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O tratado federal inter-estados da Alemanha e a estrutura regulatória do serviço público de média (SPM) foram recentemente alvo de reformas. O ponto de partida deste processo foi a chamada decisão ZDF, tomada pelo Tribunal Constitucional Federal em 25 de março de 2014. O Tribunal Constitucional Federal foi confrontado com uma avaliação da constitucionalidade da composição do conselho de radiodifusão da segunda maior empresa de televisão do país, a ZDF (Zweites Deutsches Fernsehen). O processo desencadeado resultou numa série de reformas em regimes regulatórios de vários estados da federação. Este artigo compara os processos de decisão relativos aos dois maiores operadores de serviço público no país: a WDR (Westdeutscher Rundfunk), legislativamente dependente da região Renânia do Norte-Westefalia, e a ZDF, legislativamente dependente da região Renânia-Palatinado. No caso destes dois estados federais alemães, este trabalho faz uma análise das estratégias adoptadas pelas chancelarias, as autoridades legislativas responsáveis, na negociação de um novo enquadramento regulatório. O trabalho discute ainda o tema da ‘audiência presumida’ durante as negociações e a efectiva participação da sociedade civil nos debates sobre governaçção e políticas dos média. A análise baseia-se numa sistematização em torno do cidadão e do consumidor em políticas mediáticas. A hipótese de trabalho assume que a imagem presumida sobre a audiência é diferente nos dois estados. As negociações no estado Renânia-Palatinado podem ser descritas como ambivalentes em termos da sua percepção sobre a audiência ao passo que o processo no estado de Renânia do Norte-Westefália tratou a audiência com um olhar centrado na cidadania. O estudo sugere que a decisão ZDF criou uma dinâmica de debate mais alargada sobre as políticas para os média na Alemanha, um tema até então negligenciado tanto em termos de sociedade civil, como de regulação e de estudos de comunicação.

The German federal interstate treaties, as the regulatory framework for public service media (PSM), have recently been under reform. The starting point of the amendments is the so-called ZDF decision of the German Federal Constitutional Court from the 25th of March, 2014. The Federal Constitutional Court was confronted with the question of whether the composition of the broadcasting council in the second biggest public service broadcasting station in Germany, the ZDF (Zweites Deutsches Fernsehen, Second German Television), is compliant with the constitution. This resulted in reforms of numerous regulatory regimes in several German federal states. This article compares the decision-making process related to the WDR (Westdeutscher Rundfunk, West-German Broadcasting) (whose legislator is Northrhine-Westfalia) and the ZDF (whose legislator is Rhineland-Palatinate), the two biggest PSM broadcasters in Germany. In the case of these two German federal states, this paper strives to provide insight into the strategies of the state chancellery, the responsible legislative authorities, to negotiate a new regulatory framework. The paper also discusses the issue of the “implied audience” during the negotiations and civil society’s participation in media policy debates and media governance. The analysis is based on a systematization of the citizen and the consumer in media policy. This working hypothesis assumes that the implied image of the audience differs in the two federal states. The negotiations in Rhineland-Palatinate can be described as ambivalent in terms of how it understood the audience, whereas Northrhine-Westfalia rather addressed the audience as citizens. The study suggests that the ZDF decision created a momentum for broader media policy debates in Germany, which has long been a neglected issue, both in civil society and media regulation – as well as in communication studies.

INTRODUCTION: The transcutaneous approach in lower eyelid rejuvenation is a versatile technique allowing broad access to all periorbital structures. Nevertheless, many surgeons opt to use different access routes such as the transconjunctival approach, to avoid the increased risk of eyelid malposition. However, the use of a routine lateral canthal support was shown to consistently minimize this risk. This study reviewed 136 cases of patients who were operated on using the transcutaneous approach and canthal support with canthopexy and orbicularis suspension. METHOD: Our study used a retrospective design to investigate patients undergoing primary transcutaneous lower blepharoplasties performed with canthopexy, between January 2008 and January 2014. We assessed the presence of dermatochalasis, eyelid bags and tarsal sagging by analyzing patients' images and medical records. We used surgical descriptions and clinical notes to study the surgical technique used and the rate of complications associated with the same. RESULTS: Our study involved monitoring the post-operative condition of 136 patients for approximately 180 days after they underwent surgery. The occurrence of any of the following was considered a postoperative complication: epiphora (15%), eyelid malposition (2.94%), orbital hematoma (0%), chemosis (9.5%), and foreign body sensation (6%). Seven patients (5.1%) required surgical revision. CONCLUSION: Our assessment revealed that canthal support must be considered as an integral part of transcutaneous lower blepharoplasty. The authors believe that canthopexy is a good option in primary cases owing to its easy implementation, low morbidity, and efficacy in preventing apparent sclera, round eye lateral corner, and ectropion.

Rezensiertes Werk:Uwe Wesel, Der Gang nach Karlsruhe. Das Bundesverfassungsgericht in der Geschichte der Bundesrepublik, München: Blessing 2004, 412 S., ISBN 3-89667-223-1

Los autores analizan la cobertura dada al SIDA en revistas de Argentina, Brasil y Colombia (1992). Su estudio sugiere formas de integrar más efectivamente a los medios en las campañas preventivas. Salud, prevención y cura son temas del periodismo científico. Las epidemias del cólera y del SIDA recibieron abundante atención de los latinoamericanos. Sus prejuicios y actitudes influyen para bien o para mal sobre los programas de concienciación.