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Copyright of Dental Press Journal of Orthodontics is the property of Dental Press International and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Dental Press Journal of Orthodontics is the property of Dental Press International and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: To describe oral healthcare services administered during the lockdown in the Eastern Mediterranean region and to investigate the role of socio-professional characteristics of dental practitioners or their self-reported COVID-19 infection. Material and Methods: A questionnaire was distributed to dental practitioners in all healthcare sectors in Jordan, Egypt, and Saudi Arabia. Results: There was a total of 335 participants, with the majority being females (N=225, 67.2%) and general practitioners (N=202, 60.3%). Cellulitis was the most common emergency encountered (N=108). The most common urgent procedures were for pulpitis, abscesses, and pericoronitis (N=191, 130, and 95, respectively). Country-specific significant associations were pulpitis in Egypt and Jordan, broken symptomatic teeth in Jordan, and biopsy in Egypt (p

In November 2002, a virus known as SARS-CoV was identified in Guangdong, China, and it was implicated as the etiology of severe acute respiratory syndrome. Seventeen years later, in the same month of November, a similar disease with more dramatic outcomes was identified in neighboring Wuhan. It has been six months since the identification of first cases of COVID-19 pandemic; however, unveiling clinical characteristics and modes of transmission of the disease are taking longer than expected. This overview aims to highlight some important points regarding the mode of transmission for which continuously surprising facts are being revealed every day. We also raise some vital questions to alert the scientific community to find the right answers and minimize the drastic fatal outcomes of this disease. It can be stated that SARS-CoV-2 could be transmitted as aerosol infection as well as through contacting infected surfaces. The possible role of abdominal gases as a route of spread of the virus should be considered and a fecal sample might be a useful diagnostic tool. Moreover, medical face masks are not protective from virus transmission during treating COVID-19 patients in settings where aerosol-generating procedures are performed. Doffing of PPE for healthcare workers needs more attention as this might be a source of infection unless additional measures of PPE disinfection are employed before doffing.

ABSTRACT Objective: To investigate the effect of ZnO nanocoating on mechanical properties of NiTi orthodontic wires and antibacterial activity. Methods: 0.016 x 0.022-in NiTi orthodontic wires were coated with ZnO nanoparticles using an electrochemical deposition method with three electrodes system in 0.1M Zn(NO3)2. Mechanical properties and frictional resistance of the coated wires were investigated using an universal testing machine. Antibacterial effect of ZnO coating was also investigated. Results: A stable adhered ZnO nanocoating on NiTi wires was obtained. The coated wires have a significant antibacterial activity against S. aureus, S. pyogens and E. coli, and a reduction of frictional forces by 34%. Conclusion: ZnO nanocoating may improve the antibacterial effects of NiTi wires and reduce the frictional resistance. Coating may be implanted in orthodontic practice for faster and safer treatment.

L’apparition des villages néolithiques, dans un espace où circulaient les hommes à la poursuite des animaux, atteste la sélection de lieux distingués où sont élevées des constructions durables. L’aménagement de terrasses sur les pentes, ainsi que la taille et l’implantation des constructions, présupposent l’organisation de groupes humains à trois échelles : une échelle nucléaire correspondant aux constructions autonomes, une échelle communautaire correspondant à celle du hameau entier, une échelle intermédiaire réunissant quelques groupes nucléaires au sein du hameau. La taille de certaines constructions les place hors de la portée d’un groupe nucléaire, présupposant la coopération d’une communauté plus importante.L’architecture des bâtiments atteste le contrôle des accès physiques (entrée, sortie) et des accès visuels (visibilité, invisibilité), déterminant une articulation différenciée des parties privées et des parties publiques : la privatisation de l’espace, régulant la circulation des hommes dans l’espace physique, débute au néolithique.La reconstruction des bâtiments au même endroit, sur des fondations anciennes ou à l’intérieur de celles-ci, invite à supposer l’apparition des prémices de la propriété privée, sans confirmation de cela. Cependant, la propriété privée d’objets meubles est attestée par la présence d’empreintes de sceaux sur des mottes fermant des conteneurs. La confirmation de la propriété privée du sol, régulant la circulation de segments d’espace physique au sein de l’espace social, ne sera obtenue qu’avec l’écriture, aux débuts de l’Age du Bronze.

Objective: To explore the prevalence of tobacco use and secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure in dental students and to investigate their perceptions on the role of dentists in tobacco cessation activities. Material and Methods: A questionnaire-based study was conducted in a public university in Al Madinah, Saudi Arabia. The questionnaire investigated demographic factors, tobacco use practices, SHS exposure, and student perceptions of tobacco cessation activities. Descriptive statistics and statistical significance of differences between demographic groups were calculated. Results: A total of 228 students participated with 43.0% (n=98) males and 57.0% (n=130) females. A proportion of 30.7% (n=70) of the participants smoked tobacco, and these constituted 51 males (73%) and 19 females (27%). Only 39 students (15 females and 24 males) indicated their method of tobacco use, which was mainly cigarettes and waterpipes. One in two students was exposed to SHS. Non-smokers had better awareness of the health hazards of SHS (p

ABSTRACT: Citrus is one of the major exported fruits of Pakistan. Especially Kinnow cultivar is famous across the globe because of its aroma and taste. The overall production of citrus is reported as half of the potential because of the non-adoption of research-based practices and lack of agricultural extension services and training of the citrus growers. In the last few years, the department of agricultural extension has started training programs called Farmer Field Schools (FFS) for citrus growers in the major citrus growing zone of the Punjab province, i.e., Sargodha region. This research was conducted in the Sargodha district to evaluate the knowledge and skills gained by the farmers from the FFS. The interview schedule was designed for the purpose of data collection. The data was collected from 120 farmers randomly selected from 15 FFS in the study area. All the respondents were participants of the FFS. The data was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). The Results of the study showed that 40% of the farmers learned about citrus verities, one-third of respondents learned about the management of new plants/orchards, 28% of the respondents got knowledge about the cultivation of fruits, and one-fourth of respondents acquired knowledge and skills about layout and management of citrus orchards. These findings conclude that training course has a positive influence on farmers’ farm management skills; hence emphasize on its persistence and further improvement by the concerned authorities.

ABSTRACT Objective: To qualitatively and quantitatively assess the color changes effect and the color stability of the resin infiltrant on white spot lesions (WSLs), in comparison with nano-hydroxyapatite (nano-HA) toothpaste and microabrasion. Methods: WSLs were artificially created on sixty human premolars enamel surfaces and randomly assigned to equal four groups (n = 15 each): nano-HA toothpaste, microabrasion (Opalusture), resin infiltrant (Icon) treatment, or artificial saliva (control group). The color change (ΔE) of each specimen was measured by dental spectrophotometer (Vita Easyshade) at different time points: baseline, after WSLs’ creation, after application of treatments, one month, three and six months after treatments application. Results: The ΔE value did not differ significantly for the four groups at baseline measurement before treatment (p> 0.05). Icon resin infiltrant improved the color of WSLs significantly immediately after its application, giving the lowest ΔE value (3.00 ± 0.59), when compared to other treatments (p< 0.001). There were no significant changes in ΔE (p> 0.05) for all groups during the follow up intervals (one month, three and six months after treatments application). Conclusion: Resin infiltrant can improve the color of WSLs and restore the natural appearance of enamel better than nano-HA toothpaste and microabrasion.

Background and Objectives: Currently, there is an increase in fungal infections, especially in immune compromised patients. Among the fungi that cause invasive infections there is the yeast of the genus Candida, considered HIV progression marker. Antifungal therapy and diagnosis are important for the treatment of oral candidiasis, due to the resistance attributed to certain species. Thus, the aim this study was to determine the incidence of oral candidiasis in patients with the HIV virus, to define the species, the virulence factors and sensitivity to fluconazole. Methods: Researched to colonization of the oral mucosa of HIV-positive patients with the aid of a sterile swab and culture in Sabouraud Dextrose Agar. The activity of proteinase and phospholipase were done. Susceptibility testing was performed by disk diffusion method. A record filled with socio-economic data, and clinical information regarding medications and symptomatology of patients. Results: The sample was consisted of 45 people. The average age of patients was 38 years (± 13.63). The rate of oral colonization by Candida in HIV patients was 53.3%, of these, 95.83% owned by albicans species. The isolates showed positive activity and strongly positive for phospholipase and proteinase. In the susceptibility test showed 25% of the isolates were resistant to fluconazole. Conclusion: Early diagnosis of candidiasis in HIV-infected patients is essential both for the immediate treatment, and to improve their quality of life, since the thrush is a very common oral lesions in this population.

OBJETIVO: Os casos de displasia de desenvolvimento do quadril (DDQ) ainda ocorrem depois da idade da marcha devido ao diagnóstico tardio ou ausente e à falha do tratamento conservador. A escolha do tratamento da DDQ depois da idade da marcha continua controversa e uma das opções é a redução a céu aberto combinada com osteotomia do inominado. MÉTODOS: Vinte pacientes com 26 quadris com DDQ tratados cirurgicamente foram avaliados de 2005 a 2008, usando-se a osteotomia do inominado pela técnica de Salter depois de redução e capsulorrafia a céu aberto. A idade dos pacientes no momento da cirurgia variou de 12 a 18 meses (média de idade 14,7 meses). De 15 pacientes do sexo feminino e cinco do masculino, seis tiveram luxação bilateral e dos restantes, nove tiveram luxação do quadril esquerdo e cinco, do direito. RESULTADOS: Os resultados foram avaliados de acordo com os critérios modificados de McKay e dos critérios radiológico de Severin, depois de acompanhamento médio de 46,7 meses. Oitenta e nove por cento dos quadris foram classificados como excelentes ou bons pelos critérios de McKay. Não houve resultados ruins. De acordo com os critérios de Severin, 77% eram do tipo I e II, enquanto 23% eram do tipo III e IV; nenhum quadril foi classificado nos tipos V ou VI. Houve um caso (3,8%) de reluxação, mas a cirurgia de revisão resultou em redução estável, concêntrica e permanente. Não há relato de casos de infecções, fratura do enxerto e lesão vacular ou nervosa. CONCLUSÃO: A redução a céu aberto combinada com a osteotomia de Salter não afeta o quadril com relação à remodelação em crianças entre 12 e 18 meses de idade. Nível de Evidência IV, Série de Casos.

O ensaio é dedicado ao estudo do Templo de Bel na cidade de Tadmor/Palmira, antiga Síria. Em meio à atmosfera desse conjunto religioso monumental, realiza-se a leitura semiótica do espaço com o objetivo de apreender as características rituais que nele se delineiam e criam lugares circunscritos e qualificados pela arquitetura. Nos procedimentos de enunciação do texto religioso, a arquitetura reescreve semioticamente o espaço, de maneira a possibilitar a leitura das próprias práticas religiosas, que, carregadas de significados e valores à maneira de um código, permitem, em retorno, a apreensão de um conceito de espaço simultaneamente cenário e ator de um rito. Palavras-chave comunicação, cultura, rito, espaço, enunciação Abstract This essay is devoted to the study of the ancient Syrian Temple of Bel, in the town of Tadmor/Palmyra. In the midst of the atmosphere of this monumental religious complex, the author undertakes a semiotic reading of space in order to apprehend the temple’s ritual characteristics, that create places circumscribed and qualified by its architecture. In the procedures of enunciation of the religious text, the space is semiotically rewritten by the architecture in such a way as to enable the reading of the religious practices themselves, that, imbued with meanings and values in the manner of a code, allow for the apprehension of a concept of space that is simultaneously the scene and the actor of a rite. Key words communication, culture, rite, space, enunciation

RESUMO: Inicialmente descrita por Brooks SM e col. em 1985 (1), a Síndroma de Disfunção Reactiva das Vias Aéreas (SDRVA), caracteriza-se por um quadro clínico de asma brônquica de início súbito, após exposição a gases, vapores ou fumos com grande poder irritativo. O diagnóstico da SDRVA requer que o início dos sintomas ocorra nas primeiras vinte e quatro horas após a exposição e que esta seja única, maciça e breve.Várias publicações subsequentes pretenderam modificar os critérios diagnósticos iniciais da SDRVA, incluindo quadros de asma ocorrendo vinte e quatro horas após a exposiçães, exposirções repetidas e com duração superior a um dia, exposições a agentes irritantes em pequenas concentrarções e até foram descritas como SDRYA, síndromas ventilatórias restritivas.Para esclarecer estas discrepâncias, Brooks SM e col. apresentam uma analise retrospectiva de 86 casos de asma induzida por agentes ocupacionais/ambientais, com o objectivo de: 1. melhor defmir as características clínicas da asma brônquica induzida por agentes irritantes; 2. avaliar a contribuição de factores do hospedeiro tais como a atopia, na sua patogénese.Foram avaliados três tipos de asma: 1) Asma ocupacional provocada por um agente sensibilizante (11 individuos, 13%); 2) Asma induzida por agentes irritativos (54 indivíduos, 63%); 3) Asma não relacionada com a exposição ocupacional/ambiental (21 indivíduos, 21%). Do 2° grupo - asma induzida por agentes irritativos â emergiram duas apresentações clínicas distintas: ⢠a asma de início agudo (29 indivíduos) (SDRVA) â em que as manifestarções clínicas se iniciam imediatamente ou algumas horas (até 24 horas) após uma exposição acidental breve e maciça e ⢠a asma de início não tão agudo (25 indivíduos) â em que a exposição ao agente irritante não é tão breve, frequentemente não é maciça, prolongase para além das 24 horas e o início do quadro clínico de asma é mais tardio. Verificaram que 88% dos indivíduos do grupo da asma de início não tão agudo evidenciaram uma diátese alérgica/atópica (p < 0.01), enquanto apenas 52% dos indivíduos do grupo da asma de início agudo eram atópicos (número ainda elevado, mas estatisticamente não significativo). Verificaram igualmente que alguns dos indivíduos alérgicos/atópicos com presumível asma de início recente, tinham antecedentes de asma que permanecera quiescente durante pelo menos um ano antes da exposição a agentes irritativos (16 indivíduos).Os autores salientam a importância da distinção entre a asma induzida por agentes irritativos de início não tão agudo, a asma ocupacional induzida por agentes sensibilizantes do local de trabalho e a asma de início agudo (SDRVA) provocada pela exposição maciça a agentes irritantes do local de trabalho. COMENTÃRIO: O pneumologista devera saber distinguir entre os diferentes tipos de asma desencadeada pelos agentes ambientais/ocupacionais, já que a estas poderão corresponder diferentes etiopatogenias (atopia? sensibilização? toxicidade directa?).Matos MJ e col. (1994) (2) também distinguem a SDRVA e a asma ocupacional e alertam para a necessidade de se proceder a uma investigação cuidadosa dos factores que precedem o início da asma bronquica do adulto, tendo em consideração que a SDRVA poderá vir a tomar-se numa causa de absentismo laboral, reforma antecipada ou incapacidade para a realização de algumas tarefas.Promisloff R e col. (1990) (3) recordam ainda que uma única exposição acidental, pode afectar múltiplos indivíduos no local de trabalho. Palavras-chave: Síndroma de disfunção reactiva das vias aéreas, Asma induzida por agentes irritantes, Asma ocupacional

Abstract Trypanosoma comprises flagellates able to infect several mammalian species and is transmitted by several groups of invertebrates. The order Chiroptera can be infected by the subgenera Herpetosoma, Schizotrypanum, Megatrypanum and Trypanozoon. In this study, we described the diversity of bat trypanosomes and inferred phylogenetic relationships among the trypanosomes from bats caught in Tapajós-Arapiuns Extractive Reserve (Resex) in Pará state. Trypanosomes from bats were isolated by means of hemoculture, and the molecular phylogeny was based on the trypanosome barcode (SSUrDNA V7V8 variable region). A total of 111 bats were caught in the area, belonging to three families (Emballonuridae, Molossidae and Phyllostomidae) and 12 species. The bat trypanosome prevalence, as evaluated through hemoculture, was 9% all positive cultures were cryopreserve (100% of isolation success). Phylogenetic trees grouped nine isolates in T. cruzi marinkellei branch and only one in T. dionisii branch. Studies on bat trypanosome diversity are important for identifying pathogenic species and for generating support for control measures, especially in such areas where humans inhabit the forest with close contact with bat species. In addition, this is the first study in Resex Tapajós-Arapiuns extractive reserve and further studies should be conducted to elucidate the role of these parasites as environmental degradation biomarkers.

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the effect of silica dioxide (SiO2) nanofillers in different bonding systems on shear bond strength (SBS) and mode of failure of orthodontic brackets at two experimental times. Methods: Ninety-six intact premolars were divided into four groups: A) Conventional acid-etch and primer Transbond XT; B) Transbond Plus self-etch primer; and two self-etch bonding systems reinforced with silica dioxide nanofiller at different concentrations: C) Futurabond DC at 1%; D) Optibond All-in-One at 7%. Each group was allocated into two subgroups (n = 12) according to experimental time (12 and 24 hours). SBS test was performed using a universal testing machine. ARI scores were determined under a stereomicroscope. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to determine the size and distribution of nanofillers. One-way ANOVA was used to compare SBS followed by the post-hoc Tukey test. The chi-square test was used to evaluate ARI scores. Results: Mean SBS of Futurabond DC and Optibond All-in-One were significantly lower than conventional system, and there were no significant differences between means SBS obtained with all self-etch bonding systems used in the study. Lower ARI scores were found for Futurabond DC and Optibond All-in-One. There was no significant difference of SBS and ARI obtained at either time points for all bonding systems. Relative homogeneous distribution of the fillers was observed with the bonding systems. Conclusion: Two nanofilled systems revealed the lowest bond strengths, but still clinically acceptable and less adhesive was left on enamel. It is advisable not to load the brackets immediately to the maximum.