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Objective: Evaluate the impact of adenotonsillectomy on the humoral immune system in children, according to its surgical criteria.Methods: A total of 69 children scheduled for adenotonsillectomy were included in this study and subsequently separated into three groups according to the surgical criteria (infectious, hypertrophic and both). The levels of IgA, IgG, IgM, C3, and C4 were measured in blood samples collected in these patients before and 6 months after surgery.Results: The levels of IgG, IgA and IgM in children undergoing adenotonsillectomy showed a significant decrease in the postoperative period, while levels of C3 were significantly higher. Regarding the division according to surgery criteria there was a significant reduction in IgA in all groups, while in children operated due to obstructive criteria there was still a significant increase in C4 and decrease in IgG. In children with both surgical indications were also observed a significant decrease in IgM.Conclusion: The present study demonstrates that adenotonsillectomy has a significant impact on the serum levels of immunoglobulins and complement, and that this impact is variable depending on the surgical indication. However, immunoglobulins and complement values remained within the reference values for ages, showing that this procedure does not compromise immune function of children, regardless of age. Objectivo: Avaliar as alterações nas imuglobulinas séricas e níveis do sistema complemento em crianças submetidas a adenoamigdalectomia em função do critério cirúrgico.Materiais e Métodos: Um total de 69 crianças programadas para adenoamigdalectomia foram incluídas neste estudo e posteriormente separadas em 3 grupos conforme o critério de indicação cirúrgica (infecioso, obstrutivo e misto). Os níveis de IgA, IgG, IgM, C3 e C4 foram determinados em amostras de sangue recolhidas destes doentes antes e 6 meses depois da cirurgia.Resultados: Os níveis de IgG, IgA e IgM nas crianças submetidas a adenoamigdalectomia apresentaram uma diminuição significativa no período pós-operatório, enquanto os níveis de C3 foram significativamente maiores. Na divisão por critério cirúrgico observou-se uma diminuição significativa da IgA em todos os grupos, enquanto nas crianças operadas por critério obstrutivo registou-se ainda uma diminuição significativa da IgG e aumento de C4. Nas crianças com ambas indicações cirúrgicas foi também observada uma diminuição significativa da IgM. Conclusão: O presente estudo demonstra que a adenoamigdalectomia apresenta um impacto significativo na função imune humoral e que este impacto é variável em função da indicação cirúrgica. No entanto, os valores de imunoglobulinas e de complemento permaneceram dentro dos valores de referência, o que evidencia que este procedimento não compromete a função imune das crianças a médio prazo.

Resumo: As vitaminas são compostos orgânicos necessários em poucas quantidades no organismo, todavia indispensáveis para as funções metabólicas. Elas se inserem em inúmeras reações metabólicas, fisiológicas e imunes das células, necessárias para a manutenção da saúde animal, além de atuarem como imunoestimulante. Embora a dieta rica em folhagens verdes frescas forneça quantidades suficientes de vitaminas A, D e E a suplementação intensiva com alimentos conservados na forma de feno ou silagem pode reduzir em até 50 % dos teores destas vitaminas no alimento. Diante disso, a proposta do trabalho foi verificar se a administração parenteral de vitaminas A, D e E age como imunoestimulante em garrotes estabulados e alimentados exclusivamente com feno de tifton. Para tanto 14 bovinos foram divididos em dois grupos homogêneos, sendo o grupo S, suplementado com vitamina A, D e E em dose única de 30 mL por via intramuscular; e o grupo C, sem suplementação. Ambos os grupos foram alojados em baias parcialmente privadas de sol, e alimentados com feno por um período de três meses. A avaliação imune foi realizada por hemogramas e ensaio de função leucocitária (metabolismo oxidativo e fagocitose) nos momentos antes do tratamento, três e dez dias após os tratamentos. Tendo em vista que a suplementação com polivitamínicos A, D e E aumentou a porcentagem da atividade de células granulocítica e a intensidade da atividade de células mononucleares, além de intensificar o efeito antioxidante prolongando a sobrevida de hemácias e neutrófilos, conclui-se que esta suplementação promoveu efeito benéfico na resposta imune de bezerros da Raça Holandesa, apesar dos efeitos deletérios da alimentação exclusiva com feno e da privação parcial da incidência solar direta. Abstract: Vitamins are organic compounds which are required in small quantities in the body, however essential for the metabolic functions. They participate in numerous metabolic reactions, physiological and immune cells, needed to maintain animal health, as well as act as immunostimulants. Although the diet rich in fresh green foliage provides sufficient amounts of vitamin A, D and E, intensive supplementation with food stored in the form of hay or silage can reduce up to 50% of the levels of these vitamins in food. Given this, the proposal of this study was to verify how the parenteral administration of vitamins ADE acts as immunostimulant in steers fed exclusively with hay of tifton. For that, 14 cattle were divided into two homogeneous groups: Group S, supplemented with vitamin A, D e E given in a single intramuscular dose of 30mL, and Group C without supplementation. Both groups were housed in private stalls and fed with hay for a period of three months. Immune evaluation was performed by blood count and testing of leukocyte function (oxidative metabolism and phagocytosis) in the moments before treatment, three and ten days after the treatments. Considering that supplementation with vitamin A, D e E increased the percentage of granulocytic cell activity and the intensity of the activity of mononuclear cells, as well as intensified the antioxidant effect prolonging the survival of red blood cells and neutrophils, it can be concluded that this treatment had a beneficial effect on the immune response of Holstein calves, despite the damaging effects of exclusive feeding hay, and the partially deprivation of solar incidence.

Intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIG) preparations have been used as a substitutive therapy for primary and secondary immunodeficiencies for many years; now it is well know that IVIG can have two other important and opposite functions: pro and anti-inflammatory, depending on its concentration. Low doses of IVIG exert proinflammatory activities, that require complement activation or binding via Fc fragment of IgG to IgG Fcγ specific receptors present on effector cells of innate immunity. On the other hand, administration of high IVIG doses has anti-inflammatory activity. This manuscript presents a revision of how IVIG IgG mediated this effects, how and upon which cells from the immune system acts, their capacity to scavenging complement fragments, the recently demonstrated anti-inflammatory activity of variable minor sialylated portion of IgG molecules and finally, the importance of genetic variation and expression of Fcγ receptors. To comprehend the mechanism of action of IVIG is fundamental, not only to obtain further improvements on therapeutic effectiveness, but also to discover new and unexpected capacities of this biological bomb known as IVIG.

The first therapeutic indication, and still currently the most applied of gamma globulin, is the one which uses its substitutive capacity in patients with antibodies deficiencies. Its immunomodulatory effectiveness with pro and anti-inflammatory activity holds a second place in their indications, in autoimmune and inflammatory illnesses. The first gamma globulin to be used in patients with agammaglobulinemia in the 50’s, were of intramuscular administration, with significant limitations on the volume and the infusion’s amount, as well as being painful . For over 20 years intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) has been widely used in human pathology. The first proteolytic enzyme-treated intravenous immunoglobulins allowed large doses infusions, thereby getting higher levels of IgC circulating in plasma, a subclass profile similar to the normal population, as well as a much higher average life expectancy. The pharmaceutical industry efforts brought about new more purified and viral safer immunoglobulins. The Cohn and cold ethanol methods were quickly supplemented with ulterior procedures that strengthened the viral safety of these products. The application of molecular techniques to the screening study of plasma donors, as well as incorporating new viral inactivation procedures during its manufacture, have made of IVIG a safe product whose consumption has exponentially increased in recent years. IVIG’s high cost, the hypothetical plasma supply problems and risks associated to its administration made essential the writing of usage protocols for official agencies, which, besides, hospitals also adopted.