14 results on '"EMISSIONS trading"'
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2. Carbon Markets: Rehabilitating the Egalitarian Objection
- Author
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Antoine Verret-Hamelin
- Subjects
carbon markets ,emissions trading ,equality ,ethics ,climate change ,Philosophy. Psychology. Religion ,Philosophy (General) ,B1-5802 ,Ethics ,BJ1-1725 - Abstract
While carbon markets have been increasingly scrutinized for their moral merits, the egalitarian critique of carbon markets has been largely neglected. Many admit that emission-trading schemes (ETSs), in their actual form, reproduce pre-existing inequalities. However, this is often seen as a contingent, easily-fixed problem, as carbon markets can fulfill egalitarian goals as long as the initial allocation of permits is made according to an egalitarian ideal. The goal of this paper is to challenge this idealistic rejection of the egalitarian critique of carbon markets by underlying seven structural features of carbon markets that explain why, in all likelihood, ETSs will always reproduce pre-existing inequalities (without even curbing carbonemissions). First, carbon markets are bound to cover mainly the activities of wealthy and powerful corporations. Second, carbon markets are excessively complex and their operations typically lack transparency. Third, information asymmetries persist between public servants and private firms regarding ETSs. Fourth, target setting is a political, highly partisan process. These four features give private firms the power to manipulate at their advantage the rules of a carbon market. Three other features explain why the motivations of agents under an ETS will most of the time be corrupted: carbon markets trivialize the harm done by carbon emissions; they alter our perception of nature’s value; and they crowd-out our intrinsic motivations. Thus, influential private firms will have the power and willingness to bend carbon markets at their advantage.
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. AGUARDADA REGULAÇÃO DO MERCADO DE CARBONO NO BRASIL FORTALECE UNIÃO DE ESFORÇOS CONTRA CRISE CLIMÁTICA.
- Author
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MARTIN, CAROLINE
- Subjects
GREENHOUSE gas mitigation ,CLIMATE change ,CARBON pricing ,EMISSIONS trading ,MARKET positioning - Abstract
Copyright of O Papel is the property of Associacao Brasileira Tecnica de Celulose e Papel and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2024
4. Questionando a comensuração do carbono: Algumas emissões são mais iguais que outras
- Author
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Ricardo Sequeiros Coelho
- Subjects
carbon market ,cost‑effectiveness analysis ,emissions commensurability ,emissions trading ,environmental policy ,Social Sciences ,Social sciences (General) ,H1-99 - Abstract
Emissions trading is usually presented in economics literature as a regulatory instrument that enables an environmental objective to be achieved in a cost‑effective manner. By opening up the “black box” of the construction of an emissions market, however, it is possible to see how this presupposes the existence of a set of social processes that will influence its performance in ways not envisaged by its supporters.Drawing on critical literature on the carbon markets, this article presents a review of the criticisms of emissions commensuration, categorising them in terms of arguments based on notions of scientific rigor, justice, sustainability and democracy. These arguments show how the commensuration processes inherent to the carbon markets exclude important information from the decision‑making process and make the actors and institutions concerned invisible. The potential for reforming these markets is discussed in the conclusion.
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. Quando a Participação no Desenvolvimento Regional não Prioriza só Empregos: reflexões sobre a Califórnia/EUA.
- Author
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Brose, Markus Erwin
- Subjects
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COMMUNITY development , *CITIZEN participation in economic development , *SOCIAL conflict , *CLIMATE change & politics , *EMISSIONS trading , *ELECTIONS - Abstract
This essay entails an analysis about the social conflict established over the choices for California's future. In November 2010 citizens chose through election process to establish mitigation and adaptation to climate change as a regional development strategy, and this implies higher costs. Few regional development strategies have experienced such an engaged endorsement by the people. We present a description of the process, and review its main actors, objectives, strategies and results. Based on this experience, we seek to provide an analysis about key elements for the quality of civic participation. From the attitudes taken by the private sector in California, it's possible to conclude that there is no support to arguments often present in the headlines, that climate change is a non-tariff barrier from the industrialized North to prevent the development of the South, or that a cap-and-trade system represents a strategy for business as usual. From the experience of California, we support the argument that mitigation and adaptation to climate change will provide structural changes - in pricing - for the economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2013
6. Mercado de Carbono no Brasil: analisando efeitos de eficiência e distributivos.
- Author
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de Castro, Luiza Maia and da Motta, Ronaldo Seroa
- Subjects
- *
CARBON & the environment , *COST effectiveness , *GOVERNMENT policy on climate change , *EMISSIONS trading ,UNITED Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (1992). Protocols, etc., 1997 December 11 - Abstract
Since the Kyoto Protocol several experiences with carbon markets have taken place elsewhere to enhance the cost-effectiveness of climate policies. In these markets emission rights can then be traded among regulated sources to achieve their goals. In the absence of asymmetric transaction costs, the criteria of emission rights does not affect the efficiency of the market but, on the other hand, they generates different distribution of costs and revenues. The aim of this study was to measure the efficiency and equity effects of two different criteria for allocation of emission rights based on a simulation model of a carbon market for the Brazilian industrial sector for the period 2010-2030 with a scenario in which the aggregate target is allocated by industry in proportion to the current sectoral emissions and another where sectoral target protects sectors with higher average mitigation costs. Results showed a reduction of 78-82% in total abatement cost in relation to accomplishing the same target with no market mechanism. In distributive terms the protectionist scenario showed that the metallurgy had its sectoral target raised to reduce the average costs of the others, in particular, the refining sector where abatement costs are much higher. In sum, the simulation exercises confirm the great efficiency of market instruments and emphasizes the political importance of the setting process of emission right allocation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2013
7. Questionando a comensuração do carbono: Algumas emissões são mais iguais que outras.
- Author
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COELHO, RICARDO SEQUEIROS
- Subjects
CARBON offsetting ,EMISSIONS (Air pollution) ,ENVIRONMENTAL policy ,EMISSION control ,EMISSIONS trading ,CONTINUOUS emission monitoring - Abstract
Copyright of Revista Crítica de Ciências Sociais is the property of Centro de Estudos Sociais and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2011
8. Desenvolvimento sustentável e o Protocolo de Quioto: uma abordagem histórica do Mecanismo de Desenvolvimento Limpo.
- Author
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Hoppe, Letícia, Alvim, Augusto Mussi, Medina Ketzer, João Marcelo, and de Souza, Osmar Tomaz
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SUSTAINABLE development ,UNITED Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (1992). Protocols, etc., 1997 December 11 ,EMISSIONS trading ,GREENHOUSE gases prevention ,CARBON credits ,CARBON offsetting - Abstract
Copyright of Ensaios FEE is the property of Fundacao de Economia e Estatistica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2011
9. PERMISOS NEGOCIABLES DE EMISIÓN DE CO2 EN LA UE.
- Author
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Rabbani, Roberto Muhájir Rahnemay
- Subjects
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EMISSIONS trading , *EMISSION control , *POLLUTION control costs , *ENVIRONMENTAL impact charges , *ENVIRONMENTAL permits , *AIR pollution taxes - Abstract
Carbon dioxide emissions carry a cost to society that until recently was not integrated into the internal costs of polluting companies. The designation of the social cost to those operators that generated them has led national and international authorities to develop mechanisms that mitigate the negative consequences to the general air quality. Achieving this key objective has been carried out through two basic instruments: environmental taxation and tradable permits of CO2. A priori, these permits set the maximum quantity for polluting emissions and license the companies to pollute to a certain designated quota only. The companies that pollute more will have to buy additional permits from other sources. Those that succeed in reducing their emissions will not only reduce the fiscal cost from the taxes levied on such emissions, but also may get additional benefits by selling the unused parts of their licenses to other companies. This creates a new market in which supply and demand sets the final price which each company will pay for its pollution; this price will vary by market forces, not by applying the Polluter Pays Principle that guides the entire environmental levy and under which should be integrated all the costs of precaution, prevention, protection and repair of the environment. Nevertheless, there is no doubt that these permits are a highly effective complementary tool to combat the problem of negative externalities caused by CO2 emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2008
10. Global warming : international agreements, CO2 emissions and the emergence of carbon market in the world
- Author
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Vital, Marcos Henrique Figueiredo
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Relações internacionais ,Gases estufa ,Global warming ,Brazilian Development Bank - Financing ,Paris Agreement ,Climatic changes ,Climatic changes - Government policy - Brazil ,Emissions trading ,Amazon Fund ,Créditos de carbono ,Environmental policy ,Banco Nacional de Desenvolvimento Econômico e Social (Brasil) - Financiamento ,Greenhouse gases ,Mercado de emissão de carbono ,Carbon taxes ,Política ambiental ,Mudanças climáticas ,International relations ,Fundo Amazônia ,Mudanças climáticas - Política governamental - Brasil ,Acordo de Paris ,Aquecimento global - Abstract
Bibliografia: p. 239-244 This paper exposes the Brazilian National Determined Contribution (NDC) for reducing greenhouse gas emissions (GEE), until 2025, as defined in the Paris Agreement, approved in the 21st Conference of the Parties (COP 21), in 2015.* The Brazilian NDC estimates a reduction of 37% of the country’s GEE emissions, compared to 2005. The imposition of a quantified and predetermined emission trajectory for “the parties” not only contributed to the development of geoengeneering techniques (carbon dioxide removal, weathering, amplifying Earth’s reflectiveness – also called Albedo) but also induced, therefore, the creation of several carbon markets, all over the world. Este artigo apresenta a Contribuição Nacionalmente Determinada (NationalDetermined Contribution – NDC) para redução de emissão de gases de efeito estufa (GEE) definida pelo Brasil no âmbito do Acordo de Paris, aprovado na 21ª Conferência das Partes Signatárias da Convenção-Quadro das Nações Unidas sobre Mudança do Clima, em 2015.* Em sua NDC, o Brasil compromete-se a reduzir em, no mínimo, 37% suas emissões de CO2, até 2025, em relação aos níveis emitidos em 2005. A imposição de metas de emissão a todos os países signatários do acordo não apenas contribuiu para o desenvolvimento das técnicas de reengenharia climática (carbon dioxide removal, weathering, elevação da reflexividade do planeta ou albedo), mas também induziu, por consequência, o surgimento de diversos mercados para troca de carbono pelo mundo.
- Published
- 2018
11. Zero emission nature protection area certificate
- Author
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Loomis, John James, Dziedzic, Maurício, and Knaus, Michael
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CIENCIAS BIOLOGICAS [CNPQ] ,Environmental management ,Nature conservation ,ENGENHARIAS::ENGENHARIA SANITARIA [CNPQ] ,Biotic communities ,Emissions trading - Abstract
Climate change and biodiversity represent major challenges to the European Union EU and the entire world. To facilitate Germany, the EU, and other states to meet their climate change and conservation commitments, it is necessary to demonstrate that such commitments are not at odds with regional development goals.Land use, land use change, and forestry (LULUCF) are latecomers to offset programs aiming to demonstrate carbon removal and other benefits (e.g., ecological and socioeconomic benefits). In the case of forestry, this is due to the complexities surrounding the measurement of forest carbon stocks and uncertainties over their preservation. Forest offer more than carbon sequestration, they provide ecosystem services such as soil protection, clean water, and biodiversity protection. they also support local socio-esconomic dunamics such as cultural and sustanaible tourism. In oder to demonstrate their total economic value (TEV), a methodology applicable for any forest type in the worold was created.It integrantes GHG sequestration, ecosystem services, and socio-economic impact into one value. Current methodologies and scientific literature were reviewed to develop a tool capable of offering a quick assessment of the values of forest preservation to policy maker and communities.
- Published
- 2017
12. Avaliação Financeira do Sequestro de Carbono na Serra de Baturité, Brasil, 2012
- Author
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Ana Milena Plata Fajardo and Romano Timofeiczyk Junior
- Subjects
cash flow ,Internal rate of return ,Forestry ,Regulated market ,carbon credit ,Carbon sequestration ,Clean Development Mechanism ,mercado de carbono ,fluxo de caixa ,Agricultural science ,Environmental protection ,Market price ,Environmental science ,lcsh:SD1-669.5 ,floresta ombrófila ,Emissions trading ,Carbon credit ,lcsh:Forestry ,rainforest ,Hectare - Abstract
RESUMOEste estudo teve como objetivo quantificar a biomassa e o estoque de CO2 e avaliar a viabilidade econômica de geração de créditos de carbono na Área de Proteção Ambiental – APA da Serra de Baturité, Ceará. A quantificação da biomassa foi feita pelo método não destrutivo e foram avaliados financeiramente três mercados de carbono. O mercado regulado: Mecanismo de desenvolvimento limpo – MDL; e os mercados voluntários: Verified Carbon Stantard – VCS e o esquema de comércio de Emissões da Nova Zelândia – NZ ETS. Os critérios financeiros utilizados para a avaliação foram o Valor Presente Líquido (VPL) e a Taxa Interna de Retorno (TIR). Os resultados mostraram que a APA sequestra em média 84,63 MtCO2e. De acordo com os preços e custos do mercado para o ano 2012, os projetos florestais para sequestro de carbono podem gerar valor anual equivalente de R$ 1.336 e TIR de 21% por hectare, se vendido no mercado NZ ETS. No mercado VCS, a venda dos créditos gera VPL de R$ 2.138 e TIR de 18%. Entretanto, se os créditos forem comercializados no MDL, o VPL será de R$ -702,5, concluindo-se que o projeto é viável nos mercados voluntários e inviável no mercado regulado. ABSTRACTThe aim of this study was to estimate the biomass and CO2 sink and evaluate the economic viability of the generation of carbon credits in the Environmentally Protected Area (EPA) of Serra de Baturité, Ceara state, Brazil. The assessment of aboveground biomass was estimated by the non-destructive method, and the economic criteria used to evaluate were the Net Present Value (VPL), Equivalent Annual Value (EAV) and Internal Rate of Return (IRR). The results show that the rainforest of the Serra de Baturité EPA sequestered 84.63 MtCO2e and that, according to market prices and costs in 2012, forestry projects for carbon sequestration can generate an EAV of R$ 1,336 (IRR: 21%) per hectare if it is sold in the New Zealand Emissions Trading Scheme (NZ ETS) market, R$ 2,138 (IRR: 18%) if it is sold in the Verified Carbon Standard (VCS) market, and R$ - 702.5 if it is sold in the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) regulated market. In short, the project is viable if carbon credits are sold in the voluntary markets, otherwise it is unviable.
- Published
- 2015
13. Analysis of the methane emissions estimation by Solid Waste Disposal Sites in Brazilian CDM projects
- Author
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Viana, Thiago Augusto Pimenta, Ritter, Elisabeth, Jucá, José Fernando Thomé, and Alves, Maria Cristina Moreira
- Subjects
Mercado de emissões ,Solid waste disposal ,Greenhouse gases ,Clean development Mechanism ,Methane emissions modeling ,Disposição de resíduos sólidos ,Gases de efeito estufa ,Mecanismo de desenvolvimento limpo ,ENGENHARIAS [CNPQ] ,Emissions trading ,Modelagem de emissão de metano - Abstract
Submitted by Boris Flegr (boris@uerj.br) on 2021-01-06T14:10:00Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Thiago Augusto Pimenta Viana.pdf: 1707889 bytes, checksum: ee3ee1ba153c265fdfe4ddda62ba0b77 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2021-01-06T14:10:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Thiago Augusto Pimenta Viana.pdf: 1707889 bytes, checksum: ee3ee1ba153c265fdfe4ddda62ba0b77 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-04-05 Most of the Brazilian municipalities find the installation of a Solid Waste Disposal Site a challenge due to the high investment needed. There are some ways to mitigate these costs, including emissions trading. With previous planning, it is possible to burn the methane produced by the decomposition of the waste, resulting in benefits for the landfill by either the simple use of the gas (generating electricity or directly selling the gas) or the revenues from negotiations of emissions certificates. Included in previous planning is the ex-ante estimation of the methane produced by the landfill in order to know beforehand how to make the best use of the biogas and the amount of revenues that can be obtained from this use. When the CDM projects developed in landfills are analyzed, it can be noticed that these estimations generally are poorly made, resulting in estimated values far above the real methane production. This mistake results in a credibility loss by this type of project, since the expected number is rarely achieved. There are some factors that contribute to this difference in values, being operational problems (such as deficiency in the biogas capture and problems in the collection and recirculation of the leachate) and modeling problems (such as the use of input values obtained from experiments in laboratories under different situations from the ones found in Brazilian landfills) the major issues. The present work aims to present and discuss the main problems in estimating ex-ante the methane produced by landfills, using Brazilian CDM projects that are registered and issuing carbon credits as sources to analyze the quality of estimations currently being made. Additionally, experts in landfills and estimations are interviewed in order to obtain different points of view. It is clear that the estimated values, in general, are between 40 and 50% higher than observed during the operation of the landfill. Half of the experts point operational problems as the main contributors, however modeling problems seems to have a decisive influence in estimations. The use of input values must be carefully analyzed and must be used numbers obtained through researches that represent the reality of the landfill in question. Para a maioria dos municípios brasileiros, a instalação de um aterro sanitário é um desafio, sendo uma das dificuldades o custo elevado. Existem algumas formas de mitigar estes custos e uma delas é através do mercado de emissões. Com planejamento prévio suficiente, é possível queimar o metano gerado através da degradação do resíduo, podendo resultar em benefícios para o aterro tanto através do aproveitamento (geração de energia ou venda direta) quanto recebimento de algum tipo de certificado de emissões negociável. Incluído neste planejamento prévio suficiente está a realização da estimativa ex-ante de emissão de metano para saber previamente qual será o aproveitamento mais indicado e a eventual receita oriunda da queima. Quando analisados os projetos de MDL feitos em aterros sanitários, pode ser notado que estas estimativas são muitas vezes mal feitas, gerando valores estimados muito acima do realmente observado durante a operação. Este erro acarreta uma perda de credibilidade deste tipo de projeto, já que o número esperado é raramente alcançado. Existem alguns fatores que contribuem para esta discrepância de valores, sendo problemas operacionais (como exemplo podem ser citados deficiência no sistema de captura do biogás e problemas na captação e recirculação de lixiviado) e de modelagem (utilização de valores de entrada experimentais obtidos sob situações muito diferentes das encontradas nos aterros brasileiros, por exemplo) os possíveis principais vilões. Este trabalho visa apresentar e discutir os principais problemas na realização de estimativas prévias de emissão de metano em aterros sanitários utilizando projetos brasileiros de MDL registrados e que estejam atualmente emitindo créditos de carbono como base para analisar a qualidade das estimativas feitas atualmente. Além disto, busca-se também entrevistar profissionais da área para tentar obter diferentes pontos de vista sobre esta questão. Fica claro que os valores estimados, de um modo geral, são entre 40 e 50% superiores aos observados. Metade dos especialistas aponta problemas operacionais diversos como os principais contribuintes desta diferença, mas problemas na modelagem parecem influenciar decisivamente na realização das estimativas. A utilização de valores de entrada no modelo precisa ser criteriosamente analisada e devem ser utilizados números obtidos através de pesquisas que representem a realidade do aterro em questão.
- Published
- 2012
14. Modelagem econômica para análise de perspectivas no mercado de créditos de carbono
- Author
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Pinto, Marco Aurélio Cabral, Costa, Márcio Macedo da, Martins, Guilherme Guimarães, Costa, Leonardo Fiuza Peixoto da, and Ferreira, Renata de Oliveira
- Subjects
Meio ambiente - Brasil ,Mercado de emissão de carbono ,Carbon taxes ,Sustainable development ,Desenvolvimento sustentável ,Greenhouse effect, Atmospheric ,Efeito estufa (Atmosfera) ,Emissions trading ,Créditos de carbono ,Environment - Brazil - Abstract
Bibliografia: p. 155-156 Neste artigo, são realizadas projeções de oferta e demanda de Reduções Certificadas de Emissões (RCE), que constituem os créditos de carbono do Mecanismo de Desenvolvimento Limpo (MDL) do Protocolo de Quioto. Para o primeiro período, entre 2008 e 2012, obtiveram-se uma oferta de 2,5 bilhões de toneladas de CO2e e uma demanda de 1,3 bilhão de toneladas de CO2e, com tendência crescente de preços. Foram elaborados cenários, variando crescimento do PIB e redução de emissões por unidade de PIB. Para países ofertantes de RCEs, como o Brasil, o aumento da demanda significa oportunidades adicionais de transferência de recursos, principalmente no período pós-2012, quando se espera que os países mais industrializados tenham metas mais ousadas de reduções de emissões. This article provides some supply and demand forecasts of Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) that constitute the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) carbon credits. For the first commitment period of Kyoto Protocol, between 2008 and 2012, the Base Case points out a supply of 2.5 billion tons of CO2 and a demand of 1.3 billion tons of CO2, with a trend of price increase. Considering that supply up to 2012 is not likely to change, four demand scenarios were prepared, varying the GDP (Gross Domestic Product) growth rates and emission reduction rates per GDP unit. For CER supply countries, such as Brazil, the demand increase means additional opportunities of fund transfer, especially after 2012, when it is expected that the highly industrialized countries set bolder emission reduction targets.
- Published
- 2008
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