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The aim of the article is to examine two political texts by the marquis de Sade that propose a procedure to be instituted in the elaboration of laws, in such a way that the law can effectively be made to be the expression of popular sovereignty, as intended by the French republican constitution of 1793. The texts in question are the Adresse au roi des français (1791), written before the proclamation of the constitution of that same year, and the Idée sur le mode de la sanction des lois (1792), that precedes the republican constitution promulgated in 1793. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Muiraquitã: Revista de Letras e Humanidades is the property of Muiraquita and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This document is a review of the book "História da liberdade religiosa: da reforma ao iluminismo" by Humberto Schubert Coelho. The author analyzes the period from the Reformation to the Enlightenment, highlighting the metaphysical and scientific discussions in the West, the consequences on freedom of thought, and the separation between science and religion. The book is organized into six chapters and addresses the struggle for religious freedom from the 13th to the 18th century, presenting the protagonists and their interactions. The author also highlights the relationship between religion and science, mentioning figures such as Francis Bacon, René Descartes, and Galileo Galilei. The article discusses the history of religious freedom, addressing the emergence of science in the modern era and its relationship with Catholic theology. The role of spiritualist movements, such as evangelicals, in the 17th and 18th centuries is emphasized. The Leibniz-Wolff system is presented as an expression of German Enlightenment committed to proving the existence of God and the immortality of the soul. The author also mentions the influence of characters such as Fénelon, Malebranche, Bayle, La Rochefoucauld, Bossuet, La Bruyère, and Racine in the French Enlightenment. The text also discusses the influence of Voltaire and other thinkers on the French Revolution, highlighting the criticism of religion and the state. The author concludes by emphasizing the importance of understanding religious freedom to promote a culture of peace and harmonious coexistence among different groups. [Extracted from the article]

The cinema is a tool of social and cultural production and many researchers insist on the necessity of educating children and young people in cinematographic discourse due to the influence it has on their lives and on the decisions they take. Students' notions on the past and on History are also affected by the cinema since cinematographic production devote a large part of its endeavors to the construction of film narratives on historical facts and occurrences. Children's familiarity with the cinema facilitates its employment in the school and makes possible the approach of common sense discourses to scientific ones, according to a problematized attribution process from a practical meaning to historical contents taught in school. Teachers should also conceive the cinema as a valid resource for the interpretation of sources by the students through the process of selection and scientific fundamentation of cinematographic discourses for the understanding of contents. Levels of historical interpretation on the previous happenings of the French Revolution were analyzed through the film Marie Antoinette (Sofia Coppola) as an educational resource in the 8th year of the primary school. Results were analyzed according to a perspective of progression in historical thought. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Patrimônio e Memória is the property of Centro de Documentacao e Apoio a Pesquisa and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of História da Historiografia is the property of Sociedade Brasileira de Teoria e Historia da Historiografia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Mana (01049313) is the property of Contra Capa Livraria and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article intends to analyze the foundations of the Modern Law under the vectors of continuity and rupture, which mark its dialectical structure. From the study of historical and theoretical elements of revolution and, in more detail, the French Revolution, we intend to demonstrate the importance of the idea of discontinuity to the genesis of Law in the Modern Age. With the new model of Law, the concept of legal certainty would be put as the key to demand both a normative and institutional setting as well as a structural thinking in order to support it. Under the sign of legal positivism, the primacy given to the formal foundations of the system completed by ensuring the dialectic of continuity and discontinuity, paving the way for the dramatic phenomena occurred during the Second World War. Since then, a broad movement has been trying to rethink the law in order to rescue the new dimensions of legal rationality. We will also try to investigate how this movement, known as postpositivism, can contribute to a new understanding of the dialectic between continuity and rupture in the Modern Law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The contributions of Condorcet (1743-1794) on public education are discussed. Condorcet, an intellectual who participated in the French Revolution, established the doctrinal basis of the bourgeois education system and the Republican liberal educational project based on the Illustration theoretical and ideological premises and on the Enlightenment philosophers who influenced contemporary pedagogical thought. Condorcet's document "Report and Draft Decree on the General Organization of Public Instruction," submitted to the National Assembly on behalf of the Committee on Public Education (1792), is analyzed. Other shorter documents, such as (a) On Provincial Assemblies (1788); (b) Post-scriptum (1788); (c) the speech given to the National Assembly on behalf of the National Academy of Sciences (1790); (d) Overview of the Public Man's Library (1790); (e) On the Need of Public Education (1793), in which the author stresses the need to establish public education in the Republic, are also analyzed. The sources investigated show the insistence on people's moral formation, perceived as a radical union between reason and morality, based on the principle of absolute autonomy and independence from any religious or political influence. The texts suggest that all citizens should have access to free education at all levels for the physical, intellectual and moral formation of both genders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Lua Nova is the property of CEDEC and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Educacao & Sociedade is the property of Centro de Estudos de Educacao e Sociedade and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Crítica de Ciências Sociais is the property of Centro de Estudos Sociais and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Both in its geometric and literal sense, the path of communism in this century describes a parabolic curve, constituting, as in the case of a parable, a short moral story. Indeed, this important political, economic and social contemporary movement, philosophically inspired in the marxism and organically structured by leninism, arises in the context of the great changes brought by First World War, reaches its apex in the aftermath of the Second, as a result of the victory over nazi-fascism, and vanishes in its final crisis between 1989 and 1991, victimized by its own structural disability to overcome its economic inefficiency and the lack of political legitimacy. This article discusses some of the fixation points of this parabola, centering on the recent book of the French "revisionist" historian François Furet, Le Passé d'une Illusion (Paris: Laffont/Calmann-Lévy, 1995), a well-known scholar of the French Revolution, which delineates the reasons of the good performance of the communist idea in this century: according to him, it was a successful illusion. Despite its essentially political approach and the fact of being relatively franco-centric, his essay on intellectual history is highly consistent, as well as its appropriate (and historically sound) comparison between communism and fascism. Less satisfying, at the other side, is the explanatory lack of the economic reasons for the success of the communist idea, besides the final crisis of the system itself. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]