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Copyright of Revista Foco (Interdisciplinary Studies Journal) is the property of Revista Foco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Foco (Interdisciplinary Studies Journal) is the property of Revista Foco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

ABSTRACT: Methyl jasmonate (MeJA) is recognized as a plant hormone that induces several biochemical changes related to improving fruit quality, but it is evident that the effect of MeJA during postharvest is very variable upon concentration, plant species, and even cultivars. The objective of this research was to relate the application of this regulator at low concentration (10 µmol L-1 for 24 h) to changes in postharvest physiology, on the incidence of anthracnose and quality of ‘Golden’ papaya fruit during storage at 24 ± 1°C. From the seventh day of storage, anthracnose incidence was reduced by more than 50% with MeJA treatment. The lesion area after infection was also reduced. Although, MeJA reduced fruit acidity, the ascorbic acid and soluble solids content were not altered during storage with the hormonal treatment. The skin color and pulp firmness showed slight retention. The reduction in ethylene production was accompanied by a reduction of respiration in treated fruits. MeJa increased CAT activity only in the skin whereas SOD activity was not induced by MeJA in both skin and pulp. Although, the increase of CAT from the third day of storage may have contributed to the reduction of lipid peroxidation in the skin, the MDA reduction in the pulp cannot be explained only by CAT activity. In summary, the application of MeJA in ‘Golden’ papaya reduced the incidence and severity of anthracnose, decreased respiration, ethylene production and lipid peroxidation. It is concluded that the application of MeJA at a low concentration (10 µmol L-1) may contribute to anthracnose control in ´Golden`papaya and slows the ripening of fruits.

Canine Distemper is a disease caused by Canine morbillivirus (CM), a pantropic virus that can affect the central nervous system (CNS), causing demyelination. However, the pathogenesis of this lesion remains to be clarified. Brain samples of 14 naturally infected dogs by CM were analyzed to evaluate the presence of oxidative stress and demyelination. RT-PCR assay was performed to confirm a diagnosis of canine distemper in the brain, immunohistochemistry anti-CM was used to localize the viral proteins in the tissue, and anti-4-hydroxy-2 nonenal (4-HNE) was a marker of a product of lipid peroxidation. The results showed the presence of viral proteins in the demyelinated area with the presence of 4-HNE. Our results suggest that the CM virus infection causes oxidative stress leading to lipid peroxidation, which causes tissue damage and demyelination. In conclusion, oxidative stress plays a significant role in canine distemper pathogenesis in the CNS.

Cooling and freezing processes cause physical and chemical damage to sperm by cold shock and oxidative stress. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of two antioxidants on sperm parameters of cooled and frozen-thawed ram semen diluted in an egg yolk-based extender. Semen was collected from 30 rams and processed in two consecutive experiments to test the inclusion of different concentrations of quercetin and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) in an egg yolk-based semen extender. Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) was added as a solvent to the semen extender in a ratio of 1 mL DMSO for 90 mg of quercetin and 1 mL DMSO for 880 mg of BHT. After collection, semen was diluted at 200 × 106 motile sperm/mL (control) and split into different groups in each experiment. In experiment 1, semen was diluted with the extender containing quercetin (Q5, 5 µg/mL; Q10, 10 ug/mL; Q15, 15 ug/mL) or DMSO alone (DMSO1, 0.055 uL DMSO per mL; DMSO2, 0.165 uL DMSO per mL). In experiment 2, semen was diluted with the extender with BHT (BHT1, 0.5 ug/mL; BHT2, 1 ug/mL; BHT3, 1.5 ug/mL) or DMSO alone (DMSO3, 0.375 uL DMSO per mL; DMSO4, 1.125 uL DMSO per mL). After dilution, the semen was divided into two aliquots. Treated ram sperm samples were also subjected to different storage methods. The first set of samples was cooled at 5 °C for 24 h, whereas the second set of samples was frozen-thawed. Sperm motility parameters and plasma membrane integrity (PMI) were evaluated immediately after dilution (0h) and 24 h after cooling and in the frozen-thawed samples via computer-assisted sperm analysis and epifluorescence microscopy, respectively. The inclusion of quercetin or BHT did not affect sperm motility parameters or PMI of fresh, cooled, or frozen-thawed sperm in this study (P < 0.05). However, further studies are needed to test the effects of these antioxidants on the fertility of cryopreserved ram semen.

ABSTRACT The maintenance of seed viability is widely studied since preserving the physiological characteristics that will allow efficient germination and adequate field occupation is broadly pursued. However, even under optimal storage conditions, the aging process is inherent to the seed’s life. In order to understand the effects of storage under low and normal oxygen conditions, this work sought to evaluate the physiological responses of two seed lots of two sunflower hybrids stored under different oxygen availability (normoxia and hypoxia) over a 360-day period. Aiming to investigate the effects of storage, the activities of the enzymatic antioxidant metabolism, hydrogen peroxide and MDA content, and the performance of viability, and vigor tests (tetrazolium test and electrolyte leakage) were performed with the stored seeds every 60 days. The hypoxia conditions were not able to keep seed viability over time, probably affecting negatively the embryonic axis. Throughout the evaluations, the viability tests demonstrated that the storage in the two experimental conditions was not able to contain the aging of the seeds. The increased content of H2O2 and MDA, associated with the enhanced electrical conductivity over time, indicate that there were losses by lipid peroxidation and that the aging process was not contained by storage under low oxygen availability.

The present study aimed to evaluate the filtration for separating seminal plasma of boars’ ejaculate by means of sperm viability and the occurrence of hyperactivation and lipid peroxidation in fresh semen and after cooling for up to 96 hours. The ejaculate of eight healthy boars of different breeds was collected and the gelatinous portion was separated and discarded. In the laboratory, the semen was fractioned into three aliquots (groups G1, G2 and G3) as follows: G1: semen with plasma diluted in BTS (TOTAL BTS); G2: semen centrifuged at 600G/10’ (BTS CEN); and G3: semen filtered with the Sperm-filter® following dilution of the retained cells with BTS (BTS FIL). The analyses were performed at three moments: with fresh samples (D0) and after 48 (D2) and 96 hours (D4) of cooling at 17ºC. The kinetic evaluation was performed using the CASA system, which provided data for the classification of sperm hyperactivity. For lipid stress analysis, the TBARS (thiobarbituric acid reactive substance) test was performed. The variance analysis test was conducted to compare the results between the groups and moments analyzed. The results showed better total motility values (%) for G1 at D0 (67.9, P= 0.001), D2 (36.6, P= 0.004) and D4 (26.1, P= 0.003). The occurrence of hyperactivity was observed in G2 and G3 at moments D2 and D4. In addition, TBARS showed higher peroxidation levels for G1 at D0 (8.1 mM MDA/ml, P= 0.01), D2 (7.4 mM MDA/ml, P= 0.02), and D4 (6.41mMol MDA/ml, P= 0.008) when compared to G2 and G3. Since the filtration method did not demonstrate any damage to the sperm viability, the study concluded that sperm filtration is an accessible and valid tool to replace centrifugation.

Copyright of Revista Brasileira de Reprodução Animal is the property of Revista Brasileira de Reproducao Animal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Rice bran is a byproduct with high biological value protein, fiber and phytic acid content. The nutritional and technological properties of rice bran have been highlighted and are attractive for food application. This research aimed at replacing soy protein (SP) and sodium erythorbate (SE) by defatted rice bran (DRB) in chicken nuggets. Three formulations were prepared: T1 with SP and SE; T2 with SP and without SE; and T3 with total SP and SE replacement by DRB. Lipid stability was evaluated by thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) on storage days 0, 30, and 60 (-18 °C). Physico-chemical and microbiological parameters were also evaluated. Color, aroma, flavor, texture acceptance, and overall impression was evaluated using a 9-point hedonic scale for 60 days of storage. T3 presented lipid stability comparable to T1 in all intervals evaluated reinforcing the antioxidant potential of DRB. However, T2 showed the lowest lipid stability due to the absence of antioxidants, presenting rancid aroma and flavor not allowing for its sensorial evaluation. Physico-chemical and microbiological parameters were either not influenced or positively influenced by DRB addition. For all attributes, T3 and T1 presented similar acceptance sensory means, with > 72.4% acceptability index. DRB is a rice byproduct potentially suitable for its use by the meat industry.

Introducción. En los últimos decenios, la síntesis de compuestos químicos ha producido un alto número de sustancias utilizadas para proteger los cultivos y las cosechas de las plagas. La mayoría de pesticidas han sido usados en grandes cantidades para fines agrícolas y la exposición tóxica a estos compuestos es un problema de gran envergadura para la toxicología, pues tiene impacto en la salud pública por su importante morbilidad y discapacidad. Así, las intoxicaciones agudas y crónicas pueden ser comunes entre trabajadores agrícolas y población general. Estos compuestos desencadenan mecanismos moleculares relacionados con la peroxidación lipídica, donde las especies reactivas de oxigeno pueden incrementar procesos oxidativos intracelulares. Objetivo. Realizar una revisión de la literatura científica relacionada con enfermedades por estrés oxidativo producido por pesticidas. Materiales y métodos. Revisión de artículos que utilizó las palabras clave Estrés oxidativo; Pesticidas; Peroxidación de lípido; Toxicidad. Se eligieron los artículos relacionados con las enfermedades por estrés oxidativo producido por pesticidas. Resultados. Se encontró que algunas enfermedades hematológicas, neurológicas, metabólicas y genotóxicas pueden estar relacionadas con la peroxidación lipídica que producen los pesticidas. Conclusión. Se presenta una revisión de la literatura científica sobre el estrés oxidativo, la peroxidación lipídica inducida por pesticidas y las diferentes enfermedades que pueden afectar a la población en general.

This is the third review article in the series that aims to break the paradigms related to the possible harm caused by saturated fats and cholesterol in human health. Scientific data on omega-6, omega-3, trans fats and the phenomenon of lipid peroxidation are presented and discussed, as well as their influence on chronic inflammation. It has been wrongly established, in the last decades, that saturated fats and cholesterol are the causes of cardiovascular and associated diseases. A new scientific theory, however, argues that these diseases are actually the result of oxidation of fats and lipoprotein fractions. At the same time, technological development, promoted to make it possible to increase food production and thereby guarantee its stability, caused a change in the original molecules of these substances and in the balance of their intake, to which the human organism was adapted for millennia. When consumed in excess, these modified molecules, therefore, cause low-grade chronic inflammation, which over time results in loss of homeostasis and impaired health, triggering diseases such as atherosclerosis, heart disease and neurodegenerative diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT The application of herbicides, even if selective, can cause biochemical and physiological changes, resulting in oxidative stress. This stress comes from the accumulation of reactive oxygen species produced due to exposure to the herbicide. However, plants have developed defense strategies, which can be enzymatic or non-enzymatic. The objective of this study was to evaluate the morphological and metabolic changes such as photosynthetic parameters, oxidative damage and antioxidant enzyme activity of rice plants after applying herbicides. For this, a study was conducted in a greenhouse and laboratory and the treatments consisted of application of imazapic + imazapyr, quinclorac, bentazon, cyhalofop-butyl, penoxsulan, bispyribac-sodium and carfentrazone-ethyl, in addition to control without herbicide. The phytotoxicity in plants was strong and there was a reduction in photosynthesis, stomatal conductance and efficiency of water use in plants treated with carfentrazone-ethyl. Furthermore, the application of carfentrazone-ethyl resulted in lower chlorophylls and carotenoids and increased lipid peroxidation and proline accumulation. Changes in the activity of enzymes belonging to the antioxidant system were inspected by applying herbicides. The application of herbicide alters the physiology of rice plants, triggering responses to oxidative stress, which are more pronounced when used carfentrazone-ethyl.

The growing use of chemical fertilizers, insecticides and pesticides can cause potential contamination with heavy metals to soil and groundwater, posing environmental and health threats. Heavy metals can also affect crop yield. A greenhouse experiment was conducted to explore the role of ascorbic acid foliar application and soil-applied super absorbent to mitigate adverse effects of cadmium (Cd), in terms of biochemical parameters in wheat. The experiment was installed in a completely randomized design, with treatments arranged in a factorial scheme with three levels of super absorbent polymer (0 g kg-1, 4 g kg-1 and 8 g kg-1 of soil) by three levels of ascorbic acid (0 mM, 50 mM and 100 mM), with four replicates. The Cd contamination caused a significant increase in the accumulation of Cd in leaves and seeds, as well as in antioxidant enzymes activity and lipid peroxidation. It also decreased seed weight and chlorophyll content in wheat plants. The super absorbent increased seed yield (22.68 %), seed weight (19.31 %), chlorophyll (27.97 %) and ascorbic acid content (65.51 %), while it reduced the Cd accumulation in leaves (34.27 %) and seeds (32.97 %), as well as antioxidant enzymes activity and lipid peroxidation (43.77 %). Similar results were found when ascorbic acid was applied. Ascorbic acid increased seed yield, seed weight and chlorophyll content by 12.62 %, 17.66 % and 13.17 %, respectively. As a result, the super absorbent polymer and ascorbic acid could improve the survival capacity and yield of wheat plants in response to Cd contamination in the soil.

Oxidative stress is defined as a pathophysiological condition in which the production of reactive species exceeds the ability of the body's antioxidant defenses to remove them. Assessing the degree of oxidative stress is essential for understanding the various physiological processes that maintain homostasy in the various phases of the life cycle. For this, several simple and inexpensive techniques can be employed. The present work proposes to present some techniques to study the study of oxidative stress, reflecting on its potentialities and limitations. It can be said that the credibility of the study is elevated by the careful standardization of the techniques, rigor of the experimental design and the confirmation of the results through different techniques that evaluate different processes that determine the redox balance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural disturbances in tropical forests modify the availability and quality of resources and alter the patterns of bird distribution. These environmental changes increase the metabolic rate and disrupt the redox balance promoting oxidative stress. This study aimed to compare the abundance of Willisornis poecilinotus between gaps and the understory of a forest with undisturbed canopy at Caxiuanã National Forest. The abundance was correlated with vegetation heights. The oxidative stress and the stress promoting factors were determined in both sites of sampling. We captured 81 specimens of W. poecilinotus. The number of captures was high in gaps. The specimens sampled at gaps showed high levels of oxidative stress. The biomarkers of oxidative stress were significantly correlated in gaps. The variability of oxidative stress and oxidative damage were explained only by site of sampling. These results suggest that gaps are stressors sites to W. poecilinotus, which probably can be due to an increase of metabolic rate to deal with new flight strategies of foraging and avoid predation

In vitro propagation has become an effective practice for large-scale production of strawberry plants. The objective of this study was to evaluate the hyperhydricity and the multiplication capacity of two strawberry varieties (Fragaria x ananassa Duch. 'Dover' and 'Burkley') propagated in vitro. Plants maintained in MS medium supplemented with 1.0 mg L-1 BA were individualized and transferred to the same medium solidified with Agar (6.5 g L-1) or Phytagel® (2.5 g L-1) and BA at different concentrations (0; 0.5; 1.0; 2.0 and 3.0 mg L-1). Biochemical and anatomical analyses were carried out, as well as the analysis of the morphological hyperhydricity characteristics. The analysis of data showed: a) the increase in cytokinin concentration increased hyperhydricity frequency in both varieties; b) at concentrations up to 2.0 mg L-1 BA, the replacement of Agar by Phytagel® induced a higher formation of hyperhydric shoots; and c) the addition of BA induced oxidative stress, which is characterized by increased antioxidant activity and lipid peroxidation, as well as alterations at the cellular level, such as malformation of stomata and epidermal cells. In conclusion, the culture medium containing 0.5 mg L-1 BA solidified with Agar provided lower hyperhydricity percentages in association with higher rates of shoot proliferation in strawberry.A propagação in vitro tem se destacado como uma técnica efetiva na produção em larga escala de plantas sadias de morangueiro. Neste trabalho estudamos a hiperhidricidade associado a capacidade de multiplicação in vitro na propagação de duas variedades de morangueiro (Fragaria x ananassa Duch. "Dover" e "Burkley"). Plantas mantidas em meio de cultura MS, suplementadas com 1.0 mg L-1 de BA fora individualizadas e transferidas para o mesmo meio com Ágar (6.5 g L-1) ou Phytagel® (2,5 g L-1) e BA em diferentes concentrações (0; 0,5; 1,0; 2,0 e 3,0 mg L-1). Foram realizadas análises bioquímica e anatômicas, além da caracterização morfológica do material hiper-hídrico. A análise dos dados mostrou: a) o incremento na concentração de citocinina aumentou a freqüência de hiper-hidricidade para ambas as variedades; b) concentrações maiores que 2,0 mg L-1 de BA, com a substituição do Ágar pelo Phytagel® induziu a maior formação de ramos hiper-hídricos; e c) a adição de BA induziu o estresse oxidativo, caracterizado pelo incremento da atividade antioxidante e peroxidação de lipídeos, bem como alterações a nível celular, como má formação dos estômatos e células epidérmicas. Concluindo, o meio de cultura contendo 0,5 mg L-1 de BA solidificado com Ágar promoveu menor porcentagem de hiper-hidricidade associado com maiores taxas de proliferação de gemas em morangueiro.

The accelerated aging test is usually used to evaluate seeds vigor and quality. This study aimed to investigate and establish relations among deterioration, physiological changes, and catalase enzyme activity, during the artificial aging process of Pterogyne nitens seeds. So, P. nitens seeds with and without dormancy overcoming, with the application of concentrated sulfuric acid (95-99%), for 10 minutes, were exposed to the accelerated aging test, for 0, 24, 48, and 72 hours, determining the germination percentage, lipids peroxidation, and catalase enzyme activity. The artificial aging process significantly affected the viability and vigor seeds, after a previous dormancy overcoming, with a decrease in germination and catalase enzyme activity and an increase in lipids peroxidation, during the aging process. For seeds that did not overcome dormancy, no relation among artificial aging, physiological changes, and enzyme activity was observed, so that dormancy acts as a protective mechanism for seeds oxidative stress.

Ceriporiopsis subvermispora is a selective fungus in the wood delignification and the most promising in biopulping. Through the lipid peroxidation initiated by manganese peroxidase (MnP), free radicals can be generated, which can act in the degradation of lignin nonphenolic structures. This work evaluated the prooxidant activity (based in lipid peroxidation) of enzymatic extracts from wood biodegradation by this fungus in cultures containing exogenous calcium, oxalic acid or soybean oil. It was observed that MnP significant activity is required to promote lipid peroxidation and wood delignification. Positive correlation between prooxidant activity x MnP was observed up to 300 IU kg-1 of wood.

Este estudo objetivou avaliar a prevenção da oxidação lipídica em charque através do uso de substâncias antioxidantes naturais e do antioxidante sintético butil hidroxitolueno (BHT). Utilizou-se bovino da raça Holandesa e o corte ponta de agulha para a elaboração das peças de charque. Os tratamentos foram: Controle (sem adição de antioxidante), Tocoferol (adição de 0,03 %), Ficocianina (adição de 0,5 %), BHT (adição de 0,01 %), Tocoferol e Ácido ascórbico (adição de 0,03 % de cada) e cada tratamento foi composto por 5 mantas de charque. Os percentuais de antioxidantes foram adicionados com base no teor de lipídios da matéria-prima. Após o período de elaboração do charque, tempo zero, as mantas foram armazenadas em temperatura ambiente de 25 °C por 60 dias. Amostras representativas foram retiradas para a análise da oxidação lipídica através de índice de peróxidos (IP) e de índice de substâncias reativas ao ácido 2-tiobarbitúrico (TBARS). Os antioxidantes utilizados atenuaram a oxidação lipídica do charque e, dentre os antioxidantes naturais testados, a ficocianina apresentou a maior inibição da formação de peróxidos. O antioxidante α-tocoferol apresentou melhor eficiência quando utilizado sinergicamente com o ácido ascórbico. Os resultados de TBARS indicaram que o BHT apresentou maior inibição e, dentre os naturais testados, a mistura de ácido ascórbico com tocoferol foi a mais eficiente. A utilização de antioxidantes naturais pode se tornar uma alternativa no retardamento da oxidação lipídica em charque e produtos similares.This study aimed to evaluate the prevention of lipid oxidation in jerked beef through the use of natural antioxidant substances and the synthetic antioxidant BHT. It was used spare ribs from Holstein cattle to elaborate the jerked beef pieces. The treatments were: Control (no addition of antioxidant), Tocopherol (addition of 0,03 %), Phycocyanin (addition of 0,5 %), BHT (addition of 0,01 %), Tocopherol and Ascorbic acid (addition of 0,03 % of each one), and each treatment had five slabs of jerked beef. The percentages of antioxidants added were according to the lipid content of the raw material. After preparation, zero time, the slabs were stored for 60 days at room temperature, 25 °C. Representative samples were taken for the analysis of lipid oxidation by way of the peroxide value (PV) and 2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS). The antioxidants attenuated the lipid oxidation of jerked beef and, among the natural antioxidants which were tested, Phycocyanin showed the highest inhibition of peroxide formation. The antioxidant α-tocopherol presented a better efficiency when used synergistically with ascorbic acid. The TBARS results indicated that BHT showed the highest inhibition and, among the natural antioxidants tested, the mixture of ascorbic acid with tocopherol was more efficient. The use of natural antioxidants may become an alternative in delaying lipid oxidation in jerked beef and similar products.

The effects of water stress and rehydration on leaf gas exchange characteristics along with changes in lipid peroxidation and pirogalol peroxidase (PG-POD) were studied in mature and in young leaves of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.), which were grown in a greenhouse. Water stress reduced photosynthesis (Pn), stomatal conductance (g s), and transpiration (E) in both young and mature leaves. However, the amplitude of the reduction was dependent on leaf age. The intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci) was increased in mature leaves but it was not altered in young leaves. Instantaneous water use efficiency (WUE) in mature stressed leaves was reduced when compared to control leaves while in young stressed leaves it was maintained to the same level as the control. After 24h of rehydration, most of the parameters related to gas exchange recovered to the same level as the unstressed plants except gs and E in mature leaves. Water stress did not activated PG-POD independently of leaf age. However, after rehydration the enzyme activity was increased in mature leaves and remained to the same as the control in young leaves. Malondialdehyde (MDA) content was increased by water stress in both mature and young leaves. The results suggest that young leaves are more susceptible to water stress in terms of gas exchange characteristics than mature leaves although both went through oxidative estresse.Os efeitos do estresse hídrico e da reidratação nas trocas gasosas juntamente com alterações na lipoperoxidação e atividade da pirogalol peroxidase (PG-POD) foram estudados em folhas adultas e jovens de plantas de girassol (Helianthus annuus L.) cultivadas em casa de vegetação. O estresse hídrico reduziu a fotossíntese (P N), a condutância estomática (g s) e a transpiração (E) nas folhas adultas e jovens. No entanto, a amplitude da redução foi dependente da idade da folha. A concentração intercelular de CO2 (Ci) aumentou nas folhas adultas, mas não apresentou alteração nas folhas jovens sob condições de estresse hídrico. A eficiência instantânea do uso da água (WUE) nas folhas adultas e estressadas foi reduzida em comparação com o controle, enquanto que, nas folhas jovens e estressadas, não foi alterada. Após 24h de reidratação, as folhas apresentaram valores semelhantes aos dos controles em todos os parâmetros relacionados com as trocas gasosas, exceto gs e E nas folhas adultas. O estresse hídrico não ativou a PG-POD, independente da idade da folha, e após a reidratação a atividade da PG-POD foi aumentada apenas nas folhas adultas. O estresse hídrico aumentou o teor de malondialdeído (MDA) nas folhas adultas e jovens. Os resultados sugerem que as folhas jovens são mais susceptívies ao déficit hídrico em termos de trocas gasosas que as folhas adultas, embora ambas tenham sido expostas ao estresse oxidativo.

OBJETIVO: comparar marcadores séricos de estresse oxidativo entre pacientes inférteis com e sem endometriose e avaliar a associação destes marcadores com o estadiamento da doença. MÉTODOS: estudo prospectivo envolvendo a inclusão consecutiva de 112 pacientes inférteis, não-obesas, com idade inferior a 39 anos, divididas em dois grupos: Endometriose (n=48, sendo 26 com endometriose mínima e leve - Estádio I/II e 22 com endometriose moderada e grave - Estádio III/IV) e Controle (n=64, com fator tubário e/ou masculino de infertilidade). Durante a fase folicular precoce do ciclo menstrual, foram coletadas amostras sanguíneas para análise dos níveis séricos de malondialdeído, glutationa e níveis totais de hidroperóxidos, por espectrofotometria e vitamina E, por cromatografia líquida de alto desempenho. Os resultados obtidos foram comparados da seguinte forma: os grupos endometriose versus controle; endometriose estádio I/II e controle, endometriose estádio III/IV e controle e entre os dois subgrupos de endometriose. Em todas as análises, foi considerado o nível de significância de 5% (pPURPOSE: to compare serum markers of oxidative stress between infertile patients with and without endometriosis and to assess the association of these markers with disease staging. METHODS: this was a prospective study conducted on 112 consecutive infertile, non-obese patients younger than 39 years, divided into two groups: Endometriosis (n=48, 26 with minimal and mild endometriosis - Stage I/II, and 22 with moderate and severe endometriosis - Stage III/IV) and Control (n=64, with tubal and/or male factor infertility). Blood samples were collected during the early follicular phase of the menstrual cycle for the analysis of serum malondialdehyde, glutathione and total hydroxyperoxide levels by spectrophotometry and of vitamin E by high performance liquid chromatography. The results were compared between the endometriosis and control groups, stage I/II endometriosis and control, stage III/IV endometriosis and control, and between the two endometriosis subgroups. The level of significance was set at 5% (p

O efeito protetor exercido por frutas e hortaliças tem sido atribuído à presença de compostos antioxidantes. Objetivou-se, neste estudo, avaliar in vitro a capacidade antioxidante de um grupo de frutas e hortaliças, cruas e cozidas, através da diminuição da peroxidação lipídica, induzida por ferro em fígado de ratos. Foram utilizados fígados de ratos homogeneizados, que foram submetidos à oxidação pelo ferro. As frutas e hortaliças foram utilizadas como antioxidantes, a fim de combater o estresse oxidativo induzido pelo ferro. O método utilizado neste trabalho foi a Reação ao Ácido Tiobarbitúrico (TBARS), tendo como marcador para avaliar o estresse oxidativo o Malonaldeído (MDA). De acordo com os resultados obtidos, observou-se que houve uma diminuição significativa do estresse oxidativo no grupo das frutas e das hortaliças cruas e cozidas com ferro, quando o fígado foi submetido à oxidação deste micronutriente. No grupo das frutas e das hortaliças cruas e cozidas sem ferro, ocorreu redução significativa do estresse oxidativo, apenas em determinadas frutas e hortaliças. O consumo de uma dieta rica em frutas e hortaliças contribui com a defesa antioxidante do organismo, inibindo danos oxidativos em macromoléculas in vitro.The protector effect of fruits and vegetables has been attributed to the presence of antioxidant compounds. The objective of this study was to evaluate the in vitro antioxidant activity of a group of raw and cooked fruits and vegetables, through the decrease of lipid peroxidation, induced by iron in rat livers. Homogenized liver of rats that were submitted to iron oxidation were used in this experiment. The fruits and vegetables were used as antioxidants, in order to combat the oxidative stress induced by the iron. The method used in this experiment was the thiobarbituric acid reaction (TBARS), with malondialdehyde (MDA) used as a marker to evaluate the oxidative stress. In accordance with the results, a significant reduction of oxidative stress was observed in the groups of raw fruits and vegetables and fruits and vegetables cooked with iron, when the liver was submitted to the oxidation of this micronutrient. In the groups of raw fruits and vegetables and fruits and vegetables cooked without iron, a significant reduction of the oxidative stress occurred, only in certain fruits and vegetables. The consumption of a diet rich in fruits and vegetables may contribute to the antioxidant defense of the organism, inhibiting in vitro oxidative damages in macromolecules.

OBJETIVO: avaliar o nível de peroxidação lipídica e vitamina E no fluido folicular e soro de pacientes inférteis, com ou sem endometriose, submetidas à indução da ovulação para procedimentos de reprodução assistida. MÉTODOS: estudo prospectivo envolvendo, consecutivamente, 36 pacientes inférteis com idade entre 20 e 38 anos, divididas em dois grupos: Endometriose (n=17) e Controle (n=19, laqueadura tubária prévia ou fator masculino). Amostras sanguíneas foram coletadas em: D1 (imediatamente antes do início do uso de gonadotrofinas), D2 (dia da aplicação da gonadotrofina coriônica humana) e D3 (dia da aspiração folicular). Em D3, amostras de fluido folicular livres de contaminação sanguínea foram coletadas e armazenadas. O nível de eroxidação lipídica foi mensurado pela quantificação de malondialdeído (MDA) por espectrofotometria, e o status antioxidante por meio da medida da vitamina E por cromatografia líquida de alta pressão. RESULTADOS: em D1, nenhuma diferença significante foi observada entre os Grupos Endometriose (2,4 nmol/mL) e Controle (1,9 nmol/mL) no nível de MDA. Contudo, os níveis de vitamina E foram significativamente mais elevados no Grupo Controle (24 mimol/L). Em D2, os níveis de MDA foram significantemente maiores no Grupo Endometriose (2,3 nmol/mL) quando comparados com o Controle (1,4 nmol/mL), enquanto os níveis de vitamina E permaneceram significativamente mais elevados no Controle (23,4 mimol/L). Em D3 não houve diferença significante nos níveis de MDA e de vitamina E do soro e fluido folicular entre os grupos. Contudo, em D3, os níveis de vitamina E foram significativamente mais elevados no soro do que no fluido folicular em ambos os grupos, e os níveis de MDA foram significativamente menores no fluido folicular do que no soro apenas no Grupo Controle. CONCLUSÃO: antes do início da indução da ovulação, uma diminuição significativa nos níveis séricos de vitamina E foi observada em pacientes com endometriose, cujo consumo poderia estar contribuindo para a manutenção de níveis séricos de MDA similares ao Grupo Controle. Depois da indução da ovulação com gonadotrofinas exógenas, o grupo de pacientes com endometriose apresentou não somente aumento nos níveis séricos de MDA, mas também manteve status antioxidante inferior ao Grupo Controle. Contudo, no dia da captação oocitária, ambos os níveis séricos de MDA e de vitamina E foram semelhantes nos dois grupos.PURPOSE: to assess the level of lipid peroxidation (LP) and vitamin E in the follicular fluid and serum of infertile patients, with or without endometriosis, submitted to induction of ovulation for assisted reproduction procedures. METHODS: infertile patients aged 20 to 38 years old were selected prospectively and consecutively and divided into Endometriosis Group (17 patients with pelvic endometriosis) and Control Group (19 patients with previous tubal ligation or with male factor). Blood samples were collected on: D1 (before the beginning of the use of gonadotrophins), D2 (day of human chorionic gonadotrofin application) and D3 (day of oocyte retrieval). On D3, follicular fluid samples free from blood contamination were also collected and stored. LP was assessed for malondialdehyde (MDA) quantification by spectrophotometry, and antioxidant status by measurement of vitamin E by HLPC. RESULTS: on D1, no significant difference in LP was observed between groups. However, vitamin E levels were significantly higher in the Control Group. On D2, LP levels were significantly higher in the Endometriosis Group compared to Control and vitamin E levels continued to be significantly higher in the Control Group. On D3, there was no significant difference in both serum and follicular fluid levels of LP or vitamin E between groups. However, on D3, vitamin E levels were found to be significantly higher in serum than in follicular fluid in both groups, whereas MDA levels were significantly lower in follicular fluid than in serum only in the Control Group. CONCLUSION: before the beginning of the induction of ovulation, a significant decrease in antioxidant status was observed in patients with endometriosis, perhaps because antioxidants are consumed during oxidation reactions. After the induction of ovulation with exogenous gonadotrophins, the group of patients with endometriosis presented not only increased lipid peroxidation compared to Control, but also maintained a lower antioxidant status than the Control Group. However, on the day of oocyte retrieval, both serum LP potential and the levels of vitamin E were found to be similar in both groups.

OBJETIVO: avaliar o estresse oxidativo em tecido cardíaco de ratas ooforectomizadas, com ou sem terapia hormonal. MÉTODOS: ratas Wistar foram divididas em três grupos: grupo controle (GC), grupo ooforectomizada (GO) e grupo ooforectomizada + suplementação hormonal (GOS). A privação estrogênica foi obtida pela ooforectomia bilateral. Uma semana após a ooforectomia, um pellet de 1,5 mg de 17beta-estradiol foi implantado nos animais do grupo GOS. Nove semanas após a ooforectomia, o tecido cardíaco foi obtido para a análise do estresse oxidativo por meio da medida da quimiluminescência e da atividade das enzimas antioxidantes catalase (CAT), superóxido dismutase (SOD) e glutationa peroxidase (GPx). RESULTADOS: a quimiluminescência estava aumentada no GO (7348±312 cps/mg proteína) quando comparado ao GC (6250±41 cps/mg proteína, pPURPOSE: to evaluate oxidative stress in cardiac tissue of ovariectomized rats, with and without hormonal therapy. METHODS: female Wistar rats were divided in three groups: control group (CG); ovariectomized group (OG); ovariectomized group with estrogen supplementation (ESG). The estrogen deprivation was done through bilateral ovariectomy. After one week from the ovariectomy, a pellet of 1.5 mg of 17beta-estradiol was implanted in the ESG animals. Nine weeks after the ovariectomy, cardiac tissue was obtained for the analysis of the oxidative stress through CL (chemiluminescence), and measurement of antioxidant enzymes catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and gluthatione peroxidase (GPx). RESULTS: CL was increased in the OG (7348±312 cps/mg protein) when compared with the CG (6250±41 cps/mg protein, p

Smoking is the leading cause of preventable death worldwide, according to the World Health Organization (WHO). It is estimated that one-third of adult worldwide population, that is, 1.2 billion people are smokers. Because of this, it is relevant to evaluate the damage caused by exposure to cigarette smoke, which includes different cellular types. In line with this, the present study assessed in vitro the cytotoxic effect and peroxidation levels of human leukocytes exposed to cigarette smoke simulating a closed environment for smokers, through the cellular viability test and TBARS. The results found showed that all cigarette trademarks tested caused a significant decrease in leukocyte viability and an increase in the malondialdehyde concentration, when compared to the negative control. However, this cell viability decrease cannot be attributed solely to the lipid peroxidation levels, but possibly to the set of compounds found in cigarette smoke, some of these stated on the label thereof. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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OBJETIVO: Comparar os efeitos da atorvastatina, fluvastatina, pravastatina e simvastatina sobre a função endotelial, a aterosclerose aórtica e o teor de malonodialdeído (MDA) nas LDL nativas, oxidadas e na parede arterial de coelhos hipercolesterolêmicos, depois que as doses destas estatinas foram ajustadas para reduzir o colesterol total plasmático a valores similares. MÉTODOS: Coelhos machos, foram separados em grupos de 10 animais (n=10), chamados hipercolesterolêmico (controle), atorvastatina, fluvastatina, pravastatina e normal. A exceção do grupo normal, os animais foram alimentados com ração padrão acrescida de colesterol a 0,5% e óleo de coco a 2% durante 45 dias. As drogas foram administradas a partir do 15º dia do início do experimento e no 30º dia, as doses foram ajustadas, através do controle do colesterol plasmático, para obter valores semelhantes em cada grupo. Ao final do experimento foi dosado o colesterol plasmático e as lipoproteinas e retirado um segmento de aorta torácica para estudo da função endotelial, da peroxidação lipídica e exame histológico para medida da aterosclerose aórtica. RESULTADOS: As estatinas reduziram significantemente o colesterol total plasmático, as LDL-colesterol e a aterosclerose aórtica. O teor de MDA também foi significantemente reduzido nas LDL nativas e oxidadas, assim como na parede arterial. O relaxamento-dependente do endotélio foi significantemente maior no grupo tratado em comparação ao hipercolesterolêmico. CONCLUSÃO: As estatinas, em doses ajustadas, tiveram efeito significante e similar em reduzir a peroxidação lipídica nas LDL e na parede arterial, na regressão da aterosclerose aórtica e na reversão da disfunção endotelial.OBJECTIVE: To compare the effects of atorvastatin, fluvastatin, pravastatin, and simvastatin on endothelial function, aortic atherosclerosis, and the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) in native and oxidized LDL and in the arterial wall of hypercholesterolemic rabbits after adjusting the dosages of those statins to reduce total serum cholesterol levels to similar values. METHODS: Male rabbits were divided into the following 6 groups of 10 animals (n=10): 1) GH (control) - hypercholesterolemic animals; 2) GA - atorvastatin; 3) GF - fluvastatin; 4) GP - pravastatin; 5) GS - simvastatin; and 6) GN - normal. The animals were fed a standard food preparation enriched with 0.5% cholesterol and 2% coconut oil for 45 days. Fifteen days after beginning the experiment, atorvastatin, fluvastatin, pravastatin and simvastatin were administered for 15 days through gavage, and the dosages were adjusted to obtain similar cholesterol values in each group. At the end of the experiment, a blood sample was withdrawn for determining total cholesterol and separating the lipoproteins, and a segment of the thoracic aorta was removed to be used for studying endothelial function and lipid peroxidation, and for measuring aortic atherosclerosis in histological sections. RESULTS: The statins significantly reduced total serum cholesterol levels, LDL-cholesterol levels, and aortic atherosclerosis. The MDA content was also significantly reduced in native and oxidized LDL, as well as in the arterial wall. Endothelium-dependent relaxation was significantly greater in the treated group compared with that in the hypercholesterolemic group. CONCLUSION: The statins, at dosages adjusted, had a significant and similar effect in reducing lipid peroxidation in native and oxidized LDL-C and in arterial walls, in decreasing aortic atherosclerosis, and in reverting endothelial dysfunction.

Lipid oxidation is one of the most important factors that limit the useful life and the commercial stability of meat and meat products. Lipid oxidation of goat meat stored under freezing, at times 0, 30, 60 and 120 days, was studied using parts of the longissimus dorsi muscle, from animals goats, Anglo-Nubian breed, male, unneutered, with less than eight months old raised extensively. To do so, we performed analysis of index to 2-thiobarbituric reactive substances (TBARS) acid, peroxide value and the chromatographic analysis of gas phase substances. According to the results found for TBARS and peroxide, the samples did not differ significantly (p> 0.05) in relation to storage time. Stood out as major fatty acids, palmitic, stearic and oleic. The storage temperature of -18 °C contributed to the maintenance of the quality of goat meat for at least 120 days. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study was investigate the use of the prednisone and meloxicam in treatment of rats underwent to the experimental model of acute spinal cord injury with 2Fr Fogarty catheter, with evaluation of the oxidative stress, neurological test and histopathological analysis of the spinal cord. Ninety rats were separated into six equal groups denominated saline control or SCG, prednisone control or PCG, meloxicam control or MCG, saline and injury or STG, prednisone and injury PTG and meloxicam and injury MTG. Each group was divide into three subgroups according to treatment time in the postoperative period of 24h, 72h and seven days. All the rats underwent laminectomy and in the groups STG,MTG and PTG, after exposure of the spinal cord it was performed a compressive spinal cord injury with a 2Fr Fogarty catheter. The SCG and STG were treated with saline, MSG and MTG, with meloxicam and PSG and PTG with prednisone. All rats were evaluated for oxidative stress, neurological tests and histopathology of the spinal cord. Neurological tests were performed with Basso, Beattie e Bresnahan score (BBB), inclined plane and deep pain 24 hours before and after surgery and repeated every 48 hours until the day of euthanasia. The groups STG, MTG and PTG in the different times were zero point in the BBB scale and three points in the inclined plane and absence of deep pain. MTG and PTG had lower catalase activity and TBARS levels when compared to the STG. In the histopathological analysis it was found Wallerian degeneration and necrosis of gray matter of intensity variation. Meloxicam and prednisone can exhibit antioxidant effect, but the necrosis and Wallerian degeneration were not stop in rats underwent to acute spinal cord injury. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This study aimed at comparing the inflammatory response and the oxydative profi le of the conventional ovarysalpingohysterectomy (OSH) technique to Totally Natural Orifi ce Transluminal Endoscopic Surgery (NOTES) and Hybrid NOTES. Group of fifteen female dogs was used for each technique. Blood samples were taken before the surgical procedure (basal) and 3, 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72h postoperative. The catalase activity was increased in the three studied groups. Nevertheless, lipid peroxidation, measured by TBARS (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances) levels, was higher in the conventional group and almost indistinguishable in the total NOTES group. In the three analyzed groups, both butyrylcholinesterase and acetylcholinesterase activities were increased as well as the neutrophil counts during the first post-surgical hours. It is possible to conclude that systemic inflammation occurs in a similar way in the three operative techniques; however, total NOTES technique presents lower levels of cellular oxidative damage, particularly if compared to the conventional approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The in vitro antioxidant potential of the monoterpene cyano-carvone was tested against the formation of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and production of hydroxyl radical and nitric oxide. It was observed that cyano-carvone (0.9, 1.8, 3.6, 5.4 and 7.2 µg/mL) was capable of reducing lipid peroxidation induced by 2,2'-azobis-2-amidinopropane (AAPH), thus inhibiting TBARS generation. Similar results were obtained with Trolox (140 µg/mL), a synthetic analogue of the hydrophilic α-tocopherol, which is widely used as an antioxidant standard. This result suggests that cyano-carvone may exert an antioxidant effect against lipid peroxidation in vivo. Cyano-carvone also led to removal of the hydroxyl radical, indicating a potential ability to protect against in vitro cell damage produced by this radical. Trolox also reduced significantly the amount of this radical. Regarding nitric oxide production, this was significantly lowered by cyano-carvone, demonstrating an antioxidant property in vitro, which could be exploited in vivo to protect biomolecules such as lipids of the cell membrane. In sum, cyano-carvone showed an in vitro antioxidant potential, by its capacity to remove hydroxyl radicals and nitric oxide, and prevented TBARS formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background: Antioxidants are molecules or substances able to convert the reactive oxygen species (ROS) in water, preventing its overproduction. In an attempt to reduce or eliminate oxidative stress during cryopreservation, antioxidants, especially catalase and trolox®, have been added to the freezing medium to maximize cell survival after the process of freezing / thawing. These substances have been used mainly in the cryopreservation of semen, embryos and oocytes. Given the importance of adding these agents in cryopreservation of mammal germ cells, this review aims to describe issues related to the addition of catalase and trolox® for maintaining the viability of these cells in the cryopreservation process. Review: Numerous protocols for germ cells cryopreservation have achieved satisfactory results in different species, although some points of these protocols still require adjustments in order to succeed in the repeatability of results. Cryopreservation can affect negativelly cell and / or tissues viability by several factors, including the formation of intracellular ice crystals, solution effect and toxicity caused by the inappropriate use of cryoprotective agents. Currently, several studies have emphasized the damage caused by the formation of ROS during cryopreservation processes, leading to oxidative stress. ROS formed during the cryopreservation process can degrade essential molecules to cells, including the polyunsaturated lipids present in the cell membrane (lipid peroxidation), leading them to death. In order to prevent oxidative stress that occurs during cryopreservation, some researchers have tested the addition of antioxidants to the freezing medium in order to achieve higher rates of cell survival after the thawing process. Antioxidants are substances that can neutralize ROS, thus reducing its power of chemical reaction. These substances act by two systems: a non-enzymatic, including various hydrophilic and lipophilic compounds such as α-tocopherol, and an enzyme, which is usually the first system to act in the cell, such as catalase. Antioxidants can act in two ways, i.e., repairing the injuries occurred, or even more efficiently, eliminating the ROS before they cause damage to cells, as is the case of α-tocopherol and catalase. Because of its great importance, these antioxidants (catalase and α-tocopherol, and its analogue trolox®) have been tested successfully in cryopreservation protocols and in vitro culture, especially in semen, embryos and oocytes. However, the use of these agents should be studied carefully, since some studies have demonstrated dose-dependent toxicity. Discussion: Cryopreservation is a technique that guarantees the preservation of gametes, for an indefinite period, to later use in assisted reproductive technologies. However, the application of this technique can lead to oxidative stress, mainly due to lipid peroxidation and consequently irreversible cell damages. An alternative to the elimination or reduction of these effects is the addition of antioxidants such as catalase and trolox® in cryopreservation protocols, which has shown promising results to increase the rate of cell viability after thawing. However, further studies are needed in this area to determine the type and the optimal concentrations of these substances for each structure to be cryopreserved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]