 7 days at 65, 58 and 52ºC, respectively, in the heap, during the composting manure. Temperature and indigenous microorganisms appear to contribute to pathogen disappearance in the composting system. It is concluded that both composting systems were efficient to eliminate STEC cells. Land application of composted manure should minimize environmental risk associated with the dissemination of the pathogen.Determinou-se o tempo necessário para a eliminação de Escherichia coli Shigatoxigênica (STEC) não-O157 em esterco bovino composto, obtido de fezes frescas de três vacas portadoras de cepas STEC não-O157 que apresentavam o gene stx 2. Foram utilizados dois sistemas de compostagem, o primeiro foi um buraco de 0,6m escavado no solo e o segundo um monte apresentando uma arquitetura piramidal com um metro de altura. Todos os dias, durante os primeiros 10 dias e a cada cinco dias durante um mês, uma amostra de três pontos diferentes dos dois sistemas de compostagem foram coletadas e semeadas para determinar a presença de E. coli e a presença do gene stx 2 nas células, sendo que em cada coleta a temperatura do sistema de compostagem foi determinada. Células de STEC não-O157 sobreviveram por 8, 25 e 30 dias nas temperaturas de 42, 40 e 38ºC, respectivamente, no sistema enterrado no solo, enquanto que no sistema de monte as células foram detectadas por 4, 4 e 7 dias em temperaturas de 65, 58 e 52ºC, respectivamente. A temperatura e os microrganismos presentes na microbiota do sistema de compostagem parecem ser os responsáveis pela eliminação do patógeno. Pode-se concluir que os dois sistemas de compostagem utilizados mostraram-se eficientes na eliminação de células de STEC. A aplicação de esterco após compostagem deve diminuir o risco de contaminação ambiental e a disseminação do patógeno.

O Estado da Bahia, por vários anos, destaca-se na produção de mandioca no Brasil, sendo a Região Sudoeste uma das principais produtoras. Em 2003 e 2004, o município de Cândido Sales foi o maior produtor baiano e o segundo maior produtor do Brasil. Entretanto, sua produtividade, assim como a de outros municípios da região, é baixa. As causas para este baixo desempenho são as mais diversas e de difícil detecção, principalmente quando o sistema de produção assume características locais. Com o objetivo de diagnosticar o manejo de solos cultivados com mandioca em 13 municípios da Região Sudoeste da Bahia, foram aplicados 848 questionários, durante o primeiro semestre de 2005, nos municípios de Vitória da Conquista, Barra do Choça, Planalto, Poções, Ribeirão do Largo, Encruzilhada, Cândido Sales, Belo Campo, Tremedal, Piripá, Condeúba, Anagé e Caraíbas. A amostragem foi realizada em cada município, com coleta de informações sobre preparo do solo, utilização de práticas conservacionistas e uso de calagem e adubação. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de freqüência simples. Constatou-se baixa adoção de práticas de conservação do solo, calagem e adubação, predominando nos municípios o preparo do solo manual.For many years Bahia-Brasil has a highlighted cassava production and the Southwest region of this state is one of the major producer. In 2003 and 2004, Cândido Sales county was the major producer in the state of Bahia and the second higher producer in Brasil. However, its productivity as well as the production from others counties in that region is low. There are many causes for that low performace and can be difficult to be detected, mainly, when the production system ensue local characteristics. With the purpose to diagnosis the soil management cultivated with cassava in thirteen counties in southwest Bahia's region, 848 questionaires were used during the first semester of 2005 in the following counties: "Vitória da Conquista", "Barra do Choça", "Planalto", "Poções", "Ribeirão do Largo", "Encruzilhada", "Cândido Sales", "Belo Campo", "Tremedal", "Piripá", "Condeúba", "Anagé", and "Caraíbas". The sampling was take in each one of counties, with datas about information soil management and liming of the soil manure. The data were under simple frequency analysis. It was observed low adoption soil preservation thecnologies, lime and manure, prevailing in counties the soil preparation manual.

O presente trabalho objetivou avaliar a distribuição do sistema radicular da figueira 'Roxo de Valinhos' em função da aplicação de níveis de adubação orgânica durante quatro anos. A cultura foi conduzida em Botucatu-SP, no espaçamento de 3 x 2 m, num solo classificado como Nitossolo Vermelho. Os tratamentos corresponderam a níveis crescentes de adubação orgânica com esterco de curral, conforme a recomendação de N para a cultura: testemunha (sem adubação), 25 %; 50 %; 75 %; 100 %; 125 % e 150 % da dose recomendada. A avaliação da distribuição do sistema radicular foi realizada 4 anos após a instalação da cultura, sendo que, de cada planta, foram retiradas quatro amostras a 0-40 cm de distância do tronco, na profundidade de 0-40 cm. As amostras foram submetidas à lavagem e secagem em estufa (65 ºC), para posteriormente avaliar a massa seca das raízes. O sistema radicular mostrou-se mais desenvolvido horizontalmente do que na vertical. O menor peso de raízes foi obtido sem esterco (43,3 g), e o maior, com 150 % da dose de N recomendada (177,7 g).The research had as purpose to evaluate the root system distribution of 'Purple of Valinhos' fig plants cultivated with manure levels, during four years. The fig orchard was planted in Botucatu-SP, at a Red Nitossolo soil with the plants designed at 3 m between lines and 2 m between plants. The treatments were constituted by increasing organic manure levels with cattle manure, according to the recommended nitrogen level for the trees: control (without manure), 25%, 50%, 75%, 100%, 125% and 150% of level manure recommended. The evaluation of root system distribution were made four years after the orchard installation. From each plant were taken four samples at 0-40 cm distance of the stem, in the depth of 0-40 cm. After, the samples were washed and dried (65 ºC) for post-evaluation of the dry weight, depth and distance of the roots. It was observed that the root development was higher in the horizontal position when compared with the vertical. The bigger root weight was obtained with the application of 150% of N level recommended and the smaller root weight was observed without manure (43,3 g).

Avaliou-se o efeito do esterco de curral curtido na adubação de formação do pomar de tangerineira 'Poncã' (Citrus reticulata, Blanco), comparando com a adubação química convencional. O experimento foi conduzido na Fazenda Experimental São Manuel da Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas da UNESP, Câmpus de Botucatu-SP. Os tratamentos foram aplicados na adubação de formação do pomar durante dois anos. No primeiro ano, utilizaram-se 7,5; 15,0; 22,5 e 30,0 kg planta-1 de esterco de curral curtido e 400 g planta-1 de sulfato de amônio. Na adubação de formação do segundo ano, as doses de esterco de curral foram 15,0; 22,5; 30,0 e 37,5 kg planta-1 e 800 g planta-1 de sulfato de amônio. Nos dois anos, a adubação foi parcelada em três aplicações. Realizaram-se as avaliações aos 30; 150 e 270 dias após a última parcela de adubação do segundo ano, determinando-se: altura da planta, diâmetro do caule, volume, projeção e circunferência da copa. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, em parcelas subdivididas no tempo, e 3 repetições, sendo as parcelas representadas pela adubação e as subparcelas pelas épocas de avaliação. Verificou-se que, na média das avaliações, houve aumento linear das características avaliadas com o incremento das doses de esterco de curral curtido. Não houve diferença significativa entre os tratamentos com adubo orgânico e químico.The effects of chemical and organic fertilization were studied on growth of 'Poncã' mandarin orchard. The organic fertilization was made with manure during two years at the 'Poncã' mandarin orchard formation (1-2 year old). In the first year the manure levels that were put were as follow: 7.5; 15.0; 22.5 and 30.0 Kg per plant and 400 g of ammonium sulfate per plant. In the second year the manure levels were: 15.0; 22.5; 30.0 and 37.5 Kg per plant and 800 g of ammonium sulfate per plant. During the two years the fertilization were put in three applications. The parameters evaluated were: plants height, stem diameter, volume, projection and circumference of plant. The experiment was entirely randomized with split plots in time and 3 replications. The plots were the fertilization systems and the subplots were the evaluation time. The manure applications enhanced the plants growth. The chemical and organic fertilization showed the same growth on the 'Poncã' mandarin formation orchard.

Estudou-se o comportamento de plantas de mamoeiro (Carica papaya L. cvs. Sunrise Solo e Tainung 1) crescidas em bandejas de poliestireno (72 células) com substrato (Plantmax Hortaliças® = casca de pínus + vermiculita + turfa), adicionado de 4% de adubo orgânico (húmus; esterco de gado e Nutriplanta®) combinado com 0,05% de adubo químico (Osmocote® NPK 14-14-14 de liberação lenta e NPK 14-14-14 de liberação normal). A germinação das sementes do híbrido Tainung 1 iniciou-se aos 12 dias após a semeadura em todos os tratamentos, e da cultivar Sunrise Solo, aos 14 dias. A cultivar Sunrise Solo e o híbrido Tainung 1 apresentaram maior taxa de germinação nos substratos adubados com Osmocote® e fonte orgânica de húmus e esterco bovino, respectivamente. As mudas de mamoeiros Tainung 1 e Sunrise Solo crescidas nos substratos contendo Osmocote® apresentaram melhor desenvolvimento do que nos substratos com formulado NPK (14-14-14) de liberação normal. Apesar dos bons resultados apresentados pelas mudas de Sunrise Solo e Tainung 1 nos tratamentos constituídos de Nutriplanta®, não foi verificada diferença significativa entre os substratos contendo adubos orgânicos. As mudas desenvolvidas em substrato contendo esterco de curral + NPK de liberação normal tiveram os piores resultados para a maioria das características analisadas (altura, diâmetro do caule, peso seco da parte aérea, caule e raiz, e área foliar total). Os teores de nutrientes (NPK) encontrados na análise foliar das amostras foram superiores nos tratamentos com Osmocote® em relação aos demais, cerca de 20% para o híbrido Tainung 1 e 10% para o Sunrise Solo.The behavior of papaya (Carica papaya L. cv. 'Sunrise Solo' and 'Tainung 1') seedlings grown in polystyrene trays (72 cells) in the growth medium (Plantmax® = pine bark + vermiculite + peat) amended with 4% of organic fertilizer (Humus; composted cattle manure and Nutriplanta®) combined with 0.05% of inorganic fertilizer (Osmocote® - slow release - NPK 14-14-14 and normal release NPK 14-14-14) was evaluated in this study. Germination in cv. 'Sunrise Solo' and hybrid 'Tainung 1' occurred 12 and 14 days after sowing, respectively. Higher germination rate in both materials was obtained in the growth medium fertilized with Osmocote plus humus and composted cattle manure, respectively. The seedlings fertilized with slow release type hastened growth compared with normal one. Growth medium amended with Nutriplanta® gave good results but there was no significant difference with others organic fertilizers. The seedlings grown in growth medium amended with composted cattle manure + normal release NPK showed the poorest results in almost all analyzed parameters such as height, stem diameter, dry weight - root and top - and total leaf area. The nutrient contents (NPK) found in the leaf analyses samples were higher in treatments using slow release fertilizer (~20% for hybrid Tainung 1 and ~+10% for cv. Sunrise Solo) compared with the normal one.

O experimento foi conduzido no campus da Universidade Federal de Lavras, objetivando-se comparar o desempenho de minhocas Africanas e Vermelhas produzidas em "minhobox" com esterco de búfalos e de bovinos. O período experimental foi de 40 dias e o delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 2 x 2, totalizando quatro tratamentos com quatro repetições cada um. As minhocas Vermelhas ganharam peso (P0,05) para ganho de peso em relação aos tipos de esterco. Para as porcentagens de minerais presentes nas fezes frescas, houve superioridade (P0,05), e os búfalos foram superiores apenas para potássio (P0,05) para nenhuma das fontes de variação em relação à cinza, enxofre e manganês. Concluiu-se que o minhobox é eficiente para produção de minhocas Vermelhas (PThe experiment was carried out at "campus da Universidade Federal de Lavras", in order to compare the performance of African and Red earthworm produced in earthworm box with buffaloes and cattle manure. The experimental period was of 40 days and the experimental design was completely randomized in a factorial arrangement 2 x 2, totalizing four treatments with four replicates each. The red earthworm gained (P0,05) for weigh gain. The earthworm box was efficient for production of red earthworm, but the African earthworm did not adapt at this production system. For mineral percentage in fresh feces, there is superiority (P0,05), and the buffaloes were superior only for potassium (P0,05) for any variation source relating to ash, sulphur and manganese. It was concluded that earthworm box is efficient for Red earthworm production (P

This work evaluates effects of cattle manure vermicompost in association with liming on soil fertility indexes. The experiment was carried out in greenhouse conditions, in pots containing samples of a Typic Hapludox, medium-textured soil. Five levels of vermicompost (equivalent to 0, 28, 42, 56, and 70 t ha-1, dry weight) and five liming levels (to raise base saturation to 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60%) were combined in a factorial scheme and samples were incubated for 180 days. Samples of the same soil received the equivalent to 70 t ha-1 of the cattle manure used to produce the vermicompost, and the same lime rates. Cattle manure was better than vermicompost to supply K and Mg. Small differences in P supply were observed between the manures. The vermicompost increased the levels of Ca, pH, organic matter (OM) and CEC more than the manure. C-humic acids decreased and C-humin increased with vermicompost application. With liming, C-humic acids decreased, but the total content of OM was not affected.

The significant growth and regional concentration of swine farming in Brazil also increases the risk of soil and water pollution by excessive pig slurry (DLS) applied to crops. The impact of DLS application on the contents of elements in the subsoil soil solution of a southern Brazil Oxisol under different doses of this waste was evaluated in a field experiment. The treatments were annual applications of DLS in the: 0, 50, 100 and 200 m³ ha-1; soluble mineral fertilizer (AM); and DLS combined with AM (DLS + AM) which were organized in the complete block design with four replicates. The mineral N, P, K, Ca and Mg contents were determined in soil solution extracted through lysimeter suctions placed at 0.4 and 0.8 m depths during the 13th year after the start of applications. The N-NH4 + content in soil solution were higher with the doses 100 and 200 m³ ha-1 of DLS and this also happened to the soluble N application in coverage. The dose 200 m³ ha-1 also promoted greater concentration of N-NO3 - than the other treatments. The N-NH4 + content was lower than the N-NO3 - content, although this form occurs in less content in the DLS. The P content in soil solution was below the method detection limit, indicating that there was no excess of that nutrient in the solution extracted at the depths evaluated. The K+ , Ca2 + and Mg2 + contents in the soil solution increased with the high doses of DLS, showing that prolonged use of this waste promotes the movement of these basic cations to lower layers of the soil profile. The high dosages of DLS applied increase losses of N in the form of nitrate and basic cations (K+ , Ca+ 2 and Mg+ 2) by leaching. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This study was developed to evaluate the effects of mineral fertilizers and cattle manure on gas exchange in beet plants. The experiment was conducted under field conditions, a randomized block design, in factorial scheme 5 × 2, with three replications. The treatments will consist of five doses of cattle manure (2.0, 4.0, 6.0, 8.0, and 10.0 kg m-2) in the presence and absence of mineral fertilizer. We evaluated the following parameters: net photosynthesis (A), stomatal conductance (gs), transpiration (E) and intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci), instantaneous efficiency of water use (A / E), carboxylation efficiency ( A / C). Beet plants grown in the presence of mineral fertilization and the greatest amount of manure showed higher values for stomatal conductance. Treatment of 10.0 kg m-2 manure showed higher rate of photosynthesis. The values of transpiration and intercellular CO2 concentration in beets were influenced by doses of manure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The swine industry has been growing in the last decades and production is currently the most widely produced and consumed meat in the world. According to data from FAO (2007), the pork represents 39% of the total world consumption of animal protein, against 30% of chicken, 24% of 7% of cattle and other types. In Mato Grosso is highlighting in pig production, because it is a State with competitive advantages in terms of geographic location, since much of the grain used in feed production of Flock is located in this region. With that, many industries have settled in the State in order to benefit from the location of the raw materials and assemble large structures of production since feed for the animals to slaughter and finished products for final consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

O experimento foi realizado em condições de campo, na Fazenda Experimental da EPAMIG, em Ponte Nova-MG, no período de janeiro a julho de 1995, com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito de doses de dejeto de suínos na forma líquida, sobre a produção de batata-doce, cultivar Paulista, na incidência de plantas daninhas e na eficiência de controle de espécies de plantas daninhas pelo metribuzin. Utilizou-se o delineamento em blocos ao acaso, no esquema fatorial, com quatro repetições. Foram avaliados os efeitos das doses 0, 20, 40 e 60 m3 ha-1 de dejeto de suínos combinadas com 0, 300, 600 e 900 g ha-1 de metribuzin. Houve incremento linear de biomassa fresca das plantas daninhas de folhas largas, plantas de folhas estreitas e total de plantas daninhas em função do aumento das doses dejeto de suínos. O metribuzin foi seletivo para a cultura de batata-doce, não sendo observado nenhum sintoma visível de fitotoxicidade à cultura e eficiente no controle das principais plantas daninhas presentes na área. A produção máxima de raízes comerciais (22,94 t ha-1) foi obtida com o metribuzin na dose 810,17 g ha-1. Isto representou cerca de 89% superior ao peso obtido pela testemunha sem tratos culturais. Esta produtividade foi semelhante àquela observada nos tratamentos que receberam três cultivos. As plantas daninhas interferiram negativamente nas principais características avaliadas de produção da batata-doce. A cultura da batata-doce respondeu positivamente a adubação com dejeto líquido de suínos, com aumento linear da produção de raízes das classes extra A, comercial e total. Verificou-se também que houve correlação negativa entre plantas daninhas e as principais características de produção da cultura de batata-doce.This study was carried out under field conditions during the period from January to July 1995 at EPAMIG Experimental Farm, in Ponte Nova/MG, aiming to evaluate the effects liquid swine manure doses on the yield of sweet potato cv Paulista, weed incidence and the weed control efficiency by metribuzin. A randomized block design in the factorial scheme with four replication was used. The effects of 0, 20, 40 and 60 m3 ha-1 doses of swine manure combined with metribuzin 0, 300, 600 and 900 g ha-1 and four weeded controls fertilized with 0, 20, 40 and 60 m3 ha-1 of swine manure were evaluated. A linear increment in fresh biomass was observed on large leaves weeds, narrow leaves and total weeds as a function of the increase in swine manure doses. Metribuzin was selective for the sweet potato crop, and no apparent sign of toxicity to this culture was observed. The maximum commercial root yield was obtained using 810.17 g ha-1 of ametribuzin dose (22.94 t ha-1, approximately 89% above the weight obtained by the control without cultivation tracts). This productivity was similar to that observed in the treatments which received three cultivations. The weeds interfered negatively with the main characteristics evaluated in the sweet potato yield. The sweet potato crop answered positively to the fertilization with liquid swine manure presenting a linear increase in root production of the extra A, commercial and total classes. Also it was verified the occurrence of a negative correlation between weeds and the main yield characteristics in the sweet potato cropping.