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The paper presents a decomposition of the net interest paid by the Brazilian government, in 2002-2021, dividing the expenditure in four parts: the real-interest-rate cost, the inflation cost, the carry cost of fixed-income assets and exchange-rate swaps. The analysis also details the carry cost in terms of the government's main financial assets: (international reserves and loans to the BNDES), showing that the financial adjustment of 2016-2021 reduced the equilibrium primary balance in around 2.5% of GDP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we present Gibbs' original discussion on the equivalence between equilibrium conditions, i.e., a maximum entropy condition for a given energy and the minimum energy condition for a given entropy - which are presented as theorems by the author. Next, we show how such a discussion appears in contemporary textbooks that present Thermodynamics from its laws (law zero plus the three laws). We compare this presentation with the discussion made by Callen, in his postulational approach to Thermodynamics. We show that part of Gibbs' discussion has been lost even in textbooks dealing with the laws. Furthermore, we argue that Callen's approach does not emphasize the fact that although the principles are the same, thermalizing a system composed of distinct processes (one with constant energy and the other with constant temperature) leads to different temperature values. In addition to solving the problem analytically, we present a graphical analysis of the problem. At the end, we discuss implications for thermodynamics teaching. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The genetics of human populations is the branch of Genetics that studies the dynamics of genes in natural populations, aiming at the elucidation of mechanisms that alter their genetic composition. Among the fundamentals of this science is the Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium, which determines that gene frequencies remain unchanged and genotypic proportions reach a stable balance, obtaining the same constant relation with each other over time. To demonstrate this principle, it is necessary to admit that the studied population is not subject to evolutionary factors or to those that alter genotypic frequencies, increasing the homozygosity. More specifically, it is necessary to assume that the population obeys the following premises: random mating, infinite population, non-overlapping generations, in addition to the absence of mutation, selection and migration. More than recalling basic concepts of Genetics and Statistics, this article aims to describe the Bernstein Method for verifying the gene equilibrium for blood types. The research is concluded with a case study in the city of Engenheiro Coelho - SP, where the Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium for blood types in the population is verified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this text, the compatibility between Oswaldo Porchat's skepticism (in both of its guises, the philosophy of the Common Worldview and neopyrrhonism) and a pair of other general metaphilosophical theses -- namely, reflective equilibrium and the problem-solving view -- is investigated. An effort is made in order to show the manner in which said theses are compatible and able to throw light on one another, and an articulation between them is proposed. Reflective equilibrium helps one to understand the relationship of a skeptical/postskeptical philosophy with the Common Life, first, and then with the phenomenic domain afterwards. The problem-solving view is the metaphilosophical outlook favored by Porchat himself throughout his neopyrrhonic period. We attempt to show that reflective equilibrium is sought, in the first period, bewteen Common Life and particular philosophical theses (of a nondogmatic character, having as boundary condition their foundation in Common Life); and, in the second period, equilibrium must obtain between the phenomenic domain and another sort of epistemic unit -- namely, philosophical problems that are amenable to be re-translated onto the phenomenic domain and are subject to dynamics of a certain kind. In order for the analysis to be carried out, an investigation of Porchat's notions of phenomenon and objectivity is of paramount importance. The text ends with some considerations regarding the place of scientific knowledge within Porchat's general philosophical outlook. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article below focuses on clarifying the questions coming up from the socalled Keynes Effective Demand Principle, presented in his General Theory. Therefore, it demonstrates how Keynes defined the concepts used in the elaboration of the so-called Effective Demand and illustrates its economic characteristics; how this principle refuted Say's Law, that is, the prevailing macroeconomic mainstream and clearing the questions about the lack of (neoclassical) labor market and the possibility of involuntary unemployment. Besides, it is necessary to analyze the nature of short and long term expectations and their relationship to each other, then achieving the understanding of the equilibrium models proposed by Kregel from the Keynesian theory and its viability to comprehend the dynamics of the economic system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The behavior description of diffuse system, linear and nonlinear, can be treated through Fokker-Planck equation. This equation has shown great interesting of researchers for its good adaptation to different systems, classical and quantum. In this work we use the Fokker-Planck to find the total probabilities of diffuse bistable potential under action of a external electric field. The system solutions show that there is two wave functions, one symmetrical and another anti-symmetrical and when the electric field is applied all energy levels are degenerate. It is observed that the application of external electric field entails in a decrease of temperature of the system and, consequently, shorter time to reach equilibrium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cerebral paralysis (PC) is a pathology that may compromise several organic functions, among them, the motor development and, consequently the equilibrium. The aim of the present study was to assess the effects of an intervention of virtual reality in the motor control of a child with PC. This was a longitudinal, quantitative case study with a 8 year old male patient from a private clinic in Ceará. Firstly, the child was familiarized with the site of the experiment, then underwent a EEG record with 10/20 system, both with open eyes and closed. Data was obtained from the EEG records, with software BioExplorer TQ-7 system. Equilibrium changes were assessed with a stabilometry evaluation. Evaluations were performed pre- and post- an experiment, which consisted of virtual reality gaming using a Nintendo Wii, console. The games that were chosen involved motor control and equilibrium. Data showed a reduction in slow waves and an increase in rapid waves post-experiment. Frequency of median and rapid waves also increased concomitantly. Moreover, a high stability in motor control was observed postexperiment. Therefore, gaming with virtual reality games has the potential to influence positively cerebral waves and motor control in children with cerebral paralysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While Leibniz attempts to approximate his philosophy to the mathematical principles, by formulation of a scientific model that in the last instance reduces everything that exists a one single and unchanging substance (monade), Hegel brings the consciousness for the foreground and ordering the other elements in categories that are developed from the reflection. However, both theories keeps a characteristic in common: a certain coherence, a tendency to equilibrium, that for Leibniz compose the nature of each monade, while for Hegel, coherence is inherent in human consciousness. Here is the central idea of this article, study how this trend develops in both theories, analyzing its main characteristics and their points of divergence and convergence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main clinical signs observed in the poisoning by Ipomoea asarifolia are intention tremors and incoordination. The aim of this study was to determine if I. asarifolia is tremorgenic for mice and its effect on equilibrium, coordination and muscle strength. Three groups Swiss male mice received ration containing 0, 20% and 30% of dry I. asarifolia for 30 days. On day 0 and every fi ve days feed and water intake and the weight of the animals were measured. At the same time the animals were tested for equilibrium, coordination and muscle strength on the elevated bar, wire suspension and rota-rod. Changes in balance and motor coordination were observed in the elevated bar and the rotarod, suggesting that the plant affects the central nervous system. However, muscle tremors were not observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The developmental disorder of motor coordination (DCD) is characterized by motor difficulties in performing daily tasks and academic difficulties, with no neurological disorder (APA, 2000). This research aims to analyze the equilibrium unipedal in children with, in risk and without DCD from 3 to 6 years. The sample consisted of 18 children, 7 at risk and 11 typical. It was been applied the test of static equilibrium unipedal M- ABC2 (Movement Assessment Battery for Children - 2) (Henderson & Sugden, 1992), and it was performed the three-dimensional kinematic analysis (Ariel Performance Analysis System) for the locations sacrum, D12, C7 and vertex. In the present study, children with DCD presented difficulties in developing skills and underperformed compared with typical children (Van Waelvelde, De Weerdt, De Cock, & Smits - Engelsman, 2004). For the unipedal equilibrium, and despite we found no significant difference, the group at risk showed greater variability in all the anatomical sites in comparison with the typical group. The center of variation is higher in children with risk of DCD, mainly in C7 and vertex. For the understanding this type of variability present, we suggest recurrence analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current descriptive and transversal study investigates changes in equilibrium and gait in elderly people and their association with falls. Two hundred elderly people, males and females, aged 60 years or over, were involved. An open- and closed-question interview was conducted. A mini-test in mental health (MTMH) evaluated cognition and the evaluation scale of lower members physical performance were applied to evaluate the members' equilibrium, gait and strength. Results showed that 51% of the elderly population under analysis experienced falls during the last six months and that fall-associated risk factors comprised the 70 - 74 (p=0.04) and 75 - 79 (p=0.01) years bracket; living alone (p=<0.01); partner-less (p=0.01); use of drugs (p+0.05); number of drugs between 3 and 4 (p=0.04) and 5 or over (p=0.01), muscle weakness (p=0.01), small step strides (p=0.08), asymmetry of gait (p=0.09), problems with feet (p=0.07), use of hearing aid (p=0.01). Results indicate the relevance of a multi-disciplinary team for the elderly and the development of prevention measures to decrease frequency and number of falls and thus an improvement in the basic day-to-day activities and more independent life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Formerly the concept of economic development involved transforming the productive structures in order to employ the population in higher productivity activities, so that welfare improved. Development implied that economic systems followed development paths (not always in equilibrium) in order to reach more desirable welfare results: Equilibrium was not the main target. More recently, economic strategies emphasize reaching growth within equilibrium paths, thus, preserving economic structures. The latter vision yields incompatible results with the former. This paper revises some issues concerning structural change versus equilibrium targets as a means to reach development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article is purposed treating the analitical and historical scenaries on the walrasian and marshallian stability of competitive equilibrium using analytical geometry and diferential calculus as only elements for solution of the competitive equilibrium problem and finish the article with considerations about the work of Walras. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluated the diametric structure of the biological reserve of Cerradão (REBIO do Cerradão), from the analysis of the diametric distributions of the community and its main populations, ordered according to the importance value (IV). The individuals distribution ratio by diametric classes were evaluated by regression and variance analysis. The values of “q” and “R²” indicated that Qualea grandiflora Mart. was the species with the most balanced distribution and greater tendency to equilibrium, and Terminalia fagifolia Mart. the only one that did not show the J-reverse shape. The cerradão seems to be able to recover from random events, but new measurements need to be made to permit more robust conclusions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The capoeira can be a resource for the development of physical abilities and capacities. It can be a form of non verbal expression, development of self conscience and of the pleasure to discover body movement. The playful is inherent to human activity and is characterized by spontaneity, functionality and satisfaction. The aim of this study was to verify the effect of learning of capoeira, using playful activities, on physical capabilities of pre-school children. It took part ten children, being eight boys and two girls of five and six years old, whose physical capacities were evaluated before and after the training protocol, using test of flexibility, lower members potency, equilibrium and agility. It was taught playful classes, duration of 50 min, twice by week on a period of 12 weeks. It was calculated the percentage of changes and the statistical significance was determinates using Student t Test to repeated samples, regarding p<0.05. The flexibility increase from 28.9±4.3 to 36.4±10.3 cm and the vertical jump increase from 19.5±4.6 to 23.3±3.6 cm (p<0.05). The horizontal jump has not changed, however the equilibrium increased from 29.0±14.5 to 54.3±8.1 seg and the agility enhanced from 14.3±0.9 to 11.3±0.6 seg (p<0.001). It was concluded that the learning of capoeira using playful activities can provide, among several advantages, enhance of the physical capacities in children of five and six years old. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two theoretical explanations are given about the working system of Roberval's balance and also of an interesting variation of it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The determination of moisture content in soils under tension follows the assumption that the water matric potential is at equilibrium with an applied tension. The time the soil water tension reaches the equilibrium under the 6kPa tension was determined in Hapludalf and Hapludox clay soils. In the Hapludalf, the equilibrium between the applied tension and water matric potential, in most of the samples, was obtained between 72 and 96h, while in Hapludox, equilibrium was not reached until the 168h. The water tension in the samples had no significant correlation with bulk density and did not reach the tension applied on the suction table and sand suction column. Nevertheless, more than 97% of the soil water was extracted at 48h both in Hapludalf and Hapludox, suggesting that this time is sufficient to estimate the soil moisture at 6kPa tension, independently of clay content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conditional validity of the equilibrium in the General Theory of Keynes. It discusses that the equilibrium in Economics, as a method of analysis, has a conditional utility, when it is not necessary its association with ideal situations and with a constancy of structural parameters of the system. Keynes (1936) appears as an example of a good utilization of that method, for he doesn't link it with notions of social optimum or with a necessary system's structural stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aiming the establishment of possible relations between balance and fear of falling, with analysis of sex and fall predisposition influence, 40 non-institutionalized senescents were observed. The Tinetti's test and Falls Efficacy Scale were the chosen instruments. This study suggests that gender influences balance and fear of falling, being also noticeable a high correlation between these last two items. As for the occurrence of falls in the last 12 months, no differences were found between elderly men and women, and apparently it is not associated with changes in balance and possible fear of falling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To assess the effect of the first year of an Adult Revitalization program on the number of occurrences of falls, and its relationship with the evolution of muscle strength, flexibility and dynamic balance. Method: 94 individuals (79 women and 15 men) who participated in an Adult Revitalization program, in São Carlos, State of São Paulo, Brazil, for one year were evaluated regarding their hand grip strength, flexibility, dynamic balance and occurrences of falls on five occasions: an initial evaluation followed by four others at three-month intervals. Results: The women and the men experienced gains in flexibility and balance over the course of the program, but there was no significant reduction in the number of falls. Only women improved their muscle strength. The individuals who reported having fallen at least once during that year (28.72% of the participants) gained strength and flexibility, but their dynamic balance did not increase. In this group, the mean number of falls decreased between the first and the third evaluation, but increased between the third and the fourth evaluation, which coincided with the period of resting from physical activities. The individuals who-did not fall presented gains in balance and flexibility but not in their hand grip strength. Conclusion: After one year, the number of falls, among the participants in the Adult Revitalization program did not decrease significantly. Among the participants who fell at least once during the study period, the improvement in the number of falls occurred inversely to the improvement in handgrip strength and dynamic balance, but did not present any relationship with the improvement in flexibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]