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The decomposition of legumes in the soil over time can be described by nonlinear sigmoid models. Thus, this study aimed to describe and to compare the fit of the nonlinear sigmoid models, Logistic and Gompertz, to the CO2 mineralization of four legume species over time in the soil, and indicate the most suitable model. Furthermore, it is also proposed to evaluate the CO2 mineralization of legumes from two different edaphoclimatic conditions when added to the soil under controlled temperature and humidity conditions. The following legume species used in green manure were evaluated: Arachis pintoi (forage peanut), Calopogonium mucunoides (calopo), Stylosanthes guianensis (Caribbean stylo), and Stizolobium aterrimum (mucuna). A randomized block design with four replications was used. The soils from both areas are classified as Red-Yellow Latosol and have a clayey texture. The mineralized carbon was measured at 48, 96, 144, 192, 240, 312, 384, and 480 hours from the beginning of incubation. Legumes in different locations had the same amount of potentially mineralizable carbon, and microorganisms had the same adaptation time to reach the maximum decomposition rate. The maximum decomposition rate occurs at the beginning of mineralization, and therefore the Gompertz model was more suitable than the Logistic model in describing the decomposition of the four legumes in the soil.

The Goncourt Prize novel of Michel Houellebecq focuses on the parable of a fictional artist, Jed Martin, whose production ranges from photos of road maps to videos on manufactured products’ degradation, via portraits of people representing jobs. The Map and the Territory (2010) ends with a representation of the total triumph of vegetation in a future world museifing the first industrial age. One of the great questionings of aesthetic evaluation criteria is linked to the rise of popular literature, that some intellectuals considerate as a form of the death of art and individual creativity substituted with industrial production. Playing with the codes of detective story, Houellebecq describes his own death and his body transformation in an imitation of a Pollock painting; the crime results to be an attempt to cover up the theft of Michel Houellebecq, Writer, the portrait of the novelist that Jed Martin created to replace another canvas, Damien Hirst and Jeff Koons sharing the Art Market, that he destroyed. The contribution analyses the novel of Houellebecq as a reflection on contemporary art and literature that mix ekphrasis, mise en abyme and intertextuality to blend creation and decomposition and to question the possibility of representation.

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In this paper, we estimated the methane emissions by the disposal of sanitary and domestic-use paper consumed throughout Brazil from 1901 to 2016. The apparent consumption of this type of paper from 1961 to 2016, calculated from the data of the FAOSTAT system, was used to estimate the amount of waste disposed of annually in three site categories: sanitary landfill, controlled dump, and open-air, uncontrolled dump. The 2006 IPCC Guide methodology was used to calculate CH4emissions and long-term carbon storage. Nine scenarios based upon the law that establishes the National Solid Waste Policy (NSWP) were examined, considering 100% waste disposal and treatment in landfills or incineration from 2014. The total emission was estimated at 1.967 MtCH4, corresponding to 55.080 MtCO2eq by GWP-AR5, and the stored carbon at 3.724 Mt, corresponding to 13.655 MtCO2eq. CH4emission increased beyond the population growth rate due to an increase in the per capita paper consumption in the country, from 0.02 kgCH4.year-1 in 1961 to 0.30 kg CH4.year-1 in 2016. The NSWP has not yet been accomplished, and the scenarios outlined indicate that, from the point of view of CH4 emissions, it would be more advantageous to carry out incineration instead of applying other waste treatment technologies.

Abstract Ideally, life expectancy should be a decreasing function of age. When this fact is not observed, this situation is known as the life table paradox. This paper investigated the timing (and health metrics at the time) in which Brazil and its Federation Units (FU) overcame (or are expected to overcome) this paradox. The data were gathered from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics and contained 3,416 sex-specific abridged life tables, from 2000 to 2060. At national level, females and males overcame the paradox in 2016 and 2018, respectively. However, when the FU were examined separately, much heterogeneity was observed. Through the decomposition analysis of the change over time in the difference between life expectancy at birth and at age one, we found that Brazil and most of its FU are expected to have both changes declining over time and the total change is expected to be decreasing and greater than zero. Nevertheless, for some Northeastern states the total change is expected to pass from a positive to a negative value; and for two Northern states the total change is expected to be neither decreasing nor increasing. In a public planning perspective, we understand that achieving balancing in the life tables is a goal to be pursued, especially because having an imbalanced table means that life expectancy at birth is still strongly influenced by high levels of infant mortality. Therefore, this knowledge could help planners to properly define strategies to accelerate the balancing process and revert unequal scenarios.

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate carbon and nitrogen mineralization in the soil after the application of composts produced in an automated composting plant, using pig slurry (PS) with and without the addition of retorted oil shale (ROS) and dicyandiamide (DCD) during composting. Laboratory studies were carried out for 180 days on two soils with contrasting characteristics: sandy-loam Typic Paludalf and clay Rhodic Hapludox, which were managed for more than 10 years under a no-tillage system. The composts were thoroughly mixed with the soils. The mineralization of the C and N from the compost was evaluated by measuring continuously CO2 emissions and periodically mineral N (NH4+ + NO3-) content in the soils, respectively. The mineralization of the C from the compost without ROS and DCD was higher in the sandy-loam soil (20.5%) than in the clay soil (13.9%). Similarly, 19.4% of the total N from the compost was mineralized in the sandy-loam soil and 10.9% in the clay soil. The presence of ROS in the compost reduced C mineralization by 54%, compared with the treatment without additives, in the sandy-loam soil and caused net N immobilization in both soils during incubation. The addition of DCD during PS composting did not affect the mineralization of the C and N from the compost in both soils. The addition of ROS during the composting of PS favors the retention of the C from the compost in the soil, especially in the sandy-loam one, but results in a net N immobilization.

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of phytomass accumulation, soil cover, and nutrient cycling promoted by cultivation systems with annual and cover crops on the grain yield of soybean sown in succession in the Cerrado, in the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil. The experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design with nine cultivation systems and four replicates, in two crop seasons. In 2014/2015, forage grasses and legumes were evaluated, besides fallow treatments. In 2015/2016, forage and legume intercropped or not with corn or sunflower and fallow were assessed; the soybean crop was evaluated following cover crops. Phytomass, soil cover, and nutrient cycling provided by cultivation systems, as well as soybean mass and yield, were determined. Urochloa ruziziensis alone or intercropped, compared with the fallow systems, promotes significant increases in phytomass production, soil cover and nutrient cycling, with an increase in the grain yield of soybean planted in succession. N and K are the most accumulated nutrients in the aerial part of the cover crops and are released in larger quantities in the soil in the two years of evaluation. Crotalaria spectabilis promotes an increase in soybean yield in the 2015/2016 crop season, compared with U. ruziziensis, due to the synchronism between N release and uptake under no-tillage system.

Copyright of Nativa is the property of Revista Nativa and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Coleoptera is the second most important forensic order. When the bodies are found in the advanced stages of decomposition, these insects are considered the main tool in the estimation of the Post-Death Interval (IPM), because according to their eating habits and entomological succession in the visit to the carcass, it is possible to obtain information of great importance. relevance with regard to events that occurred after the death of an individual. The objective of this work was to know the coleopterofauna that inhabits vertebrate carcass throughout the process of decomposition, to point out the families of greater forensic importance, to know its biological behavior and succession pattern in this event. The aspects of occurrence, succession and bionomy of the coleoptera along the phases of cadaveric decomposition were discussed. The experiment was carried out in a fragment of Atlantic Forest from January to December 2009. At each season a domestic pig (Sus scrofa) with 18 kg was sacrificed and exposed until the end of the decomposition. Insects were trapped, an iron structure covered by a white cloth and six pitffal. The collections were performed during 51 days of each season, being daily in the first 31 days and o alternating on subsequent days. Trogidae, Staphylinidae, Scarabaeidae and Histeridae were the most representative families. This work is a preliminary study, as there is a need for further studies so that we can offer more accurate information about the behavior of these animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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ABSTRACT The present study aimed to evaluate fine aboveground litterfall, deposition of nitrogen and phosphorus from total litterfall and leaf litter decomposition in areas of tall forest (Mata Alta) and low forest on sandy soils (Mussununga) in southeastern Brazil. Fine litterfall was collected monthly for two years (from June/2007 to May/2009) in 10 conical collectors (0.25 m2) in each phytophysiognomy (1 ha plots). The material was subsequently separated into leaves, branches, flowers and fruits, and unidentified material. Leaf decomposition rates were evaluated using 15 litterbags, three of which were collected every 30 days. Higher litterfall occurred in both phytophysiognomies during the rainy season, with leaves predominating. The lowest litterfall, nutrient input, and leaf litter decomposition values appeared to be nutrient conservation strategies, contributing to the ecological functioning of the Mussununga where soil fertility was lower than in the Mata Alta.

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Copyright of Engenharia na Agricultura is the property of Engenharia na Agricultura and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ciência Florestal (01039954) is the property of Ciencia Florestal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is one of the most serious health issues and the leading cause of death worldwide, causing 30% of deaths in Brazil alone in recent years. However, CVD mortality rates are not uniformly distributed across the country. Brazil is marked by important regional differences resulting from socioeconomic inequality and limited access to health services. Given the spatial distribution of causes and heterogeneity of deaths from cardiovascular disease in Brazil, both at macro and micro levels, the goal of this paper is to investigate how age composition effects and age-specific mortality rates are related to the observed difference in deaths from cardiovascular disease in the adult population (over 30 years of age), by sex, in Brazilian micro-regions from 1996 to 2015. The results suggest there has been a decrease in mortality rates resulting from cardiovascular disease, and that both the effects of age structure and level may have influenced the variation of these deaths in Brazil over the period analyzed. These findings indicate that the Brazilian epidemiological transition is not uniform across and within regions of the country.

RESUMO Este artigo decompõe as mudanças nos diferenciais de rendimentosentre trabalho formal e informalna última década no Brasil, entre efeitos de composição e de segmentação, separadamente por gênero. São utilizados os microdados dos Censos Demográficos de 2000 e 2010, e o método de Machado e Mata (2005) para a decomposição ao longo da distribuição de rendimentos, com correção de seleção amostral. Para mulheres e homens, verificou-se que o efeito de segmentação contribuiu para aumentar a vantagem de rendimentos para o trabalho formal na base da distribuição, enquanto que o efeito de composição contribuiu para reduzir esses diferenciais ao longo de toda a distribuição, sendo, no entanto, maior no topo do que na base da distribuição de rendimentos. Contudo, verificou-se diferenças importantes por gênero quanto ao nível e variação desses componentes no período e ao longo da distribuição. O nível de desigualdade é maior entre as mulheres do que entre os homens, sendo o efeito de segmentação ainda mais grave para o trabalho informal feminino na base da distribuição. Por outro lado, a redução no efeito de composição se mostrou superior entre as mulheres ao longo de toda a distribuição, acarretando em uma queda do diferencial total a partir do 30º quantil maior para o trabalho feminino, ainda que este permaneça inferior para o trabalho masculino.

Abstract More than half of the world’s population lives in a country where fertility is below replacement level (MYRSKYLA; KOHLER; BILLARI, 2009). In Brazil, the total fertility rate (TFR) went down from 4.26 children per women in 1980 to 1.91 in 2010. Some internal disparities exist. We use data from the DHS from 1986, 1996 and the PNDS from 2006, the most recent survey available, to decompose and analyze fertility rates using a framework proposed by Bongaarts (2001), which is especially useful to explore and compare factors behind total fertility rates. The framework includes desired family size (DFS), unwanted fertility, sex preference, replacements for child mortality, rising age at childbearing, involuntary infertility and competing preferences. By understanding fertility components across time in Brazil, this paper illuminates how these factors vary by socio-demographic characteristics (race, religion, wealth, education, and place of residence), and how these factors combined have formed TFR throughout the years and in contexts of both high and low fertility. We found that, contrarily to what happened in the past, women in recent periods are having, in aggregate, fewer children than their ideal family sizes. However, unwanted pregnancies still explain why certain social groups have more children than desired. We also find that women with higher levels of education tend to desire more children than women with lower educational levels. Competing preferences is the main explanation for this disparity.

Migratory dynamics is, more often than not, the result of a process of geographic mobility of the labor force in search of occupational insertion in other regions. This process, according to most of the findings in the international and national economic literature, is based on a positive migration process in which part of the labor force leaves its natural region in search of other opportunities for socioeconomic insertion in other regions. As such, those more ambitious, persistent, courageous, leave the regions of residence to seek better professional opportunities in other regions. That is, they are positively selected. In these aspects, this article aims to analyze if there is a positive migratory intermunicipal selection of Norte-Rio-Grandense. The data are from the Demographic Census of Brazil referring to the years 2000 and 2010. Methodologically, the literature revised; and then the two-stage model of Heckman (1979), as well as the decomposition proposed by Cutillo e Ceccarelli (2012). The results confirm the hypothesis that the intermunicipal migrant from Rio Grande do Norte is positively selected and the decomposition shows that the most unobservable characteristics are corroborating higher labor income in favor of the migrants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Green sugarcane harvesting may promote great changes in the dynamics of herbicides in the environment. Our goal was to evaluate the influence of straw decomposition degree on leaching and weed (Ipomoea grandifolia) control efficacy by (14C) tebuthiuron and hexazinone. The presence of straw on the soil surface affected leaching, mainly for hexazinone (leaching reduced from 37 to 5% of the applied amount in the presence of straw). Overall, tebuthiuron showed more efficient control of Ipomoea than hexazinone. The straw decomposition degree affected only hexazinone efficacy that was lowest for the least decomposed straw. Further studies are needed to evaluate the effects of sugarcane straw on herbicides dissipation, particularly on volatilization and photolysis, to better predict their efficacy and environmental fate.

Vitamin loss during irradiation has been claimed as a critical area in food irradiation technology, especially that of thiamine (B1), which has been considered as the most sensitive to radiation. Although it has been suggested that no vitamin deficiency could result from consuming irradiated food, a long debate on the loss of vitamins and other nutrients during food irradiation has been maintained by the lack of experimental studies monitoring decomposition rates at different concentrations and doses. Since thiamine, riboflavin, and pyridoxine are labile vitamins, this study has focused on their radiolytic decomposition in dilute aqueous solutions in the presence of air. The decomposition process was followed by HPLC and UV-spectroscopy. The results obtained in aqueous solutions showed a dependence of the decomposition as a nonlinear function of the dose. Of these three compounds, the decomposition was higher for thiamine than for riboflavin and even less in pyridoxine.

Faced with a scenario where the sustainability is increasingly sought, the waste composting plays a key role in the recycling of organic waste from agriculture. Waste composting is the process of decomposition of organic matter by microorganisms under controlled conditions forming a biologically stabilized final compound. This organic compound can be used in soil to improve its physical, chemical and biological characteristics. Humic substances are complex molecules produced in this transformation process of organic matter and they contribute to the regulation of important ecological and environmental processes. In this review, we will comment the main aspects of the waste composting and the main activities of the humic substances in plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Composting is a process that can be used to transform different types of organic waste in fertilizer that, when added to soil, can improve its physical, physicochemical, and biological properties. The university extension activities are essential for professional development, because it is an opportunity to put into practice what is learned in the classroom. This study refers to the construction of a compost plant at the Santa Isabel Home in the town of Alta forest-MT, in response to the demand generated by the community in order to fertilize the garden site. Results relating to the contribution of the fertilization process and its higher yield of flower beds were found. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microbial biomass is an important soil component which contributes to maintaining the ecosystem of pastures, mainly in tropical soils. Therefore, the objective was to evaluate soil microbial biomass and activity in pasture systems under monoculture of Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu, and silvopastoral system composed of grass and coconut (Cocos nucifera). The experiment was conducted in 2009, the period from May to November 2009 in an experimental field of Embrapa Mid-North in Parnaíba-PI. It was evaluated soil fertility, soil organic carbon (Corg), soil microbial biomass (Cmic), soil respiration (CO2), and decomposition activity of bacteria and fungi. The experimental design was a randomized block in split plot with four replications. The plots consisted of systems (monoculture and silvopastoral) and subplots, six times (30, 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180 days). There were significant differences for the variables studied between the soils of areas of monoculture and silvopastoral systems. The soil under silvopastoral showed values higher than those in monoculture for Cmic, Corg and CO2 content. The bacterial community promoted higher values of decomposition for the straw of grass in a silvopastoral system. The lowest values were observed for the decomposition of straw by fungal community. The results indicate that the silvopastoral system favors soil microbial biomass and activity. Moreover, the decomposition is accelerated activity in this system.

Land-use change, including tropical deforestation for agriculture and subsequent agricultural abandonment, may change the stoichiometry of nutrient cycling in tropical secondary forests relative to mature forests. While phosphorus (P) is conservatively cycled in these mature forests, nitrogen (N) losses during an agricultural phase may provoke conservative N cycling processes in young secondary forests. Here we explore differences in nutrient cycling properties among secondary and mature forests of the eastern Amazon, including litter nutrient concentrations and rates of litter production and decomposition. In a chronosequence of successional forest age, N production in litterfall and N loss during litter decomposition were low in young forests but increased with increasing forest age, whereas P was conservatively cycled in all forest ages. Litter N concentration was positively correlated with the rate of mass loss in a litterbag study and with a mass balance estimate of litter decomposition based on annual litterfall and litter stock measurements. Therefore, while P is conservatively cycled and may limit or co-limit productivity in these forests, variation in N content of litter among forest successional stages may be related to differences in decomposition rates and mean residence times of litter, thus linking N availability with rates of litter decomposition and P cycling.

Archaeological excavation of human remains can provide information on decomposition. From these data it is possible to establish the original lay out of the remains, to distinguish between taphonomic processes and intentional human intervention, and to reveal the presence of decomposed organic materials. From observations made in an archaeological context, the author describes the decomposition of a funerary bundle in a sitting/squatting position and explains how bones can be naturally displaced during the process.

O objetivo desse trabalho é estudar a mudança na concentração dos mercados da indústria brasileira de mineração e transformação entre 1996 e 2003, realizando uma decomposição do índice de Herfindahl-Hirschman em variação da distribuição do tamanho e do número de empresas. Os resultados obtidos sugerem que, na média, a indústria sofreu reduzida mudança no período; contudo, apontam que, em um grupo de indústrias, as mudanças no nível de concentração foram substanciais. Indicam também que a maior responsabilidade por essas mudanças está associada a alterações na desigualdade do tamanho, apesar de o período ter presenciado um forte movimento de entrada de novas empresas em diversos segmentos industriais.The aim of this paper is to study the changes in market concentration in the Brazilian mining and manufacturing industries that took place from 1996 to 2003. The paper decomposes the Herfindahl-Hirschman index into variations in the size distribution and the number of firms. The results show that the average concentration did not change greatly in the period analyzed; however, a small group of industries showed significant differences in concentration. In these cases, changes in size distribution appear to have more importance than changes in the number of firms.

Objetivou-se avaliar a deposição e composição química de componentes da serrapilheira existente e depositada em um bosque de sabiá (Mimosa caesalpiniifolia Benth). O experimento foi realizado durante o período de agosto de 2006 a julho de 2007. A avaliação da serrapilheira existente e depositada foi realizada a cada 28 dias utilizando-se 20 quadrados de 1 m², alocados aleatoriamente, escolheno novas áreas a cada avaliação. O bosque apresentou plantas com diâmetro média na altura do peito de 26,8 cm. A deposição mensal de matéria orgânica de folhas e ramos no período experimental foi de 15.167 e 3.373 kg/ha, respectivamente, e aumentou no período de maior precipitação, numa relação de 0,30 com o acúmulo, o indica acúmulo maior que a deposição. A proporção de folhas foi de 87% do total da serrapilheira, com médias de 2,9% de nitrogênio e 0,17% de fósforo. A relação carbono/nitrogênio das folhas ficou abaixo de 30, enquanto a de ramos, entre 30 e 40, comprovando melhor qualidade das folhas. Durante o período experimental, a deposição de nitrogênio via serrapilheira foi de aproximadamente 462 kg/ha e a de fósforo, 30 kg/ha. A deposição de serrapilheira é essencial para manutenção da fertilidade do solo em bosques de sabiá e contribui para sua conservação e sustentabilidade.This research aimed to evaluate the deposition and chemical composition of the components of the existing and deposited litter in a sabiá (Mimosa caesalpiniifolia Benth) canopy. The experiment was carried out from August 2006 to July 2007. The evaluation of the existing and deposited litter was performed every 28 days using 20 squares with 1m² randomly allocated and new areas were chosen for each evaluation. The canopy showed plants with an average diameter of 26.8 cm at breast height. Monthly deposition of organic matter of leaves and branches during the experimental period was 15,167 kg and 3,373 kg/ha, respectively, and it increased during the highest precipitation period, in a 0.30 relationship with the accumulation, indicating higher accumulation than deposition. Leaf proportion was 87% of the total litter, with means of 2.9% of nitrogen and 0.17% of phosphorus. The carbon/nitrogen ratio of leaves was below 30, while carbon/nitrogen ratio of the branches ranged from 30 to 40, proving a better quality for leaves. During the experimental period, deposition of nitrogen through litter was approximately 462 kg/ha and 30 kg/ha for phosphorus. Litter deposition is essential for maintenance of soil fertility in a sabiá canopy and it contributes for conservation and sustainability of the canopy.

Decomposition of carbon tetrachloride in a DC thermal plasma reactor was investigated in argon atmosphere. The operational parameters such as plasma torch power and argon flow rate versus CCl4 conversion were examined. The CCl4 net degradation was determined by GC-FID, the chlorine produced was quantified by iodometric titration, the solid carbon was characterised by Raman spectroscopy and by BET analysis. The solid carbon collected inside de plasma reactor was submitted to solid/liquid extraction and the desorbed species were identified by GC-MS.

O objetivo deste artigo é diagnosticar a existência da transmissão intergeracional do trabalho infantil, utilizando modelos Probit para as regiões rurais e urbanas do Brasil. Além disso, decompomos a variação do trabalho infantil entre 1992 e 2004 para investigar os fatores determinantes na queda do trabalho infantil no período. Os resultados da pesquisa mostram que o fato de os pais terem sido trabalhadores infantis tem um efeito positivo e significante sobre a probabilidade de seus filhos trabalharem, tanto nas áreas urbanas quanto rurais do Brasil. Entretanto, a magnitude desse impacto é muito mais acentuada na zona rural. Além disso, um dos fatores principais para a queda da incidência do trabalho infantil no período foi o aumento da escolaridade dos pais e mães.The aim of this paper is to investigate if there is child labor intergenerational persistence, using separating Probit models for urban and rural areas of Brazil. Moreover, we decompose the child labor variation between 1992 and 2004 in order to understand the factors responsible for child labor decrease in the period. The results show that if the parents were child workers in the past, this increases the probability of child labor of their children and this is true in Brazilian urban and rural areas. However, the impact is stronger in rural areas. Moreover, an important factor explaining the fall of child labor in the period was the increase of parents' schooling.

A avaliação da influência da exclusão da precipitação sobre a variação na produção de liteira foi realizada na Reserva Florestal de Caxiuanã - Estação Científica Ferreira Penna (1º 42' S, 51º 31' W) durante o período de março de 2001 a fevereiro de 2003, com o objetivo de identificar as principais variáveis meteorológicas e do balanço hídrico mensal que afetaram a produção e decomposição de liteira. Este trabalho foi parte do subprojeto EXPERIMENTO DE SECA NA FLORESTA (ESECAFLOR), que tinha o objetivo de estudar o impacto de seca prolongada na floresta nos fluxos de água, energia e dióxido de carbono na floresta amazônica. A sazonalidade na produção de liteira e de seus componentes (folhas, gravetos e partes reprodutivas) foi bem estabelecida, com a ocorrência da maior produção de liteira nos meses com menor precipitação. A produção total mensal de liteira variou durante o período experimental, de 294,78 kg.ha-1 a 1758,69 kg.ha-1, com um valor médio de 777,70 kg.ha-1. A produção total de liteira foi distribuída em folhas (61,40 %), gravetos (18,45 %) e partes reprodutivas (20,14 %). Os resultados obtidos na parcela sob condições naturais apresentaram uma maior produção de liteira, aproximadamente 25 %, comparada com a produção de liteira na parcela submetida à exclusão da água de chuva. As variáveis mais fortemente correlacionadas com a produção de liteira e suas componentes foram a velocidade do vento, a densidade de fluxo de radiação solar global, a densidade de fluxo de radiação fotossintéticamente ativa, a temperatura do solo a 5 cm de profundidade, a precipitação, o déficit hídrico e o excesso hídrico.The evaluation of the influence on the exclusion of rainfall on the variation of litter production was done in Caxiuanã Forest Reserve at Ferreira Penna Scientific Station (1º 42 ' S, 51º 31 ' W) during the period from March, 2001 to February, 2003 with the objective of identifying the main meteorological variables and the main components of the monthly water balance that affected the production and decomposition of litter. This work was part of the subproject EXPERIMENT OF DROUGHT IN THE FOREST (ESECAFLOR), that aimed to study the long term impacts of drought on the water, energy and carbon dioxide fluxes in the Amazon forest. The sazonality of total litter production and its components (leaves, brushwood and reproductive parts) was well established, with the occurrence of a greater litter production during the months with lower precipitation. The monthly litter production during the experimental period ranged from 294.78 kg.ha-1 to 1758.69 kg.ha-1, with an average of 777.70 kg.ha-1. The total litter production was partitioned in leaves (61.40 %), brushwoods (18.45 %) and reproductive parts (20.14 %). The results obtained in the undisturbed plot showed a higher litter production, about 25 %, compared to the litter production in the plot under the exclusion of water. The variables more strongly correlated with litter production and its components were wind speed, global solar radiation density flux, photosynthetic active radiation density flux, soil temperature at 5 cm depth, precipitation, soil water deficit and water surplus.

Dois trechos de Floresta Estacional Semidecodual, em distintos estádios sucessionais (inicial e maduro), da região de Viçosa, MG, foram estudados com o objetivo de quantificar a produção anual e o conteúdo de N, P, K, Ca e Mg da serapilheira, bem como caracterizar a dinâmica de decomposição e liberação dos nutrientes desse compartimento e a eficiência anual de utilização dos nutrientes. A queda anual de serapilheira foi de 6.310 kg.ha-1 no trecho de floresta em seu estádio inicial e de 8.819 kg.ha-1 no de floresta madura. O conteúdo de nutrientes foi de 137 e 180 kg.ha-1 de N, 5 e 8 kg.ha-1 de P; 17 e 45 kg.ha-1 de K; 89 e 179 kg.ha-1 de Ca; e 21 e 26 kg.ha-1 de Mg, nos trechos de floresta nos estádios inicial e maduro, respectivamente. A quantidade média de serapilheira acumulada sobre o solo totalizou 4.647 kg.ha-1 no trecho de floresta inicial e 7.006 kg.ha-1 na floresta madura. A estimativa média da taxa instantânea de decomposição (K) foi de 1,36 no trecho de floresta inicial e de 1,26 na floresta madura, sendo o tempo médio de renovação da serapilheira de 270 e 288 dias, respectivamente. A menor produção de serapilheira na floresta inicial reflete, em parte, a estrutura menos desenvolvida desse trecho de floresta em estádio inicial de sucessão, com produção de serapilheira de qualidade inferior à da floresta madura, no entanto com renovação mais rápida e utilização mais eficiente dos nutrientes.A Semideciduous Seasonal Forest in different successional stages (initial forest and mature forest), in Viçosa, Minas Gerais State, in the southeast region of Brazil, was studied aiming at quantifying litter annual production, decomposition, N, P, K, Ca, and Mg contents and use efficiency. The annual litter production was 6,310 kg.ha-1 for the initial forest and 8,819 kg.ha-1 for the mature forest. Nutrient annual deposition in the litter was estimated at 137 and 180 kg.ha-1 N, 5 and 8 kg.ha-1 P, 17 and 45 kg.ha-1 K, 89 and 179 kg.ha-1 Ca, 21 and 26 kg.ha-1 Mg for the initial forest and mature forest, respectively. The average forest floor biomass was 4,647 kg.ha-1 for the initial forest and 7,006 kg.ha-1 for the mature forest. The instantaneous decomposition rate (k) was estimated at 1,36 for the initial forest and 1,26 for the mature forest, with a turn over time of 270 and 288 days, respectively. The smallest litter production in the initial forest reflects the less developed structure in the site of forest in initial successional stage, with litter production of lower quality compared to the mature forest, but with faster renovation and efficient use of the nutrients.

The decomposition kinetics of four synthetic alkaline earth metal carbonates (MgCO3, CaCO3, SrCO3 and BaCO3) was studied under non-isothermal conditions from thermo-gravimetric measurements as compared to. The integral approximation method of Coats and Redfern was used to determine the kinetic parameters for the decomposition processes. The decomposition reactions followed mostly first order kinetics and the activation energy of the decomposition reactions increased with the increase in the molecular mass of the carbonates. The change in enthalpy for the decomposition processes was also calculated and compared with the activation energies for the decomposition processes. The activation energy of the decomposition process for all the carbonates was higher than the enthalpy of the reaction excepting SrCO3.A cinética de decomposição de quatro carbonatos sintéticos de metais de terra alcalina (MgCO3, CaCO3, SrCO3 e BaCO3) foi estudada sob condições não isotérmicas por meio de medidas de termogravimétricas e feita sua comparação. O método de aproximação integral de Coats e Redfern foi usado para determinar os parâmetros cinéticos dos processos de decomposição. As reações de decomposição seguiram principalmente cinética de primeira ordem e a energia de ativação para as reações de decomposição aumentou com o aumento da massa molecular dos carbonatos. A variação na entalpia para os processos de decomposição foi também calculada e comparada com as energias de ativação. A energia de ativação dos processos de decomposição de todos os carbonatos foi maior que a entalpia da reação excepto para SrCO3.

O estudo teve por objetivos: (a) avaliar a produção de biomassa proveniente da copa do cajueiro-anão precoce, clone CCP 76, com idades de 2, 3, 8 e 9 anos de implantação da cultura; (b) determinar a taxa de decomposição das folhas; e (c) quantificar a contribuição de nutrientes potencialmente disponíveis na biomassa para serem reciclados no solo. O trabalho foi conduzido no Campo Experimental do Curu, no Município de Paraipaba, CE, no período de dezembro de 2003 a janeiro de 2005. Os tratamentos constituíam de pomares com 2, 3, 8 e 9 anos de implantação, distribuídos em delineamentos inteiramente casualizados com oito repetições. Para a coleta da serapilheira, utilizaram-se coletores de 1 m² com malha de 1 mm² colocados a 40 cm da superfície do solo. Após a coleta, o material foi separado em frações: folhas, galhos, inflorescência, pedúnculo e castanha, que após secadas em estufa foram pesadas. Na fração folhas, determinaram-se os teores de N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Na, Cu, Fe, Mn e Zn. De cada planta, coletaram-se folhas prestes a cair, para determinar a taxa de decomposição. Utilizaram-se 12 g desse material seco em estufa, o qual foi colocado em bolsas de náilon com 20 x 20cm e malha de 2mm, as quais foram distribuídas na superfície do solo e coletadas após 112, 233 e 369 dias. Em cada coleta, o material foi seco em estufa, determinando-se as quantidades remanescentes de biomassa e de nutrientes (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Na, Cu, Fe, Mn e Zn). As plantas com 8 e 9 anos de implantação depositaram maiores quantidades de serapilheira durante o período do experimento e apresentaram os maiores potenciais de reciclagem de nutrientes. Durante o período do experimento, observou-se, de modo geral, que o processo de decomposição foi rápido nos primeiros quatro meses e, posteriormente, manteve-se lento até o término das observações. No cajueiro, a maior parte dos nutrientes foi liberada nos primeiros quatro meses de decomposição das folhas.This study aimed to (a) to evaluate the biomass production from the crown of the young dwarf cashew, clone CCP 76, at 2, 3, 8 and 9 years of culture implantation, (b) to determine the rate of leaf decomposition and (c) to quantify nutrient contribution potentially available in the biomass to be recycled into the soil. The research was conducted at the Experimental Field of Curu, in Paraipaba - CE, from December, 2003 to January, 2005. The treatments consisted of orchards with trees of 2, 3, 8 and 9 years of plantation, distributed in a completely randomized design with eight replications. Litter was collected using 1 m² collectors with 1 mm² mesh place 40 cm above the soil surface. After sampling, the material was sorted out into portions of leaves, branches, inflorescence, peduncle and nut, oven dried and weighed. In the leaf portion, the compositions of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Na, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn were determined. Leaves ready to fall were collected from each plant to determine their decomposition rate and 12 g of this material was stove dried, and placed in 20 cm x 20 cm nylon bags and 2 mm mesh which were distributed on the soil surface and collected after 112, 233 and 369 days. In each collection, the material was oven dried and the remaining nutrient biomass (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Na, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn) was determined. The 8- and 9- year- old plants deposited greater quantities of litter during the experimental period and showed greater potential for nutrient recycling. During the experimental period it was generally observed that the decomposition process was fast in the first four months, remaining slow until the end of the observation period. Most of the nutrients in the cashew tree were released in the first four months of leaf composition.

A quantificação da deposição de serapilheira e o acúmulo de manta orgânica são etapas importantes dos estudos de ciclagem de nutrientes. Com esse fim, objetivou-se quantificar a deposição de serapilheira e o acúmulo de manta orgânica em um povoamento de Sabiá (Mimosa caesalpiniifolia Benth.), no campo experimental pertencente à Empresa Pernambucana de Pesquisa Agropecuária - IPA, Itambé, PE. Para quantificação da serapilheira foram utilizados 20 coletores de madeira de 0,50 x 0,50 x 15 cm, à distância do solo de 30 cm, distribuídos sistematicamente na área. O material depositado foi coletado mensalmente no período de outubro/2000 a setembro/2001. O material colhido em cada coletor foi separado em folhas, galhos, flores, frutos e miscelânea. A manta orgânica não decomposta sobre o solo foi amostrada, ao acaso, nas proximidades da caixa coletora, obtendo-se 20 amostras mensais. De cada amostra foi retirado o material contido numa área de 30 x 30 cm. O material colhido foi separado em folhas, flores, frutos, miscelânea e galhos. As amostras foram levadas à estufa a 60 º C no período de 48 horas até peso constante. A deposição mensal de serapilheira e frações folha e legume ocorreu em outubro, provavelmente devido ao início do período seco. A deposição e o estoque de serapilheira foram estimados em 7830,44 kg.ha-1.ano-1 e 8906.9, kg.ha-1, respectivamente, com a fração folha dominando. A fração folha apresentou os maiores teores de nutrientes.Quantification of litter deposition and organic mantle accumulation are important steps on nutrient cycling studies. This study aimed to quantify litter deposition and organic mantle in a sabiá (Mimosa caesalpiniifolia Benth) woodlot in an experimental farm in the Brazilian northeast region. Twenty 0.50 x 0.50 x 0.15 m wood collectors, to quantify litter deposition, were systematically distributed over the area elevated 30 cm above the soil. Deposited material was collected monthly from October 2000 to September 2001, and separated into leaves, twigs, flowers, pods and mixed portions. Undecomposed organic mantle was randomly sampled nearby collector boxes, to a total of 20 monthly samples, from which a 0.30 x 0.30 m composed sample was collected. The collected material was also hand separated into leaves, twigs, flowers, pods and mixed portions. All collected material was dried at 60°C until constant weight was achieved. Highest monthly litter deposition and leaf and pod fractions occurred in October, probably due to initiation of dry period. Litter deposition and stock were estimated at 7830.44 kg.ha-1.year-1 and 8906.9 kg.ha-1, respectively, with the leaf fraction dominating. Leaf fraction was the richest in nutrient content.

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O estudo de decomposição de plantas aquáticas foi realizado na UHE de Americana-CPFL, com o objetivo de avaliar a taxa de degradação de plantas na própria água do reservatório. Foram consideradas como variáveis a profundidade (superfície, 3,5 e 7,0 m), as espécies de plantas aquáticas (Eichhornia crassipes, Brachiaria subquadripara e Pistia stratiotes) e o tipo de processamento a que estas foram submetidas (planta inteira, planta picada manualmente e com aplicação de fogo). Este estudo indicou que as espécies E. crassipes e P. stratiotes foram rapidamente decompostas no reservatório, ao contrário de B. subquadripara. Um outro fator importante observado foi a similaridade na decomposição das plantas, independentemente da profundidade testada. Essas diferenças devem ser consideradas na elaboração de planos de manejo e na previsão do impacto ambiental de programas de controle de plantas aquáticas.A study on aquatic weed decomposition was carried out at the Americana-SP reservoir in Brazil, to compare degradation rate of the plants in the reservoir's water itself. Three variables were considered as treatments: depth (surface, 3.5 and 7.0 m); aquatic weed species (Eichhornia crassipes, Brachiaria subquadripara, and Pistia stratiotes) and type of handling the aquatic weeds (whole plant, hand cut plant, and burnt plant). The results indicated that the species E. crassipes and P. stratiotes had a fast decomposition in the reservoir, unlike B. subquadripara. These differences must be considered in the elaboration of management plans and prediction of environmental impact of aquatic plant control programs. The most positive aspect of the study was to demonstrate that decomposition at 3.5m and 7.0 m of depth had practically the same speed observed on the surface.

O objetivo deste trabalho é realizar uma decomposição da evolução da participação feminina no mercado de trabalho brasileiro. Particularmente, queremos saber a importância da alteração da incidência da TPFT dentro de subgrupos da população feminina, bem como a contribuição da mudança do tamanho de tais grupos no crescimento da participação feminina. Entre os principais resultados, destacamos que a alteração da incidência da participação nos diferentes subgrupos respondeu pela maior parte do crescimento da TPFT no período de 1982 a 2002. Por outro lado, o aumento no tamanho dos grupos com mulheres mais educadas contribuiu com o restante da evolução.The objective of this paper is to decompose the evolution of the female's labor force participation rate (LFPR) in the Brazilian labor market. Particularly, we want to investigate the importance of changes in LFPR within female sub-groups, as well as to know if size changes of such groups contribute to explain the growth of LFPR between women. Among the main results, we find that changes in the LFPR within sub-groups are responsible for more than a half of the LFPR variation between 1982 and 2002. On the other hand, the increases in the size of groups containing more educated women have contributed with the remainder.

O presente trabalho foi realizado em uma zona ripária no período de outubro de 2000 a setembro de 2001, em uma parcela representativa de mata ciliar com vegetação do tipo "Floresta Estacional Semidecidual", localizada no centro-sul do Estado de São Paulo. A produção total de serapilheira foi de 10.646,0 kg.ha-1.a-1. A maior deposição de serapilheira e nutrientes ocorreu no fim da estação seca. A transferência total de macronutrientes foi de 217,76 kg.ha-1 de N, 11,55 kg.ha-1 de P, 52,79 kg.ha-1 de K, 199,80 kg.ha-1 de Ca e 38,70 kg.ha-1 de Mg. A serapilheira acumulada foi estimada em 6.227,25 kg.ha-1, a estimativa da taxa instantânea de decomposição (K), de 1,71; e o tempo necessário para o desaparecimento de 50 e 95% da serapilheira produzida, 150 e 639 dias, respectivamente.This work was carried out in a riparian zone from October 2000 to September 2001, within a representative plot of a riparian forest with semideciduous mesophytic forest vegetation, located in the center southern region of São Paulo state. The total litter production was 10.646 kg.ha-1.y-1. The season of highest litter and nutrient deposition was the late dry season. The total macronutrient transfer was 217.76 kg.ha-1 N; 11.55 kg.ha-1 P; 52.79 kg.ha-1 K; 199.80 kg.ha-1 Ca and 38.70 kg.ha-1 Mg. The accumulated litter was estimated as 6.227 kg.ha-1, instantaneous decomposition rate (K) 1.71 and time needed time for 50% and 95% litter disappearance was 150 and 639 days, respectively.

Com o objetivo de verificar possível efeito alelopático de 18 espécies de plantas daninhas sobre o crescimento inicial de Eucalyptus grandis, realizaram-se dois experimentos em casa de vegetação. No primeiro experimento, dentre 18 espécies de plantas daninhas testadas, Brachiaria decumbens (BRADC) demonstrou acentuada capacidade de reduzir o crescimento de Eucalyptus grandis, quando incorporada ao solo. No segundo experimento avaliou-se o efeito da adição no substrato de concentrações de matéria seca de BRADC sobre o crescimento inicial de mudas de E. grandis. A matéria seca triturada de BRADC foi incorporada ao solo nas concentrações de 0% (testemunha), 0,5%, 1,0%, 2,0% e 3,0% (p/p). Instalou-se também uma réplica do experimento, com adição de idênticas quantidades totais de carbono entre os tratamentos. O ajuste da quantidade de carbono foi feito através da adição de Sphagnum. Extraiu-se a solução do solo por meio de cápsulas de porcelana introduzidas nos vasos quando do transplante das mudas de eucalipto. As soluções foram coletadas ao final do experimento (39 dias após o transplante das mudas), sendo utilizadas para a determinação de pH, condutividade elétrica, potencial osmótico e para análise de teores de nutrientes. As mínimas proporções de BRADC, com efeito inibitório, foram de 0,5 e 1,0%, com e sem Sphagnum, respectivamente. Nestas duas condições, a área foliar média do eucalipto foi reduzida em 24 e 23%, respectivamente. As análises de solução do solo dos tratamentos permitiram concluir que os teores de nutrientes e as características químicas destes foram pouco alterados pelos tratamentos, sendo pouco provável que a redução do crescimento do E. grandis se deva às restrições nas quantidades de nutrientes disponíveis.Two experiments were carried out under greenhouse conditions to evaluate the possible allelopathic effect of 18 weed species on the initial development of eucalyptus (Eucaliptus grandis). In the first experiment, Bracharia decumbens (BRADC) caused the strongest effects mainly on the development of the upper part of the plants. In the second experiment, BRADC dry matter was added to the soil to evaluate the effect on the initial development of E. grandis seedlings. The dry matter concentrations evaluated were: 0% (check), 0.5%, 1%, 2%, 3% w/w, incorporated into the soil. The experiment was replicated, by adding identical total quantities of carbon to the treatments. The amount of carbon was adjusted by adding Sphagnum. Soil solution was extracted through porous porcelain capsules placed in the pots (39 days after E. grandis seedling transplantation). The following analyses of soil solutions collected at the end of the tests were performed: pH and electric conductivity, osmotic potential,and nutrient level analysis. Soil solution analysis of the treatments allowed to conclude that the nutrient level and the chemical characteristics of the solutions were slightly altered by the treatments, being unlikely that the reduction of E. grandis is due to restrictions on the quantities of the available nutrients.

The study aimed to analyze the soil CO2 efflux throughout the day within one week in an area of vegetated grove in Cuiabá-MT. Samples were collected from May 26 to 30, 2014, from 8 am to 5 pm in accumulated time frequency: 150; 300; 450 and 540 minutes. The method used was alkali traps (KOH) and chemical analysis using titrimetry with aqueous HCl. The experiment was conducted in RBD in a 4x5 factorial scheme (time and days of collection). The soil respiration values were not statistically different when comparing the soil CO2 collection times throughout the day. However, there was a statistically significant difference between the first and the other days and there was interaction between the time of collection and collection days factors. The first day had the lowest soil respiration average (80.51 mg.m-2.h-1) after rainfall events. The experiment variation coefficient was equal to 19.1%, and the first day had the lowest average carbon dioxide efflux (80.51 mg.m-2.h-1), as it was a day after rain events. The last day of data collection showed higher temperature and lower humidity, with the highest CO2 efflux average (160.39 mg.m-2.h-1). It follows that collections performed after rainfall events underestimate the soil CO2 efflux rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The Proterozoic sequences in the North of Distrito Federal (Brazil) and in Bezerra and Vila Boa regions (Goiás) comprise carbonates, pelites and sandstones from Bambuí and Paranoá Groups. In Distrito Federal, such units are tectonically overlapped by metasediments of green schist facies of Canastra Group. Among the mineral constituents of the pelitic terms of all these units, phyllosilicates, particularly illite and muscovite, are predominant and are identified using X-ray diffraction with the help of reflection d(001) decomposition. The Kübler Index (Illite Crystallinity Index) complements the interpretation of local diagenesis and the possible bulk tectonic influence on the diagenesis/metamorphism that is a result of the overlap by the thrust fault of Canastra Group on Paranoá and Bambuí groups, in the Distrito Federal region. Results indicate epizone conditions for the samples analyzed from Canastra Group and anchizone for samples from Bambuí and Paranoá Groups. In the rocks at the North of Distrito Federal, the Kübler Index values are lower than in Bezerra - Vila Boa region. Moreover, the contents of Bambuí Group rocks are smaller than Paranoá's in the entire study area; therefore, the influence of tectonic bulk occurs gradually, starting from the highest load point. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Herein are recorded the composition and richness of 188 specimens of social wasps collected processing pig carcasses (Sus scrofa L.) in a Brazilian Savannah. Among the species collected Polybia (Myrapetra) fastidiosuscula de Saussure, 1854 (n = 178), Polybia (Trichotorax) ignobilis (Haliday, 1836) (n = 6), Apoica (Apoica) gelida Van der Vecth, 1972 (n = 3) and Polybia (Trichotorax) sericea (Olivier, 1791) (n = 1) were founded using fresh, bloated, decayed and skeletonized pig caracass. P. fastidiosuscula showed significant differences among decomposition stages, with preference for the bloated stage. The high abundance of social wasps in animal carcasses under decomposition, mainly those considered necrophagous, reveals the ecological importance of these wasps in carcass fragmentation by directly influencing the duration of the decomposition process. Moreover, the preference of P. fastidiosuscula for the bloated stage may be used as subsidy for forensic implications.

This work aimed to evaluate nutrient cycling, through deposition, stock and litter decomposition in a remnant of riparian forest in the Rio Gurguéia Basin. The e×periment was conducted in the municipality of Bom Jesus-PI in an area of 17,8 ha of savanna vegetation. To estimate the amount of litter produced were used 15 wood collectors 1.00 m × 1.00 m, listed and distributed along transects. The thrust litter was estimated in both seasons (summer and winter) taken with the aid of a hollow wood frame of 0.5 m × 0.5 m. In the evaluation of decomposition were distributed 12 nylon bags on the soil surface in each collector bo×, and removed a bag of each collector each month. The litter production was estimated at 3266.8 Kg. ha-1,the Leaf fraction was greater contribution to 2076.1 kg ha-1. The higher deposition occurred in the dry season. The thrust litter showed higher accumulation in the dry season (summer) where the leaf fraction showed the highest accumulation. The highest rate of decomposition was observed during the rainy season, which offered good conditions for the activity of microorganisms. The deposition, stock and decomposition were influenced by rainfall. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]