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The dump deactivation process leads to the emergence of degraded areas that present numerous challenges for their recovery. Especially with regard to improving soil conditions. This study aimed to characterize the environmental condition of a deactivated dump area, using the sensitivity of soil quality indicators. For this, in a dump deactivated in the county of Ouro Fino-MG, two study areas were established, which are: deactivated dump area and a border area considered control (pasture), for comparison purposes. For environmental condition analysis, chemical attributes (pH in water, Ca, Mg, P, K, MOS, SB, CTC, V%, m%, Zn, Fe, Mn, Cu, B) and heavy metals (Pb, As, Hg, Cu, Ni, Co, Cr, Ba e Cd), microbiological (microbial activity and biomass and metabolic quotient) and physical (wet aggregate stability (geometric mean diameter - DMG, weighted average diameter - DMP)) of soil quality. The chemical indicators SB, CTC, Mg, Zn, pH, Ca and K, physical DMP and microbiological like biomass and qCO2 were efficient in discriminating the study areas and can be recommended in the assessment of landfill site recovery processes. For the assessment of the environmental quality of the landfill area using these indicators, it is recommended to collect soil samples at a single depth of 0-10 cm. Differences of environmental quality related to the soil should be considered for proposing different methodologies for the recovery of deactivated dump areas, which demand specific recovery techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water is essential for the existence of life and has various applications such as use for human consumption, commercial, agricultural and industrial purposes. As one of the most important constituents in any organism, water needs to be within physical, chemical, microbiological, organoleptic and radiological quality standards to be used, whether for drinking, irrigation or recreation. Thus, this work investigated the presence of possible contaminants in the surface water of the Criminoso Stream, which belongs to the Paraguay River basin in the municipality of Coxim-MS, through the analysis of physical-chemical parameters, pH, Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Turbidity, True Color, Total Hardness, Electrical Conductivity (EC), Total Chlorides, Alkalinity, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) and the influence of potentially contaminating metals: Copper (Cu), Iron (Fe), Nickel (Ni), Cadmium (Cd) and Lead (Pb). From the results obtained, we observed that some physicochemical parameters (pH, turbidity and chlorides) and the metals Cu, Ni Cd and Pd evaluated were in accordance with the legislation 357/05 in all points in the periods analyzed. Values above the allowed values were found for Color and Fe in 4 points, for Dissolved Oxygen only in points 2 and 3, and for Electrical Conductivity and Total Dissolved Solids only in point 2. The change in these values may be due to environmental impacts caused by unplanned urbanization near the stream that affects water quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This text aims at showing the song Revelations by the British heavy metal band Iron Maiden, which is part of the Piece of Mind album and presents a great and diverse thematic, emphasizing historical events, war and the predominance of religious and mystical narratives. The song Revelations is written in layers that combine Christian traditions, the esotericism and mystique of Aleister Crowley and elements of Egyptian and Hindu traditions. The core of the analysis considers the song a composition of dystopian predominance, similar with apocalyptic literature, also known as dystopia, one of the categories of analysis of the referred song. Thus, what is revealed in the song is a critique and denunciation of oppression and violence when hegemonic systems of power instrumentalize religion for the purposes of domination. In order to develop these ideas, the article is structured in three sections: the first tries to show the still scarce presence of the relationship between heavy metal and religion in academic productions in the area of Religious Sciences; in the second, the main layers of literary and religious influences in the composition of the song are presented; finally, in the last section, there is the analytical development of facing, by hypothesis, the problem of the song being received by the category of dystopian analysis. It is hoped that the text will contribute so that the area of Religious Sciences, in its transdisciplinarity, can dialogue more widely with musical artistic forms, in particular with the rock/heavy metal genre, in its representative strength of problematizing reality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mineração de Boquira (Bahia) has treated a Pb and Zn ore for over thirty years. Its flotation plant produced about 4.5 million tons of tailings, containing more than 50% of amphiboles and significant levels of Pb, Zn and Cd. The results show that the tailings pollution index for Pb, Cd and Zn classifies the tailings dam region as a highly contaminated area. The results also show that the content of Pb and Cd in the tailings causes the area of the dam to have a high potential ecological risk factor. The potential risk of tailings in contributing to the development of non-carcinogenic diseases is high in children due to the high levels of Pb and Cd, however for adults only Pb can contribute significantly to the development of non-carcinogenic diseases. Based on current knowledge, the concentrations of heavy metals in the tailings do not significantly contribute to increasing the risk of carcinogenic diseases in this region. The presence of asbestos-amphibole in the tailings dam can represent a serious risk to the health of the population. The results of the present study indicate that the population of Boquira is exposed to the risks associated with mining waste, which includes potentially toxic metals (mainly Pb, Cd and Zn) and asbestos-amphibole. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Heavy metals contamination of surface and groundwater is a major environmental problem. Clay minerals are porous and are efficient to adsorb metal ions. Amongst the available treatment technologies, adsorption is the most cost-effective, easy to operate, scalable, and replicable to remediate heavy metals from water solution. Aim: This study aimed to assess the adsorption performance of clay pellets of natural aluminosilicates, bentonite (29%), kaolin (4%) and zeolite (67%) to remove heavy metals from aqueous solutions. Methods: The effect of optimal operating conditions like contact time, adsorbent dose, pH, and heavy metals initial concentration has been studied. Kinetic and equilibrium studies were also performed. Adsorbents were characterized using FTIR analysis. Results and Discussion: Optimum values for contact time, adsorbent dose, pH, and initial concentration of lead, copper, and cadmium were; 240 min; 25 g/L; 4.3; and 4mg/L, 7 mg/L and 2 mg/L, respectively. The Langmuir isotherm was the best-fitted isotherm model for the three metals. Adsorption kinetics showed that the lead and copper adsorption followed the pseudo-second-order model while cadmium suited with the pseudo-first-order model. The selectivity of the pellets towards the metal ions was in the order of Pb > Cu > Cd. Conclusions: The new combination of bentonite-kaolinite-zeolite pellets worked well in tertiary wastewater treatment and successfully utilized as a natural adsorbent in multimetal solution. The results confirmed that the used clay pellets have better adsorption capacity than many other reported studies. Maximum adsorption capacity can be further increased by adjusting the calcination temperature and applying chemical treatments to the clay pellets before extrusion. The response surface analysis evaluated the predicted optimal values for the four operating factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with X-ray dispersive energy spectroscopy (EDS) has as its operating principle the use of a small diameter electron beam to explore the surface of the sample under study and identify chemical elements present in the samples. Butterflies are potential bioindicators of environmental quality, being possible to observe in some species the migration process, and thus, they unintentionally become victims of metal dispersion. The present study aimed to identify and perform a semiquantitative analysis of the presence of heavy metals in wings of the species Hamadryas februa. The specimens were collected on the campus of the University of Vale do Paraíba (UNIVAP), São José dos Campos, SP, in three distinct locations: butterfly garden; inside a fragment of Atlantic Forest and surrounding the Center for Planning and Development of Education (CEPLADE). A total of five butterfly specimens were selected for removal of a fragment of the lower wing, and the specimens were immediately released. The fragments were fixed in a sample holder, following the drying process, treatment with gold metallization, and analysis under a Scanning Electron Microscope. Semiquantitative analyses were performed based on the total atomic percentage of the metals found in each sample: iron (0.28%), manganese (0.74%), nickel (0.77%), cobalt (2.32%), copper (4.96%), zinc (11.71%), bromine (12.83%), aluminum (19.57%), lead (21.79%) and mercury (24.98%). According to the analyses, the samples showed marked concentrations of lead and mercury. This work may indicate that butterflies from the species Hamadryas februa are able to accumulate heavy metals in their scales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The volume of Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) produced worldwide in 2018 was 50 million tons. Around 2% of this waste is Printed Circuit Boards (PCB), which contain noble and base metals, with copper being the most abundant element (10-20%). Additionally, toxic metals as lead, cadmium and mercury are present, which can cause harmful effects to the environment and human health. Therefore, PCB recycling is an important initiative, not only due to environmental issues but also considering the economic aspects. This research aimed to optimize the variables (i) pulp density, (ii) concentration of ferric chloride hexahydrate, (iii) concentration of hydrochloric acid and (iv) time that influence the copper leaching process contained in PCB of computers through a multivariate experimental design. The leaching assays were carried out in batches, in a shaker, under stirring of 150min-1 and temperature of 25±1°C. The optimum conditions for copper leaching were pulp density of 120g.L-1, concentration of ferric chloride hexahydrate and hydrochloric acid of 1mol.L-1, and time of 40 minutes. For the optimized condition, the percentage of copper leaching was 96.22±1.20%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As industrial and transportation activities in Bandung Regency are growing rapidly, Indonesia could be at risk of increasing air pollution levels. One of the air pollutants that are very harmful to the body is lead (Pb) generated from industrial activities, mining, vehicle exhaust gas, and dust from the ground. Lead is a heavy metal that is very dangerous for the body because it is carcinogenic with its activity character as an inhibitor in cell metabolism. This study aimed to analyze the concentration of lead in the blood of public transport drivers who are active on the highway every day and are most at risk of being exposed to Pb. Measurement of Pb concentration was carried out using an Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). Blood samples were taken from public transport drivers at Soreang Terminal, Bandung Regency, West Java, Indonesia. The analysis results showed that the average blood lead content of public transport drivers was 1,032 mg/L. The lowest level was 0.889 mg/L, and the highest was 1,200 mg/L. This shows that the lead content in the blood of public transport drivers is already in excess levels (range numbers 0.800-1.200 mg/L) when compared with the threshold for lead in the blood based on the Regulation of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia (0.10 - 0.25 mg/L) and the threshold value set by the World Health Organization, which is 0.4 mg/L. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The contamination by heavy metals occurs mainly by industrial effluents, having as important microcontaminant the cadmium, which can cause environmental and human health risks (renal and hepatic damages). Thus, the analysis of new adsorption systems is required, so that the present study aimed to evaluate the interaction of several factors, in factorial design in the adsorption of cadmium in aqueous solution by polymer PVA / amide / Hap polymer. Experimental variables were solution pH (2,0

One of the common contaminants, usually found in areas of landfill or old trash dumps, is slurry: a liquid residue with dark color and strong odor, originated from the degradation of organic matter. In some cases, heavy metals are found in its composition, besides other types of substances that cause direct contamination of the soil and close or underground water bodies. The purpose of this work was to verify the efficiency of Vetiver grass (Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash.) in the process of phytoremediation in tropical soils contaminated with slurry from solid waste degradation. Laboratory tests were conducted to detect the efficiency of Vetiver in treating this contaminated soil and how much it is able to absorb the contaminating substances. Zinc parameters were analyzed in samples of roots, foliage, the soil used for the planting of Vetiver seedlings and the liquid resulting from the leaching process. Contaminated and decontaminated samples were used to obtain a comparison between the results, which were also analyzed by statistical methods. After 45 days, the Vetiver grass (Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash.) was proven effective in the treatment of contaminated soil, especially in the removal of the heavy metal Zinc. However, considering that this effluent is a complex material, with a highly diversified composition, new evaluations using Vetiver grass must be established in order to better elucidate the use of this element in the treatment of leachate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Brazil, as a result of the ongoing environmental crimes involving mining companies, concern was raised about the risk to human and animal health from exposure to toxic metals. This review aims to make a bibliographical survey about the reproductive changes in animals promoted by toxic metals contaminating the environment, including possible permanent damages to the genetic bank of the fauna of the affected regions. Toxic metals, inaccurately named "heavy metals", refer to a group of elements that have no known physiological functions in living organisms. Therefore, they can produce damaging effects on metabolic functions, even in very small amounts. Bioaccumulation and high reactivity of metals such as mercury, lead and cadmium, among others, makes poisonings a public health concern. The impact of the occurrence of toxic metals poisoning in the Brazilian livestock production is still difficult to measure, due to lack of statistical data. These metals also contribute to the destruction of the animal genetic pool, especially wildlife, since such animals are exposed to toxic metals due to contaminated areas close to their natural habitat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The soil is one of the main environmental components, has the function of supporting various life forms, among them, the plants, serving as a substrate for their growth and dissemination. Soil contamination can be dissipated to food, air and groundwater. Due to these possible effects, this work aimed to analyze some soil attributes of an agricultural area in order to determine the vulnerability to the effects of contaminants. The attributes: texture, organic matter and pH, as well as the concentration of heavy metals in the soil samples were evaluated. Three main components were generated to explain 99.30% of the variance in the experiment. Principal component analysis indicated that cadmium, chromium, nickel, lead, copper and sand and silt percentages showed a good correlation with the selected sampling points, indicating possible contamination areas. From the particle size characterization and amount of organic matter, the soil has low efficiency for retention of pesticide residues. The pH values found were not a limiting factor to the good development of the plants. Of the heavy metal concentrations, cadmium was the only one that presented levels above that allowed by the legislation. The soil has been shown to have the potential to make contaminants available to plants and groundwater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The influence of temperature and rainfall on nutrient levels, heavy metals, and etiologic agents in sludge samples collected at the Sewage Treatment Station of Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil, was verified over 24 months. The results showed high levels of nitrogen (4.7-5.2%), phosphorus (1.4-2.2%), potassium (0.076-0.106%), magnesium (0.113-0.386%), iron 5.03%) and zinc (38.2-6902.1 mg Kg-1). For most of the investigated samples, the concentration of zinc was above the maximum allowed value (2,800 mg Kg-1). The concentrations of arsenic, cadmium, chrome, copper, and lead were below the maximum values allowed by the legislation. Parasitological analyzes identified thermotolerant coliforms (0.49-160 NMP g-1) and helminth eggs (1 egg), however, in amounts less than allowed by legislation. These results are indicative of the efficiency of the sewage treatment process. The results showed a significant influence of the meteorological parameters on the concentrations of nitrogen, copper, lead, zinc and pathogens in the sludge. The results also showed a strong correlation between the concentrations of copper, lead and zinc indicating that the presence of these elements in the sewage sludge has a common origin. The results demonstrated the feasibility of using the investigated matrix as fertilizer when collected in rainy periods when it favors the dilution of the elements present in their soluble forms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In semiarid regions, water scarcity is a problem that risk the sustainability of regional socioeconomic development. The present work aimed to evaluate the quality of produced water from the oil industry in northeastern Brazil in the municipality of Mossoró - RN and its potential use in irrigation. Produced water samples were evaluated for physicochemical characterization (pH, conductivity, total dissolvedsolids, salinity, alkalinity, carbonate, bicarbonate, calcium, magnesium, hardness, chloride, sodium, potassium, nitrate, sulfate, iron) andtoxicological (metals), heavy duty: cadmium, copper, lead, chrome, manganese, nickel, zinc and aluminum in addition to TOG. Regarding the physicochemical analyzes, NaHCO3, Ca2+, Mg2+, K+ and Cl- values were outside the thresholds considered by the EMBRAPA irrigation manual. For toxicological analysis all metals were compliant and only TOG exceeded the limital lowed by CONAMA n° 430/2011 which deals with the management of effluent discharge, indicating the need to incorporate processes to eliminate and or minimize the occurrence of these compounds, since the water used in this study was an effluent, without any treatment, ensuring the sanitary safety of this resource in irrigation practices. Thus, the produced water can be considered an alternative water resource for irrigation after proper treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil contamination by heavy metals, such as copper, is an agro-environmental and socio-economic issue, the result of anthropic activities on the soil-plant system. Excess Cu in the soil affects plant development and impacts their productivity. Current study evaluates the phytoremedy potential and development of Dianthus chinensis L cultivated in soil with excessive Cu, for low environmental impact agriculture. The experiment was undertaken in a greenhouse, with a totally randomized design. After soil analysis, Cu rates were 188.7 mg kg-1, to which were added four Cu doses (copper sulfate) per kilo of soil: zero (without any addition), one, two, three times the quantity of Cu in the soil, with ten replications. Plant growth, macroand micro-nutrients in the tissues, translocation factors (FT), bioaccumulation of the aerial part (FCA), bioconcentration of roots (FCO), metal extraction rate (MER), effective number of total plants (PENT) and of the plants' aerial segment (PENPA) were evaluated for the phytoremedy of Cu-contaminated soil. Doses of Cu did not interfere in the development of Dianthus chinensis L. plants and in the nutritional availability for growth and development of the culture, maintaining their ornamental characteristics. The species has a phytoremedy potential for soil with excess Cu and it is efficient in its retention, mainly in the roots, featuring a covering plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urease is an enzyme produced by bacteria, plants, fungi, algae and invertebrates; and to characterize by its catalytic function of hydrolyzing the urea, forming the carbonic and ammonium as the final product and explaining the pH as a medium as the reactive effect of the reaction. In science, it is studied primarily in the fields of agriculture, medicine and engineering, with broad practical applications and varied specific forms of monitoring ureolytic activity. This article reviews the applicability of urease in Agriculture and Engineering; explaining the producing microorganisms involved in the process; the kinetic properties of urease; the problems related to the volatilization of ammonia in agriculture and the applicability of urease through the MICP (Microbially Induced Calcite Precipitation) technique in Engineering, through the biocimentation of soils and the biomeneralization or immobilization of toxic metals through the MICP technique. Therefore, it was possible to conclude that in agriculture the problem with volatilization of ammonia can be controlled through inhibitors such as NBPTU and SuperU, acting directly in the NH3 emission control. In Engineering, the MICP technique is efficient in improving the geomechanical properties of predominantly sandy soils, with the use of microorganisms native to these soils. Furthermore, the bioremediation and encapsulation of toxic metals by the MICP technique is efficient, however, it requires improvement on studies about the monitoring of leaching of extremely mobile toxic metals, such as Cr6+, during the application process of the biocement solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herb-mate is a raw material of great importance to Southern Brazil, considering its annual production of approximately 650,000 tons of leaves. The hot mate, known as chimarrão, is the most appreciated beverage and its consumption is linked to the traditions and cultural habits predominantly in the south of the country. Considering its huge importance, the objective of the work was to evaluate the production of laboratory herb-mate for chimarrão in order to establish a comparison with the products available on the market. Therefore, it was considered the current legislation and the analysis of its organoleptic and granulometric properties, humidity level and concentration of some toxic metals quantified by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. The manufacturing of the final product was made in three steps: first of all, the leaves were submitted to direct fire, then they were dried at a temperature of 40 C° for 24 hours and, finally, they were ground in a knife mill for 10 minutes. The obtained results showed, in most of the analyzed characteristics, a great similarity between the laboratorial and commercial herb, obtaining approval from 90% of chimarrão consumers who participated in the organoleptic tests. However, the coloration was considered darker and can be explained by logistic problems between the plantation and the laboratory. There was also a divergence in the metals analysis, which showed a higher lead and cadmium concentration when compared to the herbs found on the supermarket shelves. Alarming numbers for consumers were found, since the commercial herbs pointed levels above the recommended for all analyzed metals, which indicate the urgent need for better inspection, as well as improved manufacturing practices of the final product and a better raw material cultivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Iguape-Cananéia estuary-lagoon complex (CELIC) has different environment conditions between the northern and Southern sections, with different anthropic pressures. Current study evaluates the space and time variation of bioavailability of metals Fe, Zn, Mn, Co, Cu, Cr, Cd, Pb and Ni in sediments at 8 sites of CELIC during two periods in 2013. Metal bio-availability was assessed by the method of simultaneous extractions of metal ions and sulfates volatized by acidification (SEM/SVA). There was a broad space and time variability in the parameters under analysis where mean availability of metals followed the sequence Fe>Mn>Zn>Pb>Cu. All sites provided ratio SEM/SVA > 1 for metal ions Pb, Cd, Ni, Cu and Zn, with greater toxicity in the northern sediments. The above suggests bio-availability of the metals and highlighted the potential of the sediments, adversely affecting local biota. Results underscore the influence of numerous urban, agricultural and mining activities on the system, mainly derived from the river Ribeira de Iguape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to assess the water quality of the main public water supply reservoirs in the state of Rio Grande do Norte. Samples were taken at set points in the reservoir under study in five consecutive weeks. Biological, microbiological and heavy metals major Rio Grande do Norte water reservoirs (RN) were analyzed. bathing conditions of the reservoirs. The study identified as being of good quality for most of the studied ponds and great quality only Boqueirao-Parelhas. It was found that the quantification of cyanobacteria density in water bodies of Lucretia, Armando Ribeiro, Pau dos Ferros, Crossing Traíras and Gargalheiras were higher than allowed by law indicating process of eutrophication, may cause problem to human health and the animals. For heavy metals levels, all showed some metal above the allowed limit, but all showed value over the limit for cadmium, the dam of Santa Cruz presented fewer matais. The assessment found that bathing dam Pau dos Ferros and Santa Cruz were classified as unfit for primary contact recreation activity, while the other points were classified as excellent. Most of the waters of the reservoirs is unsuitable for watering livestock. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sludge generated by water treatment plants is the waste formed during the process of transforming raw water into drinking water through coagulation, flocculation, decantation and filtration processes. This waste with toxic characteristics, therefore, has its destination compatible with the guidelines of PNRS - Law 12.305 / 2010, prioritizing the possibility of reduction, reuse and recycling. Thus, this paper aims to review the sludge generated by water treatment plants, and to suggest alternatives for reusing this waste in an environmentally sound manner. This work was built through bibliographic reviews, aiming to describe the problem of sludge and ETA and to suggest environmentally correct means for disposal of this waste. Among the alternatives, we can highlight the use of sludge in agricultural soils, whose improvements are structural soil; pH adjustment; addition of trace minerals; increased water retention capacity and improved soil aeration conditions. In seedling production, it can contribute to the supply of nutrients and organic matter to the plant. Other destinations may still be adopted, such as production of ceramics released into the domestic sewage system or landfill. In view of the restrictions in the legislation for the disposal of waste water from ETAs into bodies of water, the volume of water lost and the environmental impacts associated with this practice, there is a growing need to provide appropriate disposal or productive use of such waste, also minimizing the amount of byproduct generated. Thus, it is necessary to study the proper final disposal of this waste in order to contribute to the minimization of environmental impacts by preventing sludge from being released in natura to water bodies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the tanning industry, the sludge generated has potentially toxic components, such as chromium, copper, among others. Studies indicate that making this sludge available in the soil is an option that would minimize environmental problems, but the concentrations of the compounds should be within the parameters determined by the legislation. This work aimed to quantify the concentration of copper present in the tannery sludge and compare it with the current legislation (NBR 10004) to investigate if there is risk of environmental contamination if sludge is disposed in the soil. The samples were collected and analyzed following the procedures described by NBR 10007 and NBR 10006, reference to the Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater - 21st Edition. The results presented copper concentration in the sludge sample above that allowed by the legislation, being necessary a previous treatment that aims at the correct disposal of this residue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The garimpo called Areinha is inserted in the catchment area of the Jequitinhonha river, whose waters drain garimpo areas that directly influence the quality of the water resource. The research area has an extension of approximately 9 km, an area that is under the care of COOPERGADI. The research analyzes the parameters for metals Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn, analyzing the concentration and the subsequent comparison with the legislation of CONAMA 344/2004, in order to infer an alert under the health risks that direct exposure to these metals can cause in the population. A total of 13 points were collected, analyzed on the technique of flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). For the Cu, Extra Point 3, exceeds Level 1, and Extra Point 1 exceeds Level 2. For Ni, Extra Point 3 exceeds Level 1. For Pb, six points are between Level 1 (35.0 mg/kg) and Level 2 (91.3 mg/kg), and one point exceeds Level 2. For Zn none of the thirteen points violated the current legislation. The change in garimpo activities from manuals to mechanized intensified the negative environmental impact in this region due to the need to remove large amounts of sediment for the extraction of gold and diamond. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crambe (Crambe abyssinica) is a promising crop for biodiesel production. However, there is no much information available about techniques and research regarding the best performance in different regions to explore its potential. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of copper and zinc in the accumulation and distribution of these elements in this plant. The study was carried out in a greenhouse and it consisted of two independent experiments in completely randomized design, with three replications. Two metals with five levels were applied: 0, 10, 15, 20 and 25 mg·kg-1 for copper and 0, 20, 30, 40 and 50 mg·kg-1 for zinc. After 100 days of germination the plants were harvested and assessed the levels of copper and zinc in plant tissues. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and comparison of means by Tukey test at 1 and 5% significance. Copper and zinc content increased significantly in the biomass of crambe due to the application of these elements in the soil. Copper and zinc accumulation in crambe plants followed the following orders, respectively: root> shoot; shoot> root. The zinc translocation ratio was higher than that of copper in crambe plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It has grown the search to find viable alternatives to mitigate or even solve the problems caused by contaminants such as heavy metals. The use of adsorbents biomass arises with the possibility of obtaining an efficient process and low operating cost. In this context, the adsorption separation processes present with wide applicability. The use of residues from the agro-industrial in removing metals has been used with satisfactory results. This review aimed to investigate the feasibility of using various types of biomass adsorbents for the removal of heavy metals from the wastes of agribusiness. Thus, this research indicates that the adsorbents studied exhibit favorable characteristics, expanding economic and social boundaries, being a viable and sustainable alternative to decontamination of heavy metals in water bodies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The state of Rio Grande do Sul (RS) is the largest producer of flood-irrigated rice in Brazil and some fields flooded rice are cultivated for more than 100 years. In rice production are being utilized various inputs, many of which have heavy metals in its composition. This preoccupation considers especially nonessential elements to plants such as Pb, Cr and Cd, which provide risks to human health. This study aimed to quantify the levels of Cd, Cr and Pb in rice grains sold in markets retailers in RS. The elements were extracted from the samples through the USEPA 3050B method and quantified by Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES). The elements quantified in samples of grains rice sold in markets retailers were within the limits allowed by law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We measured lead and cadmium concentrations in samples of mineral mixtures commercialized in Londrina city. Lead and cadmium content were determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Considering maximum concentrations recommended by National Research Council (1980) and Association of American Feed Control Officials Incorporated (2001), of the 10 analyzed samples, 06 had values greater than 30 ppm of lead and all of them had values greater than 0,5 ppm of cadmium. These findings show the necessity for careful industrial monitoring because some mineral mixtures contain sufficient lead to cause bovine toxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Humoativo commercial is a substrate organic derived from the anaerobic treatment of waste cellulose into settling ponds, with high concentrations of nutrients. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate, in field, the effect of doses of Humoativo on productivity and on heavy metal uptake by plants of cauliflower. Design was used randomized blocks with three replications and seven treatments that corresponded to doses of Humoativo of 17, 34, 51, 68, 85 and 102 t.ha-1 in dry basis. The use of the product as fertilizer for the cultivation of cauliflower provided increases in the yield of culture with increasing doses applied. There was no effect of treatments on the concentrations of macro and micronutrients analyzed in the leaves of cauliflower. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review demonstrates the major mechanisms involved remediation of contaminated soils by bioremediation and phytoremediation and addresses the decisive factors for the success of the same. Bioremediation is the use of microrganisms capable of transforming contaminants into less toxic substances, and may occur either in situ and ex situ. For bioremediation process to occur efficiently, microorganisms must be present in large quantities and has degradation ability of the compound. Phytoremediation is a method of decontamination in situ which involves mechanisms such as phytoextraction, fitotransformação, Phyto and phytostabilization. The success of phytoremediation depends on plants having certain characteristics, including, good absorption capacity, deep root system, accelerated growth rate, ease of harvest, broad resistance to pollutant. Bioremediation of phytoremediation have been studied in Brazilian conditions and have shown great potential, since Brazil is a country with tremendous diversity, which expands the possibilities for their use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The soil of the region of the Santo Amaro lead smelter presents anomalous content of Pb and Zn and other potentially toxic elements such as Cu, Cd and As, due to the emissions from the smelter t. In order to understand the process of releasing-retention of these elements, as well as for the definition of remediation strategies, this soil was sampled, processed and characterized. In this study it was used X-ray diffraction, thermo-gravimetric analysis, infrared spectroscopy and diffuse reflectance of clay fraction of this soil previously separated and dried. The results show that the clay fraction of this vertisol is composed of kaolinite, montmorillonite and illite. Due to the fact that these clay minerals have affinity with several metallic cations, the penetration of the potentially toxic elements in soil of the region of Santo Amaro lead smelter is low, despite of high concentrations at the top soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The population of urban centers is growing very quickly, resulting in na increase in waste production, or increased production of sewage sludge. The biggest concern for the use of sewage sludge in agriculture is the increasing concentration of toxic elements in soil. The aim of this study was to evaluate the behavior of heavy metals in soil, plant and grain of sunflower at different dosages and management of sewage sludge. The experiment was conducted at the São Manuel belonging to the Faculdade de Ciência Agronômica, UNESP Campus de Botucatu. We adopted the experimental design of randomized blocks consisting of five treatments and five replications. The treatments were: T1 - 50 kg ha-1 de N mineral fertilizer; T2 - 25 kg ha-1 de N from sewage sludge and 25 kg ha-1 of mineral fertilizer; T3 - 50 kg ha-1 de N sewage sludge; T4 - 75 kg ha-1 de N from sewage sludge; T5 - 100 kg ha-1 de N from sewage sludge. There was no variation of the toxic elements in the leaf, seeds and export of nutrients in the seeds. The sewage sludge did not cause increase in levels of toxic elements in the to 40 cm deep. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to assess the nutritional quality and safety of a meal based on sururu, with or without coconut milk, and its micronutrients profile. The degree of contamination by heavy metals (As, Hg, Pb and Cd) was assessed in samples of sururu in natura, from the estuarine complex Mundaú-Manguaba (Maceio city, state of Alagoas, Brazil), according to the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC, 2005) method; Hygiene and sanitary conditions of the meal based on sururu, with or without coconut milk, by counting of thermotolerants coliforms, coagulase-positive Staphylococcus and Salmonella sp, according to the Brazilian Health Ministry, the Agriculture Ministry (2006), AOAC (2005) and the American Public Health Association (APHA, 2004). micronutrients profile was assessed according to AOAC (2005) methodology. Only As (0.63 mg) and Pb (0.34 mg), in a range allowed by the legislation, were found in our samples. No microbiological contamination was found. Micronutrient assessment showed that meals based on sururu had higher Fe content than bovine meat (sururu without coconut milk, 17.56 mg, and sururu with coconut milk, 13.8 mg), and that sururu is a good source of zinc (sururu without coconut milk, 0.97 mg, and sururu with coconut milk, 1.22 mg), has some vitamin A (sururu without coconut milk, 3.13 mg, and sururu with coconut milk, 4.73 mg). Results indicate that there was no chemical or microbiological contamination in these samples. Meals based on sururu are source of Fe and Zn and contain vitamin A, so they might be an alternat ive in the recovery of nutrit ional deficiencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluated the soil quality collected from two principle avenues of São Paulo city, Marginal Tietê and Marginal Pinheiros, regarding to the presence of heavy metals, lead and molybdenum, which have their origins associated to the vehicular traffic. In order to compare, the soils received a chemical treatment, following the protocol adopted by Companhia de Tecnologia de Saneamento Ambiental (CETESB). The experimental data were compared to soil guidance values of CETESB and suggested that the soils analyzed are clean regarding to the levels of molybdenum. Since their contents were, lower than the quality reference values. The analysis of lead indicated that some soil samples presented levels higher than residential intervention values, pointing out the importance of constant monitoring of soil quality. Actions such as "Plano de Controle de Poluição Veicular do Estado de São Paulo" and the formulation and development of public policies to improve the public transport services and urban mobility [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zinc and lead are trace elements of major environmental concern, as they can originate from point and non-point polution sources and bioacumulate in food webs, with potential risk to human health. Steel industries produce large amounts of residues that may contain Zn and Pb, and the effect of disposing these materials in the environment is little studied in Brazil. This work aimed to select different chemical extractants (water, Mehlich-1, diethylene triamine pentacetic acid - DPTA, citric acid, and concentrated nitric acid) to estimate Zn and Pb availability to elephant grass and common beans. Three different residues (steel slag, filterpress mud and phosphate mud) in five doses (0, 1, 2, 4 and 8 Mg ha-1) were added to a Latosol. Water-soluble Zn comprised a significant part of the total, suggesting its higher solubility and potential contamination of soil, water and plant, when compared to Pb. Pearson correlation coefficients between Zn in plant and soil, for all extractors, were generally higher than for Pb. The correlation coefficients of Zn and Pb levels in soils and plant tissues varied with time and extractor, and DPTA was the most adequate for both elements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to evaluate the behavior of different plant species grown in soil contaminated by heavy metals. For realization the experiment in greenhouse we collected a soil that corresponds to a grounding Ultisol, located in the State of Rio de Janeiro, in an area considered contaminated, which is headquartered in a factory that generates its industrial process, waste, called Galvanic sludge. This soil had its chemical and physical properties determined. For a period of 50 days were cultivated species of cotton, corn, sorghum, sunflower and velvetbean in contaminated soil. After the period of planting, we evaluated the dry matter production of shoots, stems and roots of each species studied, as well as the concentrations of heavy metals absorbed in these different compartments. The pseudo-total content (aqua regia extraction) and bioavailable (DTPA extraction solution and Mehlich-1) of heavy metals in the soil were determined before and after planting the species. The statistical design used in the study was completely randomized with four replications for each species investigated. The results showed that the species behaved well differentiated in biomass production, uptake and translocation of metals to shoots. The sunflower stood out compared to the other species in reducing the concentration of copper metal in the soil, although more studies should be conducted in order to increase biomass production and translocation of heavy metals to shoots of this species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The local characteristcs of a site there where a cemetery are important variables that determine the route of contaminants resulting from the decomposition of cadavers. Sources of contaminants are also, varnish, wood preservatives and metal parts of coffins, which can release metals into the environment. The purpose of this study was investigate the clay fraction mineralogy and heavy metal contents of soils from Boqueirão Municipal Cemetery, in Curitiba (PR), and estimate the contamination risk. The samples were collected at three depths (0-20, 20-80 and 80-120 cm) at six selected points. The clay fraction was studied by X ray diffractometry and thermal analysis. The total and exchangeable heavy metal contents (Cr, Cu, Pb, Ni and Zn) were determined. The contents of Fe2O3 associated with crystalline Fe minerals were low, reflecting low levels of iron from the soil parent materials and different stages of development. The concentrations of total Pb and Zn presented the highest values in relation to soils of the same source material, but such concentrations are not indicative of environmental pollution, but a mild contamination. It is concluded that the soils of this cemetery are suitable for this activity, since they are deep, clayey and have high potential to adsorb heavy metals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies of the adsorption of heavy metals in soil can be used to assess this contribution in the contamination of surface and groundwater. This work had as objective to study the adequacy of the models of Langmuir and Freundlich to describe the adsorption of copper in a Rhodic Hapludox soil with clay texture. To determine the adsorption capacity of copper in the soil, we used 2.000 g of soil added 10 mL of CaCl2 0.01 mol L-1 and 10 mL solutions of CuCl2 with different concentrations. The maximum adsorption capacity of copper in the soil, determined by the Langmuir model, was 2.95 mg g-1. Moreover, the results showed that the Freundlich model showed better fit to the experimental data, adequately simulate the adsorption of copper in the soil under study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"Saco do Mamanguá" is located in Ilha Grande Bay, west coast Rio de Janeiro State and suffers intense pressure degradation, mainly by speculation to build "resorts". The region is extremely vulnerable, given that there are in the region of Ilha Grande bay potentially polluting enterprises, such as mangroves. Samples of surface sediments were collected in "Saco do Mamanguá". In this region, samples were collected at five sampling points parallel to the shoreline at a distance of approximately 10 m between them. Subsequently dried, sieved and analyzed for physico-chemical characterization and determination of heavy metals: Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb and Zn after digestion with aqua regia assisted by microwave radiation. The metal concentrations were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry with flame. The results showed that the sediments in "Saco do Mamanguá" mangrove presents average levels of Cd, Ni and Pb above the established as criteria for sediment quality by environmental agencies from Canadia and United States of America, demonstrating its vulnerability to contaminants of heavy metals existing in the Bay of Ilha Grande. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The adsorption capacity of Eicchornia crassipes for removing Cd(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II) ions from aqueous solutions has been investigated in a batch system. Experimental data of the kinetics and equilibrium of biosorption for the singlecomponent systems was obtained. Equilibrium times of 45, 60 and 120 min. for Cd(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II) ions, respectively, were achieved. Kinetic data was better fitted to the pseudo-second order kinetic model. To describe biossorption equilibrium were used Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkim isotherms. The Langmuir isotherm model was better fitted to the equilibrium data, with values of 0.667, 0.615 and 0.633 mequiv.g'' for Cd(II), Cu(II) and Zri(VI) adsorption capacity, respectively. E. crassipes biomass has great potential to be used in wastewater treatment systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective was to correlate the exposure of toxic metals in atmospheric particulate matter and temperature (T) with hospital admissions for respiratory diseases in Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil. The hospital admissions data survey for respiratory diseases was performed from the hospital data base information system and emergency from May to December 2011. The determinations of the toxic metals cadmium (Cd2+), copper (Cu2+) and lead (Pb2+) from passive sampler were performed by differential pulse voltammetry. The data from T was obtained by the weather station of UNESP. During the period of study 811 medical records of hospital admissions for respiratory diseases were analyzed. The average concentration of toxic metals in MP was of Cd2+ 26.5±17.8 μg/m2, Cu2+ 36.3±18.6 μg/m2, Pb2+ 44.1±20.0μg/m2. The average T was 21.8±1.95 °C. Therefore, it was observed that there was a positive correlation between the number of hospitalizations with Pb2+ (r=0.756) e T (r=0.713). It was concluded that high levels of Pb2+ in the atmosphere and T causes increase of hospital admissions due to respiratory diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this research was to evaluate the collembola development in soils with different levels of heavy metals, fuels and pesticides, in laboratory conditions. Treatments were: Cadmium - 1, 10 and 100mg kg-1 soil; Copper - 50, 500 and 5000mg kg-1 soil; Zinc - 100, 1000 and 10000 mg kg-1 soil; fungicide epoxiconazol + piraclostrobina - 1 and 2L ha-1; fungicide epoxiconazol - 0,75 and 1,5L ha-1; herbicide glyphosate - 2 and 4L ha-1; burned lubricating oil - 5, 50 and 100mL kg-1 soil and diesel oil - 5, 50 and 100mL kg-1 soil and control. In the 1mg kg-1 dose of Cd there was a great increase of the collembola population and the soil pH decreased as the Cd, Zn and Cu doses in the soil increased. In the presence on fuels the collembola presented incapacity to procreate regardless the dose applied in the soil. The number of collembola showed an increase with increasing glyphosate and epoxiconazole level. The heavy metal Cu and Zn have negative impact over the collembola population and just Cd (1mg kg-1 soil) offers increase on their population in the soil. The presence of burned oil and diesel in the soil inhibit the collembolan development in the soil. The pesticides glyphosate, epoxiconazol and epoxiconazol + piraclostrobina do not negatively influence the collembola population in the soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of crop and pasture has been an important if not the main alternative of pig slurry disposal. However, its use has often been made in quantities exceeding the requirements of crops and with sequential applications that can enhance the polluting effect of this waste once the soil has a limited capacity of support. The present study aimed to determine the total content of zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), manganese (Mn) and cadmium (Cd) in areas that are used as a disposal site of pig slurry. For this, there were collected soil samples in 13 farms in the West Region of Santa Catarina used annually as a disposal site, and which had a history of application of the residue from 4 to 22 years. In addition, it was also conducted soil sampling in an experiment in the municipality of Paraíso do Sul, RS under natural pasture, that during five years received 28 applications of pig slurry. Zinc and copper are the elements that deserve more attention in relation to a possible accumulation in the soil, in areas with application of pig slurry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The industrial by-products vary widely in the mineral composition, therefore is necessary to identify the composition of these products to determine if present risk of toxicity to animals. Heavy metals, once ingested, can accumulate in animal tissue, mainly in the liver, kidneys and muscles. Some elements such as arsenic, cadmium and mercury are often classified as toxic elements because their biological activities are linked to toxic reactions, although all chemical elements, whether metal or not, can be toxic to animals if consumed in amounts above the need of each animal or for a long period. The protein soybean hull (PSH) is the residue coming from the technological process of extraction of soy protein, with is originally called primary sludge. To this is added 50% soybean hull and dried, resulting in the product called protein soybean hull. This work was carried out in order to assess through mineral studies the nutritional potential of the protein soybean hull for feed sheep in replace soybean meal, because currently there is no available scientific studies on the effect of using protein soybean hull in the ruminant animals diet related to mineral metabolism. Materials, Methods & Results: For this, samples of soybean protein hull were collected from a benefited soy industry in different batches to evaluate the variability in mineral composition of experimental material. The samples of soybean protein hull were analyzed for, calcium, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, sulfur, sodium, iron, manganese, zinc, copper, cobalt. It was also analyzed for fluorine, aluminum, arsenic, cadmium, lead, mercury and vanadium, minerals considered potentially toxic to feeding sheep. The mean values of Ca and P in PSH were 0.52% and 1.22% respectively. The average content of Mg found in the PSH was 0.19% and represents 63% of the amount of Mg present in soybean meal. The S content in CPS ranged from 0.22 to 0.29%, so the PSH is sufficient to meet the daily requirements of S for sheep in growing / finishing. The PSH showed high levels of Na (0.19%) and iron (16,414 mg / kg) and can cause problems of toxicity, if not provided in a balanced diet. However, the mean levels of Mn (40.29 mg / kg), Zn (61.07 mg / kg), Cu (14.29 mg / kg) and Co (1.15 mg / kg) were suitable for feeding sheep. Considered potentially toxic minerals to feeding sheep (F, Al, As, Cd, Pb, Hg and V), only the F and Al were detected, with values of 100 and 199.43 mg / kg, being within the limits considered toxic to sheep. Discussion: The industrial production process of protein soybean hull was homogeneous due to the small variation in the mineral levels analyzed in seven different batches. The P is an essential element in the diet of sheep that represents the greatest risk of environmental pollution, so the P content of the diet should be adequate for optimal animal performance with minimal environmental impact, but the greater concern in the PSH is related to the Ca: P ratio, because this ratio was less than 1:1 (0,52:1,22) and may affect the absorption of Ca or P, if the diet was not balanced properly. The iron was the only mineral and perhaps the most limiting nutritional potential of the PSH, due to its high concentration may cause problems of toxicity in sheep. The concentration of other minerals is within the maximum tolerable level for sheep. The toxicity of Iron can be better evaluated in animal experiments. In PSH samples analyzed, minerals with direct toxic potential or accumulation (heavy metals) have no major problems, since most of them were not detected in the analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biological systems are governed by the sum of all expressed genes, proteins, metabolites and components of an organism. The analysis of a tissue ionome helps to identify, among others, genes that contribute to a greater or lesser accumulation of essential elements and heavy metals, as well as interaction between metabolic processes. The ionome knowledge, coupled with the use of molecular biology techniques, form a very efficient system for gene mapping, and functional genomic studies, and general characterization of plants physiological status in a given condition. Another interesting process that the ionome study allows to analyse is the interactions among plants' ions and how such ion availability can affect the absorption and use of others. The aim of this review is to present and discuss the ionome as an important tool in the elucidation of several mechanisms involved in absorption, translocation and accumulation of essential and nonessential elements in plant and its relation with their metabolism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of eucalyptus essential oil can optimize the growth of ectomycorrhizal isolates, which aid the establishment of forest species in soils contaminated by copper. The study aimed to determine the best application of eucalyptus essential oil in the formation of mycorrhizal seedlings of Eucalyptus grandis and its influence on the establishment of these seedlings in soil contaminated by copper. It was used the ectomycorrhizal fungi (fECM) Pisolithus microcarpus. The application forms of the essential oil were evaluated in a greenhouse, by means of six treatments. Subsequently, the seedlings were transplanted and evaluated in soil contaminated by copper, greenhouse and field. It was determined height, diameter, fresh and dry weight of shoots and roots, copper content in plant, colonization and survival in the field. The essential oil of E. grandis supports the growth of mycorrhizal of eucalyptus seedlings, particularly when applied to the substrate. The application of essential oil increases the colonization, promoting growth and survival of seedlings under greenhouse conditions and field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The bioactive secondary metabolites of some plants are capable of stimulating the growth of ectomycorrhizal fungi. Combined with plants, these fungi provide the same conditions to grow in environments contaminated by heavy metals. We evaluated the effect of adding essential oil of Eucalyptus grandis in the growth of ectomycorrhizal isolates in the presence of copper, zinc and nickel. The ectomycorrhizal Pisolithus microcarpus (UFSC Pt 116) and Pisolithus sp. (UFSC Pt 24) were incubated in liquid culture medium in the presence of increasing concentrations of copper, zinc and nickel and essential oil of Eucalyptus grandis at a concentration of 20 µL L-1. After an incubation period of 25 days, we estimated the dry mass of mycelium and concentration that inhibited fungal growth by 50%. At concentrations of copper, zinc and nickel above of 3.94, 1.57 and 0.85 mmol L-1 respectively, no increase was observed in the growth of ectomycorrhizal isolates evaluated by the addition of essential oil. The presence of essential oil of E. grandis at a concentration of 20 µL L-1 in liquid culture medium increased the tolerance of ectomycorrhizal isolates UFSC Pt 116 and Pt 24 UFSC to the heavy metals copper, zinc and nickel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Removal of metal ions present in aqueous solutions from wastewater through biosorption has an important role for pollution control. Metals such as cadmium, chromium (III), chromium (VI), zinc, nickel and arsenic are hazardous and present risks to human health Application of traditional treatments requires high costs and continuous input of chemicals which affect environment. However, regulatory standards are not always achieved. Hence, eco-friendly techniques are required for fine tuning of effluent wastewater treatment, so biosorption technology seems to be a promising process. In the last decades different types of biomass have been investigated for heavy metals removal. This work presents the results for studies of biosorption using coconut shell powder as biosorbent for the removal of heavy metals (As(V), Cr(III), Cr(VI), Ni(II), Zn(II) and Cd(II)). The removal capacity in batch tests was evaluated, and the the influence of pH, particle size, and initial metal concentration were also studied. The results are evaluated using Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of urban waste compost period of incorporation on soil pH changes and on heavy metals production and leaf content in lettuce grown in different soils. The experiment was set up in a complete randomized block design. The treatments were arranged in a factorial scheme 3 x 2 x 3, with three replications, corresponding to the samples of three soils (a sandy clay loam Red-Yellow Oxysol - LVAFAA; a sandy loam Red-Yellow Oxysol - LVAFA; and a loamy sand Quartzipsamment - RQ), two periods of incorporation of urban waste compost (1 and 2 months) and three levels of soil pH (original pH and pH adjusted for 6.0 and 7.0). Fresh and dry matter weights of the shoots were measured as well as soil pH and Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb e Zn concentrations in soil and plant. The addition of urban waste compost increased soil pH, with the largest incorporation time, promoting the largest pH increases. Fertilization with urban waste compost did not make lettuce inappropriate for human consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heavy metals, also called trace elements, may be essential to the metabolism of living organisms, and at the same time, depending on their concentrations, highly toxic. With the objective to investigate the toxicity of water of the Butuí-Icamaquã Rivers Basin on the border west of Rio Grande do Sul, were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrophotometer, the contents of aluminum, cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, manganese, nickel and zinc in abdominal viscera of fish, collected between June 2007 and February 2008, at selected points in Butuí, Icamaquã and Uruguai rivers. Aluminum, cadmium, manganese and nickel were above the levels considered safe for human consumption and levels near the legal limit were found for chrome and copper. The simultaneous analysis of water samples collected in the same locations showed levels above the legal limits of bromine, chromate, copper, cyanide, lead, manganese, phenols, phosphate and sulfate. These elements, in such concentrations in water and in fish, may compromise the ecosystem or pose risks to human health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this research was to determine the heavy metals concentration in blood (Pb, Ni and Cd), serum (Cu and Zn), hair and milk (Pb, Ni, Cd, Cu and Zn) of cattle raised in industrial (with steel mill) and non-industrial areas in Minas Gerais, Brazil. The samples were collected during summer and winter, aiming to verify animals contamination related to environment and year season. The environment significantly influenced the concentration of Cu obtained on serum samples, with higher values for cattle from the industrialized area. The sampling time affected the concentration of Cu (serum), Zn (serum and milk), Pb (blood) and Cd (blood and hair), with higher values for summer, except for Cd measured on hair. Meaningful interactions (P<0.05) between environment and year season were identified for Cu (hair and milk), Zn (hair) and Ni (serum, hair and milk). The results obtained show that the presence of steel mills in a determined area does not mean, necessarily that higher concentration of heavy metals will be found in cattle biological matrices. The seasonality can influence the heavy metal concentration obtained from these matrices, fact that should be considered in environment monitoring programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fish is an important source of heavy metal exposition and contamination for human being. Accumulation of mercury (Hg) in men occurs by chronicle exposition, through the food chain, by ingestion of fish contaminated with mercury. Because of biomagnifications the carnivorous fish that is on the top of the food chain shows a higher concentration of mercury in their tissues and can represent the aquatic environmental contamination. This work aims to establish histopathologic analysis and total mercury concentration in different tissues from thirty-one Trichiurus lepturus, a commercial fish from Itaipu Beach, Niterói, RJ. T. lepturus collected showed mean values of total mercury concentration of 0.051±0.031μg g-1 and 0.006±0.004μg g-1, respectively in muscle and kidney tissues. It was also conducted an analysis of mercury concentration from a pool of brain tissue from all individuals (0.019μg g-1). Minimum and maximum mercury values in muscular and kidney tissues showed a wide dispersion. There was a positive correlation between total length and mercury muscular tissue concentration (R=0.85) and between body weight and mercury muscular tissue concentration (R=0.88), both highly significant. No significant correlation (r=0.24) was observed between kidney weight and mercury tissue concentration (P>0.19). In a multiple comparison test among muscle, kidneys and brain mercury tissue concentration, it was observed a highly significant difference between muscle and kidneys (P<0.001), as well as between muscle and brain (P<0.001). Comparison between kidney and brain mercury tissue concentration also showed a significant difference with a probability level of 5% (P<0.05). Histopathology demonstrated damage in the kidneys (cartilaginous metaplasia in some individuals and a high presence of melanomacrophage centers). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]