Search

Philosophy is a system that analyzes the most basic beliefs, concepts and calmness of temper and judgement befitting a philosopher. Chinese animated features have made great inroads in worldwide markets in recent years, despite the fact that China's animation sector is just a teenager compared to its decades-old counterpart in Japan’s philosophy. While some animation studios are creating content specifically for international audiences, the Chinese animation industry is primarily concerned with the domestic market because it believes that high-quality Chinese animation has the potential to travel. Artists, philosophers and those in the creative industries, directly tied to this, have an incentive and challenge to discover those stories that can succeed in Chinese and international markets. Therefore, this article analyzes and contrasts the characteristics of Chinese film animation philosophies. The social and cultural context, market economic development and technological advancement that have shaped the philosophical design of Chinese animation are examined. The philosophical approaches that are assessed in this study are Donghua and Manhua, and Daoist philosophy that exemplified from Zhuangzi.

La fusariosis de la espiga del trigo (FET) producida principalmente por Fusarium graminearum, es una de las enfermedades más importantes para la producción del trigo en Paraguay, no solo por las pérdidas de rendimiento que ocasionan sino por la presencia de micotoxinas en granos. El objetivo del experimento fue evaluar distintos grupos químicos de fungicidas y sus mezclas para el control de FET y su relación con el rendimiento y niveles de micotoxina dioxinivalenol (DON) en granos de trigo. Los fungicidas fueron aplicados en tres estados de desarrollo del cultivo: espigazón, antesis y grano lechoso en la variedad Canindé 13. Todos los fungicidas evaluados (Tebuconazole, Metconazole + Epoxiconazole, Azoxystrobin, Fluxapyroxad + Epoxyconazole + Pyraclostrobin, Azoxystrobin + Benzovindiflupir) disminuyeron significativamente en promedio los niveles de índice de infección del FET y aumentaron el rendimiento y peso de mil granos comparados al testigo sin control químico. La mayoría de los tratamientos que incluyeron estrobilurinas en su composición resultaron con los niveles más altos de DON (4,07-4,27 ppm) en granos de trigo. Entre los fungicidas evaluados, el Tebuconazole presentó el menor (1-1.5 ppm) nivel de concentración de DON en granos.

La economía del Paraguay es altamente dependiente de la producción agrícola, en especial de la soja (Glycine max), por tanto, todo aquello que represente un riesgo para este cultivo es un asunto prioritario para el país. Las fuentes principales de riesgo en la agricultura derivan de los impactos en la producción por el clima, plagas y otros factores en precios y en el contexto institucional y político. La estimación de las pérdidas de los cultivos es fundamental, ya que cuantificar los daños y compararlos con los umbrales económicos permite una adecuada toma de decisiones, determinando si un tratamiento es o no necesario y cuándo; qué se hará el próximo año agrícola, la selección de las variedades, el tipo de manejo que se hará de las enfermedades, entre otros. Considerando que los agentes fúngicos pueden resultar una amenaza para la producción, el objeto de esta revisión fue determinar si existen de manera pública datos para estimar pérdidas a causa de enfermedades fúngicas en soja (G. max). Se concluye que con la información disponible actualmente no es posible determinar estimar las pérdidas y se visualiza la necesidad de generar datos válidos y fidedignos, además de realizar un trabajo coordinado entre productores, industria, gobierno y la academia.

O presente estudo teve como objetivo fazer um levantamento do conhecimento da população acerca da zoonose leptospirose, na qual foram entrevistadas 684 pessoas de diferentes idades, ocupações e condições de moradia. Devido a circunstância do isolamento social decorrente da pandemia de Covid-19, utilizamos o método de entrevista remota Google Forms. Buscamos reunir diferentes profissionais, tentando associar suas respostas as de profissionais da saúde também questionados, para que fosse avaliada a discrepância ou equivalência das respostas, de acordo com o grau de conhecimento de cada grupo em relação a Leptospirose. Após a realização do questionário, foi disponibilizado um folder digital com as informações corretas sobre a doença, visando conscientizar a população. A bactéria Leptospira é o agente responsável pela infecção da Leptospirose, que se adapta em ambientes úmidos e quentes. Os principais reservatórios da doença são os roedores sinantrópicos que eliminam o agente pela urina. Por isso, condições de baixo saneamento básico e áreas de inundações são áreas de risco que propiciam a infecção. Sendo importante que a população tenha um conhecimento mínimo acerca da doença para poder preveni-la e com isso, combater os focos de contaminação. O nosso estudo teve acesso ao conhecimento de pessoas de diferentes ocupações com intuito de avaliar se as campanhas governamentais estão sendo efetivas com a oferta de informação e conscientização.

RESUMO Objetivo Realizar a equivalência cultural da versão brasileira da escala SSRS, por meio de sua adaptação cultural e linguística. Método Após tradução da SSRS para o português brasileiro e retro tradução para o inglês, os itens foram comparados com o instrumento original. As discrepâncias existentes foram modificadas por consenso por um comitê de fonoaudiólogos, resultando na Escala de Reinvestimento Específico na Fala – EREF. A EREF tem 39 questões e seis alternativas na chave de resposta: “discordo totalmente”, “discordo”, “discordo ligeiramente”, “concordo ligeiramente”, “concordo” e “concordo totalmente”. A pontuação é a soma das pontuações médias de cada subdimensão da escala, sendo que os itens negativos não entram na contabilidade ou exigem pontuação reversa. Para a equivalência cultural, a EREF foi aplicada em um total de 74 profissionais em exercício de atividade envolvendo comunicação com público, falantes do português brasileiro como primeira língua, com acréscimo da opção “não aplicável” na chave de respostas, para identificação de questões não compreendidas ou não apropriadas para a população alvo e cultura brasileira. Resultados A escala foi inicialmente aplicada em 56 participantes. Treze encontraram dificuldade para o preenchimento de 27 questões. Após a adaptação da tradução das sentenças não compreendidas ou consideradas inapropriadas, a EREF modificada foi aplicada em mais 13 respondentes e não foram encontradas barreiras culturais e/ou conceituais. Conclusão Foi verificada equivalência cultural entre a SSRS e sua versão traduzida para o português brasileiro, a EREF. As próximas etapas para validação da EREF para o Português Brasileiro serão realizadas com a conclusão desta fase.

Objective: to develop an integrative learning program for people with dementia. Method: a methodological study was conducted using Delphi technique to develop the learning program, followed by a feasibility test. An expert panel was invited to develop the integrative learning program based on the neuroplasticity and learning framework. A feasibility test was conducted to evaluate the implementation of the program in two centers after the training of personnel who run the program. Verbatim transcripts of case conferences were coded, analyzed, and collapsed into themes and sub-themes by consensus. Results: there was no indication for content modification during the period of program implementation. Qualitatively, the participating older adults showed improvement in communications, emotions, connectedness with self and others, and well-being. Conclusion: the integrative learning program was uneventfully implemented with promising results. The program is ready for full-scale research on its efficacy in multiple centers to obtain more robust evidence.

Se realizó un análisis de la cuenca del río Tirgua ubicada en la cordillera de la Costa, combinando los enfoques hidrogeográfico y de paisajes hidrológicos. Se partió de la estimación automatizada de descriptores geomorfométricos de forma, relieve y drenaje de las distintas subcuencas, los cuales fueron sometidos a un análisis estadístico para lograr su diferenciación espacial. Utilizando métodos de interpolación espacial, se estudió el comportamiento de la precipitación, temperatura y la evapotranspiración (ETP); se estimaron los caudales de las subcuencas por medio de un método indirecto y se hizo un análisis espacial de las tipologías de uso de la tierra en relación con la dinámica hidrológica. El Análisis de Componentes Principales (ACP) permitió una diferenciación intrínseca de cuatro grupos de subcuencas, explicada mayormente por parámetros de forma y de relieve. Por su parte, la respuesta hidrológica de las subcuencas es mayormente explicada por su ubicación relativa dentro de la cuenca, el relieve y la dinámica interna de los elementos del clima. La combinación de ambos enfoques resultó de gran utilidad en el estudio de cuencas con escasez de datos sistemáticos.

Fusarium head blight (FHB), or scab, caused by a Fusarium spp. complex, is an important wheat disease in Paraguay. Among the strategies used to control it, the genetic resistance is considered highly efficient and cost effective. This study aimed to evaluate and compare the effects of F. graminearum on six wheat genotypes, including two comparison varieties, in two seeding dates. The genotypes were artificially inoculated in the spike, at the flowering stage, by injecting a pool of four pathogenic F. graminearum isolates. The FHB development was evaluated by scoring the disease incidence and severity, percentage of diseased spikelets and damaged kernels, as well as using the area under the disease progress curve. Besides the kernel infection, its impact on the development of mycotoxins (deoxynivalenol) and interactions with the genotypes were also evaluated. The results identified an advanced breeding line (Lin 84) with a resistance level to FHB comparable to that of the universally known resistance sources (Sumai 3 and Frontana). The other three genotypes (Caninde 11, Caninde 12 and Caninde 21), in spite of presenting a higher grain yield potential, were evaluated as moderately susceptible to susceptible. These results suggest that, although it is possible to transfer the FHB resistance to a higher agronomic type, combining such resistance with a higher grain yield potential remains an ongoing challenge.

Abstract Due to increased UV radiation on the Earth’s surface, caused by depletion of the stratospheric ozone, people have become more susceptible to different types of skin damage, such as erythema, sunburns, and cancer; this is especially of concern in tropical countries. Thus, efforts to improve awareness as well as the use of sunscreen are increasing worldwide. However, synthetic UV filters have been associated with deleterious effects such as photosensitization. Natural products have been used by ancient cultures for several purposes, including protecting the skin from the sun. However, there is still doubt today whether photoprotection is a real phenomenom or whether it is simply tanning of the skin. Plants have self-protective mechanisms and produce secondary metabolites that can protect themselves from UV radiation. Yet, can phytochemical compounds protect human skin? This review discusses the paradoxical effect of chemical UV filters and the influence of phytochemicals in in vitro and in vivo tests of photoprotection.

Abstract In this paper, a novel zwitterionic copolymer AM/SSS/THDAB clay hydration dispersion inhibitor was synthesized by copolymerization of tris hydroxyethyl diallyl ammonium bromide (THDAB), sodium p-styrene sulfonate (SSS) and acrylamide (AM) initiated in an aqueous solution. The copolymer was characterized by FT-IR, GPC, TGA-DSC and SEM. Results demonstrated that molecular weight of AM/SSS/THDAB was 43674 g/mol and its temperature resistance ability was up to 225 °C. Evaluation experiments showed that AM/SSS/THDAB has an excellent clay hydration inhibitive performance. Methods including particle size analysis and SEM were utilized to study its dispersion inhibition mechanism by using sodium montmorillonite (Na-MMT). Results indicated that the micro-structure of Na-MMT has been successfully changed by AM/SSS/THDAB. In a word, the superior inhibition property makes the novel clay hydration dispersion inhibitor promised in water-based drilling fluids.

ABSTRACT The use of intramedullary nailing to treat proximal femoral fractures has increased in recent years. Nail breakage is a rare complication of intramedullary nailing of the femur, and generally occurs at the non-united fracture site. Removal of the distal fragment of a broken nail is a challenging problem. In this article, the authors describe the methods used to remove strongly fixed broken intramedullary nails. Level of Evidence IV; Case series.

Este artículo analizará como objeto a La Revista de El Círculo de Rosario (Argentina) en tanto expresión gráfica que le imprimió a sus páginas una idea fuerza constante, esta es la de ser el germen de una revitalización intelectual, cultural y artística para la ciudad de Rosario hacía comienzos de la década de 1920. La originalidad del trabajo consiste en el cruce entre los aspectos textuales con los del lenguaje visual, enfocando la existencia de ciertos argumentos e indicios que nos permiten claramente proponer la demarcación entre dos épocas o etapas al interior de la revista, sosteniendo la idea de la presencia de una ruptura temática, iconográfica e ideológica entre ambos momentos, destacando el paso desde un primer momento en que la revista se conformaba como órgano de expresión de una asociación cultural local, hasta convertirse en una publicación autonomizada con características vanguardistas de repercusión regional.

En el marco del Programa Nacional de Trigo, dentro del convenio IPTA/CAPECO/INBIO se busca identificar nuevas variedades con buenas características agronómicas, tolerancia y/o resistencia a enfermedades y buena calidad industrial para distintas zonas productivas del país. Fueron lanzadas al mercado nacional tres variedades, ITAPUA 80, ITAPUA 85 y CANINDÉ 21, durante 2013/15, evaluándose su calidad industrial a través de análisis físico químico y reológico. En cuanto a los caracteres físicos, las tres variedades se encuentran dentro de los rangos aceptados por la industria, teniendo los valores de peso hectolítrico (PH) entre 76 y 79 kg hL-1y los valores de peso de mil granos (PMG) entre 29,85 y 33,85 g. El análisis de las características de la calidad industrial fue medido por las pruebas de proteína, cantidad y calidad del gluten, valores del índice de caída o ‘falling number’ y la alveografía. Todos los análisis demostraron la excelente calidad panadera de las tres variedades agrupándolas en aptas para los propósitos de la industria tanto nacional como internacional. Entre las tres variedades, Canindé 21 fue considerado como el de mejor glutenpor sus propiedades de resistencia al amasado y puede ser proveído a la industria con precios diferenciados.

La transición del socialismo de estado al socialismo de mercado en China a partir de 1978 codujo a una sensación de desorientación y crisis moral en la población china que a mediados de la década de 1990 el Partido Comunista Chino (PCC) intentó corregir. Concretamente, el Comité del PCC de la región de Guangdong respondió elaborando una nueva versión del manual de enseñanza Clásico de las Tres Palabras para así responder a las nuevas circunstancias sociales con un conjunto de reglas morales específicas basadas en la filosofía de Confucio y dirigido a las generaciones chinas más jóvenes. El principal objetivo del Partido fue reconstruir el marco de comportamiento moral desbancado por los rápidos cambios sociales de los 80 y los 90 and que hasta la época de la reforma procedía de la línea oficial del PCC y las ideas surgidas durante la Revolución Cultural. El Nuevo Clásico de las Tres Palabras pronto se hizo enormemente popular en el país y permitió que las escuelas enseñaran a sus alumnos una serie de reglas morales a través de ejemplos de personajes y sucesos históricos que en su conjunto abogaban por el patriotismo y la diligencia en el aprendizaje, si bien no consiguió abordar la iniciativa pública, esencial para guiar la emergente vida pública en China.

This paper presents a comparative analysis of residents from Brazilian cities and Hong Kong to an incentive of travelling as sport event tourists. The findings from Hong Kong (n=134) and São Paulo (n=151) reveal their different travel incentives, ability and characteristics in terms of annual and infrequent sport events. When determining interest in a sport event, excitement and safety are of paramount concern to respondents from both territories. As sport event tourism does not automatically flourish and remain sustained after the presence of a mega-event, city governments are recommended to react to the preferences of specific market.

Tourism studies have become distinct in the past years due to the emergence of specialized journals, but also of universities, departments and research centers offering PhD programs, fundamental for the development of research and for the foundation of new scholars across the world. The purpose of this paper is to assess the recent development of knowledge by evaluating the nature of the dominant scientific fields and their core research subjects, through a cross cultural approach considering the UK, Spain, France, Germany, Italy and Portugal. This study addresses this gap and provides an original contribution through the analysis of the doctoral theses published between the years 2000-2013 in these countries. The selected research methodology is based on content analysis of keywords and concepts. Recommendations are offered for future developments.

Objetivos: observar se o regime do erro médico previsto no Regulamento para o Tratamento de Acidentes Médicos perde ou não a sua utilidade prática a partir da entrada em vigor da Lei de Responsabilidade Civil da República Popular da China que prevê especificamente um regime da responsabilidade pelos danos causados por tratamentos médicos; segundo, ver se a constituição de acidente médico ainda é um pressuposto da responsabilidade civil médica prevista na lei citada; terceiro, ver se ambos os regimes, agora de diferentes diplomas legais, requerem os mesmos requisitos e se cada um destes tem o mesmo âmbito. Metodologia: executaram-se estudos bibliográficos e normativos que se relacionam com os dois regimes. Resultado e conclusão: o regime de acidente médico apenas perde a sua utilidade prática relativa à responsabilidade civil médica, mas ainda se mantém a sua utilidade prática de natureza administrativa. A constituição de acidente médico não é um pressuposto da responsabilidade civil médica prevista na nova lei. Os requisitos para ambos os regimes são o facto ilícito, negligência médica ou culpa, dano, nexo de causalidade e instituição médica e profissionais de saúde como sujeitos, mas alguns destes requisitos têm âmbito diferente, como nas partes relativas à ilicitue, à negligência médica ou culpa e ao dano.

Los hongos del complejo Fusarium graminearum son uno de los principales problemas del cultivo del trigo a nivel mundial, debido a que ocasionan pérdidas de rendimiento y producen micotoxinas perjudiciales para la salud humana y animal. El método más eficaz para la solución de estos problemas es la prevención de la contaminación. No existen en la actualidad variedades que presenten resistencia total a estos patógenos. Es importante la identificación de variedades con potencial de resistencia en programas de mejoramiento genético. Se estudiaron in vitro 15 líneas avanzadas del Programa de Investigación en Trigo provenientes de Capitán Miranda, Itapúa; estas líneas presentaban infección natural a campo de hongos del Complejo Fusarium graminearum. La incidencia de hongos y la acumulación de Deoxinivalenol fueron evaluadas mediante análisis de varianza, comparación de medias por el test de Tukey y correlación de Spearman. Se identificaron dos líneas avanzadas de trigo con potencial de resistencia tipo III y tres con potencial de resistencia tipo V. No se encontró correlación entre la incidencia de hongos del Complejo Fusarium graminearum in vitro y la acumulación de Deoxinivalenol en las líneas estudiadas.

La microhistoria como referente teórico-metodológico. Un recorrido por sus vertientes y debates conceptualesResumen: El artículo hace una contribución historiográfica sobre la microhistoria como vertiente teórico epistemológica, de tal manera que la ubica en su contexto de surgimiento, recorre sus principales referentes e incursiona en sus lineamientos metodológicos y conceptuales. Se repasan los debates que atravesó la corriente con respecto a cuestiones tales como la representatividad de los casos de estudio, el tema de relativismo, la original apreciación de un contexto, así como los límites y los riesgos del análisis micro. Asimismo se incursiona en las complejas derivas de la racionalidad individual y de la autonomía relativa que suponen los actores sociales; para terminar ingresando en la fructífera relación entre microhistoria e historia local.Palabras clave: microhistoria; historia local; teoría; metodología; representación.__________________Abstract:Microhistory as a theoretical - methodological reference. A tour of its tendencies and conceptual debates.Abstract: This article makes a historiographical contribution about the microhistory as epistemological theoretical tendency, in a way that it places it in its emerging context, goes round its main references, and enters in its methodological and conceptual guidelines. The debates that went through the current on issues such as the representativeness of the cases of study, the topic of relativism, the original appreciation of a context and the limits and risks of microanalysis, are reviewed. Likewise, we venture into the complex drifts of individual rationality and the relative autonomy that are supposed by the social actors; to end going into the fruitful relationship between microhistory and local history.Keywords: microhistory; local history; theory; methodology; representation.

Devido às profundas mudanças económicas e sociais na China a prestação de cuidados de saúde enfrenta sérias dificuldades para satisfazer as necessidades dos pacientes, conduzindo pois a frequentes conflitos entre pacientes e médicos e/ou estabelecimentos de cuidados de saúde. Uma vez que os tribunais comuns parecem incapazes de resolver os litígios médicos de uma forma considerada satisfatória para ambas as partes, o Governo Chinês criou os tribunais do acidente médico. Estes tribunais são caracterizados por duas notas principais: por um lado a sua composição, dado que, e ao contrário dos tribunais judiciais, são compostos por decisores com conhecimentos médicos; por outro lado, o facto de a actividade dos tribunais do acidente médico se restringir ao campo da responsabilidade médica, sendo que esta especialização lhes permite decidir os casos de uma forma mais expedita e supostamente mais justa. Contudo, e apesar do grande desenvolvimento representado pelos tribunais do acidente médico, eles representam apenas uma pequena peça da grande reforma exigida pelos conflitos médicos que têm lugar por toda a China.

Objectives: to explore nurses' knowledge of universal health coverage (UHC) for inclusive and sustainable development of elderly care services. Method: this was a cross-sectional survey. A convenience sample of 326 currently practicing enrolled nurses (EN) or registered nurses (RN) was recruited. Respondents completed a questionnaire which was based on the implementation strategies advocated by the WHO Global Forum for Governmental Chief Nursing Officers and Midwives (GCNOMs). Questions covered the government initiative, healthcare financing policy, human resources policy, and the respondents' perception of importance and contribution of nurses in achieving UHC in elderly care services. Results: the knowledge of nurses about UHC in elderly care services was fairly satisfactory. Nurses in both clinical practice and management perceived themselves as having more contribution and importance than those in education. They were relatively indifferent to healthcare policy and politics. Conclusion: the survey uncovered a considerable knowledge gap in nurses' knowledge of UHC in elderly care services, and shed light on the need for nurses to be more attuned to healthcare policy. The educational curriculum for nurses should be strengthened to include studies in public policy and advocacy. Nurses can make a difference through their participation in the development and implementation of UHC in healthcare services.

Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) is a disease characterized by a punctual mutation (GTG - GAG) in the sixth codon of the gamma globin gene leading to a substitution of glutamic acid by a valine in the β chain of hemoglobin. Despite the huge progress on the molecular knowledge of the disease in recent years, few therapeutic resources were developed. Currently, the treatment is mainly done with the anticancer agent hydroxyurea. This review summarizes current knowledge about possible targets and new approaches to the discovery new compounds to treat the symptoms of SCD.

FUNDAMENTO: A terapia antirretroviral aumentou drasticamente a expectativa de vida em pacientes com HIV/AIDS, embora a aterosclerose esteja associada a uma terapia de longo prazo. OBJETIVO: Investigar a prevalência de aterosclerose em pacientes com AIDS submetidos à terapia antirretroviral e a influência de tratamentos de diferentes regimes e durações. MÉTODOS: Pacientes com HIV/AIDS foram abordados durante consultas de rotina. Aqueles que estiveram em terapia antirretroviral por, pelo menos, dois anos tiveram o sangue coletado para análise do perfil lipídico e da glicemia em jejum e foram submetidos à tomografia computadorizada cardíaca para quantificação do escore de cálcio dentro de seis dias, no máximo. A aterosclerose foi definida como escore de cálcio maior que zero (CAC > 0). Fatores de risco tradicionais, síndrome metabólica e o escore de Framingham foram analisados. RESULTADOS: Cinquenta e três pacientes realizaram tomografia computadorizada cardíaca: 50,94% eram do sexo masculino, com idade média de 43,4 anos; 20% tinham hipertensão; 3,77% tinham diabetes; 67,92% tinham hipercolesterolemia; 37,74% tinham hipertrigliceridemia; 47,17% tinham HDL baixo; 24,53% atenderam aos critérios para síndrome metabólica; 96,23% foram classificados no escore de Framingham como "baixo risco"; e 18,87% eram tabagistas. A duração média do tratamento antirretroviral foi de 58,98 meses. A aterosclerose coronária ocorreu em 11 pacientes (20,75%). A duração da terapia antirretroviral não se relacionou à aterosclerose (p = 0,41), e não houve diferenças significativas entre os diferentes esquemas antirretrovirais (p = 0,71). Entre os fatores de risco tradicionais, o tabagismo (OR = 27,20; p = 0,023) e a idade (OR = 20,59; p = 0,033) foram significativos na presença de aterosclerose. Havia tendência para uma associação positiva da aterosclerose com a hipercolesterolemia (OR = 8,30; p = 0,0668). CONCLUSÃO: Os fatores associados à aterosclerose foram idade, tabagismo e hipercolesterolemia. A duração e o tipo de terapia antirretroviral não influenciaram a prevalência da aterosclerose.BACKGROUND: Antiretroviral therapy has dramatically increased life expectancy in patients with HIV/AIDS although atherosclerosis has been associated with long-standing therapy. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the prevalence of atherosclerosis in patients with AIDS undergoing antiretroviral therapy and the influence of different schemes and duration of treatment. METHODS: HIV/AIDS patients were approached during routine consultations. Those who had been on antiretroviral therapy for at least two years had their blood collected for analysis of lipid profile and fasting glycemia and underwent cardiac CT for quantification of calcium score within six days at the most. Atherosclerosis was defined as calcium score greater than zero (CAC > 0). Traditional risk factors, metabolic syndrome and Framingham score were analyzed. RESULTS: Fifty-three patients performed cardiac CT. Twenty-seven (50.94%) were male, mean age 43.4 years; 20.00% had hypertension, 3.77% diabetes, 67.92% hypercholesterolemia, 37.74% hypertriglyceridemia and 47.17% low HDL. Thirteen (24.53%) met criteria for metabolic syndrome and 96.23% were classified in Framingham score as "low risk." Ten patients (18.87%) were smokers. Mean duration of antiretroviral treatment was 58.98 months. Coronary atherosclerosis occurred in 11 (20.75%) patients. Duration of antiretroviral therapy was not related to atherosclerosis (p = 0.41) and there were no significant differences between different antiretroviral regimens (p = 0.71). Among traditional risk factors, smoking (OR = 27.20; p = 0.023) and age (OR = 20.59; p = 0.033) were significant in the presence of atherosclerosis. There was a trend towards a positive association of atherosclerosis with hypercholesterolemia (OR = 8.30; p = 0.0668). CONCLUSION: Factors associated with atherosclerosis were age, smoking and hypercholesterolemia. Duration and type of antiretroviral therapy had no influence on the prevalence of atherosclerosis.

Chagas disease, discovered more than one century ago by Carlos Chagas, is still a serious Public Health problem. It is considered an extremely neglected disease, for it affects specially the population of developing countries. The patients with this disease have, in the great majority, low income and, for not representing market, they are excluded from the aims and efforts of research and development of pharmaceutical industries. About 8 to 11 million people may be infected with Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiological agent of the disease and about 100 million people are in risk in Latin America. The treatment of the disease is still a challenge, for only two nytroheterociclic drugs are commercialized in the world: nifurtimox and benznidazole, being this last one, the only available drug in the Brazilian market. However, these drugs are active only in the acute phase of the disease, and the treatment is not efficient in patients in the chronic phase. Consequently it is relevant to develop efficient anti-chagas compounds, particularly for the chronic phase of the disease. This paper discusses the importance of latency for the development of new pro-drugs. The literature describes several methodological techniques that have enabled significant advances in the planning and development of new anti-chagas agents, with emphasis on the search for pro-drugs that allow the enhancement of drug matrices.

Resumo: A doença pulmonar tromboembólica, parte integrante do tromboembolismo venoso, constitui um importante problema de saúde, dado que acarreta um risco significativo de mortalidade e morbilidade, com elevado custo social e económico. O diagnóstico e terapêutica atempados, bem como uma profilaxia apropriada, são factores determinantes no prognóstico. Esta entidade clínica continua a suscitar particular atenção, nomea-damente no que respeita à investigação dos factores de risco, desenvolvimento de algoritmos de probabilidade clínica, avaliação dos exames complementares de diagnóstico, definição de novas abordagens terapêuticas e recomendações para tromboprofilaxia. No presente trabalho procura-se rever o conhecimento científico actual relativo ao tromboembolismo pulmonar, focan-do as vertentes anteriormente mencionadas.Rev Port Pneumol 2009; XV (3): 483-505 Abstract: Pulmonary embolism is part of venous thromboem-bolism, an important health problem which leads to significant mortality and morbidity with high economic and social burden. A prompt diagnosis and treatment as well as an appropriate prophylaxis are deter-minant factors in prognosis. This disease continues to demand particular attention namely in the investigation of risk factors, clinical probability algorithms development, diagnostic work-up evaluation, characterization of new therapeutic strategies and thromboprophylaxis recommendations. The present review looks into the current scientific knowledge regarding pulmonary embolism.Rev Port Pneumol 2009; XV (3): 483-505 Palavras-chave: Tromboembolismo pulmonar, tromboembolismo venoso, diagnóstico, tratamento, profilaxia, anticoagulação, Key-words: Pulmonary embolism, venous thromboembolism, diagnosis, treatment, prophylaxis, anticoagulation

This paper puts forth a new financing standard calculation model for the new cooperative medical schemes (NCMS). The chief aim of this new model analyzes the dynamic relationship between NCMS financing standards, reimbursement proportion, disease coverage, and the NCMS reimbursement mode.

FUNDAMENTO: A hipertensão arterial é uma desordem caracterizada por alterações relevantes no tecido ósseo. O alendronato sódico tem indicação no tratamento de doenças ósseas, por causa de sua afinidade pela hidroxiapatita, inibindo as reabsorções ósseas. OBJETIVO: Analisar a ação local do alendronato sódico na reparação óssea de ratos espontaneamente hipertensos (SHR). MÉTODOS: Um defeito ósseo foi criado no fêmur esquerdo de 80 ratos. De acordo com o material utilizado no local, criaram-se quatro grupos: controle (C), amido (Am), alendronato 1 mol (A1) e alendronato 2 mol (A2). Após 7 e 21 dias, os animais foram sacrificados. Foram realizadas análises histológicas e histomorfométricas e os dados foram submetidos a análise de variância (ANOVA) e teste de Tukey (5%). RESULTADOS: Aos 7 dias, observou-se, na área do defeito, tecido conjuntivo com hemorragia e inflamação em todos os grupos. Alguns apresentavam matriz osteóide. Os grupos A1 e A2 apresentaram, ainda, uma rede de fibrina. Aos 21 dias, as trabéculas ósseas fechavam praticamente a extensão do defeito nos grupos C e Am. No grupo A1 de animais machos, observaram-se trabéculas que se irradiavam do canal medular até a área do defeito. Nos grupos A1 e A2, constatou-se apenas a presença de tecido conjuntivo com mínima deposição de osteóide. Um achado histológico marcante foi a formação de tecido ósseo extracortical subperiosteal nos animais dos grupos A1 e A2. CONCLUSÃO: Concluiu-se que a administração do alendronato sódico não contribuiu para o reparo ósseo nos ratos SHR, mas possivelmente tenha sido responsável pelas formações ósseas extracorticais observadas.BACKGROUND: The arterial hypertension is a disorder characterized by relevant alterations in the bone tissue. The sodium alendronate is indicated in the treatment of bone diseases, because of its affinity with the hydroxyapatite, inhibiting the bone reabsorptions. OBJECTIVE: To analyze local action of the sodium alendronate in the bone repair of spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR). METHODS: A bone defect was created in the left femur of 80 rat. In agreement with the material used at the place, four groups were created: control (C), starch (St), alendronate 1 mol (A1) and alendronate 2 mol (A2). After 7 and 21 days, the animals were sacrificed. Histomorfometrical and histological analyses were accomplished and the data were submitted the variance analysis (ANOVA) and test of Tukey (5%). RESULTS: At 7 days, in the area of the defect, conjunctive tissue with hemorrhage and inflammation in all of the groups was observed. Some presented osteoid matrix. The groups A1 and A2 presented, further, a fibrin net. At 21 days, the bone trabeculae practically closed the extension of the defect in the groups C and St. In the group A1 of male animals, trabeculae were observed that irradiated from the medullary canal to the area of the defect. In the groups A1 and A2, only presence of conjunctive fabric with low osteoid deposit was observed. An outstanding histological discovery was the formation of extracortical subperiosteal bone tissue in animals of the groups A1 and A2. CONCLUSION: The administration of sodium alendronate did not contribute to bone repair in SHR rat, but possibly has been responsible for the extracortical bone formation observed.

When plants are grown under saline conditions, photosynthetic activity decreases leading to reduced plant growth, leaf area, chlorophyll content and chlorophyll fluorescence. Seeds and seedlings of radish (Raphanus sativus L.) were grown in NaCl solutions under controlled greenhouse conditions. The NaCl concentrations in complete nutrient solutions were 0 (control), 4.7, 9.4 and 14.1 dS m-1. The salinity reduced germination percentage and also delayed the germination rate as the salt level increased. Lengths and fresh weights of root and shoot decreased with the increasing salt concentration. Furthermore, photochemical efficiency of PS2 (Fv/Fm), photochemical quenching coefficient (qP), non photochemical quenching coefficient (qN), leaf area and chlorophyll content (SPAD value) were also reduced (P < 0.001) by salt stress. In contrast, the Fo/Fm ratio increased with increasing salt concentration while salinity showed no effect on the efficiency of excitation captured by open PS2 (Fv'/Fm'), electron transport rate (ETR), and leaf water content. Linear regression shows that the photochemical efficiency of PS2 (Fv/Fm) had a positive relationship with the photochemical quenching coefficient (qP), leaf area and chlorophyll content but had no relation with Fv'/Fm', Fo/Fm, and qN.Quando plantas crescem sob condições de salinidade, sua atividade fotossintética diminui levando a um crescimento reduzido, menor área foliar, conteúdo de clorofila e fluorescência de clorofila. Sementes e plântulas de rabanete (Raphanus sativus L.) foram germinadas e conduzidas em soluções de NaCl sob condições controladas de casa de vegetação. As concentrações de NaCl adicionado a solução nutritiva completa foram 0 (Controle), 4,7; 9,4 e 14,1 dS m-1. A salinidade diminui a percentagem de germinação e também atrasou a taxa de germinação com o aumento do nível de sal. Comprimento e peso fresco da parte aérea e da raiz decresceram com o aumento da concentração salina. Além disso, a eficiência fotoquímica de PS2 (Fv/Fm), o coeficiente fotoquímico de 'quenchin" (q p), o coeficiente não fotoquímico de "quenching" (q n), a área foliar e o teor de clorofila (valor SPAD) também foram reduzidos (P < 0,001) por estresse de sal. Ao contrário, a relação Fo/Fm aumentou com a concentração salina, ao passo que a salinidade não teve efeito sobre a eficiência de excitação capturada pelo PS2 aberto (Fv'/Fm'), taxa de transporte eletrônico (ETR) e conteúdo de água na folha. Através de regressão linear mostrou-se que a eficiência fotossintética de PS2 (Fv/Fm) teve uma relação positiva com o coeficiente fotoquímico de "quenching" (q p), área foliar e conteúdo de clorofila, mas nenhuma relação com (Fv/Fm), (Fo/Fm), e q n.

Strategies that promote selective activation of prodrugs by enzymes can be divided into two major classes: 1) deliver of a monoclonal antibody-enzyme immunoconjugate that can recognize a specific antigen and promote the prodrug to a citotoxic drug, with a high selectivity for the target cells, and 2) selective gene delivery encoding an enzyme that can promote the prodrug to a citotoxic drug for the target cells. In this article are discussed ADEPT (antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy), GDEPT (gene-directed enzyme prodrug therapy), VDEPT (virus-directed enzyme prodrug therapy), GPAT (genetic prodrug activation therapy) and PDEPT (polymer-directed enzyme prodrug therapy) approaches, their clinical trials, advantages, disadvantages and perspectives.

Short review about the main aspects of prodrug design, as its objectives, applicability and importance, showing the new trends in the research for selective latent forms, namely targeted drugs.

Doze genótipos de trigo (Triticum aestivum L.) foram avaliados in vivo e in vitro para resistência à helmintosporiose, moléstia induzida pelo fungo Bipolaris sorokiniana, com o objetivo de verificar a existência de uma correlação entre a resposta apresentada por calos e por plântulas . A partir de dois isolados foram obtidos filtrados tóxicos para serem adicionados ao meio de cultura onde se desenvolveram os calos de trigo; também foram produzidas suspensões de esporos para serem pulverizados a plfintulas. A reação dos calos fOi quantificada através do crescimento daqueles expostos aos filtrados em comparação aos que não receberam este tratamento. A resposta das plântulas foi medida pela porcentagem de lesões necróticas presentes nas folhas. Foi verificado que um menor crescimento de calo correspondeu a uma maior porcentagem de lesões em plântulas.

The purpose of our paper will be to compare and contrast two Argentine laws raised in the year 1902, the law of residence N° 4414 and the electoral reform law N° 4161, both nominated by the Minister of Interior Joaquin V. Gonzalez. While they were initially presented as two totally opposite laws, reviewing deeply parliamentary debates can be traced a logic that presents these two projects involved in a whole, working towards a common goal, correspondent and not contradictory. Thus, our work aims to contribute to the current debate on the Argentine liberal reformism, on the assumption that the series of reforms driven by the early 20th century were completely consistent with each other, although at first glance may they seem contradictory for the dual movement of inclusion/exclusion that they proposed.

We report the case of a 75-year-old Chinese lady that presented delusional parasitosis with visual hallucinations four months after starting peritoneal dialysis. This psychosis is characterized by the persistent and unshakable belief of being infested with small living organisms, although there is no medical evidence for this. The patient had no previous history of psychiatric disorders, presented diminished visual acuity due to cataracts and macular degeneration, did not show cognitive deterioration, and was medicated with erythropoietin. During the course of the psychosis she presented an episode of visual hallucinations possibly related to Charles Bonnet syndrome. After two months of treatment with aripiprazole the psychotic symptoms remitted considerably. Aripiprazole is a neuroleptic to consider in the treatment of delusional parasitosis.

Este trabalho estabelece um novo modelo de cálculo padrão de financiamento para os novos esquemas médicos cooperativos (NCMS). O objetivo principal deste novo modelo é analisar o relacionamento dinâmico entre os padrões de financiamento NCMS, proporção de reembolso, cobertura de doenças e o modo de reembolso de NCMS.

O aquecimento global, ou efeito estufa planetário, é uma problemática que tem causado inúmeras preocupações em todo o planeta nas últimas décadas, devido às ameaças que pairam sobre o futuro da humanidade. A relevância desta questão levou a ONU a criar a Câmara das Mudanças Climáticas, durante a ECO-92, através da qual os países do mundo inteiro tem se reunido na busca de encontrar soluções para os problemas decorrentes da intensificação do aquecimento global. Várias conferencias foram realizadas na década de 1990, sendo a de Kyoto, realizada em 1997, a mais importante e na qual foram criaram políticas visando a redução do lançamento de gases estufa na atmosfera do planeta, dentre elas o Mecanismo de Desenvolvimento Limpo, defendido pelos países que formam o Grupo dos 77 (Q77 + China) e decorrente de uma iniciativa brasileira. As discussões em torno da problemática são bastante acaloradas e explicitam enormes conflitos, sobretudo entre países desenvolvidos e não desenvolvidos, pois a redução das emissões de gases-estufa toca diretamente no padrão de desenvolvimento e de consumo dos diferentes países. A posição dos diferentes países nesta discussão pode ser observada de forma detalhada neste texto. A ciência, todavia, ainda não chegou a conclusões claras acerca da causa principal da itensificação do efeito estufa planetário, mas confirma que as atividades humanas tem nela uma importante participação.

Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused by mycobacteria from the Mycobacterium genus, mainly by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB). The World Health Organization (WHO) aims to reduce the number of TB cases worldwide in the coming years. Nevertheless, the increasing number of multidrug-resistant (MDR-TB) and extensive-drug resistance (XDR-TB) strains, and the ineffectiveness of the current treatment in latent tuberculosis are challenges to be overcome. In this review, we will demonstrate the recent advances in the tuberculosis drug discovery, focusing the research of new molecular targets in the Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Among the promising targets described herein, we highlight those, which act in different pathways in the mycobacteria, such as energy metabolism, cell wall biosynthesis, DNA synthesis, iron metabolism and transport through membranes. Furthermore, bioactive compounds discovered using phenotypic assays screening and validated through genetic approaches are also presented.

Abstract Background and objective Prediction of postoperative excessive blood loss is useful for management of Intensive Care Unit after cardiac surgery. The aim of present study was to examine the effectiveness of International Society on Thrombosis and Hemostasis scoring system in patients with cardiac surgery. Method After obtaining approval from the institutional review board, the medical records of patients undergoing elective cardiac surgery using Cardio-Pulmonary Bypass between March 2010 and February 2014 were retrospectively reviewed. International Society on Thrombosis and Hemostasis score was calculated in intensive care unit and patients were divided with overt disseminated intravascular coagulation group and non-overt disseminated intravascular coagulation group. To evaluate correlation with estimated blood loss, student t-test and correlation analyses were used. Results Among 384 patients with cardiac surgery, 70 patients with overt disseminated intravascular coagulation group (n = 20) or non-overt disseminated intravascular coagulation group (n = 50) were enrolled. Mean disseminated intravascular coagulation scores at intensive care unit admission was 5.35 ± 0.59 (overt disseminated intravascular coagulation group) and 2.66 ± 1.29 (non-overt disseminated intravascular coagulation group) and overt disseminated intravascular coagulation was induced in 29% (20/70). Overt disseminated intravascular coagulation group had much more EBL for 24 h (p = 0.006) and maintained longer time of intubation time (p = 0.005). Conclusion In spite of limitation of retrospective design, management using International Society on Thrombosis and Hemostasis score in patients after cardiac surgery seems to be helpful for prediction of the post- cardio-pulmonary bypass excessive blood loss and prolonged tracheal intubation duration.

Resumo Justificativa e objetivo A previsão de perda sanguínea excessiva no pós‐operatório é útil para o manejo em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva (UTI) após cirurgia cardíaca. O objetivo do presente estudo foi examinar a eficácia do sistema de classificação da Sociedade Internacional de Trombose e Hemostasia ( International Society on Thrombosis and Hemostasis – ISTH) em pacientes submetidos à cirurgia cardíaca. Método Após obter a aprovação do Comitê de Pesquisa Institucional, os prontuários de pacientes submetidos à cirurgia cardíaca eletiva com circulação extracorpórea (CEC) entre março de 2010 e fevereiro de 2014 foram retrospectivamente revisados. O escore ISTH foi calculado na UTI e os pacientes foram alocados em dois grupos: grupo com coagulação intravascular disseminada (CID) manifesta e grupo com CID não manifesta. Para avaliar a correlação com a Perda Estimada de Sangue (PES), o teste t de Student e as análises de correlação foram usados. Resultados Dentre os 384 pacientes submetidos à cirurgia cardíaca, 70 com CID manifesta (n = 20) ou CID não manifesta (n = 50) foram incluídos. As médias dos escores CID na admissão na UTI foram 5,35 ± 0,59 (Grupo CID manifesta) e 2,66 ± 1,29 (Grupo CID não manifesta) e induzida CID manifesta em 29% (20/70). O grupo CID manifesta apresentou PES superior durante 24 horas ( p = 0,006) e um tempo maior de intubação ( p = 0,005). Conclusão Apesar da limitação do desenho retrospectivo, o uso do escore ISTH para o manejo de pacientes após cirurgia cardíaca parece ser útil para prever a perda sanguínea excessiva pós‐CEC e o prolongamento da intubação traqueal. Background and objective Prediction of postoperative excessive blood loss is useful for management of Intensive Care Unit after cardiac surgery. The aim of present study was to examine the effectiveness of International Society on Thrombosis and Hemostasis scoring system in patients with cardiac surgery. Method After obtaining approval from the institutional review board, the medical records of patients undergoing elective cardiac surgery using Cardio‐Pulmonary Bypass between March 2010 and February 2014 were retrospectively reviewed. International Society on Thrombosis and Hemostasis score was calculated in intensive care unit and patients were divided with overt disseminated intravascular coagulation group and non‐overt disseminated intravascular coagulation group. To evaluate correlation with estimated blood loss, student t ‐test and correlation analyses were used. Results Among 384 patients with cardiac surgery, 70 patients with overt disseminated intravascular coagulation group ( n = 20) or non‐overt disseminated intravascular coagulation group ( n = 50) were enrolled. Mean disseminated intravascular coagulation scores at intensive care unit admission was 5.35 ± 0.59 (overt disseminated intravascular coagulation group) and 2.66 ± 1.29 (non‐overt disseminated intravascular coagulation group) and overt disseminated intravascular coagulation was induced in 29% (20/70). Overt disseminated intravascular coagulation group had much more EBL for 24 h ( p = 0.006) and maintained longer time of intubation time ( p = 0.005). Conclusion In spite of limitation of retrospective design, management using International Society on Thrombosis and Hemostasis score in patients after cardiac surgery seems to be helpful for prediction of the post‐ cardio‐pulmonary bypass excessive blood loss and prolonged tracheal intubation duration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT The drainage performance of a mesh filter determines the water consumption degree of the filter and the efficiency of the next work cycle. Through analysis, we found that the influent flow rate and the sediment content of the influent were important influencing factors. This experiment focused on the drainage time, pressure difference, and cleanliness to investigate the drainage performance of a new type of flap filter. The results showed that with increasing inlet flow rates, the time to discharge the effluent decreased, and the time required for the difference between the primary and secondary sewage pressures to reach a constant level was shorter. The cleanliness and drainage effects were improved. To verify this, we established mathematical models of sewage discharge time, sewage pressure difference, and sewage cleanliness based on the mass conservation law. The results showed that the relative error between the fitting calculation results and the experimental results was small, and the formula fit was over 95%. In the actual work, to achieve efficient sewage discharge under the condition of low sewage discharge and low water consumption, the discharge flow rate was set to 180 m³ h-1, and the sewage discharge time was set to 50 s. Under this condition, the sewage cleanliness reached above 97%.