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The objectives of this article are to describe the interventions carried out by the Strategic Fund of the Pan American Health Organization to facilitate access to and availability of antihypertensive medicines and devices for measuring blood pressure across the Region of the Americas as part of the HEARTS initiative, and to present the preliminary results of price analyses of antihypertensive medicines. The study methodology included a review of reports made by the Strategic Fund between 2019 and 2020, an evaluation of modalities of procurement, a review of the public procurement databases for five antihypertensive medicines, and a comparison with the price obtained by the Strategic Fund. Differences in price ranging from 20% to 99% were identified, indicating significant opportunities for savings. The study also presents interprogrammatic actions that can support the HEARTS initiative, such as the inclusion of antihypertensive medicines recommended by the World Health Organization, consolidation of regional demand and competitively-priced long-term agreements to manage the procurement of quality generic products, and the definition of technical specifications and regulatory requirements to support the procurement of devices to measure blood pressure. This mechanism will enable Member States to reduce their costs significantly, while extending treatment and diagnostic coverage to more people.

Los objetivos del presente artículo son describir las intervenciones realizadas por el Fondo Estratégico de Organización Panamericana de la Salud, para facilitar el acceso y disponibilidad de medicamentos antihipertensivos y dispositivos para la medición de la presión arterial a los países de la Región de las Américas en apoyo a la implementación de la Iniciativa HEARTS; y presentar los resultados preliminares de los análisis de los precios de los medicamentos antihipertensivos. La metodología del estudio incluyó la revisión de informes realizados por el Fondo Estratégico durante los años 2019-2020, la evaluación de las modalidades de adquisición y revisión de las bases de datos de compras públicas para 5 medicamentos antihipertensivos, y el análisis comparativo con el precio obtenido por el Fondo Estratégico. Se identificaron diferencias que oscilaron entre 20% y 99%, lo que evidencia oportunidades de ahorro significativas. Asimismo, se presentan las acciones interprogramáticas desarrolladas en apoyo a la Iniciativa HEARTS, entre las que se destacan la inclusión de medicamentos antihipertensivos recomendados por la Organización Mundial de la Salud; la consolidación de la demanda regional y el establecimiento de precios competitivos con acuerdos a largo plazo para gestionar la adquisición de productos genéricos de calidad; y la definición de especificaciones técnicas y requisitos regulatorios para apoyar con la adquisición de dispositivos para la medición de la presión arterial. A través de este mecanismo, los Estados Miembros pueden disminuir sus costos significativamente, extendiendo cobertura del tratamiento y diagnóstico a más personas.

ABSTRACT Objective The ceramic-on-metal (CoM) bearing has the theoretical advantages over ceramic-on-ceramic (CoC) and metal-on-metal bearings. This study aimed to analyze factors affecting the metal ion release of CoM bearings and compare clinical performance with CoC bearings. Methods The 147 patients were divided into 96 patients in group 1 (CoM group) and 51 patients in group 2 (CoC group). Additionally, within group1, 48 patients and 30 patients were sub-categorized into group 1-A with leg length discrepancy (LLD) less than 1cm and group 1-B greater than 1 cm. The level of serum metal ions, functional scores and plain radiographs were obtained for the analysis. Results The level of cobalt (Co) 2-years after surgery and chromium (Cr) 1-year after surgery showed significantly higher in the group1 than the group2. LLD indicated statistically significant positive correlation between serum metal ion levels among CoM bearing THAs. In comparison of the average metal ions level changes, group 1-B showed higher level of metal ion than group 1-A. Conclusion In patients underwent THA with CoM bearings, large LLD have a higher risk of complications associated to metal ions. Therefore, it is critical to reduce the LLD to 1 cm or less in using CoM bearing. Level of Evidence III; Case Control Study.

Resumo Fundamento A síndrome de Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) é uma condição pró-arrítmica que pode exigir restrição de atividades extenuantes e é caracterizada por sinais de ECG, incluindo ondas delta. Observamos casos de padrões intermitentes de WPW apresentando-se como QRS alternante (‘WPW alternante’) em uma grande coorte de triagem de ECG pré-participação de homens jovens que se candidataram ao recrutamento militar. Objetivos Nosso objetivo foi determinar o padrão de WPW alternante, as características do caso e a prevalência de outros diagnósticos diferenciais relevantes apresentando-se como alternância de QRS em um ambiente de pré-participação. Métodos Cento e vinte e cinco mil cento e cinquenta e oito recrutas militares do sexo masculino prospectivos foram revisados de janeiro de 2016 a dezembro de 2019. Uma revisão de prontuários médicos eletrônicos identificou casos de WPW alternante e padrões ou síndrome de WPW. A revisão de prontuários médicos eletrônicos identificou casos de diagnósticos diferenciais relevantes que podem causar alternância de QRS. Resultados Quatro indivíduos (2,2%) apresentaram WPW alternante em 184 indivíduos com diagnóstico final de padrão ou síndrome de WPW. Dois desses indivíduos manifestaram sintomas ou achados eletrocardiográficos compatíveis com taquicardia supraventricular. A prevalência geral de WPW alternante foi de 0,003%, e a prevalência de WPW foi de 0,147%. As WPW alternantes representaram 8,7% dos indivíduos com QRS alternantes, e QRS alternantes tiveram prevalência de 0,037% em toda a população. Conclusões A WPW alternante é uma variante da WPW intermitente, que compreendeu 2,2% dos casos de WPW em nossa coorte de triagem pré-participação. Não indica necessariamente um baixo risco de taquicardia supraventricular. Deve ser reconhecido na triagem de ECG e distinguido de outras patologias que também apresentam QRS alternantes.

ABSTRACT Objective: To introduce newly structured and developed orofacial myofunctional therapy (OFMFT) protocols named Bio-Exercise (BioEx), and evaluate the treatment effect of this method, using lateral cephalometric analysis on malocclusion with low tongue posture in young patients. Methods: A retrospective preliminary study was performed using orthodontic records from 28 patients (mean age of 8.41±1.45-year-old, 13 males, 15 females) treated with BioEx therapy using tongue elevators for 18.14±9.04 months (range: 6 to 37 months). Pretreatment (T0) and post-BioEx therapy (T1) lateral cephalograms were subsequently analyzed for tongue posture changes by linear, anteroposterior and vertical measurements. The data were analyzed by paired t-test, considering a 5% significance level. Results: The tongue length (TGL) and tongue height (TGH) increased statistically significant between T0 and T1. The decrease of the dorsum of the tongue perpendicular to the palatal plane (Td-PP value) was statistically significant. The increase of the tip of the tongue perpendicular to the pterygomaxillary vertical line (TT-PMV) was not statistically significant. Conclusions: These preliminary cephalometric results indicate that BioEx can be an effective OFMFT modality in increasing the tonicity of the tongue muscles to establish more normalized tongue position at rest.

Multilinguals who live in their native multilingual communities are constantly switching between languages, whereas those who live in monolingual communities need to constrain their code-switching. Malaysia is a multilingual country in which people mix languages on a daily basis, whereas, in Taiwan, Mandarin is predominately used and people are more cautious about code-switching. Therefore, in the current study, we investigated what factors might facilitate Malaysian-Chinese students to reduce the unintentional switching between languages to adapt to the language environment in Taiwan. Malaysian-Chinese who live in Malaysia (MIM) and Taiwan (MIT) were recruited to investigate whether and how non-linguistic code-switching and their awareness of language environment (ALE) influence their intentional and unintentional code-switching experiences. Participants' non-verbal code-switching was measured by a color/shape switching task, whereas ALE and code-switching experiences were measured by questionnaires. The multiple regression analyses of MIT's responses showed that the moderation of non-linguistic switch cost and ALE significantly predicted MIT's unintentional code-switching. Moreover, the simple slope analysis showed that MIT with high executive control have a dynamic unintentional switch in which the higher level of ALE is associated with lower unintentional switch. However, MIT with low executive control have a static unintentional switch, uninfluenced by their level of ALE. These results suggested that multilinguals' executive control along with their awareness of the language environment help them adapt to living in a community with a predominant language.

Introdução: A identificação das causas da hiperpigmentação periorbital é crucial na seleção do melhor tratamento. A identificação de perfis transcricionais que podem estar relacionados com a hiperpigmentação ao redor das áreas oculares poderia contribuir para uma nova abordagem no tratamento da hiperpigmentação periorbital, -a terapia genética-. Objetivo: Este estudo tem como objetivo avaliar o perfil transcricional da melanogênese e genes relacionados a antioxidantes enzimáticos, em peles com hiperpigmentação periorbital. Métodos: Com base na avaliação clínica, 49 voluntários saudáveis foram classificados em grupos com ou sem hiperpigmentação periorbital. Perfis genéticos de genes relacionados à melanogênese: -fator de transcrição associado à microftalmia (MITF), pró-opiomelanocortina (POMC), receptor da melanocortina 1, ( MC1R), tirosinase (TYR), proteína relacionada à tirosinase 1 (TYRP1)-, e antioxidantes intracelulares: -glutationa redutase (GR), glutationa peroxidase 1 (GPx-1), glutationa s-transferase (GST-1)- foram determinadas pela técnica de reação em cadeia da polimerase em tempo real. Resultados: as expressões dos genes MITF, TYR e TYRP1 foram significativamente maiores no grupo com hiperpigmentação periorbital.(p

O presente estudo utilizou-se de fundamentos da ecologia, por meio da aplicação de algumas métricas espaciais, para verificar a atual fragmentação da paisagem na Região Metropolitana de Goiânia (RMG), com o objetivo de estabelecer áreas prioritárias para manutenção e para a recomposição florestal. Para tanto, foi realizada a simulação de três cenários, o primeiro representando a situação atual, o segundo considerando a recomposição florestal em Áreas de Proteção Permanente (APP) ao longo dos cursos d’água, enquanto no terceiro cenário, o reflorestamento nas regiões de alta e muito alta vulnerabilidade ambiental na área de estudo. A presente investigação também propôs avaliar a perda de solo por erosão laminar aplicado aos três cenários propostos para a região. Constatou-se que na RMG, de acordo com a atual configuração da paisagem, tem-se alta fragmentação dos remanescentes de vegetação, sendo a manutenção e conservação dos remanescentes fundamental, e o reflorestamento altamente recomendado. A espacialização desses resultados e indicação de áreas para reflorestamento e conservação servem de orientação às políticas públicas e na tomada de decisão coletiva envolvendo todos os municípios da RMG.

The public water supply of the Rio de Janeiro metropolitan region is highly dependent on transposition from the Paraíba do Sul River: 70% of the water is diverted to the Piraí River and then passes through a series of other rivers and reservoirs, finally discharging in the Guandu River. During this path, the water is exposed to many sources of pollution. This makes the quality of the raw water that reaches the Guandu Treatment Station (WTS) highly vulnerable. This article reports the analysis of the cytogenotoxic potential of water samples collected at four different points along the Piraí River downstream from the transposition point, utilizing the Allium cepa test system. The samples were collected in two periods, the dry and wet seasons. The water at all four collection points presented some level of cytogenotoxicity, with the presence in the test cells of large nucleoli, multiple nucleoli, nuclear buds, lagging chromosomes, sticky chromosomes, karyorrhexis, cytoplasmic shrinkage and changes of the mitotic index. The samples collected during the dry season had a larger number of cells with alterations, indicating that the cytogenotoxic potential varies in function of the time of year, depending on the volume of contaminated effluents. The results obtained along with data from the Rio de Janeiro State Environmental Institute (INEA) for the same period reveal the importance of monitoring along with proper sanitation and sewage treatment, and that the presence of pollutants not only hampers water treatment, but also poses risks to organisms at different trophic levels, including humans.

Abstract Fortification of food products with vitamin D was central to the eradication of rickets in the early parts of the 20th century in the United States. In the subsequent almost 100 years since, accumulating evidence has linked vitamin D deficiency to a variety of outcomes, and this has paralleled greater public interest and awareness of the health benefits of vitamin D. Supplements containing vitamin D are now widely available in both industrialized and developing countries, and many are in the form of unregulated formulations sold to the public with little guidance for safe administration. Together, this has contributed to a transition whereby a dramatic global increase in cases of vitamin D toxicity has been reported. Clinicians are now faced with the challenge of managing this condition that can present on a spectrum from asymptomatic to acute life-threatening complications. This article considers contemporary data on vitamin D toxicity, and diagnostic and management strategies relevant to clinical practice.

Purpose – This study uses bipolar cultural dimensions (i.e., Hofstede’s and Schwartz’s values frameworks) to predict trade between countries and consumption behaviour. Design/methodology/approach – The analysis in this paper was based on secondary data. Consequently, there were some missing data that limited the number of countries that could be examined in terms of trade and consumption aspects. Stepwise regressions were performed to test the hypotheses. Findings – This study found that egalitarian-hierarchical distance predicts trade negatively, providing support to the idea that cultural similarity drives trade. On top of that, the study suggested that consumption divergence is more likely than consumption convergence. Cultural values were significant predictors of consumption even when income was controlled, suggesting that consumers want to express their values systems through consumption when they have the financial means to do so. Originality/value – The empirical analysis illustrated that bipolar cultural dimensions of these frameworks predict trade and consumption behaviour differently, thus providing evidence on the applicability of the cultural frameworks in different contexts.

Introdução: A identificação das causas da hipercromia cutânea idiopática da região orbital (HCIRO) é fundamental para o processo de seleção da melhor conduta terapêutica. Objetivo: O presente estudo tem como objetivo avaliar as alterações histopatológicas de diferentes tipos de HCIRO. Métodos: Quarenta e nove voluntários saudáveis foram classificados em 3 grupos: (i) hiperpigmentação, (ii) hipervascularização e (iii) sulco lacrimal. As deposições de melanina e hemossiderina, a dilatação dos vasos sanguíneos, a inflamação perifolicular e as estruturas das cristas epidérmicas foram analisadas histologicamente; a associação com o tipo de HCIRO foi analisada pelo teste do qui-quadrado de Pearson. Resultados: Um total de 53,1% dos indivíduos portadores de HCIRO foram diagnosticados e classificados em hiperpigmentação, 16,3% como hipervascularização e 30,6% como sulco lacrimal. O teste qui-quadrado de Pearson mostrou que o grupo hiperpigmentação foi associado a um alto nível de depósito de melanina (p

Objectives: Computed tomography should be performed after careful consideration due to radiation hazard, which is why interest in low dose CT has increased recently in acute appendicitis. Previous studies have been performed in adult and adolescents populations, but no studies have reported on the efficacy of using low‐dose CT in children younger than 10 years. Methods: Patients (n = 475) younger than 10 years who were examined for acute appendicitis were recruited. Subjects were divided into three groups according to the examinations performed: low‐dose CT, ultrasonography, and standard‐dose CT. Subjects were categorized according to age and body mass index (BMI). Results: Low‐dose CT was a contributive tool in diagnosing appendicitis, and it was an adequate method, when compared with ultrasonography and standard‐dose CT in terms of sensitivity (95.5% vs. 95.0% and 94.5%, p = 0.794), specificity (94.9% vs. 80.0% and 98.8%, p = 0.024), positive‐predictive value (96.4% vs. 92.7% and 97.2%, p = 0.019), and negative‐predictive value (93.7% vs. 85.7% and 91.3%, p = 0.890). Low‐dose CT accurately diagnosed patients with a perforated appendix. Acute appendicitis was effectively diagnosed using low‐dose CT in both early and middle childhood. BMI did not influence the accuracy of detecting acute appendicitis on low‐dose CT. Conclusion: Low‐dose CT is effective and accurate for diagnosing acute appendicitis in childhood, as well as in adolescents and young adults. Additionally, low‐dose CT was relatively accurate, irrespective of age or BMI, for detecting acute appendicitis. Therefore, low‐dose CT is recommended for assessing children with suspected acute appendicitis.

Environmental management has been in the process of evolution since Industrial Revolutions of 18th and 19th centuries. And the more recent is the development of international environmental management standards and guidelines to facilitate global trade. These environmental management standards and guidelines are usually known as Environmental Management Systems (EMS). This research investigates the implementation motivations in relation to EMS adoption in Sarawak, Malaysia organizations. Empirical findings of a survey on the above in Sarawak organizations are presented. About 112 survey questionnaires invitations were forwarded to various organizations in Sarawak and a total of 47 responses were received. The results of this research show that among the Sarawak organizations, the top three implementation motivations or benefits from implementing EMS according to their importance by the Sarawak EMS user’s organizations are 1) Legal compliance as the top benefit of EMS implementation; 2) Improvement in operational environmental protection; and 3) Corporate image advantages.

This paper discusses the influence of the discursive perspective based on the thinking of the Bakhtin Circle (Bakhtine/Volochinov, 1977; Bakhtine, 1984) on the use of an instructional material and the development of activities and tasks (Schlatter, 2009) for Portuguese as an Additional Language (PAL) in schools in South Korea.. The text focuses on the role of the Guimarães Rosa Lectureship at Hankuk University of Foreign Studies and the initiatives for the Promotion of Critical Foreign Language Education for teaching Portuguese in South Korean basic education schools, especially in high schools. The project, the operational context, student profiles, planning, and didactic materials used are presented. The methodology involves interpretative analysis of the theoretical and methodological aspects of the manual used in the Korean program. The goal is to subsequently demonstrate its application in alignment with the Bakhtinian discursive perspective of teaching PAL. This Bakhtinian perspective contributes to the application of the concept of language use (YE, 2009; PILEGGI, 2015; BRASIL, 2020) through discourse genres in the classroom. It takes into consideration an awareness of the interlocutional aspects underlying Bakhtin Circle's reflections, providing a more conscious understanding of the social uses of the Portuguese language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) makes it possible to compare the performance of students in the US in Mathematics and Science to the performance of students in other countries. TIMSS uses four international benchmarks for describing student achievement: Low, Intermediate, High, and Advanced. In this study, we linked the eighth-grade Math TIMSS and NAEP scales using equipercentile equating to (a) help better interpret U.S. eighth-grade students’ performance on TIMSS, and (b) investigate the progress of eighth-grade U.S. students over time relative to the progress of students in other countries. Results indicated that relative to other countries, U.S. eighth-grade students increased with respect to the “At or Above Basic” NAEP Achievement level, but that other countries saw larger improvements in the higher achievement level categories, relative to the US. This finding may reflect the emphasis of No Child Left Behind on raising lower achievement to “proficient.” However, with respect to “Advanced” mathematics achievement, eighth-grade U.S. students showed less improvement than students in other countries.

Objetivos: avaliar a estrutura de maternidades que prestam atenção a mulheres em situação de abortamento no Sistema Único de Saúde, em Salvador, Recife e São Luís. Métodos: foram selecionadas três maternidades em cada capital. Os dados foram obtidos por entrevista com gerente do serviço ou equipe de direção e observação direta. Utilizou-se instrumento com 120 questões pontuadas abrangendo seis componentes - planta física, recursos materiais, recursos humanos, materiais de consumo, educação em saúde e ferramentas de gestão que incorporam quatro dimensões de avaliação - insumo/ambiente físico; qualidade técnica e gerencial do cuidado; acolhimento/orientação e continuidade da atenção. Os resultados foram categorizados pelo percentual obtido em relação ao máximo esperado: suficiente (B a 80%); intermediário (de 50% a 79%); insuficiente (< 50%). Resultados: os componentes melhor pontuados foram planta física, recursos materiais e material de consumo. Educação em saúde e ferramentas de gestão tiveram pior pontuação. Nenhuma unidade atingiu nível considerado suficiente. Sete foram classificadas no nível intermediário e duas insuficiente. Conclusões: as unidades estudadas não apresentam estrutura adequada para o modelo de atenção ao abortamento preconizado. Há necessidade de intervenções para qualificar a estrutura dos serviços para a atenção ao aborto e promover a huma-nização do cuidado.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of methyl-formamide in ram semen cryopreservation. The semen pool used in this experiment was obtained by artificial vagina collection from four mixed breed Santa Inês rams, around four years of age. Semen collection was performed once a week, during six weeks. Each week corresponded to one experiment replication. The semen pool was divided in five fractions in order to be diluted in one of the following freezing media: (1) tris-egg yolk with 5.3% of glycerol (TG5.3G); (2) tris-egg yolk with 3% of methyl-formamide (TG3MF); tris-egg yolk with 5% of methyl-formamide (TG5MF); tris-egg yolk with 7% of methyl-formamide (TG7MF); tris-egg yolk with 9% of methyl-formamide (TG9MF). Semen progressive motility, vigor and thermoresistance were evaluated. The treatments TG5.3G (50%) and TG3MF (38%) showed higher progressive motility after thawing, while TG5MF (29%), TG7MF (1%) and TG9MF (6%) showerd lower motility. Freezing media containing methyl-formamide were less effective in preserving spermatozoa membrane integrity and morphology than control media. In TG7MF and TG9MF extenders, less than 60% spermatozoa showed normal morphology. After thermoresistance test, semen cryopreserved in TG3MF showed vigor (2.6) and motility (15%) statistically similar to TG5.3G media (15% and 2.8, respectively); however, the extender TG5.3G was more effective in preserving plasma membrane functional integrity. In conclusion, in the experimental conditions used, glycerol showed more cryoprotectant potential than methyl-formamide.

Copyright of Revista Foco (Interdisciplinary Studies Journal) is the property of Revista Foco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de Economia Contemporânea is the property of Revista de Economia Contemporanea and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Performance on a lexical decision task was investigated in 12 English speaking adults with dyslexia. two age-matched comparison groups of unimpaired readers were included: 14 monolingual adults and 15 late proficient bilinguals. The aim of the study was to determine the timing of neural events with event-related potentials (ErPs) during lexical decision-making between individuals with dyslexia and unimpaired readers (both unilingual and bilingual). ErPs were calculated for posterior sites in the left and right hemispheres and the P1 and n170 components were compared between groups. Event-related EEG coherence (measuring the synchrony of neural events during lexical tasks both between and within cerebral hemispheres) was also calculated for seven electrode pairs (three pairs at symmetrical locations between hemispheres, and two pairs within each hemisphere). We chose to recruit two comparison groups of unimpaired readers to better clarify the findings resulting from the right hemisphere (EEG) coherence analysis. That is, both late-proficient bilinguals and adults with dyslexia are thought to rely on right hemisphere resources during reading. We hypothesized that those with dyslexia would show less within-hemisphere coherence and more between-hemisphere coherence than bilingual individuals. dyslexics had both lower amplitude and longer latency n170 activation than unimpaired readers, suggesting asynchronous neural activity. Dyslexics showed greater synchrony between hemispheres in gamma range frequencies whereas the bilingual group showed greater synchrony in the theta frequency band (both within and between hemispheres). This study demonstrates that individuals with developmental dyslexia have reduced amplitudes in the n170 and higher synchrony between hemispheres during a reading task. The differences may be due to an asynchrony of neuronal activity at the point where word form features are distinguished.

Experimental studies point that different factors can influence reading comprehension, such as the topic, text type, reading task, and others. The advances in technologies for the past decades have provided researchers with several possibilities to investigate what goes on in one’s brain since their eyes meet the page until comprehension is achieved. Since the mid-80’s, numerous studies have been conducted with the use of the electroencephalogram (EEG) to investigate the process of reading, through the analysis of different components – n400, n100 or n1, P2, among others. These components reveal, for example, how the brain integrates the meaning of a specific word in the semantic context of a given sentence. based on previous studies, which demonstrate that different types of words affect cognitive load, this paper aims at investigating how the brain processes function and content words inserted in expository and narrative texts with suitable / unsuitable conclusions. results showed that the type of text and word influence the cognitive load in different scalp areas (midline, right and left hemispheres). The n1s were more pronounced to the content words inserted in narrative texts and to the function words inserted in the expository type of texts, corroborating former studies.

This work aims to present a discussion, consequential from a masters degree research, of how the use of Ethnomathematics in continuing education programs for mathematics' teachers implies inthe production osubjectivities. Therefore, two Masters dissertations that studied the Ethnomathematics in teachers educationline were analyzed: one from a private institution and one produced at a publicinstitution,disclosed in theyears 2006 and 2009, respectively, in Porto Alegre-RS. The analysis has focused on investigating, according to Foucault's discourse theories, through the discursive regularities and power/knowledgerelations, how different modes of subjectivity are produced in the researching subjects. By using twoguiding principles of visibility: Ethnomathematics as art and technique to explain and understand within thedifferent cultures andthe relation of it with the teacher`s training and the Ethnomathematics as a mechanism of government, itfollows that the discussions of the analyzed papers operate as governance mechanisms able to qualify and lead conducts, producing this way, unique modes of subjectivity.

A principal corrente da literatura sobre a globalização é bastante clara em seus pressupostos sobre como ela afeta o empreendimento industrial. Presume-se que ela dá origem a companhias transnacionais e, subsequentemente, a uma classe transnacional de executivos, que se valem do pensamento de gestão neoliberal para acelerar a transformação neoliberal da economia. Este artigo submete tais pressupostos enraizados a um forte teste empírico ao analisar quão transnacionais são as trajetórias de vida de 475 CEOs dos 100 maiores grupos industriais, tanto na Alemanha quanto na Coreia do Sul, Japão e China. Além disso, tendo realizado 148 entrevistas aprofundadas com os CEOs que ocupam os cargos mais altos, o artigo pergunta se há, de fato, um espírito neoliberal do capitalismo em funcionamento. Os resultados indicam que um pensamento de gestão neoliberal não está emergindo e que os altos executivos não são os operadores que levam a uma economia orientada para o mercado financeiro. Embora o pensamento de gestão neoliberal tenha tido algum impacto na alta gerência alemã, os vários sistemas empresariais no Leste Asiático indicam o predomínio de esquemas culturais mais nativos.

The nutritional requirements of crops, in general, becomes more intense with the beginning of the reproductive phase, being more critical at the time of seed formation, when considerable amounts of nutrients are they translocation, this requirement should be increased to the fact that nutrients are essential to training and development of new bodies of booking. This study aimed to evaluate the agronomic efficiency of foliar application of zinc (zinc oxide Zn 700 g L-1 ) in bean plant, compared to leaf application of zinc sulphate (ZnSO4) and control (without application of Zn). The experiment was installed in the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences - UNESP / Campus de Botucatu-SP. Was placed in containers with a capacity of 20L of soil and leaf applications encompassing four schemes and two of rain, with 5 replicates per treatment, a total of 40 vessels. The results for the factorial design did not show in general, significantly different answers when evaluated on the simulation of rain or the lack of simulation. The treatment (700g L-1 of ZnO) has demonstrated agronomic efficiency as its foliar application, with results equal or exceed the application of ZnSO4 and control when applied at the same dose of Zn.

The objective of this study is to apply the teachings of CAD/CAM fabrication to basic design studios for 1st and 2nd year undergraduate students. Consequently, the study concludes with an “e-basic design studio” framework based on literature analysis and design studio observations, which includes new tectonics thinking and the operation of traditional 2D/3D design tools and CAD/CAM digital tools.

RESUMO: Os autores descrevem um estudo prospectivo com duração de 18 meses envolvendo 437 doentes admitidos no hospital com o diagnóstico de pneumonia, dos quais 40 (9%) eram residentes em lar.O diagnóstico baseou-se em critérios clínicos e radiológicos. Foi avaliado o estádio funcional prévio dos doentes, com escala de status funcional.A investigação microbiológica incluiu análises bacteriológicas de expectoração e de sangue; análises serológicas para Mycoplasma, Chlamydia pneumoniae, febre Q, Legionella pneumophila, Haemophilus influenza, Moraxella catarrhalis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, vírus influenza A e B, vírus sincicial respi ratório e adenovírus; pesquisa de antigeneos para pneumococo na expectoração e de antigenúria para pneumococo e legionela.Os resultados revelaram que a média de idades foi mais elevada nos doentes com pneumonia adquirida em lar (PAL) do que na global idade dos doentes com pneumonia adquirida na comunidade (PAC) â 80,6 versus 65,5 anos. Também os primeiros apresentavam mais frequentemente estados confusionais, comorbilidades e maior gravidade clínica.A diferença mais significativa entre os dois grupos manifestou-se no estádio funcional, inferior nos doentes com PAL comparativamente a todos os doentes com PAC e ao subgrupo de doentes com PAC e idade igual ou superior a 65 anos.A análise bacteriológica foi efectuada em 22 doentes com PAL e em 44 doentes-controlo com PAC. Foi isolado agente patogénico em 50 doentes (70%).Não se observaram diferenças significativas entre os dois grupos, sendo o pneumococo isolado em 12 (55%) casos de PAL e em 19 (43%) casos de PAC. O segundo agente mais detectado foi a Chlamydia pneumoniae, em 4 (18%) casos de PAL e 7 (16%) casos de PAC.Não se encontraram casos de pneumonias por bacilos Gram negativos e apenas foi detectado 1 caso de pneumonia por S. aureus no grupo de doentes com PAC.A terapêutica usada foi empírica em 93% dos casos de PAL e o antibiótico mais utilizado a cefuroxi-me EV (85% dos casos), em combinação com macrólido em 43% das situações.A mortalidade foi significativamente mais elevada no grupo com PAL (53%) comparativamente ao total de PAC (13%) e também ao subgrupo de PAC com idade igual ou superior a 65 anos (21%).Numa análise multivariada incluindo a idade, a admissão em UCI, a gravidade da doença e o estádio funcional, este último revelou-se um factor prognóstico independente associado a aumento da mortalidade.Os autores concluem que os patogéneos encontrados nas pneumonias dos doentes residentes em lares são semelhantes aos da PAC, não se justificando uma escolha empírica de antibiótico diferente naquele grupo de doentes.As diferenças encontradas no status performance condicionam o aumento de mortalidade dos doentes com PAL comparativamente à PAC, considerando assim os autores que a avaliação do estádio funcional prévio ao internamento é um importante factor prognóstico e que deveria ser efectuada em todos os doen-tes internados por pneumonia. COMENTÃRIO: Relativamente à sintomatologia, os doentes com PAL apresentavam menos sintomas respiratórios e mais frequentemente encontravam-se confusos à data de admissão no hospital â o que já foi evidenciado em estudos anteriores1. O diagnóstico de pneumonia do idoso, e sobretudo deste subgrupo de doentes residentes em lares, depende do índice de suspeita do médico, dado os sintomas respiratórios não serem muitas vezes os predominantes.O maior índice de gravidade e de mortalidade da doença leva muitos autores a considerar a PAL diferente da PAC, o que é reforçado por estudos que reportam uma maior frequência de infecções por Gram negativos e por S. aureus. Normas internacionais de abordagem da PAC apontam também a residência em lar como factor potencial de risco de infecção a Gram negativos e S. aureus2,3,4. Nesta base, há autores que sugerem uma diferente estratégia antibiótica perante o diagnóstico de PAL5.O presente trabalho vem questionar esta atitude, no entanto os autores admitem que atitudes diferentes poderão ter que ser tomadas em países diferentes, dado que estão implicadas questões de ordem social (condições dos lares) que influenciam a análise.Além disso, dever-se-á ter em conta a possível influência do número limitado da amostra na variedade de agentes patogénicos isolados.A mortalidade destes doentes está aumentada â o que também está documentado noutras séries6. Em causa estão doentes mais confusos, com mais comorbilidades e maior índice de gravidade da pneumonia â para cuja pontuação o facto residência em lar contribui como uma das 19 varáveis do somatório7.O que este estudo salienta é o facto de, para além da gravidade da pneumonia avaliada no momento de admissão do doente, o estádio funcional do doente prévio ao internamento ser um bom indicador do prognóstico, estando associado de forma independente à mortalidade. Palavras-chave: Pneumonia adquirida em lar e Sintomas, pneumonia adquirida em lar e Agentes patogénicos, estádio funcional e Prognóstico da pneumonia adquirida na comunidade ou em lar

The 21st century is marked by numeours transformations, in which Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) are one of its main causes. In that regard, the indispensability of technology for diferent purposes, such as learning and information, is noted. The use of mobile applications for language learning has become increasingly common, being widely used as a didatic material and configuring an important ICT tool. Hence, this paper aims to provide subsidies for the development of Apps for teachinglearning Portuguese for migrants, taking into consideration the specificities of the group. A survey of Apps was carried out according to some variables on the Apple/Play Store sites. The results pointed out the lack of Apps whose focus is the colloquialities of the language: expressions, slangs and swear words, for instance. Subsidies to fill the aforementioned gap are implied. Among the considerations presented, the importance of the proposed subsidies for the development of apps in the teaching-learning process of Portuguese for migrants is highlighted, not as solutions, instead as potential for its improvement in everyday situations of these students. Consequently, it is vital to engage in the counscious use of Apps, which must be used in line with the specific purposes of each group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

School reform efforts across the US have focused on creating systems in which all students are expected to achieve to high standards. To ensure that students reach those standards and to document what students know and can do, schools collect assessment information on students' academic achievement. More information is needed, however, to find out when such assessments are appropriate for English learners and can provide meaningful information about what such learners know and can do. We describe and discuss a study that addresses the question of when it is appropriate to administer content area tests in English to English learners. Drawing on the student database of San Francisco Unified School District, we examined the effect of language demands on the SAT/9 mathematics scores of Chinese-speaking and Spanish-speaking students. Our results showed that while the English language demands of the problem solving subscale affect all students, they have a larger effect on English learners' performance, thus rendering the tests inaccurate in measuring English learners' subject matter achievement. Our results also showed that this effect gradually decreases as students become more proficient in English, taking five to six years for students to reach parity with national norms. These results have important implications for the design of school accountability systems and policies with high-stakes consequences for English learners such as high-school graduation requirements based on standardized tests.