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Copyright of Revista Foco (Interdisciplinary Studies Journal) is the property of Revista Foco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Physalis peruviana L., also called cape gooseberry, is widely known for its nutraceutical and economic importance. However, little is known about the genetic diversity of this species at the molecular level, mainly due to its status as an orphan species. Therefore, knowledge of the genetic diversity of germplasm collections of P. peruviana will allow determining the level of genetic variability that is available to breeders for selection processes. This study assessed the genetic variation present in 40 cape gooseberry genotypes using six SRR (simple sequence repeats) molecular markers selected based on their high polymorphism in P. peruviana L. The collection was divided into three populations: DH (double haploid lines), FT (Fusarium oxysporum-tolerant genotype), and UDENAR (Universidad de Nariño). We detected 7.33 alleles using GenAlex v. 6.5 and Arlequin 3.5.2 software. Among the six markers used, SSR15 and SSR138 were the most informative. Together, these markers indicated that 22.2% of loci were polymorphic with an average expected heterozygosity of 0.09, which is considered low. The AMOVA showed that the variance within genotypes contributes to 100% of the total variance, indicating the absence of population structure. Overall, we conclude that the level of variability among genotypes is low.

Abstract Colombia is home to blackberry genetic resources which present a morphological diversity. The relevant characteristics related to its diversity are the presence of prickles, the shape of its leaves, the number and color of its fruits, and its enormous agro-industrial potential due bioactive compounds such as polyphenols. These plants can grow between 1,700 and 3,400 m asl and are cultivated in the central region of the country. The study evaluated 13 wild and cultivated plants from the genus Rubus. A molecular characterization was carried out using 16 SSR microsatellite markers, all of which produced positive amplification generating 23 loci and 26 alleles. The AMOVA indicated a molecular genetic differentiation of 23% between the groups which corresponded to the geographic location of the sample. The greatest contribution to variance is found within the groups (76%), possibly because each of them is composed of different cultivated species and wild relatives of the genus Rubus. This suggests that the grouping of the genotypes studied doesn’t necessarily correspond to geographical origin. However, the findings show high genetic variation, with an Fst value of 0.27. This may be useful in breeding programs where genetic diversity, morphological characteristics of the fruits, and the molecular identification of the fruits are taken into account.

Os objetivos neste trabalho foram investigar, em uma população de bovinos de corte mestiços a obtenção dos efeitos genéticos não-aditivos para as características peso aos 205 e 390 dias e perímetro escrotal e avaliar a consideração desses efeitos na predição dos valores genéticos dos reprodutores utilizando diferentes metodologias de estimação. No método 1, os dados foram pré-ajustados para os efeitos não-aditivos obtidos pelo método de mínimos quadrados em modelo que considerou os efeitos fixos genéticos aditivos diretos e maternos e os não-aditivos, das heterozigoses direta e materna total, e epistasia. No método 2, os efeitos não-aditivos foram considerados covariáveis no modelo genético. Valores genéticos para os dados ajustados e não-ajustados foram preditos considerando efeitos aleatórios no modelo os efeitos aditivos direto e materno e, para peso aos 205 dias, também o efeito permanente de ambiente. Os valores genéticos dos reprodutores nas categorias analisadas, para a característica peso aos 205 dias, foram organizados em arquivos com a finalidade de verificar alterações na magnitude das predições e no ordenamento dos animais, quanto aos dois métodos de correção dos dados para os efeitos não-aditivos. Os efeitos não-aditivos não se assemelham em magnitude e sentido nos dois métodos de estimação utilizados nem para as características avaliadas. Correlações de Pearson e Spearman entre os valores genéticos foram maiores que 0,94. A utilização dos métodos de estimação avaliados não implicaria em mudanças na seleção dos animais.The objective of this study was to investigate, in a population of crossbred cattle, the obtainment of the non-additive genetic effects for the characteristics weight at 205 and 390 days and scrotal circumference, and to evaluate the consideration of these effects in the prediction of breeding values of sires using different estimation methodologies. In method 1, the data were pre-adjusted for the non-additive effects obtained by least squares means method in a model that considered the direct additive, maternal and non-additive fixed genetic effects, the direct and total maternal heterozygosities, and epistasis. In method 2, the non-additive effects were considered covariates in genetic model. Genetic values for adjusted and non-adjusted data were predicted considering additive direct and maternal effects, and for weight at 205 days, also the permanent environmental effect, as random effects in the model. The breeding values of the categories of sires considered for the weight characteristic at 205 days were organized in files, in order to verify alterations in the magnitude of the predictions and ranking of animals in the two methods of correction data for the non-additives effects. The non-additive effects were not similar in magnitude and direction in the two estimation methods used, nor for the characteristics evaluated. Pearson and Spearman correlations between breeding values were higher than 0.94, and the use of different methods does not imply changes in the selection of animals.

Chicken experimental populations have been developed worldwide for QTL mapping, but their genotypic characterizations are not usually discussed. The objective of this study was to characterize genotypically two F1 reciprocal generations and their parental lines based on the estimation of genotypic parameters. These F1 generations originated two Brazilian reference populations to map QTL. The evaluated parameters were polymorphic information content (PIC), observed and expected heterozygosities and number of alleles at microsatellite loci on chromosomes 1, 3 and 4. All parental and F1 chickens from both populations were used totalling of 83 chickens: 14 from a broiler (TT) and 14 from a layer line (CC) and 55 from their reciprocal F1 generations. The chicken lines and the resource populations were developed at the National Research Center for Swine and Poultry (EMBRAPA), Brazil. Genotypes from all animals were obtained from 34 loci on chromosomes 1 (13), 3 (12) and 4 (9). Based on the sampling, we found that the two lines exhibited a total of 163 different alleles, of which 31 (31.1%) and 44 (33.0%) alleles were unique in CC and TT lines, respectively, with allelic frequencies ranging from 0.03 to 0.82. The observed heterozygosity was higher (0.68-0.71) in both F1 generations than in their founder lines due to linkage disequilibrium. Finally, the two chicken lines used as founders created two F1 reciprocal generations with high levels of PIC (0.50-0.52) and observed heterozygosity, as well as satisfactory number of alleles per locus (4.06-4.32). Our results will allow to compare and select families with highly informative microsatellite markers for QTL studies, reducing genotyping costs.Populações experimentais de frangos tem sido desenvolvidas pelo mundo para mapeamento de QTLs, mas a caracterização genotípica delas não é normalmente apresentada. O objetivo deste estudo foi caracterizar genotipicamente duas gerações F1 recíprocas e suas linhagens parentais com base na estimação de parâmetros genotípicos. Estas gerações F1 originaram duas populações brasileiras referências para mapear QTLs. Os parâmetros avaliados foram: conteúdo de informação polimórfica (PIC), heterozigosidades observada e esperada e número de alelos por loco nos cromossomos 1, 3 e 4. Todos os animais parentais e F1 de ambas as populações foram usados, em um total de 83 animais: 14 de uma linhagem de corte (TT) e 14 de uma linhagem de postura (CC), e 55 de suas gerações recíprocas F1. Tanto as linhagens como as populações referências foram desenvolvidas no Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de Suínos e Aves (EMBRAPA), Brasil. Os genótipos de todos os animais foram obtidos a partir de 34 marcadores microssatélites localizados nos cromossomos 1 (13), 3 (12) e 4 (9). Com base na amostragem realizada, as duas linhagens exibiram um total de 163 alelos, dos quais 31 (31,1%) e 44 (33,0%) foram oriundos exclusivamente de CC e TT, respectivamente, com freqüências alélicas que variaram de 0,03 a 0,82. A heterozigosidade observada foi maior (0,68-0,71) em ambas as gerações F1 do que em suas linhagens fundadoras devido ao desequilíbrio de ligação. Finalmente, as duas linhagens parentais possibilitaram a obtenção de gerações recíprocas F1 com valores elevados de PIC (0,50-0,52) e heterozigosidade observada, bem como com um número satisfatório de alelos por loco (4,06-4,32). Estes resultados permitirão comparar e selecionar famílias e marcadores microssatélites mais informativos em estudos de QTLs, reduzindo os custos de genotipagem.

The objective of this work was to determine the genetic variability available for triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack) crop improvement in Brazil. Forty-two wheat genomic microsatellites were used to estimate the molecular diversity of 54 genotypes, which constitute the base of one of the major triticale breeding programs in the country. Average heterozygosity was 0.06 and average and effective number of alleles per locus were 2.13 and 1.61, respectively, with average allelic frequency of 0.34. The set of genomic wheat microsatellites used clustered the genotypes into seven groups, even when the germplasm was originated primarily from only two triticale breeding programs, a fact reflected on the average polymorphic information content value estimated for the germplasm (0.36). The 71.42% transferability achieved for the tested microsatellites indicates the possibility of exploiting these transferable markers in further triticale genetic and breeding studies, even those mapped on the D genome of wheat, when analyzing hexaploid triticales.O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a variabilidade disponível para o melhoramento de triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack) no Brasil. Quarenta e dois microssatélites de trigo foram empregados para estimar a diversidade molecular de 54 genótipos, que constituem a base de um dos principais programas de melhoramento da espécie no país. A heterozigosidade média foi 0,06, e os números médio e efetivo de alelos por lócus foram de 2,13 e 1,61, respectivamente, com freqüência alélica média de 0,34. O conjunto de microssatélites de trigo possibilitou reunir os genótipos em sete grupos, mesmo que o germoplasma utilizado seja originado de apenas duas instituições de pesquisa, o que refletiu em baixo índice de polimorfismo médio (0,36). A taxa de transferência dos marcadores testados (71,42%) indica a possibilidade de uso desses microssatélites de trigo, até mesmo os mapeados no genoma D da espécie, na análise de triticales hexaplóides em futuros trabalhos de genética e melhoramento de triticale.

The objective of this study was to estimate the genetic variability of a dog population sample of the Poodle breed from Bogotá - Colombia. The genetic variability of 81 Poodle dogs was studied by genotyping of five microsatellite loci. The expected heterozygosity (HE) of the loci AHTk253, CXX279, INU030, INU055 and REN162C04 was 0.747, 0.788, 0.767, 0.679 and 0.751, respectively. The HE for the whole population was 0.746. The Poodle population analyzed showed high genetic diversity, and it was demonstrated that there is no a substructure in that population, which leads to a deviation in the HW equilibrium; thereby demonstrating that the population of Colombian Poodle is a perfect candidate for studies of genetic association, and biodiversity conservation of domestic animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

O efeito direto da raça Red Angus (), computado como desvio a partir do efeito direto Nelore (), e os efeitos das heterozigoses individual () e materna (), resultantes do cruzamento entre essas duas raças, foram estimados. Foi usado o método da regressão múltipla para analisar os pesos ao nascimento (PNT), à desmama (PDS) e aos 12 meses (P12M) e os ganhos de peso médios diários do nascimento à desmama (GMD_ND) e da desmama aos 12 meses (GMD_DA). Um total de 410 bezerros dos grupos Nelore, 1/2 Red Angus+1/2 Nelore, 3/4 Nelore+1/4 Red Angus e 3/4 Red Angus+1/4 Nelore, nascidos no período de 1985 a 1995, na Estação Experimental Paranavaí, no Noroeste do Estado do Paraná-Brasil, forneceu os dados para estudo. O PDS e o GMD_ND foram corrigidos para 205 dias de idade e o P12M e o GMD_DA, para 365 dias de idade. O efeito direto da raça Angus () não mostrou significância para qualquer característica analisada. O efeito da heterozigose indivdual () foi significativo para todas as características, exceto para o PNT. Os coeficientes de regressão parcial do PDS, GMD_ND, P12M e GMD_DA sobre a fração esperada de loci heterozigotos no genótipo do bezerro foram: 31±6 kg, 0,143±0,028 kg, 55±7 kg e 0,126±0,032 kg. O efeito da heterozigose materna () mostrou significância para PNT, PDS, GMD_ND e P12M. Os correspondentes coeficientes de regressão parcial foram 2,8±0,7 kg, 27±4 kg, 0,117±0,019 kg e 19±5 kg.The direct effect of Red Angus (), computed as deviation from the direct effect of Nellore (), and the effects of individual () and maternal () heterozygosity, resulting from crossing these breeds were estimated. The multiple regression method was used to analyze birth weight (PNT), weaning weight (PDS), yearling weight (P12M), and for the daily weight gain from birth to weaning time (GMD_ND) and from weaning to 12 months (GMD_DA). A total of 410 calves from the groups of Nellore, 1/2 Red Angus+1/2 Nellore, 3/4 Nellore+1/4 Red Angus and 3/4 Red Angus+1/4 Nellore, raised at Estação Experimental Paranavaí, in the North-West of Paraná State-Brazil, from 1985 to 1995, supplied the data for the study. Weaning weight and GMD_ND were corrected for 205 days of age and P12M and GMD_ DA were corrected for 365 days of age. The direct effect of the Angus breed () did not show significance for any of the studied traits. The individual heterozygosity effect () was significant for all traits, except for PNT. The partial regression coefficients of PDS, GMD_ND, P12M and GMD_DA upon the expected fraction of heterozygous loci in the genotypes of the calves were 31±6 kg, .143 ± .028 kg, 55±7 kg and .126± .032 kg. The maternal heterozygosity effect () was significant for PNT, PDS, GMD_ND and P12M. The corresponding partial regression coefficients were 2.8±0.7 kg, 27±4 kg, .117±.019kg and19±4 kg.

In genetic breeding of forest species,a base population or pre-selected higher individuals have a fundamental importance to program maintenance due to their better origins and large genetic basis, which continuously propitiates gains. The aim of this study was to verify the variability level in two Eucalyptus grandis nucleus populations. Thus, 39 individuals were evaluated - 19 in population 1, and 20 in population 2. Fourteen microsatellite primers were measured, identified and analyzed using GeneScan and Genotyper software through an ABI Prism 3100 automatic sequencer. The number of alleles in each primer varied between 5 and 15 in population 1, and from 8 to 18 in population 2. Heterozygosity was higher in population 2 - 0.869, versus 0.843 in population 1. Mean genetic distance among individuals was 0.6220 in population 1 and 0.6112 in population 2. After individual molecular characterization, a database was compiled to allow the control of these improvement programs in different selection cycles based on population genetic parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this research was to evaluate the heterozygosis and genetic group effects on fatty acids profile of feedlot finished steers, straightbreds (Charolais - C and Nellore - N), and crossbreds from second (G2) (¾C ¼N and ¾N¼C), third (G3) (5/8C 3/8N and 5/8N 3/8C) and fourth (G4) (11/16C 5/16N and 11/16N 5/16C) generation of rotational crossbreeding. The Nellore and 11/16N 5/16C meat showed higher proportion of myristic acid (C14:0) in relation to Charolais and 11/16C 5/16N meat, respectively. On the other hand, the meat of the 11/16C 5/16N steers showed higher presence of heptadecanoic acid (C17:0) and arachidonic acid (C20:4 n6) in relation to 11/16N 5/16C. The 3/4C 1/4N steers of G2 which were superior in stearic acid (C18:0) and linoleic acid (C18:2 n6c) in the total polyunsaturated fatty acids participation studied and in the ratio between polyunsaturated and saturated fatty acids, while the 3/4N 1/4C showed superiority in oleic acid (C18:1 n9c). In G3 the meat of the 5/8C 3/8N steers showed superiority in the stearic and elaidic acids (C18:1 n9t) and in the total saturated fatty acid, while the 5/8N 3/8C steers showed higher participation of the meristoleic (C14:1), cis-10-heptadecanoic(C17:1) and oleic acids and total unsaturated fatty acids. The heterosis was significant in the G2 for C17:0, C18:0, C18:1 n9c, C18:2 n6c, in the total saturated, unsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids. The 3/4C 1/4N steers showed the healthiest meat among the genetic groups studied, with higher presence of polyunsaturated fatty acids and higher polyunsaturated: saturated ratio. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]