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The research aimed at the development of lactose-free hibiscus functional ice cream with the addition of inulin, and evaluated the physicochemical, microbiological, and sensory acceptance characteristics. Two ice cream formulations with different inulin concentrations were developed: Formulation 1 (F1), hibiscus ice cream with 3% inulin addition, and Formulation 2 (F2), hibiscus ice cream with 6% inulin addition. The formulations showed the results in the analysis: moisture (F1: 63.31±4.29%; F2: 66.75±0.35%); lipids (F1: 3.74±0.73%; F2: 3.77±0.23%); ash (F1: 0.86±0.14%; F2: 0.98±0.27%); protein (F1: 1.34±0.09%; F2: 1.22±0.23%); crude fiber (F1: 0.76±0.18%; F2: 0.77±0.08%) - and did not differ statistically from each other (p <0.05). Most judges rated the samples as "liked moderately". It is concluded that hibiscus ice creams with the addition of inulin showed interesting results, which indicate the feasibility of developing the product that can meet specific and restricted diets, in addition to presenting nutritional and sensory quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are among the leading causes of death worldwide. Vegetarian and plant-based diets have been studied with the aim of reducing cardiovascular risk factors. Objective: To describe the effects of vegetarian and plantbased diets on lipid profile, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and other cardiovascular risk factors in adult patients. Materials and Methods: This is a systematic review, carried out with randomized clinical trials from 2015 to 2020, indexed in the electronic databases PubMed, Scielo, Portal BVS and Portal CAPES. Health descriptors and Boolean terms were used for greater sensitivity and specificity. Eligibility criteria included only randomized clinical trials, articles that compared a vegetarian or plantbased diet with the control group and that used at least one cardiovascular risk assessment parameter in the analysis of results. Results and Discussion: Ten articles were included in this systematic review. Significant reductions were demonstrated in the levels of LDL cholesterol, total cholesterol, glycated hemoglobin, fasting glucose, Body Mass Index and inflammatory markers in the selected studies, without considerable changes in HDL cholesterol and triglyceride levels. The strict vegetarian diet presented relevant results when compared to conventional treatment or to reference diets in the prevention of cardiometabolic diseases. Conclusion: Vegetarian and plant-based diets showed favorable results in metabolic rates. More studies are needed to carry out the adequate indication in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: to define the action of lycopene under CT, HDL, LDL and TG and to analyze which sufficient dosages have a positive effect on metabolic markers. Methodology: The investigation was based on the effect of products containing lycopene and its effect on serum metabolic markers of total cholesterol, LDL, HDL and triglycerides. For analysis of in vivo studies, studies that met intervention criteria with controlled design, diet or manipulated controlled by crossed or parallel placebo, randomized clinical trial with standardized dosage of lycopene in the treatment and control group and intervention 2= weeks that included total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, and triglycerides were included.. Results: It was seen that lycopene plays an important role on metabolic markers, due to its ability to reduce the mechanism of HMG-Coa reductase, decreasing the synthesis of cholesterol and its antioxidant capacity under LDL. Lycopene also modulated the activity of PPAR and LXR, modulating the action of ABCA1, Apoa1 and caveolins, improving HDL synthesis and cholesterol efflux. Dosages with a positive cholesterol effect vary, but are around 26.5 mg of lycopene per day, reported in in vivo studies with cholesterol supplementation. Conclusion: The review suggests the efficacy of lycopene in reducing metabolic markers, thus reducing the risk of atherosclerotic diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Insects are an important source of proteins, vitamins, amino acids, minerals, and lipids. In this context, the present study evaluated the essential fatty acid profile of the larval oil of Rhynchophorus palmarum (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) subjected to three plant tissue diets: Mauritia flexuosa (Arecaceae), Oenocarpus bataua (Arecaceae), and Jacaratia digitata (Caricaceae). Five adult individuals, 2 males, and 3 females were captured for their reproduction in captivity. The hatched larvae were subjected to the three diets for 45 days. After this period, extraction was carried out and the fatty acid profile of the oil was determined. Being oleic monounsaturated fatty acid (18:1) and palmitic saturated fatty acid (16:0), which are found in greater abundance for the three diets. Regarding essential fatty acids, linoleic (18:2) and alpha-linolenic (18:3) fatty acids were detected in concentrations of 1.96 Â 0.028 and 1.14 Â 0.007%, for the diet of Mauritia flexuosa, 0.67 Â 0.007 and 0.43 Â 0.035%, for the diet of Oenocarpus bataua, and 0.76 Â 0.000 and 0.29 Â 0.007%, for the diet of Jacaratia digitata, respectively. The results show that diets influence the type of fatty acid metabolized and its concentration. The larva is a source of monounsaturated fatty acids such as oleic (omega 9) and palmitoleic (omega 7) and of the essential fatty acids linoleic and alpha-linolenic precursors of the fatty acids of the omega 6 and omega 3 families. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The current demographic and epidemiological transition in Brazil, reflected in the aging population, has a higher prevalence of chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs) such as cardiovascular diseases (CD), neoplasms, metabolic disorders, chronic respiratory diseases, and chronic renal failure (CRF). These diseases may be due to modifiable risk factors, such as dyslipidemia, high blood pressure, diabetes, smoking, anemia, physical inactivity, stress, obesity, and alcoholism. Chronic renal failure occurs due to the slow, progressive, and irreversible loss of renal function, and cardiovascular diseases are the main cause of morbidity and mortality caused by atheroma resulting from dyslipidemia. Objectives: Based on dyslipidemia as a modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular diseases and on the susceptibility of its development by chronic renal patients, the objective of this study was to analyze whether the hemodialysis treatment and the medical monitoring is efficient to minimize or avoid dyslipidemia in these patients. Methodology: This is a longitudinal descriptive study carried out through an analysis of laboratory data of tests related to the lipid profile: Total Cholesterol, HDL, LDL, and Triglycerides from November 2018 to June 2019. Results: Twenty patients were followed up and had their data analyzed, 50% were aged between 60 and 69 years old and had a previous underlying disease, such as arterial hypertension (45%), hypertension associated with diabetes (25.0%), and isolated diabetes (10.0%). The analysis of the presence of dyslipidemia showed the laboratory tests that had the most changes were HDL with a result under the desirable (<40.0mg / dl) and triglycerides with results considered above normal (> 150.0 mg / dl) with risk for DC. Only 1 female subject (5.0%) presented all the results of the lipid profile altered throughout the study, even using the statin drug, while the majority (95%) of the patients had desirable results. The analysis of all the results of the lipid profile showed that only one male subject presented changes in the entire study period with undesirable triglycerides and HDL, while in the female sex, patient number 14 presented changes in all tests throughout the analysis period, with Total Cholesterol, Triglycerides, and LDL-cholesterol with undesirable values above normal and undesirable HDL-cholesterol with values under the desirable. The triglycerides test showed the most alteration with undesirable results in 11 (55.0%) subjects, mainly female, with subsequent LDL above normal and reduced HDL, considered an important cardiovascular risk factor due to the formation of atheromas. Conclusion: For patients with CRF, medical follow-up and the hemodialysis treatment performed by the Brazilian Health System is extremely important. This study demonstrated it is as an effective method for the control and prevention of dyslipidemias, minimizing the risk for cardiovascular diseases in this vulnerable population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dentro da diversidade de frutos da Amazônia com potencial atividade funcional, Solanum americanum, que contém compostos bioativos com potencial para reduzir o ganho de peso, modula o metabolismo, processos inflamatórios e oxidativos. Assim, este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a composição centesimal desse fruto e os efeitos da ingestão de Solanum americanum em ratos. A composição centesimal foi determinada e dois grupos foram constituídos recebendo intubação (gavagem), grupo controle de água (CO n = 5) ou 0,3214 ml da fruta por 100 g de peso corporal - grupo experimental (MP n=10). A ingestão de ração e o ganho de peso foram medidos (g) diariamente e no final do estudo, o sangue foi coletado para determinações bioquímicas (mg dl-1). Solanum americanum apresentou 81,36 ± 0,77 g de umidade, 3,58 ± 0,43 g de cinzas, 0,24 ± 0,003 g de proteína, 0,13 g ± 0,01 de lipídios, 14,70 g de carboidratos totais, com pH 4,39 ± 0,02 e acidez titulável de 0,69 ± 0,02 g ácido cítrico 100 g-1. O grupo MP consumiu menos ração (25,05 ± 3,72) do que o grupo CO (28,34 ± 2,93) (p=0,018), sugerindo que o consumo de frutas pode ter proporcionado uma maior saciedade que pode ter refletido na tendência de redução do ganho de peso no grupo MP (p=0,21). Houve uma tendência à redução da glicemia (90,90 ± 22,09) (p 0,47) e colesterol (107,60 ± 16,58) (p=0,54) no grupo MP Os efeitos mencionados acima podem ser atribuídos à presença de compostos bioativos, o que torna o consumo desse fruto amadurecido é uma opção sustentável para o manejo de doenças degenerativas crônicas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The following study consisted of quantifying all the compounds present, in frozen cashew pulp, sold commercially in the city of Guanambi - BA, for this purpose the presence of the macro nutrients (moisture, ash, proteins, fibers, lipids and carbohydrates) was analyzed, thus establishing its proximate composition, in addition, the energy value of the analyzed pulp was also determined. From the results found, it was possible to notice that the moisture content varied from 87.6 to 90.7%, whereas the ash values belonged to the ranges between 0.25 to 0.29%, for the protein results, they were values between 0.15 to 0.19% were obtained, while for the quantification of lipids, values between 0.30 to 0.60% were obtained, while the fiber contents showed values that correspond to the range of 2.24 to 2.30%, the quantification of carbohydrates corresponded to values between 2.94 to 5.98% and finally, the quantification of the energy value of cashew pulps, are between the ranges of 17.15 to 57.98 Kcal. All the values found were within the established standards, presenting, in some cases, small variations that may be related to the point of ripening of the pseudofruits, as well as the methodologies of analysis employed, the manufacture of the pulps and ways of cultivating the cashews. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: In the context of people living with HIV (PLHIV), dyslipidemia is an issue that has been widely discussed, both because of its multifactorial origin and its cardiovascular implications as well as because of its possible prevention strategies. Thus, this study aims to assess the presence of dyslipidemia in people living with HIV and its association with socio-demographic, attitudinal and clinical aspects. Materials and Methods: An analytical cross-sectional study was conducted between 2014 and 2016. The data were collected through interviews in which questionnaires and clinical records were used. To analyze the association, Chi- Squared and Fisher's Exact tests and Kappa statistics were used for concordance analysis with a level of significance of p<0.05. Results: 340 individuals participated in the study of which 59.1% showed desirable values in terms of total cholesterol, 55.9% of HDL and 56.8% of triglycerides. The variables associated with dyslipidemia were: altered total cholesterol and being over 40 years old (p=0.02); desirable HDL-C and female sex (p=0.007); altered triglycerides and time of diagnosis greater than ten years (p=0.008); and desirable HDL-C and undetectable viral load (p=0.04). Discussion: Although dyslipidemia is a problem in the HIV context, the desirable values were more prevalent, which is reflected in the catalytic effect of the HIV-caused inflammatory activity on lipid alterations. Conclusions: Dyslipidemia on people living with HIV mainly showed desirable values for total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol and triglycerides. There was an association between lipids and socio-demographic and clinical aspects related to VIH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hypercaloric diet is an important inducer of dyslipidemias and, in turn, causes damage to health, especially to the liver. This work was developed with the objective of testing bixin, a carotenoid present in the seeds of annatto (Bixa orellana L.), verifying its side effects on lipid and hepatic metabolism in rats. Fifteen animals were randomly divided into control (C), hypercaloric (H) and hypercaloric groups with bixin (H+B) with five animals each, receiving feed ad libtum during the period of 25 days. The diet with bixin promoted weight maintenance, decreased ALT levels, decreased triglyceride levels and increased HDL-c. The liver histopathology showed a decrease in fat degeneration, inflammatory infiltrate and cell injury. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nutritional, lipid and feeding habits of school children in two municipalities in South Brazil are compared. Transversal study analyzed indicators of obesity, lipid profile and feeding habits of school children, aged between 7 and 17 years, in Santa Cruz do Sul RS Brazil, and Chapecó SC Brazil. Difference (p<0.05) in overweight/obesity (37.0% Chapecó vs 29.2% Santa Cruz do Sul) and high waist circumference (34.8% Chapecó vs 21.2% Santa Cruz do Sul); triglycerides (41.4%) and HDL-C (23.5%) showed higher rates in Chapecó (p<0.001); total cholesterol (56.1%), LDL-C (36.4%) and glycaemia (8.7%) were higher in Santa Cruz do Sul (p<0.05). Chapecó had a high input of fruit (16.8% infrequent) and sweets (41.3% frequent) contrasting with beans/rice (57.0% daily), soft drinks (24.4% daily) and snacks (24.0% daily) in Santa Cruz do Sul (p<0.05). Results show that differences in nutritional profile existed between the two municipalities and, consequently, health indicators vary within different regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During germination, seeds use the reserve compounds to provide the nutrients until the seedlings become autotrophic. The aim of this study was to investigate the changes in carbohydrates, starch, lipids and proteins reserves during germination of Melanoxylon brauna seeds at different temperatures. For both, the seeds were germinated at temperatures of 10, 25, 30 and 40 °C, and samples were collected every 24 hours during 96 hours. Was observed small reduction of lipid levels during germination in temperatures analyzed, while the levels of soluble sugars decreased from 48 hours of soaking, being readily used, especially at temperatures of 25 and 30 °C. For soluble proteins, there was a decrease from the beginning of the germination period at temperatures of 25 to 30 °C, this being more intense in the post-germination at 30 °C period. It is concluded that soluble carbohydrate, lipid and protein reserves decreased during the germination period of Melanoxylon brauna seeds, varying these decreases according to temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microalgae have become a promising source of renewable energy; besides providing lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins and pigments, and other substances with high added value, they contribute greatly to the reduction of greenhouse effect in the atmosphere by consuming carbon dioxide by photosynthesis. Lipids represent an important source of raw material for obtaining biofuels, such as biodiesel. One of the processes for the production of cost-effective lipids is extraction via solvents, using chloroform and methanol. In order to obtain the highest lipid yield per gram of biomass, lipids were extracted from Chlorella minutíssima biomass and a Taguchi orthogonal array was applied, with simultaneous study of four factors that influence at this process: biomass moisture, solvent ratio, total volume of solvents and ultrasound time to potentiate breakdown cell wall, facilitating release of lipids. 20% lipid content was obtained by employing 64% wet biomass, a ratio of 5.7 chloroform: 3 methanol: 1 water, 33 mL total volume and 70 minutes ultrasound time. Lipids were converted to biodiesel by transesterification via acid catalysis, obtaining 94.45% conversion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The species Banisteriopsis pubipetala (Malpighiaceae), occurs in the Brazilian cerrado, is a liana has anemochorous fruits with small seeds and lipid reserves. There are few studies on this species and the importance of investigating the composition occurs, due to other species of the same genus be studied and they have diverse biological activities. This study aimed to evaluate the presence of volatile compounds in the seeds by Headspace, fatty profile by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry and the physicochemical properties of the oil extracted from the seeds of Banisteriopsis pubipetala. From the chromatographic analysis fatty acids were identified: palmitic, oleic, linoleic and eicosanoic. It has been found absence of volatilecompounds in seeds. The physicochemical properties evaluated were: seed oil content (41%), moisture content (4.2%), pH (5.25), ash (0.08% m/m), acidity index (1.0 mg KOH·g-1), iodine (cg I2·g-1) and peroxides (0.5 meq·kg-1). The results were similar to other species of the same family and the cerrado. This information is the foundation for developing future research, since it is relevant to assess the possibility of bioprospecting and possible industrial use of this input, for example, in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industry because of fatty acids present. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

HIV infection is associated with anemia and with changes in the profile of lipids in HIV-infected people. Current retrospective study described the prevalence of anemia and changes in lipid levels in pregnant women living with HIV/AIDS and was performed with 117 pregnant women who were using antiretroviral therapy in prenatal clinics, between 2010 and 2012, through secondary data. The prevalence of anemia reached 45.6%, although no one had severe anemia. There was a progressive increase in total cholesterol (p<0.001), HDL (p=0.05), LDL (p<0.001) and triglycerides (p<0.001), with greater increase in triglycerides levels throughout pregnancy. Monitoring anemia and lipid levels during pregnancy is crucial for early interventions since undesirable complications and unwanted results are avoided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this review to discuss the relationship between fat protected in the rumen and the profile of fatty acids of goat milk. Goat's milk is a food that should be highlighted to provide nutrients essential for good functioning of the body, however, the use of it in food presents restrictions for the presence of fatty acids associated with health problems related to eating disorders. Unsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids have positive effects on the occurrence of diseases, while saturated fatty acids have been described as triggering factor for disease in humans. The use of protected fat in ruminant feed improve the profile of fatty acids of goat milk, as it allows a suplly greater of fatty acids into the intestine and mammary gland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of diets supplemented with natural or rúmen-protected lipid source on plasma cortisol concentration, animal reactivity and stress of feedlot cattle. One hundred and twenty Nellore bulls (366.9 ± 28.7), male, raised on pasture were distributed in a completely randomized design with measures repeated over time. There were three treatments: Control - without additional fat source; GDESP - with natural fat source based on cottonseed byproducts; and GPROT - with rúmen-protected polyunsaturated fat acid. Blood samples were collected before to boarding of animals (day 0) and after transport to the feedlot, on days 1, 3, 7 and 14. There was significant effect (p<0.05) between temperament and day of analysis, as well as levels of cortisol and day of collection and treatment the animals received. On boarding day (day 0), the mean score of reactivity was lower (p<0.05). On the day of landing (day 1), the animals showed less reactive (p<0.05). In the following collection (days 3, 7 and 14), there was a progressive increase in mean scores for reactivity. The treatment did not influence the reactivity of animals. In relation to cortisol, the results were similar to reactivity. There was an effect (p<0.05) between treatments with inclusion of protected fat and fat from natural sources, and the control group. Animals receiving lipids in the diet had lower cortisol levels compared to the control group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To analyze levels of total, saturated, monounsaturated, polyunsaturated, and trans fats of empanadas sold in school snack bars, compared to their nutritional information. Methods: A total of 14 chicken, chicken with cream cheese, four cheeses, and Calabrian sausage empanadas sold in school snack bars in downtown Florianopolis, Santa Catarina state, Brazil, were analyzed. The total fat content (by Soxleth extraction) and fatty acids profile (by gas chromatography), were determined. The results obtained were compared with the nutritional information in their respective labels. Results: All samples presented the obligatory nutritional labeling; however, there were some irregularities, according to the legislation (particularly in relation with trans fats). Hydrogenated vegetable fat, a source of trans fats, was the most cited ingredient in ingredient lists. Analysis results present levels of (g/40g serving) of: total fat 2.7-6.4; saturated fat 0.61-2.9; monounsaturated fat 0.82-2.5; polyunsaturated fat 0.33-0.84; trans fats 0.51-2.1. All of the nine samples declaring zero trans fats per serving had levels above 0.2g/serving, beyond the permitted limit to be considered zero trans food. Conclusion: The analyzed empanadas showed nutritional information inconsistent with the norm, which harms the healthy choice of food. Additionally, high amounts of trans fats and low percentages of polyunsaturated fats point towards an inadequacy of fats in these foods. The results serve as warning against the nutritional quality of foods sold in school environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Licania rigid Benth, popularly oiticica, is typical vegetation in the northeastern hinterland. It contains high oil content in its fruits and good productivity even in times of drought; promote social and economic development for the region, the industrial use of paints, varnishes, soap, tarpaulins and thin glazes. Therefore, this study aims determine biometrics, physical parameters and lipid yield the fruit of the myrtle. The fruits were harvested, sorted, sanitized. Then, a caliper was used to carry out the biometrics fruit and then underwent separation exocarp-mesocarp and endocarp almonds. The samples were ground and stored until analysis proceeded. For the determination of pH and conductivity was used about 5g of each sample plus 50ml of distilled water and homogenizing for then digital pH meter was used and conductivity, respectively. For titratable acidity (TA) was used earlier samples, and titrated with 0.1N NaOH, using phenolphthalein as an indicator until the samples reach a pH of 8.1. The procedure was the determination of the lipid content by Sohlext method, of 2 to 5 g of sample and hexane as solvent. The fruits showed an average weight of 9g. The pH changes for the various samples were irrelevant, while the exocarp-mesocarp showed higher conductivity, with 308.6 MSCM-1, and the endocarp was evidenced by higher ATT present with 16.8%. It was obtained in the almond lipid largest percentage, with average yield of 43.0%. Given the importance and high lipid profitability of the fruit, it is necessary to develop methodologies for use of this raw material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To identify biological and psychosocial factors associated with dropout in a multidisciplinary behavioral intervention in obese adolescents. Methods: A total of 183 adolescents (15.4±1.6 years), pubertal (Tanner stage 3 or 4) and obese (34.7±4.0kg/m²), were enrolled in a 12-week behavioral intervention, which included clinical consultations (monthly), nutritional and psychological counseling (once a week), and supervised aerobic training (three times/week). The studied variables were weight, height, body mass index, body composition (skinfold), cardiorespiratory fitness (direct gas analysis), blood lipids and self-reported symptoms of eating disorders (bulimia, anorexia and binge eating), anxiety, depression, body image dissatisfaction and quality of life. Statistical analysis included binary logistic regression and independent t-tests. Results: Of the adolescents, 73.7% adhered to the program. The greatest chance for dropout was observed among adolescents older than 15 years (odds ratio of 0.40; 95%CI: 0.15-0.98), with more anorexia symptoms (odds ratio of 0.35; 95%CI: 0.14-0.86) and hypercholesterolemia (odds ratio of 0.40; 95%CI: 0.16-0.91) at baseline. Conclusion: Older adolescents, with more symptoms of eating disorders and total cholesterol have less chance to adhere to multidisciplinary treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this experiment was to investigate the influence of changes in dietary metabolizable energy level, associated with a proportional nutrient density variation, on broiler chickens performance and on the lipid composition of meat. Males and females Cobb 500 broilers were evaluated separately. Performance evaluation followed a completely randomized design with factorial 6x3 arrangement - six energy levels (2,800, 2,900, 3,000, 3,100, 3,200 and 3,300kcal kg-1) and three slaughter ages (42, 49 and 56 days). Response surface methodology was used to establish a mathematical model to explain live weight, feed intake and feed conversion behavior. Total lipids and cholesterol were determined in breast meat and in thigh meat, with and without skin. For lipid composition analysis, a 3x3x2 factorial arrangement in a completely randomized design - three ration's metabolizable energy levels (2,800, 3,000 and 3,300kcal kg-1), three slaughter ages (42, 49 and 56 days) and two sexes - was used. The reduction in the diet metabolizable energy close to 3,000kcal kg-1 did not affect live weight, but below this value, live weight decreased. Feed intake was lower when the dietary energy level was higher. Feed conversion was favored in a direct proportion to the increase of the energy level of the diet. The performance of all birds was within the range considered appropriate for the lineage. Breast meat had less total lipids and cholesterol than thigh meat. Thigh with skin had more than the double of the amount of total lipids than skinless thigh, but the cholesterol content did not differ with the removal of the skin. Intramuscular fat content was lower in the meat from birds fed with lower energy level ration. This information may help to define the most appropriate nutritional management. Despite the decrease in bird's productive performance, the restriction of energy in broiler chickens feed may be a viable alternative, if the consumers are willing to pay more for meat with less fat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate the relation between oxidative stress and lipid profile in patients with different types of cancer. Methods: This was an observational cross-sectional. A total of 58 subjects were evaluated, 33 males, divided into two groups of 29 patients each: Group 1, patients with cancer of the digestive tract and accessory organs; Group 2 patients with other types of cancers, all admitted to a public hospital. The plasma levels (lipoproteins and total cholesterol, HDL, and triglycerides, for example) were analyzed by enzymatic kits, and oxidative stress based on thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances, by assessing the formation of malondialdehyde. Results: In general the levels of malondialdehyde of patients were high (5.00μM) as compared to 3.31μM for healthy individuals. The median values of lipids exhibited normal triacylglycerol (138.78±89.88mg/dL), desirable total cholesterol values (163.04±172.38mg/dL), borderline high LDL (151.30±178.25mg/dL) and low HDL (31.70±22.74mg/dL). Median HDL levels in Group 1 were lower (31.32mg/dL) than the cancer patients in Group 2 (43.67mg/dL) (p=0.038). Group 1 also showed higher levels of oxidative stress (p=0.027). Conclusion: The lipid profile of patients with cancer was not favorable, which seems to have contributed to higher lipid peroxidation rate, generating a significant oxidative stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to evaluate the chemical composition of meat from three portions of the carcass of kids raised in range conditions and slaughtered at 8-9 or 11-12 months old. The trial was conducted in the region of Alto Camaquã and had 15 animals per group. Chemical composition of the carcass (moisture, protein, ashes, fats, and cholesterol) was determined from the shoulder, loin, and legs. Kids slaughtered younger had higher moisture and ash content in all three portions (p<0.05) when compared to older animals. Fat levels only were higher in kids slaughtered at an older age (p<0.05). Cholesterol content only on the leg, was lesser than the two other portions in younger animals (p<0.05). There were no differences observed between the three portions on the older animals. Older kids at slaughter had higher content of protein and fat but cholesterol remained unchanged. The three portions of the carcass had distinct chemical composition. Our results suggest that in range conditions the slaughter of animals should occur at 11-12 months old, resulting in meat with higher nutritional content in all portions of the carcass. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fruit of bottlegourd are used for the manufacture of gourd, utensils and handicrafts. Seeds and fruits of bottlegourd are discarded during the manufacturing in producing regions. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the composition and profile of fatty acids in the seeds of bottle gourd with a view to using the seeds as raw material and food. Seeds of bottle gourd, whose plants were seeded in different growing seasons, were collected in an experiment in the city of Rondinha - RS, in 2008. After drying, it was separated and the ratio of peel and seed kernels. The almonds were subjected to assessment of lipid content, ash, crude protein, crude fiber and carbohydrates. The fatty acid composition of lipids present in the almonds was determined by gas chromatography. The seeds had high carbohydrate content (33.0%), lipids (37.6%) and protein (25.2%), but were not affected by seeding date. However, plants seeded later (on October 27th ) had shorter cycle (time between seeding and senescence of plants, 149 days) and almond had a higher relative proportion of fatty unsaturated acids (79.5%). The predominant fatty acids in decreasing order were linoleic acid (C18: 2, omega-6), palmitic acid (C16: 0), oleic (C18: 1, omega-9) and stearic acid (C18: 0). The results of centesimal composition and profile of fatty acids suggest a nutritional potential that needs to be better studied with a view to exploiting the bottle gourd seeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The objective of this study was to demonstrate the effects of ß-glucan present in oats on serum lipid profile in vivo. Methodology: A systematic review published in the last eighteen years, the foundations of Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, PubMed, Scielo. We analyzed 13 studies related to ß-glucan. Results: The studies totaled 13 samples, ten were developed with humans, totaling 1242 participants, among which 52.5% were women (n = 652) and 47.5% men (n = 590). Among these, only one estudo49 was performed with male, which corresponds to 10%. Three studies were developed with a total of 72 rats and 70 hamsters. Of the thirteen studies examined, nine showed a significant reduction in total cholesterol, twelve showed a reduction in LDL, four showed an increase in HDL, only one study did not show any positive results with the offer of ß-glucan. The ß-glucan that suffered chemical modification showed better results. Conclusion: According to the results presented in this study, ß-glucan from oats, is effective in improving lipid profile in humans and biological models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nest digging spends a lot of energy existing aquestion about how much energy is required to dig the tunnel and initial chamber. It was hypothesized that the lipid content is used during nest digging. This hypothesis was tested by comparing the consequences of increasing digging effort in queens that were experimentally stimulated to excavate a complete founding nest either once, twice or three times consecutively, compared tocontrol queens that didn't dig. Weight and lipid content of queens were quantified. Results showed that, in contrast with the initial expectations, weight and lipid content were not affected by the increased digging effort in the experimentally-induced successive excavations. It was conclude that the excavation by the queens did not affect the percentages of lipids and consequently the energy content, in their bodies. Probably, energy resources for the excavation wasn't originated from lipid reserves, but from other energy sources, perhaps carbohydrates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this research was to evaluate the intake and apparent digestibility of nutrients in sheep fed with diets containing different amounts of linseed meal. The treatments evaluated were: corn silage exclusive (control); corn silage + concentrate; corn silage + concentrate + 5% of linseed meal; corn silage + concentrate + 10% of linseed meal. The dry matter (DM) intake has increased in diets containing concentrated if compared to diet exclusively with corn silage (P<0.05), however, there was no effect of the inclusion of linseed meal in diets (0; 5 and 10%). As it was expected, the diets containing 5 and 10% of linseed meal resulted in an increase of ether extract (EE) intake. A higher apparent digestibility of DM, organic matter (OM) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) in the animals fed with diets containing the concentrate was observed, independently of linseed meal proportion. According to the experimental conditions under which the experiment was developed, itis recommended to provide the diets containing until 5% of linseed meal, because there is no negative effect on dry matter and nutrients intake, as well as on apparent digestibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The oils of fruits are being studied for its potential in the food industry and also to increase the consumption of mono and polyunsaturated fatty acids. This study aimed to determine the physio-chemical constants, chemical composition and identify and quantify the major fatty acids present in the lipid fraction of pulp and kernel of the fruits of guarirova, species Syagrus oleracea (Mart.) Becc. It was performed the physicochemical characterization of oils, fatty acid composition and nutritional quality indexes. Almond oil has the highest concentration of saturated fatty acids (89,2%), represented mainly by lauric acid (48,34%). The pulp showed monounsaturated (24,84%) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (33.25%), with higher percentage of omega-6 (31,94%) and omega-9 (19,15%) and lower omega-3 (1,31%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lipid oxidation is one of the major modifications that affect meat products due to chemical composition, heat and grinding processes beyond the routine use of sodium chloride, a recognized catalyst of this reaction. Antioxidants are substances used to inhibit or retard oxidative rancidity. However the use of these compounds has been drawing the attention of consumers and regulatory agencies about the safely of synthetic additives consumption. This study aimed to evaluate the use of carotenoids bixin and norbixin as antioxidants in meat products by review of the chemical characteristics, methods of production, toxicity and technological applications. These pigments are extracted from annatto (Bixa orellana L.) using organic solvents, supercritical extraction or microwaves. In Brazil, the use of these substances is forecast by law as food colorant, however, this carotenoids show a large unsaturated carbon chains that allow the addition of free radicals and enable their use as antioxidant. The structural differences between bixin and norbixin result in distinct polarity, solubility and coloration, and consequently in different technological applications. At concentrations established by regulatory agencies, the use of these compounds is safe and, in addition to applications such as dyes, can be used by industries as natural antioxidants, which is an alternative capable of replace or minimize the use of synthetic additives in meat products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The beef production chain has undergone wide and profound changes to meet final consumer demands. Additional evaluation criteria, as well as sensorial quality, were investigated, which contemplated nutritional composition, presentation and production method. One of the most important traits in beef quality evaluation is fat level and its stability, as this is associated with product colour and acceptability. The amount of fat directly affects quality, as it influences lipid oxidation, and may cause rancid odours and unacceptable flavours. Oxidative stability depends, among other factors, on the concentration of polyunsaturated fatty acids. The study was conducted to analyze the relationship between total lipid content, texture and cooking loss of three cuts of beef (short loin, rump and rib) of five brands (A, B, C, D and E), commercialized in Porto Alegre City, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. Materials, Methods & Results: Samples of short loin (Longissimus), rump (Biceps femoris) and rib (Intercostal) were collected in a large supermarket chain. Laboratory tests were performed to determine total lipids, texture and cooking loss. The experimental design was completely randomized, factorial arrangement with five brands: two belonged to breed Associations (A) and (B); one was Uruguyan (C); one a regional abattoir (D) and the last a regional hypermarket chain (E), all with three cuts and seven replicates. Interaction was observed between brands and cut, the rib presented significant difference for the different brands for total lipids content (4.61, 2.12 and 1.98% for brands B, E and D, respectively). A significant correlation was found between lipid level and texture (r = 0.41). Longissimus and Biceps femoris differed (P < 0.05) in total lipid content from Intercostal for all brands, and for shear force, Longissimus and B. femoris differed from Intercostal (1.94, 1.87 and 2.92 kgf respectively) with brand D differing from A (2.62 vs 1.76 kgf). Loss during cooking differed (P < 0.05) between the cuts evaluated (16.17 and 20.77% for short loin and rump, respectively). No significant difference was found between brands. Discussion: The rib, as it shows high variability, showed highest lipid levels, and samples from British-type animals, which have high deposition of intramuscular fat (brand B), had the highest values. Marks D and E are mainly from crossbred and zebu type animals, and therefore have lower total lipid levels in the meat. The rib showed the greatest force needed to tear muscle fibers, since it has great variation in the amount of collagen. However, in all cuts analyzed, texture can be regarded as "very tender", probably due to the high quality of the cuts and marks used. Mark A, which commercializes mainly young animals, an important factor affecting texture and tenderness, showed lower shear force while the other marks, mainly C and D, as they sell older animals, showed poorer meat quality. It is important to differentiate between muscle types for water retention as this influences succulence during mastication and therefore the acceptability of the meat by the consumer. The increased water retention capacity, caused by the presence of fat, reflects positively on cooking loss. Cuts with higher and lower cooking loss were, respectively, the rump and loin. Therefore, for these parameters, there are clear differences in quality between the beef brands sold in the city of Porto Alegre. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to determine the proximate composition and cholesterol content in muscular portion of Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) collected from a shrimp farm located in the state of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. The analysis in the muscular portion were performed after cephalothorax and exoskeleton removal. According to the results, the moisture, protein, ash, lipids and cholesterol had an average value of 74.1g 100 g-1, 21.9 g 100 g-1, 1.5g 100g-1, 0.3g 100g-1 and 26.1mg 100g-1, respectively. Comparing the results found on this research to data reported in the literature for other species, it can be observed that the flesh of the shrimp L. vannamei showed a low content of lipids and cholesterol and higher concentrations of protein, representing a wide nutritional value to the product. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The lipid profile is conditioned by several factors including the styles of life, physical exercise and eating habits. The present study is to evaluate the lipid profile in a population of students in higher education, and study their association with body mass index, with the lifestyles and eating habits. A descriptive exploratory study, transversal, we determined the lipid profile of 97 students, volunteers, higher education, aged 18 to 25 years. The lipid profile was determined by assay of total cholesterol and fractions (HDL and LDL) and triglycerides. It identified the body mass index and habits and lifestyles, collected by applying a validated questionnaire. In the present study, no significant change in lipid profile, BMI, nor with the total food score. No associations were found between lipid disorders and gender, and smoking habits in the students with the HDL fraction was lower. The low food score is not associated with lipid profile, the same was not observed in relation to physical exercise. There is an altered lipid profile in 44.4% of participants, average 198.04mg/dl cholesterol, triglycerides 82.58mg/dl, which are high values for this age group. The results of this study indicate that this population is to monitor the risk factors to prevent cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is constituted by a group of isomers of conjugated double bond, separated by a simple connection, originated on the rumen by polyunsaturated fatty acid biohidrogenation and endogenally by the fatty acid C18:1-trans-11desturation by an enzyme found in the mammal gland. Several studies show the benefits of this isomers class' frequent consumption for human health, such as the decrease in abdominal fat and mammal cancer. Mammal gland's tumors are sensible to CLA due to the modulation of a pack of biomarkers that leads to a decrease in cell's proliferation and a raise of cancer apoptosis cell's. Other mechanisms that might explain CLA's action are: eicosanoid synthesis inhibition by intermediate compounds resulting from CLA's metabolism, raise in lipolysis, raise in fatty acids oxidation and decrease in the fatty acids absorption. The exact mechanism through which CLA acts on lipid metabolism is no fully elucidated and deeper studies are needed about this meaning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The association between total mortality, lipoproteins, and inflammatory markers, and their implications with aging and longevity are often controversial. Among the most often studied markers are low HDL cholesterol and high C-reactive protein. Particularly in octogenarians, it is expected that the impact of the inclusion of HDL cholesterol and C-reactive protein will improve the stratification of absolute cardiovascular risk. In the present study, we performed a literature review in PubMed about the relation between HDL cholesterol, inflammation and longevity. Applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria adopted, we selected 30 studies, among which one systematic review on the relation between HDL cholesterol and stroke, one metaanalysis on the relation between total cholesterol and HDL cholesterol with mortality, 22 longitudinal studies, and six cross-sectional studies. The results show an inverse association between HDL cholesterol and total mortality, and between cardiovascular mortality and C-reactive protein, as well as a positive association between C-reactive protein and mortality in longevous individuals. C-reactive protein and HDL cholesterol displayed promising characteristics as predictors of cardiovascular mortality in longevous elderly persons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soy is a grain rich in protein and lipids, from which its obtained different protein products of high nutritional value. This study aimed to analyze the chemical composition of different soy-protein products, as well as the characteristics of the extruded produced. Six diets were formulated, a reference and five with 30% soy product (defatted soy flour - DSF, micronized, soybean meal, crude grain or toasted grain), which were extruded. Soy products and diets were submitted to chemical analyses and process quality. The DSF and soybean meal presented the highest crude protein content, while the toasted and crude soybeans and micronized soy presented the highest acid hydrolyses ether extract and crude energy content. The crude soybean presented the highest ureatic activity and trypsin inhibitor activity, even after the diet extrusion. The soy beans and micronized soy extruded presented the highest density and the lowest hardness, water absorption index and starch gelatinization degree. Soy-protein products present high nutritional value, however they should be heated before extrusion to complete inhibition of trypsin inhibitor. Besides, soy products with high fat content, such as soybean and micronized soybean, when added to 30% reduced the extruded quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was carried out to evaluate the use of different fat sources in dairy cows rations and its effects on dry matter intake, milk yield and composition, and blood parameter. Twelve Holstein cows were allocated in three balanced latin square 4x4, and fed with the following rations: 1) Control, with 2.5%; 2) Refined soybean oil; 3) Whole soybean; and 4), Calcium salts of fatty acids (Megalac-E). The concentrations of total cholesterol and lipoprotein low density (LDL) were higher (P<0.05) for cows that received rations with fat sources, which also causes increased (P<0.05) e concentration of high density lipoprotein (HDL). The concentrations of urea and blood urea nitrogen were similar among the rations, except for the diet containing calcium salts of fatty acids, which showed lower (P<0.05). The dry matter intake was lower (P<0.05) in cows that received calcium salts in the rations. The animals that received a diet containing whole soybeans as a source of fat had lower (P<0.05) yield milk when compared to other rations used. The use of fat sources in dairy cows rations influenced the blood parameters, especially for parameters related to lipidogram. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reactive oxygen species (ROS) are unstable and highly reactive molecules capable of transforming other molecules with which they collide. The ROS are generated in large numbers during the oxidative stress, a condition in which molecules are affected such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and nucleic acid. This research discussed the main concepts of the free radicals and ROS: main types, their training and how they act on the cellular structures causing significant tissue injury. The main antioxidant defense systems and the influence of the increase in the production of ROS in the respiratory tract of large animals are also discussed, with emphasis on the involvement of ROS in diseases such as pneumonia in ruminants and recurrent obstruction of the airways and pulmonary hemorrhage induced by exercise in horses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was carried out to evaluate the use of different fat sources in dairy cows rations and its effects on dry matter intake, milk yield and composition, and blood parameter. Twelve Holstein cows were allocated in three balanced latin square 4x4, and fed with the following rations: 1) Control, with 2.5%: 2) Refined soybean oil: 3) Whole soybean; and 4), Calcium salts of fatty acids (Megalac-E). The concentrations of total cholesterol and lipoprotein low density (LDL) were higher (P<0.05,) for cows that received rations with fat sources, which also causes increased (P<0.05,) e concentration of high density lipoprotein (HDL). The concentrations of urea and blood urea nitrogen were similar among the rations, except for the diet containing calcium salts offatty acids, which showed lower (P<0.05,). The thy matter intake was lower (P<0.05,) in cows that received calcium salts in the rations. The animals that received a diet containing whole soybeans as a source of fat had lower (P<0. 05) yield milk when compared to other rations used. The use of fat sources in dairy cows rations influenced the blood parameters, especially for parameters related to lipidogram. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, it is observed that children consume food containing a large amount of fat and low quantity of fiber such as: candies, snacks, fast food and filled cookies. Because of the need to develop healthier food, the aim of this study was to develop cookie enriched with fiber and less fat content, analyze the fiber and fat composition and verify the acceptability of the cookies in comparison to an industrialized cookie. The analysis of crude fiber and fat were performed in duplicates according to AOAC (1995) methodology. The sensory analysis was performed with 50 children aged between 7 and 10 years-old at a private institution in Santa Maria - RS, using as evaluation form a hedonic facial scale with three points. According to the results it can be concluded that cookie prepared had a good acceptance, without statistics difference between the industrialized one, as well as, achieved a reduction in fat content and an increase in the fiber content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microalgae show several economic applications, such as uses in aquaculture and in food industry, and there is a search for new uses, such as the biomass production to convert into biodiesel. All possible applications are directly linked to growth rate and the chemical profile of the species. Thus, the selection of conditions to promote a better use of algal biomass is fundamental for economic purposes. In this study, 10 species of marine microalgae were cultured and compared for growth and chemical composition. Remarkable differences of growth performance have been observed, with species with small cell volumes growing faster than species with large cell volumes. Levels of protein, carbohydrate, lipid and photosynthetic pigments varied widely, and proteins were identified as the most abundant substances. Some species showed high concentrations of fatty acids of economic importance, such as eicosapentaenoic and linoleic acids. The concentrations of amino acids were similar among species. In all microalgae, glutamic and aspartic acids were the most abundant amino acids. An overall evaluation of the results indicates that few general trends related to the taxonomy of algal groups were recognized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this research was to evaluate the possibility of including Castor or Licuri oil at two levels in the diets of crossbred Moxotó goat's through dry matter intake, digestibility and levels of urea, glucose and nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) in the blood. The treatments consisted of control groups without oil, 3% or 5% of Licuri (LO-3 or LO-5) or Castor (CO-3 or CO-5) oil, based on dry matter supplementation. Ten Moxotó lactating goats were used according to a double Latin Square (5 x 5) experiment design. The addition of oil to the diet reduced the dry matter intake, except for animals that were supplemented with CO-3. However, the addition of 3% of oil didn't alter the intake of metabolizable energy and crude protein. The animals supplemented with LO-5 oil showed smaller nutrients intake, except for ether extract intake. The lipid supplement didn't alter the dry matter digestibility, however increased the NDF digestibility the CP and EE apparent digestibility. There was no difference among the glucose levels, urea and NEFA in the blood. It is possible to use 3 %Castor oil in the diet of lactating goats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aimed to evaluate blood parameters, dry matter intake and faeces characteristics in horses fed with high fat diets. Fifteen horses were used in a completely randomized design with three diets and five repetitions. The diets were: diet without soybean oil inclusion (control); diet with of 8.5% soybean oil inclusion; diet with 19.5% soybean oil inclusion. The trial had 34 days of duration, 30 days to diet adaptation and four days for samples collection. Blood samples were taken at 34th day to hematological and biochemical evaluation. Faeces characteristics were evaluated from 33rd and 34th day and dry matter intake (DMI) were evaluated from 30th to 34th of essay. Horses fed with high fat diet increased number of erythrocytes and reduced mean corpuscular volume in blood (P<0.05). Blood levels of hemoglobin differ (P<0.05) only in horses fed with control diet or diet with 8.8% soybean oil inclusion, with lower value in control diet of 9.5g dL-1. Serum triglycerides were more available in horses fed diet with 19.5% soybean oil inclusion. Reduced DMI, of 1.9 and 2.8kg, were observed in horses fed diet with 8.5% and 19.5% soybean oil inclusion respectively in relation to control diet, with DMI of 9.0kg/day. Fecal production were reduced, to 0.7 and 1.1kg DM, in horses fed diets with 8.5% and 19.5% soybean oil inclusion in relation to control diet, of 3.4kg DM. High fat diets for horses with soybean oil inclusion reduced dietetic intake and increased serum triglycerides levels without diarrheas or faeces characteristics alterations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Epidural administration of a2 agonists promotes antinociceptive effect and amitraz acts on a2 receptors. Antinociceptivo effect caused by pre-emptive epidural injection of 0.17mg kg-1 xylazine (GX) or 0.1mg kg-1 amitraz diluted in lipidic emulsion (GA) were evaluated, in 12 horses submitted by incisional model of inflammatory pain and evaluated about nociceptive threshold by mechanical stimulus (NTMS), by von Frey filaments. Xylazine produced maintenance of NTMS for 4 hours, while amitraz diluted in lipidic solution maintained NTMS for 24 hours. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of feeding female South America catfish Rhamdia quelen with different lipids sources and their influence in embryo and larval stage. Twelve (12) female catfishes initial weight of 500g, distributed randomly among three (3) net-tanks and fed for ten (10) weeks were used. The female fishes were fed with three (3) different types of experimental diet containing lipid sources: Swine fat (BS), sunflower oil (OG) canola oil (OC). At hatch time, 10 larvae were collected from each net tank. One post larvae sample was collected at 12, 24, 36, 48 hours after hatch to verify measurement. Three samples were captured and raised in reuse water system during fourteen days (30 larvae L-1). The female reproductive performance and the larval development were not affected by the lipid sources tested. The data revealed that swine fat is as good as sunflower and canola oil as lipid sources for reproductive female catfishes and that they can provide excellent embryo and larval development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Liposomesareableto simulate many of the properties of cell membranes, providing valuable tools for the study of drug-lipid interaction consequences. Such consequences can be changes on whether the membrane's or the drug's physical-chemical and structural properties, and its effects on the action mechanism of the latter. Furthermore, due to natural morphology and ability to intervene in the transport phenomena in phospholipic bilayer, the use of lipo-somes as carriers of drugs has been widely studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the importance of the stratum corneum as a protective barrier of the skin this study compares the Sudan Red staining and Oil Red for detection of intracellular lipids in the stratum corneum of dogs, with the technical analysis of digital images. Thirty biopsies were photographed and subjected to qualitative method of visual assessment graduating both colors (0 to 4+). In the digital analysis ImageJ was used, analyzing the width, depth and area of the selected image. Statistical significance was found in: interclass correlation coefficient of Oil Red was slightly better than Sudan Red in the agreement of pathologists, the Spearman coefficient correlation of the Sudan Red was slightly higher than the Oil Red. The parameters presented here can be applied to routine analysis in the measurement of lipids in the stratum corneum of the epidermis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]