Search

The study of the historical intersections that shaped the history of international organizations and the history of decolonization has been the subject of increasing historiographical attention in the last couple of decades. The main aim of this introduction to the special theme section on International Organizations in the Era of Decolonization is to identify some of the most promising scientific developments that took place in this field, connecting them to specific historical phenomena and processes. The text concludes by showing how the different articles that are part of this theme section dialogue with, and try to respond to, some of these intellectual questions and problems.

In 1961-1962, the Portuguese imperial administration undertook a number of political, administrative and social reforms, putting an end to the indigenato regime. This article demonstrates that, both in timing and content, the dynamics of legal and political change were closely related to actors, events, and processes located beyond imperial borders, in articulation with local dynamics, in national and colonial settings. Such reforms can only be rigorously understood if these dimensions are analytically integrated. With a longer history, not reducible to this two-year period, such dynamics of change were significantly marked by the participation of the Portuguese authorities in a disputed conversation – of global origin, scope and impact, involving different institutions and across distinct geographies – about the multiple configurations of ethnic-racial and socio-cultural difference and the contested postulates of sovereignty and self-determination politics. This article is part of the special theme section on International Organizations in the Era of Decolonization, guest-edited by José Pedro Monteiro.

Copyright of Education Policy Analysis Archives / Archivos Analíticos de Políticas Educativas / Arquivos Analíticos de Políticas Educativas is the property of Educational Policy Analysis Archives & Education Review and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Latin American & Caribbean Studies (Routledge) is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Tempo (1413-7704) is the property of Universidade Federal Fluminense, Departamento de Historia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Debates is the property of Revista Debates and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

ABSTRACT – The safety of journalists who cover conflicts has been an issue that has raised concern within the War in Ukraine (2022) and the one in Gaza (2024), which has led to international organizations to raise awareness among international organizations to develop new measures and strategies to guarantee the protection of journalists. In a context in which organizations become creators of content and build connections with their audiences, this paper analyses the main characteristics, structure, content, and communication channels of the Virtual Press Rooms of international organizations dedicated to the safety of journalists. The use of the Press Rooms as storage for information and the lack of unified criteria in their naming, the lack of a target audience corporate image strategies, opens up new research lines regarding the role of these organizations in supplying documentation to aid journalists. RESUMO – A segurança dos jornalistas que enfrentam conflitos foi um tema que saltou na agenda pública com a Guerra da Ucrânia (2022) e o conflito em Gaza (2023), e levou organizações internacionais a realizar petições públicas para implementar novas medidas e estratégias vinculadas à proteção dos periodistas. Em um contexto em que as organizações se convertem em criadoras de conteúdo e vínculos com seus públicos, este trabalho analisa as características, estrutura, conteúdo e recursos de interação das salas de imprensa virtuais (SPV) das organizações internacionais dedicadas à segurança dos periodistas sobre o terreno. O uso das salas de imprensa como repositório de conteúdo informativo, a desavença de critérios em sua denominação, a falta de um objetivo público definido e a presença de recursos e manuais intermitentes para os jornalistas no terreno, abrem novos horizontes de estudo sobre o papel destas organizações como administradoras de materiais especializadas em segurança durante coberturas de conflito. RESUMEN – La seguridad de los periodistas que cubren conflictos ha sido un tema que ha saltado a la agenda pública con la Guerra de Ucrania (2022) y el conflicto en Gaza (2023), y ha llevado a organizaciones internacionales a realizar peticiones públicas para implementar nuevas medidas y estrategias vinculadas a la protección de los periodistas. En un contexto en el que las organizaciones se convierten en creadoras de contenidos y vínculos con sus públicos, este trabajo analiza las características, estructura, contenidos y recursos de interacción de las salas de prensa virtuales (SPV) de las organizaciones internacionales dedicadas a la seguridad de los periodistas sobre el terreno. El uso de las salas de prensa como almacén de contenidos informativos, la desavenencia de criterios en su denominación, la falta de un público objetivo definido y la presencia intermitente de recursos y manuales para los periodistas en el terreno, abren nuevos horizontes de estudio sobre el papel de estas organizaciones como suministradoras de materiales especializados en seguridad durante coberturas de conflicto.

The article aims to analyze the Brazilian educational policies of the nineties. Therefore, the international political-economic scenario of Latin America in the late seventies and eighties is presented. It is intended to identify, in the same way, trends and constitutive concepts of educational policies, especially the particular use that is made of the notion of “competences”, based on documents from national organizations and multilateral agencies. To support the choices and discussions developed in the article, historical-dialectical materialism is used, as it makes it possible to historically analyze the changes in educational legislation. The results reveal that the educational policies of that period were based on the perspective of capital, following the orientation of international organizations, of a neoliberal nature.

Copyright of Revista Opinião Jurídica is the property of Revista Opiniao Juridica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This work aims to outline reflections and discussions about neoliberal educational policies for teacher training, engendered from the 1990s onwards, in order to understand the relationships that are established between these policies and the reasons that determined the legal obligation of the offering degree courses at the Federal Institutes of Education, Science and Technology (IF). The methodology used in the investigation was of a qualitative nature, carried out through documentary and bibliographic research in authors who are dedicated to unraveling the dichotomies and contradictions of capitalism inserted in educational policies and reforms, specifically, in authors who problematize the public policy that incorporated the teacher training courses in the scenario offered by IF. The results showed that in addition to the justification of supplying the shortage of teachers in Brazil, which is a historical and structural problem, including in the Federal Network itself, there is a clear motivation to meet and respond to the goals required by international organizations, among which the World Bank (BM), to be highlighted. Among the findings of the research, it is evident that the training courses for teachers offered in the Institutes, for the most part, have an instrumental teaching, centered on technical rationality, due to the fact that there are still teachers working in the degrees without having pedagogical training and also due to the fact that the IF, in essence, are vocational education institutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Estudios Internacionales is the property of Instituto de Estudios Internacionales de la Universidad de Chile and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Lusofona de Educacao is the property of Universidade Lusofona de Humanidades e Tecnologias, CEIEF and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Reflexão & Ação is the property of Universidade de Santa Cruz do Sul and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ensaio: Avaliação e Políticas Públicas em Educação is the property of Ensaio: Avaliacao e Politicas Publicas em Educacao and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Lusofona de Educacao is the property of Universidade Lusofona de Humanidades e Tecnologias, CEIEF and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Mural Internacional is the property of Editora da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (EdUERJ) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Carta Internacional is the property of Associacao Brasileira de Relacoes Internacionais and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de Relaciones Internacionales, Estrategia y Seguridad is the property of Revista de Relaciones Internacionales, Estrategia y Seguridad and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article examines the question of jurisdiction immunities of international organizations and their importance for a system of protection of such institutions, emphasizing the conflict with the principle of access to justice and the possibility, as a result of this violation, of the relativization of the immunity of these international organizations.

Abstract This article makes the case for viewing international organisations (IOs) as global polyarchies. Our argument is twofold: on a theoretical level, IOs often meet the criterion of philosophical coherence, as they are based on rules of membership and decision-making that are compatible with those found in democratic institutions. On a practical level, we believe the concerns of IOs about pluralism, inclusiveness and efficacy go far beyond rhetoric, and may decisively influence their activities as well as their outcomes. To this end, the first section explores Robert Dahl’s concept of polyarchy and applies this to global institutions. In the subsequent sections, we advance our empirical argument with the UN as a case study. We reach three main conclusions. The first is that, at the bureaucratic level, the UN Secretariat performs some typically democratic functions, such as multilateral representation and the constitution of international regimes, which turns it into an important channel for feasible democracy in international politics. Second, at the multilateral level, the UN General Assembly (UNGA) represents a specific kind of representative polyarchy by allowing the greatest possible number of countries to have an equal say in global affairs. And third, it also serves as a gateway for multilevelled international representation by including a diversity of non-state actors in what has been called the ‘Third United Nations.’

Copyright of Carta Internacional is the property of Associacao Brasileira de Relacoes Internacionais and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista HISTEDBR on-line is the property of Universidade Estadual de Campinas - Portal de Periodicos Eletronicos Cientificos and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de Relações Internacionais is the property of Institute of International Relations of Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Políticas Culturais em Revista is the property of Politicas Culturais em Revista and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract The scenario of International Development Cooperation has been transformed in the new century by the increase of South-South Cooperation (SSC). In response, the North has deployed its influence through International Organizations (IO) to moderate and model the agendas and institutions of the South. Uruguay is a good example of how IOs’ interests and methodologies have influenced cooperation strategies and institutionalization processes in developing countries through diffusion mechanisms.

A mediados del Siglo XX diversos países democráticos suscribieron convenios y tratados; algunos se promovieron a manera de modelo a seguir por las naciones, principalmente por aquellas en subdesarrollo; esas naciones reunidas por la ONU (Organización de las Naciones Unidas) comenzaron un trabajo conjunto para pro¬mover la democracia, el desarrollo social, cultural y económico, en el que la infor¬mación comenzó a ocupar un lugar importante. El texto explica, de forma general, el desarrollo histórico de las directrices internacionales en materia de información y cómo influyeron en México. En el primer apartado señalo antecedentes y contexto general de acciones que favorecieron el tratamiento de información pública; en el segundo, señalo el caso mexicano y las principales políticas de la información; en el tercero abordo cómo, desde mediados del S. XX, comenzó la profesionalización en la organización documental por necesidades administrativas y el fortalecimiento democrático por medio de la Transparencia y Acceso a la Información donde la información pública requirió de la implementación de Políticas de Información. Con este fenómeno es posible advertir los orígenes de la modificación histórica de los paradigmas en las Ciencias de la Información, impulsados por la aparición de nuevos fenómenos relacionados con la información y su ciclo = In the middle of the twentieth century, various democratic countries signed agreements and treaties; some were promoted as a model to be followed by the nations, mainly by underdeveloped countries, those nations reunited by the UN (United Nations Organization) began a joint work to promote democracy, social, cultural and economic development, in which information began to occupy an important place. The text explains in a general way the historical development of the international guidelines on information and how they influenced Mexico. In the first section background and general context of actions that favoured the treatment of information Public is shown; the second one points to the Mexican case and the main information policies; the third one focuses on how from the mid-20th century the professionalisation in the documentary organization began due to administrative needs and democratic strengthening through transparency and access to information where public information required the implementation of Information Policies. With this phenomenon it is possible to notice the origins of the historical modification of the paradigms in the information sciences, driven by the emergence of new phenomena related to the information and its cycle.

The article proposes to analyze the meanings of inclusion from the approach of international organizations and the way in which these are expressed in the orientation of national education policies. To this end, it addresses the proposals for educational inclusion that are part of the development agendas of UNESCO and the OEI, and investigates the link between these discourses and the orientation of evaluation policies in recent Argentina. In order to understand both issues, the meanings assumed by inclusive education and promoted by these agencies to link it, at present, to key concepts such as quality and learning are analyzed. In this sense, the article focuses on one of the main dimensions of inclusive education which refers to the relevance of education in terms of learning achievements and its measurement through standardized assessment programmes, issues which have acquired renewed interest in Argentina's educational policies within the framework of the conservative restoration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Cadernos Argentina Brasil is the property of Editora da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (EdUERJ) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Muiraquitã: Revista de Letras e Humanidades is the property of Muiraquita and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

O presente artigo busca realizar uma breve análise do desenvolvimento histórico da OTAN e de suas perspectivas para o atual século.

This study is part of PIBIC / UFC / FUNCAP project entitled: "The continuing formation of teachers in the context of democratization of the school management in municipal network of Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil", which aims to identify actions and proposals involving the continuing formation process of teachers from different training areas. This is a qualitative approach research; the instruments used were documentary research and semistructured interviews with teachers and other components of the school community. In the data analysis the theoretical basis of support is the historical dialectic, to try to reach an understanding of the investigated reality. As partial results with the objects, eleven schools of the municipal network, and their segments, it appears that teacher formation policies and actions in progress signal to the alignment of education and training to meet the legal powers, international organizations and neoliberal ideology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Relações Internacionais is the property of Relacoes Internacionais and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Roteiro is the property of Roteiro and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Lua Nova is the property of CEDEC and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Sexualidad, Salud y Sociedad: Revista Latinoamericana is the property of Editora da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (EdUERJ) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Mural Internacional is the property of Editora da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (EdUERJ) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article analyzes the commercialization process of education under the neoliberal sign and shows the failure of seeking citizenship as the sole teleology able to humanize mankind. Otherwise, the commodity fetishism hides the true social relations, which are conditioned by the class-domination and education stands before the dilemma, or meet the glaring interests of capital or contribute through the implementation of emancipatory educational activities in the mass construction revolutionary. See also the invective of international organizations in collaboration process with peripheral capitalism States in order to fund the basic education and determine the knowledge to be studied. So neoliberalism is seized in schools with a tendency to perpetuate historically

Copyright of Revista Lusofona de Educacao is the property of Universidade Lusofona de Humanidades e Tecnologias, CEIEF and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article presents notes on the processes of elaboration of public policy in peripheral countries, focusing particularly on the one hand on the participation of international organizations through what is called international assistance for development, a phenomenon that emerged after the second postwar period and extends to our days; Andon the other hand in the relevant and substantive role that specialized knowledge acquires in the process of developing public policy, where social sciences occupy a prominent place. In this way, we work in this debate based on the assumption that the configuration of significant public policy processes for peripheral countries is explained by a network of relationships between national and international actors that, far from being linear and simple, is complex and dynamic. As illustrative treatment of the debate, we will outline some observations on the Uruguayan case and the reform process in the social protection scheme in the last ten years through the implementation of the Social Equity Plan (PES) as of 2008. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Mural Internacional is the property of Editora da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (EdUERJ) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Fronteira: Revista de Iniciacao Cientifica em Relacoes Internacionais is the property of Instituto de Ciencias Sociais, Departmento de Relacoes Internacionais, PUC Minas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Roteiro is the property of Roteiro and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Roteiro is the property of Roteiro and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study analyzes the action of international organizations in Brazil and Portugal, observing its implications for education policies in these two social scenarios. Guided by the historical materialism method and, more specifically, by the formulations of Antonio Gramsci, this work intends to highlight the hegemony relations that cross the educational guidelines of these organizations by identifying the application of bourgeois conception of world along the educational projects promoted by the dominant class.

Copyright of Revista da Faculdade de Direito da Uerj is the property of Editora da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (EdUERJ) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper aims to analyze the current conceptions about Brazilian teacher training, taking as its motto the educational reforms undertaken since the 1990s, which are believed to have been established by international organizations. Furthermore, the guidelines contained in documents published by the multilateral organizations, in particular those dedicated to Education, as well as the current educational legislation, were explored. The essay is theoretically based on authors such as Cury (1996), Evangelista (2014), Freitas (2011, 2013), Frigotto (2013), Leher (1998), Libâneo, Oliveira and Toschi (2012), Shiroma, Moraes and Evangelista (2004), Torres (2001), among others. As an investigation result, it can be intuited that the current educational policies focused on the formation of teachers in Brazil answers a lot the recommendations found in the international organizations' guide lines. It is understood that the many actions and norms of the Brazilian educational system, including the education professionals' training, notably from the Fernando Henrique Cardoso's government (1995-2002) and, to a certain extent, his presidential successors, Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva (2003-2010) and Dilma Rousseff (2011-2016), deal with a continuity in the alignment to the neoliberal project of a generic and abstract mold construction on the Education for the peripheral countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Fronteira: Revista de Iniciacao Cientifica em Relacoes Internacionais is the property of Instituto de Ciencias Sociais, Departmento de Relacoes Internacionais, PUC Minas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)