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RESUMO O fenômeno sobre o qual este trabalho se debruça é o sintagma nominal (Np) que apresenta ordem não canônica de suas partes constituintes, denominado “descontínuo” por Keizer (2007). A análise e a descrição da descontinuidade têm por objetivo examinar, com base no arcabouço teórico da Gramática Discursivo-Funcional (HENGEVELD; MACKENZIE, 2008), que fatores pragmáticos, semânticos e formais motivam o falante a codificar ordenações específicas para esses Nps no Nível Morfossintático. O material de análise é constituído a partir de registros de língua falada retirados do banco de dados Iboruna, que representa a variedade falada no noroeste paulista, coletado pelo projeto ALIP, no interior do Grupo de Pesquisa em Gramática Funcional, na UNESP de São José do Rio Preto. Para os propósitos deste trabalho, exploram-se os seguintes critérios: (i) motivação para descontinuidade; (ii) tipo de material que intervém no Np; (iii) configuração morfossintática do Np descontínuo; e (iv) peso estrutural do elemento deslocado do Np. A análise dos dados mostra que a descontinuidade é, predominantemente, motivada por aspectos pragmáticos, em especial, pela focalização de informações veiculadas por parte do SN. Além disso, o Np descontínuo prototípico é caracterizado pela interferência de material morfossintático entre o núcleo do sintagma e seus constituintes pós-nucleares. Embora haja esse distanciamento linear, a compreensão de enunciados descontínuos não é prejudicada em virtude de um vínculo semântico preservado no Nível Representacional, interpretação possível num modelo teórico como a GDF. ABSTRACT This paper aims to examine the noun phrase with non-canonical order of constituents, called ‘discontinuous Np’ by Keizer (2007). The analysis and description of discontinuity aims to search, based on Functional Discourse Grammar theoretical framework (HENGEVELD; MACKENZIE, 2008), for pragmatic, semantic and formal factors which motivate the speaker’s choice of specific encodings to these Nps in the Morphosyntactic Level. The sample is constituted from spoken language records from the Iboruna database, which represents the spoken variety in the northwest of São Paulo State, collected by the ALIP project, within the Functional Grammar Research Group, at UNESP, in São José do Rio Preto. For the purposes of this work, the following criteria are explored: (i) motivation for discontinuity; (ii) type of intervening material in the Np; (iii) morphosyntactic configuration of the discontinuous Np; and (iv) structural weight of the element displaced from the Np. The analysis shows that discontinuity is predominantly motivated by pragmatic aspects, in particular, by the focal status of information provided by part of the Np. Furthermore, the prototypical discontinuous Np is characterized by the interference of morphosyntactic material between the head noun and its postnuclear constituents. Although there is this linear distancing, the comprehension of discontinuous statements is not impaired due to a semantic link preserved at the Representational Level, a possible interpretation in a theoretical model such as FDG.

In the one-dimensional Klein-Fock-Gordon theory, the probability density is a discontinuous function at the point where the step potential is discontinuous. Thus, the mean value of the external classical force operator cannot be calculated from the corresponding formula of the mean value. To resolve this issue, we obtain this quantity directly from the Klein-Fock-Gordon equation in Hamiltonian form, or the Feshbach-Villars wave equation. Not without surprise, the result obtained is not proportional to the average of the discontinuity of the probability density but to the size of the discontinuity. In contrast, in the one-dimensional Schr\"odinger and Dirac theories this quantity is proportional to the value that the respective probability density takes at the point where the step potential is discontinuous. We examine these issues in detail in this paper. The presentation is suitable for the advanced undergraduate level., Comment: 12 pages. To be published in the Revista Brasileira de Ensino de F\'isica (Rev. Bras. Ens. Fis.)

In a recent paper, I have shown that the electric field at the surface of a charged conducting sphere evaluates to half the field discontinuity across the surface of the sphere. This exact result has been found by solving an improper integral, which has been criticized by Assad in a very recent paper in this journal [6]. In this note, I present a simpler approach that yields a proper integral for that field. This integral also evaluates to exactly half the field discontinuity, contrarily to Assad's objections.

Neste artigo tratamos de um problema clássico no âmbito do Ensino Médio: como se comporta o campo na superfície de um condutor esférico em equilíbrio eletrostático? Argumentamos que, devido à descontinuidade do campo na superfície do condutor, o mesmo não pode admitir um valor único definido na superfície. In this paper we deal with a classical problem in the context of high-school teaching: how the field behaves on the surface of a spherical conductor in electrostatic equilibrium? We argue that, due to the discontinuity of the field on the surface of the conductor, it cannot assume a unique value on the surface.