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Este artigo tem como objetivo principal compreender a trajetória de construção dos Estudos Culturais Físicos (ECF) antes de sua institucionalização no meio acadêmico. A problemática central reside na escassez de informações disponíveis sobre os Estudos Culturais Físicos (ECF) em seu estágio inicial, antes de serem formalmente reconhecidos no contexto acadêmico. A metodologia adotada neste estudo consistiu em uma abordagem de pesquisa bibliográfica, conduzida por meio de leituras exploratórias. A partir dessas análises, considera-se que a concepção dos Estudos Culturais Físicos (ECF), advém de diversos acontecimentos históricos e sociais que possibilitaram a criação de uma nova abordagem na produção de conhecimento da Sociologia do Esporte norte-americana e que compreende a subjetividade do corpo/sujeito além da sua capacidade de performance no esporte/cultura física.

Objetivo: Verificar o comportamento da criança na punção venosa com intervenção musical usando uma canção instrutiva. Método: Estudo caso-controle; incluídas crianças de 4 a 11 anos. A coleta foi realizada pela ficha sociodemográfica, abordagem com canção instrutiva apresentada ao vivo, beira leito, e avaliação da escala de observação de distresse comportamental. As variáveis foram analisadas com Teste-T de Student, Qui-quadrado e Exato de Fisher. Todas as análises foram realizadas no programa Data Analysis and Statistical Software (STATA®), versão 14,0, com nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: A utilização da música favoreceu a diminuição da variável gritar (p=0,049). A busca por suporte emocional foi maior sem o uso da música (p=0,019). De modo geral, a canção reduziu os comportamentos concorrentes. Conclusão: A interação entre a criança e a canção repercutiu um cuidado instrucional sensível e adaptável ao mundo infantil, revelando-se uma tecnologia para a enfermagem pediátrica.

O objetivo deste artigo é estudar a economia do estado do Espírito Santo, mais especificamente, durante as décadas de 1980 e 1990 e tentar apontar os fatores que permitiram ao estado crescer mais que o Brasil durante o período. Para isto, se fará na introdução, uma breve explanação sobre o ambiente econômico das décadas estudadas, apresentando a problemática do artigo. Posteriormente, o artigo avançará com uma seção onde se descreverá, através de dados, o desempenho da economia capixaba na década de 1980. Na sequência se fará o mesmo para a década de 1990. Por fim, nas considerações finais, faz-se uma síntese do apresentado durante o artigo e alguns apontamentos gerais.

Neste artigo se investigará os autores marginalistas com a intenção de compreender o motivo de a História do Pensamento Econômico (HPE) não ter dedicado atenção ao estudo das expectativas em suas obras. Na primeira seção será discutido o modelo homogeneizado; na seção seguinte se apresentará o papel que as expectativas desempenham nos modelos econômicos de William Stanley Jevons, Carl Menger e Léon Walras, de maneira individualizada, com o objetivo de identificar como estes autores trataram a problemática; por fim, se farão indicações conclusivas acerca do discutido no artigo, que objetivarão responder por que a HPE ignorou a temática das expectativas.

Enquadramento: Em Portugal, todas as escolas do ensino básico e secundário são consideradas Escolas Promotoras de Saúde. Objetivos: Analisar as linhas orientadoras para a implementação de escolas promotoras de saúde, emanadas pelos setores da saúde e da educação e verificar se se coadunam com as linhas orientadoras internacionais. Metodologia: Estudo de natureza qualitativa, com recurso a análise de conteúdo dos documentos oficiais utilizando o software NVivo® 11 Pro. Resultados: Ambos os setores (saúde e educação) preocupam-se com as Medidas a adotar para proporcionar condições de organização e de cooperação; têm os Objetivos claramente delineados e coincidentes; consideram relevante as Metodologias/estratégias ativas, especialmente a metodologia por projeto; apresentam Áreas/temas de intervenção idênticas e consideram a Avaliação essencialmente quantitativa. Conclusão: Os documentos da saúde e da educação são convergentes e complementares, havendo articulação entre ambos os setores para uma eficiente implementação de escolas promotoras de saúde.

Objetivo: Valorar tasa de adherencia y causas de no adherencia a las guías terapéuticas internacionales para la prescripción antibiótica empírica en la neumonía grave en Latinoamérica. Métodos: Encuesta clínica realizada a 36 médicos de Latinoamérica donde se pedía indicar el tratamiento empírico en 2 casos clínicos ficticios de pacientes con infección respiratoria grave: neumonía adquirida en la comunidad y neumonía nosocomial. Resultados: En el caso de la neumonía comunitaria el tratamiento fue adecuado en el 30,6% de las prescripciones. Las causas de no adherencia fueron monoterapia (16,0%), cobertura no indicada para multirresistentes (4,0%) y empleo de antibióticos con espectro inadecuado (44,0%). En el caso de la neumonía nosocomial el cumplimiento de las guías terapéuticas Infectious Disease Society of America/American Thoracic Society fue del 2,8%. Las causas de falta de adherencia fueron monoterapia (14,3%) y la falta de doble tratamiento antibiótico frente a Pseudomonas aeruginosa (85,7%). En caso de considerar correcta la monoterapia con actividad frente a P. aeruginosa, el tratamiento sería adecuado en el 100% de los casos. Conclusión: En la neumonía comunitaria la adherencia a las guías terapéuticas Infectious Disease Society of America/American Thoracic Society fue del 30,6%; la causa más frecuente de incumplimiento fue el uso de monoterapia. La adherencia en el caso de la neumonía nosocomial fue del 2,8% y la causa más importante de incumplimiento fue la falta de doble tratamiento frente a P. aeruginosa, considerando adecuada monoterapia con actividad frente a P. aeruginosa la adherencia sería del 100%.

O presente trabalho busca apontar como se dá a mútua deter- minação entre o progresso técnico e a acumulação de capital no processo de desenvolvimento econômico do capitalismo na visão de Celso Furtado. Para isso, será feita uma breve discussão sobre a criatividade humana e o seu caráter, quase que exclusivamente, instrumental na sociedade capitalista. Depois, se apresentarão os conceitos de progresso técnico, acumulação de capital e desenvolvimento econômico. E, por fim se tentará demonstrar como se dá a interligação intrínseca entre o progresso técnico e à acumulação de capital.

Objective: To compare the effectiveness of the awake-prone position on relevant clinical outcomes in patients with COVID-19-related acute respiratory failure requiring high-flow nasal oxygen between different waves in Argentina., Methods: This multicenter, prospective cohort study included adult patients with COVID-19-related acute respiratory failure requiring high-flow nasal oxygen. The main exposure position was the awake-prone position (≥ 6 hours/day) compared to the non-prone position. The primary outcome was endotracheal intubation, and the secondary outcome was in-hospital mortality. The inverse probability weighting-propensity score was used to adjust the conditional probability of treatment assignment. We then adjusted for contextual variables that varied over time and compared the effectiveness between the first and second waves., Results: A total of 728 patients were included: 360 during the first wave and 368 during the second wave, of whom 195 (54%) and 227 (62%) remained awake-prone for a median (p25 - 75) of 12 (10 - 16) and 14 (8 - 17) hours/day, respectively (Awake-Prone Position Group). The ORs (95%CIs) for endotracheal intubation in the Awake-Prone Position Group were 0.25 (0.13 - 0.46) and 0.19 (0.09 - 0.31) for the first and second waves, respectively (p = 0.41 for comparison between waves). The ORs for in-hospital mortality in the awake-prone position were 0.35 (0.17 - 0.65) and 0.22 (0.12 - 0.43), respectively (p = 0.44 for comparison between waves)., Conclusion: The awake-prone position was associated with a reduction in the risk of endotracheal intubation and in-hospital mortality. These effects were independent of the context in which the intervention was applied, and no differences were observed between the different waves.

Introduction: Non-dipper and extreme dipper blood pressure (BP) profiles are associated with a worse cardiovascular prognosis. The relationship between nocturnal BP profile and hypertensive retinopathy (HR) is not fully established., Aim: To assess the association between the prevalence and severity of HR and nocturnal BP., Methods: We prospectively studied hypertensive patients who underwent 24-hour ambulatory BP monitoring. The population was divided into two groups according to the presence or absence of lesions and compared according to baseline characteristics, nocturnal BP profile (dippers, non-dippers, inverted dippers/risers and extreme dippers) and mean nocturnal systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) BP values. The presence and severity of HR were assessed using the Scheie classification. The relationship between nocturnal SBP and DBP values (and nocturnal BP profile) and the prevalence and severity of HR was determined., Results: Forty-six patients (46% male, aged 63±12 years) were analyzed, of whom 91% (n=42) were under antihypertensive treatment. Seventy percent (n=33) had uncontrolled BP. HR was diagnosed in 83% (n=38). Patients with HR had higher mean systolic nocturnal BP (151±23 vs. 130±13 mmHg), p=0.008). Patients with greater HR severity (Scheie stage ≥2) had higher nocturnal BP (153±25 vs. 140±16 mmHg, p=0.04). There was no statistically significant association between DBP and nocturnal BP patterns and HR., Conclusions: The prevalence and severity of HR were associated with higher nocturnal SBP. No relationship was observed between nocturnal BP profile and the presence of HR., (Copyright © 2017 Sociedade Portuguesa de Cardiologia. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Aims: To determine the prevalence of pre-hypertension (pre-HTN) and hypertension (HTN) in Portuguese adolescents in Lisbon and to ascertain the relationship between blood pressure (BP) levels and the risk factors of gender, obesity, smoking, alcohol consumption, exercise and family history of HTN., Methods: This was a cross-sectional study in a non-randomized sample of 234 adolescents of both sexes, aged between 16 and 19 years. Information on habits and family history of HTN was obtained through a self-completed structured questionnaire., Results: The study included 234 adolescents, mean age 16.4±0.9 years, 57% male. The prevalence of HTN was 34%, higher in males (44% vs. 21%, p=0.001) and 12% of pre-HTN, higher in females (13% vs. 10%, p=0.001). Higher body mass index was associated with significantly higher prevalence of pre-HTN (normal weight 9.40%, overweight 16.10%, and obesity 22.70%) and HTN (normal weight 30.4%, overweight 45.2%, and obesity 45.5%). With a family history of HTN, the prevalence of HTN and pre-HTN was approximately double (41% vs. 28% and 18% vs. 9%, respectively). Regular exercise, smoking and alcohol consumption were not significantly associated with BP values., Conclusion: The prevalence of pre-HTN and HTN in the sample studied was high. Of the risk factors evaluated, only gender, obesity and family history of HTN were significantly associated with BP values., (Copyright © 2012 Sociedade Portuguesa de Cardiologia. Published by Elsevier España. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: Coronary artery disease (CAD) becomes an important cause of morbidity and mortality after the age of 45 years., Objective: To evaluate the epidemiology and clinical features of all patients under 45 years old admitted with myocardial infarction., Methods: We studied 595 patients admitted with myocardial infarction between January 2000 and December 2002. We analyzed risk factors for CAD, clinical profile, therapeutics and complications (arrhythmic, mechanical and ischemic). The patients were divided into two groups: A--under 45 years old and B-- aged 45 or over., Results: Group A--56 patients (9.4%); group B--539 patients (90.6 %). There was a higher prevalence of smoking in group A (57% vs. 23.6%; p < 0.01). Hypertension, diabetes and history of CAD were significantly more common in group B. There were no differences in hyperlipidemia (group A: 43% vs. group B: 43.5%). Fibrinolysis was performed in 28 patients (70%) from group A compared to 40 patients (45.9%; p < 0.01) from group B. Use of digitalis and inotropic agents was greater in group B. No differences were found in other pharmacological therapeutics. We found more complications in group B (24% vs. 11%)., Conclusions: There was a higher prevalence of smoking in patients under 45 years old and of hypertension, diabetes and CAD in patients aged over 45. The high rate of hyperlipidemia in both groups highlights the importance of primary prevention. Fibrinolysis was performed more frequently in younger patients. There were more complications in older patients.

Introduction: In patients (pts) with atrial fibrillation (AF) of more than 48 hours' duration, electrical cardioversion (ECV) should only be performed after 3 weeks of effective anticoagulation. Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) allows earlier ECV; however, despite exclusion of thrombi in the atrium and left atrial appendage (LAA), cases of thromboembolism related to ECV have been documented in AF. To define a low-risk group for cardioversion without previous anticoagulation, pts were selected for immediate ECV if no thrombi or dynamic spontaneous echo contrast (auto-contrast) were found after TEE and if LAA velocity was more than 0.25 m/sec., Methods and Results: We performed TEE in 31 consecutive pts referred for ECV for AF of more than 48 hours' duration and without previous anticoagulation. After TEE the pts eligible for immediate ECV began anticoagulation with low molecular weight heparin (enoxaparin), subcutaneously in therapeutic doses, together with warfarin immediately before cardioversion. Enoxaparin was continued until an INR of over 2 was reached. Based on the TEE findings, the pts were divided in 2 groups: immediate ECV, group A, 20 pts with a mean age of 62 +/- 13 years, 6 female; and conventional therapy with warfarin before ECV, group B, 11 pts, mean age of 67 +/- 10 years (p < 0.05), 2 female. None of the pts in either group had mitral stenosis or previous episodes of thromboembolism. The mean transverse diameter of the left atrium in the 31 pts was 47 +/- 4.5 mm, without statistically significant differences between the 2 groups. Of the 11 pts in group B, 3 had a thrombus in the LAA, 6 dynamic spontaneous echo contrast and the remainder LAA velocities of less than 0.25 m/sec. ECV was achieved in all the pts, with no complications. Oral anticoagulation was maintained for at least a month. At one month, sinus rhythm was maintained in 75% of group A and 45% of group B (p < 0.01)., Conclusion: In pts with AF of more than 48 hours' duration and no previous history of thromboembolism, the use of our exclusion criteria during TEE enabled stratification of a low-risk population for immediate ECV, which was accomplished effectively and safely in 2/3 of the pts. This strategy is associated with early symptomatic improvement, and may contribute to maintenance of sinus rhythm after one month, which was significantly better than in the pts who had prolonged therapy with warfarin before ECV, despite the differences found in age and left ventricular function.

The authors present the case of a 25-year-old female patient, white, with mental retardation and proptosis, and a history of repeated cerebrovascular events. During investigation elevated levels of homocysteinemia and homocystinuria were demonstrated. The authors present a review of related literature.

The authors present a case report of a patient with abdominal pain that began 6 months before hospital admission. Ambulatory abdominal echography and computed tomography (CT) revealed partial thrombosis of the inferior vena cava (IVC) with right atrial extension. During hospitalization, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed aspects suggesting a tumoral lesion of the right atrium, rather than a thrombus, with tumoral extension to the IVC. The echocardiogram showed images suggesting a right atrial tumor. Transesophageal echocardiography confirmed the diagnosis. During surgery, an IVC tumor was found invading the right atrium, which histopathology confirmed as a leiomyosarcoma. The authors present this case because this type of tumor is rare (21 cases worldwide at this anatomic site), it is difficult to diagnose, and its management has not been adequately described. The authors review the literature relevant to this case.