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Mesquite seed gum (MSG) was extracted and confirmed as a galactomannan, presenting a galactose/mannose (G/M) ratio of about 1:1.1. Emulsions of MSG and palm fruit oil (PFO) were prepared by mixing a PFO nanoemulsion with MSG and glycerol, in order to obtain MSG/PFO emulsion films by casting and evaporation. The influence of sonication time of O/W nanoemulsion and PFO content (based on MSG) on the film properties were evaluated. All O/W emulsions presented nanosized droplets, lower PFO contents producing smaller droplets. Increasing PFO contents resulted in increased hydrophobicity (reflected as increased water contact angles, decreased water solubility and water vapor permeability), and impaired transparency and tensile properties (except for elongation). The only significant effects of sonication were the increase of film hydrophilicity (decreasing contact angles) and improvement of tensile strength, probably by promoting a more uniform droplet dispersion.

A gelatina (GEL) é um biopolímero biodegradável e biocompatível que forma naturalmente coloides semissólidos ou hidrogéis em soluções aquosas. Sendo um polímero hidrofílico, a GEL possui propriedades estruturais e físico-mecânicas que a distinguem de polímeros hidrofílicos sintéticos. São essas características que inspiraram o desenvolvimento do presente trabalho. Para analisa-las foram desenvolvidos filmes e hidrogéis de GEL utilizando radiação ionizante mediante diferentes técnicas: irradiação por 60Co, feixe de elétrons (EB) e/ou EB pulsado. Na elaboração de filmes a base de GEL foram incorporados diferentes aditivos, tais como glicerol (GLY), álcool polivinílico (PVA), hidroxitolueno butilado (BHT), acrilamida e/ou fibra vegetal. Esse produto filmes a base de GEL foi analisado quanto às suas propriedades mecânicas, cor, absorção de água, entre outros; e irradiado com doses de 10 a 60 kGy, dependendo do aditivo. Na síntese radioinduzida de nano-hidrogéis de GEL, polietileno glicol (PEG) e a mistura (MIX) de ambos os aditivos, GEL e PEG, foram analisados a dimensão, massa molar e morfologia das nanopartículas. Houve aumento significativo da fração gel com o aumento da dose de radiação nas amostras de GEL/fibra. Os filmes a base de GEL com 10% PVA irradiados a 20 kGy apresentaram a maior resistência à perfuração. A adição de antioxidante BHT influenciou em algumas das propriedades dos filmes a base de GEL nas condições aplicadas. Em relação aos nano-hidrogéis houve redução do raio hidrodinâmico da MIX irradiada com 60Co de 68 ± 25 nm (2 kGy) para 35 ± 4 nm (5 kGy). Tanto nos filmes quanto nos nano-hidrogéis de GEL, a radiação mostrou ser uma ferramenta conveniente na modificação de materiais poliméricos. The gelatin (GEL) is a biocompatible and biodegradable biopolymer, which naturally forms semi-solid colloids or hydrogels in aqueous solutions. As a hydrophilic polymer, the GEL has structural and physico-mechanical properties that distinguish it from synthetic hydrophilic polymers. The study of these properties led to the development of the present work. Thus, GEL-based films and hydrogels were developed using ionizing radiation technology by different techniques: irradiation with 60Co, electron beam (EB) and/or pulsed EB. The GEL based-films enriched with different additives, such as glycerol (GLY), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), acrylamide and/or vegetal fiber, were irradiated with doses from 10 to 60 kGy, depending on the additive; some parameters like mechanical properties, color, and water absorption were analyzed. In the radio-induced synthesis of GEL nanohydrogels, polyethylene glycol (PEG) and the mixture (MIX) of additives, PEG and GEL, the size, molar mass and surface morphology of the nanohydrogels were analyzed. There was a significant increase of gel fraction with increase of the radiation dose for the GEL/fiber samples. The GEL based-films with 10% PVA irradiated at 20 kGy showed the highest puncture strength. The addition of antioxidant BHT affected on some GEL based-films properties on applied conditions. Regarding the nanohydrogels, there was a decrease of hydrodynamic radius of MIX irradiated with 60Co from 68 ± 25 nm (2 kGy) to 35 ± 4 nm (5 kGy). The radiation proved to be a convenient tool in the modification of polymeric materials for both, GEL films and hydrogels.

Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos Gold nanoparticles have properties with great interest in applications in biomedicine, catalysis, optics and electronics. This study seeks to produce stable, size-homogeneous and well-dispersed particles. The chosen method is the reduction of metallic ions by organic salts in aqueous medium. The organic compounds act as stabilizers and their interactions with the metallic surface defines the particles final characteristics. Sodium citrate was tested as reducing agent. The influence of operational parameters such as temperature, acidity, stoichiometric relations in the nucleation, growth process and size particle was tested. Spectroscopy of UV-visible, scanning and transmission electron microscopy were used as characterization technics. It was concluded that increasing the temperature the particle size and the standard deviation decrease and the produced particles are more uniform in morfology. The nucleation is favored for higher temperatures of reaction, for lower acidity and higher concentration of sodium citrate solution. The particles are formed by clusters which agglomerate and nanowires that incorporate into the face centered cubic crystal structure. UV spectroscopy was efficient in evaluating qualitatively the reaction development and the growth of particles. And with that technique it was observed that transverse polarization of the particles was predominant. The reaction conditions temperature of 80ºC, initial pH of the citrate sodium solution in 8 and 10 e molar relations about 5 produced particles with narrow size distribution and 17 nm of median diameter. As nanopartículas de ouro possuem propriedades que permitem aplicações com grande interesse em biomedicina, catálise, óptica e eletrônica. O presente estudo objetivou produzir nanopartículas de ouro monodispersas, estáveis e com tamanho homogêneo. por meio da técnica da redução de íons metálicos com sais. O componente orgânico age como estabilizador e suas interações com a superfície metálica define as características finais da partícula. O componente escolhido foi o citrato de sódio testado como agente redutor. Foram estudados os efeitos de parâmetros operacionais, como acidez, temperatura, relação estequiométrica do sistema na nucleação, crescimento e tamanho médio das partículas. Na caracterização das partículas foram utilizadas técnicas de espectrosfotometria de UV-visível, microscopia eletrônica de transmissão e de varredura. Conclui-se que aumentando a temperatura, o tamanho e o desvio-padrão das partículas produzidas decrescem e levam a maior uniformidade de formato. A nucleação é favorecida para maiores temperaturas, menor acidez da solução do agente redutor e maior concentração da solução de citrato de sódio. As partículas são formadas por clusters que se aglomeram e nanofios que se incorporam à estrutura cristalina cúbica de face centrada. A partir da espectroscopia por UV-visível observou a predominância de partículas isotrópicas com caráter de polarização transversal. Essa técnica se mostrou eficiente como avaliador qualitativo da evolução reacional e de crescimento das partículas. As condições de 80ºC pH 8 e 10 e relação molar 5, produziram partículas com distribuição mais estreita e de tamanho em torno de 17 nm.

Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN), nanoemulsions (NE), and microemulsions (ME) were prepared by the hot solvent diffusion method, using tristearin or castor oil as oily phase, and soy lecithin and Solutol HS 15 as surfactants. Mean particle sizes ranged from 20 to 215 nm and negative zeta potentials were obtained for all nanocarriers. A HPLC method used to determine resveratrol was specific, linear, exact and precise. The entrapment efficiency was high for all formulations. However, resveratrol content was significantly varied among the lipid nanocarriers. Lipid nanocarrier containing hydrogels exhibiting pseudoplastic behavior were obtained after incorporation of hydroxyethylcellulose in the colloidal dispersions.

A sílica coloidal se apresenta como um promissor substituto do cimento de aluminato de cálcio para utilização em concretos mulitizáveis. O uso deste ligante promove adequada resistência mecânica a verde, facilidade de secagem, inibe a formação de fases de baixo ponto de fusão, além de favorecer a formação de mulita in-situ. Entretanto, as propriedades finais do concreto dependem das características da solução coloidal utilizada. O objetivo deste trabalho é comparar as propriedades a verde e a quente de sistemas mulitizáveis ligados por sílica coloidal, variando suas características, tais como teor de sólidos, área superficial e tipo de estabilizante. Os resultados indicaram que sílicas coloidais com alta área superficial reduzem a trabalhabilidade dos concretos e diminuem as propriedades a quente devido ao acentuado trincamento durante a cura. A refratariedade dos sistemas é ainda comparada com concretos ligados por cimento de aluminato de cálcio e alumina hidratável, ressaltando a superioridade do ligante coloidal. The colloidal silica has been shown as a promising substitute for the aluminate cement as a binder for refractory castables. It can promote suitable mechanical strength for green bodies, reduce the explosion risk and does not develop phases with low melting point in the alumina systems. In addition, they can induce the in-situ mullite formation. Nevertheless, the final properties of the castable can also depend on the colloidal suspension characteristics such as, solid concentration, surface area and stabilizing agents. This paper aims to compare the green and high temperature properties of castables using different types of colloidal silicas. The results showed that colloidal silica containing a high surface area builds up internal tensions and cracks during the drying process, which deteriorate the hot mechanical properties of the castables. Besides that, they also reduce the workability and the free flow of the system. The results presented were also compared with the refractoriness of others binding systems such as aluminate cement and reactive alumina on colloidal silica containing castables.

Neste trabalho foi investigada a influência da concentração de uma mistura dos emulsificantes nonilfenol etoxilado e sulfato sódico de nonilfenol etoxilado (não iônico e iônico, respectivamente) e concentração de protetor coloidal, poli (álcool vinílico) na estabilidade coloidal de látices do copolímero acetato de vinila (AV)/acrilato de butila (AB) com alto teor de sólidos. Foram determinados o teor de sólidos e o tamanho médio das partículas ao longo da reação e foram obtidas as viscosidades das emulsões finais. Os ensaios foram realizados de acordo com um projeto fatorial com 3 níveis de concentração de emulsificantes e de protetor coloidal. Foi verificado que são necessárias maiores quantidades relativas de emulsificantes e de protetor coloidal pela massa total de monômeros para se obter látices estáveis com teores de sólidos de 70 e 73% (m/m). Os tamanhos médios das partículas no final de cada ensaio foram relativamente elevados (800 a 1000 nm) e as viscosidades a 20°C relativamente baixas (500 mPa.s) para teor de sólidos de 67% (m/m); para teor de sólidos de 70% (m/m) as viscosidades variaram de 5.000 a 10.000 mPa.s e para teor de sólidos de 73% (m/m) a viscosidade foi de 365.000 mPa.s. In this work the influence of the concentration of ionic (alkyl phenol polyglycol ether sodium sulfate), and non-ionic (alkyl phenol polyglycol ether), surfactants mixture and of protective colloid (polyvinyl alcohol) on the colloidal stability of high solid contents butyl acrylate/vinyl acetate copolymers latexes was investigated. Solid contents and particle diameter were determined along the reaction and, at the end of each run, also the emulsion viscosity. The experiments were carried out according to a factorial design with three levels of surfactant and protective colloid concentrations. Higher amounts of surfactant and protective colloid per total monomers were required for the colloidal stability of emulsions with total solid contents of 70 and 73 wt. (%). The particle diameters at the end of the experiment were rather large (800 to 1000 nm) and the viscosities at 20 °C rather small (500 mPa.s) for solid contents of 67 wt. (%); for higher values of solid contents (70 and 73 wt. (%)) the viscosities were as high as 5000 to 10000 and 365000 mPa.s, respectively.

The objetive of this work was to evaluate modifications in the microbial biomass, metabolic quotient, types of mineral nitrogen, C/N ratio, and total organic colloids concentration. The following variations in the substrate composition were utilized: pure cattle manure, pure cattle manure + sugarcane bagasse 1:1 ratio, and pure cattle manure + sugarcane bagasse + leaves of Cajanus cajan 2:1:1 ratio. The mixture was made on volume bases and the substrate composition filled boxes of 0.4 m3. Three hundred earthworms of the species Eisenia foetida and 100 of Eudrillus eugeniae were introduced in the boxes. Every 20 days, approximately, samples were collected for analysis during a total period of 126 days. The experiment was placed in a randomized complete block design, with a factorial 3x8, with three replications and the following treatments: three types of substrate and eight sampling dates. Microbial biomass, metabolic quotient and types of mineral nitrogen concentrations were not good indexes to characterize the maturity point of the vermicomposting process. Based on C/N ratio, the pure cattle manure reached stability in 70 days and sugarcane bagasse and pure cattle manure + sugarcane bagasse + Cajanus cajan leaves in 90 days. The determination of organic colloids was a simple assay, but was not also a good index to characterize the maturity point of the vermicomposting process.

Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-27T11:21:21Z No. of bitstreams: 0 Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-27T11:21:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2005-06-01 The text highlights the state of research related with the application of liposomes in the control of drug delivery and drug target to infectious diseases. Liposomes have several pharmaceutical applications and this manuscript is primarily focused on the potential of this colloidal system as an antibiotic carrier system and of administration through several accesses via to organism. Numerous case studies in which liposomes have successfully been used to improve pharmacological drug effect are presented. Mechanisms involved in drug delivery, application possibilities, research and development and efforts to reach these objectives are discussed. © Copyright Moreira Jr. Editora. Todos os direitos reservados. Departamento de Fármacos e Medicamentos Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp) Hospital de Olhos de Araraquara - SP Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp) Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas Unesp, Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú, km 01, CEP 14801-902 - Araraquara - SP Departamento de Fármacos e Medicamentos Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp) Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp) Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas Unesp, Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú, km 01, CEP 14801-902 - Araraquara - SP

Submitted by Guilherme Lemeszenski (guilherme@nead.unesp.br) on 2013-08-22T18:49:10Z No. of bitstreams: 0 Made available in DSpace on 2013-08-22T18:49:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2002-01-01 Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-30T19:09:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2002-01-01 Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-20T14:19:48Z No. of bitstreams: 0 Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-20T14:19:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2002-01-01 Pequenas partículas de fase peroviskita de BaMnO3 foram preparadas por dois métodos: a rota da coprecipitação convencional (RCC) e o método convencional de microemulsão (MCM). As técnicas instrumentais utilizadas para caracterizar as amostras foram: microscopia eletrônica de varredura (SEM), difratometria de raios X (XRD), termogravimetria (TG) e análise térmica diferencial (DTA). A síntese de materiais em sistemas coloidais auto-organizados tem por objetivo aumentar a homogeneidade de tamanho e forma das partículas. Nos últimos anos aumentou a busca por materiais mais uniformes visando o aperfeiçoamento da microestrutura. A rota de microemulsão é um método alternativo para a síntese de materiais porque permite o controle da relação entre as concentrações de água e do tensoativo, (w), o qual controla o tamanho das gotículas de microemulsão denominadas microreatores. Peroviskita pura obtida de microemulsão forma-se em temperatura menor do que a fase precipitada, e resulta.em partículas com distribuição de tamanho mais adequada, de aproximadamente 0,1 mm de diâmetro comparado com a média de 0,5 mm das partículas coprecipitadas. The present work focuses on the synthesis of small particles of the perovskite phase of BaMnO3 through the route of conventional coprecipitation (RCC) and the method of conventional microemulsion (MCM). The techniques used for samples characterization were: scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction patterns (XRD), thermogravimetry (TG) and differential thermal analysis (DTA). The synthesis of materials in self-organized colloidal system has as main objective to increase the shape and size homogeneity of the particles. In the last years it has been intensified the search for more homogeneous materials. The microemulsion route is an alternative method for the synthesis of more homogeneous material because it allows for controlling the relationship of water to surfactante concentrations, (w), which controls the average size of the microemulsion drops. Pure perovskite BaMnO3 phase obtained from microemulsion appears at smaller temperature than the precipitated one, and results in a better size distribution of the particles, around 0,1 mm in diameter compared to 0,5 mm obtained by coprecipitation. UNESP Instituto de Química Departamento de Físico-Química University of Antwerp Chemistry Department Universiteitsplein UNESP Instituto de Química Departamento de Química Analítica UNESP Instituto de Química Departamento de Físico-Química UNESP Instituto de Química Departamento de Química Analítica

Objetivo: Revisar as bases teóricas das abordagens terapêuticas voltadas para a ressuscitação volumétrica do lactente em choque e o processo evolutivo que levam ao suporte farmacológico à circulação. Métodos: Foram obtidas referências de busca computadorizadas na Biblioteca Nacional de Medicina (Medline), artigos recentes de revisão e arquivos pessoais. Resultados: Choque e choque séptico são importantes causas de morbidade e mortalidade em crianças criticamente doentes. O choque séptico é um processo de doença extremamente complexo que conduz à disfunção múltipla de orgãos. Sua apresentação pode ser sutil ou catastrófica. Um manejo bem sucedido depende de uma compreensão do fisiopatologia da síndrome e exige uma ressuscita ção rápida e apropriada. O tratamento freqüentemente requer correção agressiva de déficit de volume, manutenção de perfusão adequada com inotrópicos e vasopressores, ventilação mecânica e outras terapias. Conclusões: O manejo do choque nas crianças representa um desafio para o pediatra. Instabilidade hemodinâmica e respiratória devem ser antecipadas. Seu manejo requer intervenção multissistêmica e cuidadosa. Objective: Review the theoretical bases of the therapeutic approach for volumetric resuscitation of the infant in shock and the evolutionary process that take to the pharmacological support to the circulation Methods: References were obtained from computerized searches on the National Library of Medicine (Medline), recent review articles and personal files. Results: Shock and septic shock is the leading cause of mortality in critically ill patients. The septic shock is an extremely complex disease process leading to progressive multiple organ failure. Its presentation may be subtle or catastrophic. Successful management depends on an understanding of the pathophysiology of the syndrome, allowing rapid, appropriate resuscitation. Treatment often requires aggressive correction of volume deficit, maintenance of adequate perfusion pressure with inotropic and vasopressor, mechanical ventilation and others therapies. Conclusions: The management of the shock in children presents a challenge for the pediatrician. Hemodynamic and respiratory instability should be anticipated. Management requires multisystemic and careful intervention.

Submitted by Guilherme Lemeszenski (guilherme@nead.unesp.br) on 2013-08-22T18:48:24Z No. of bitstreams: 1 S0100-40421998000400025.pdf: 111003 bytes, checksum: ac6cbef5e4ebb3d12463cf5b3360a603 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2013-08-22T18:48:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 S0100-40421998000400025.pdf: 111003 bytes, checksum: ac6cbef5e4ebb3d12463cf5b3360a603 (MD5) Previous issue date: 1998-07-01 Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-30T19:38:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S0100-40421998000400025.pdf: 111003 bytes, checksum: ac6cbef5e4ebb3d12463cf5b3360a603 (MD5) S0100-40421998000400025.pdf.txt: 16210 bytes, checksum: 07252e7b2fd1c233fb11146ab06788a4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 1998-07-01 Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-20T15:10:16Z No. of bitstreams: 2 S0100-40421998000400025.pdf: 111003 bytes, checksum: ac6cbef5e4ebb3d12463cf5b3360a603 (MD5) S0100-40421998000400025.pdf.txt: 16210 bytes, checksum: 07252e7b2fd1c233fb11146ab06788a4 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-20T15:10:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S0100-40421998000400025.pdf: 111003 bytes, checksum: ac6cbef5e4ebb3d12463cf5b3360a603 (MD5) S0100-40421998000400025.pdf.txt: 16210 bytes, checksum: 07252e7b2fd1c233fb11146ab06788a4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 1998-07-01 Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) SnO2 thin layers, prepared from aqueous colloidal suspensions by the sol-gel process, have been dip-coated on commercial borosilicate glasses. The effect of the conditions of deposition on the optical and structural characteristics of the thin layers was analysed by UV-Vis spectroscopy, x-ray reflectometry and electron scanning microscopy. Layers prepared with withdrawal speed in between 0.1 and 10cm/min show thickness smaller than 90nm, roughness of the order of 2nm and transmittance higher than 80%, resulting in good optical quality samples. The roughness increases from 2 to 11nm as the withdrawal speed increases from 10 to 80cm/min, what seems to be associated to the enlargement of the layers thickness (> 90nm). The measurements of mass loss, done after etching with fluoridric acid show that the coated samples are more corrosion resistant than the uncoated borosilicate glass. UNESP Instituto de Química UNESP Instituto de Química