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Due to potential alterations in atrial depolarization vectors in canine heart disease, the atrial electrical axis (AEA) may appear altered in patients with atrial remodeling (AR). The aim of this study was to analyze the AEA and P-wave duration in the electrocardiogram of three groups of dogs: healthy patients, cardiac patients without left AR, and cardiac patients with left AR. Of the 56 evaluated dogs, nine were healthy, 27 were cardiac patients without left AR, and 20 were cardiac patients with left AR. The classification of myxomatous mitral valve disease includes stage A, comprising dogs at high risk of developing the condition; stage B, which includes asymptomatic dogs subdivided into B1, with mitral valve regurgitation not yet causing cardiac remodeling, and B2, with sufficient mitral valve regurgitation to cause cardiac remodeling, where treatment is indicated even in the absence of clinical signs; stage C, covering symptomatic dogs; and stage D, including dogs refractory to treatment. Therefore, 27 dogs were in stage B1, two in B2, 15 in C, and three in D. The P-wave duration in the remodeling group (53 milliseconds (ms)) was higher (p=0.0088) than in the group without left AR (46 ms). The P-wave duration in healthy dogs did not differ from that of dogs with and without remodeling. The AEA in healthy animals (43.65±19.79º) was lower (p=0.0015) than in the groups with and without left AR (69.58±18.00º and 63.40±15.89º). Animals without remodeling did not differ from those with remodeling, and despite the difference found in healthy animals, the values were within the normal range for the species, and no cardiac dogs exhibited a deviation of the AEA. Stage D dogs had longer P-wave durations than healthy and stage B1 dogs and did not differ from stage B2 and C groups (p=0.0269). Healthy dogs did not differ from stage B2, C, or D dogs in recording the AEA, only being lower than the B1 dogs (p=0.0120). The AEA and P wave duration are parameters that should not be used to define left AR in dogs with heart disease.

América Latina, en las últimas décadas, ha presentado un interés creciente por la actividad emprendedora debido a la importancia de la educación en el desarrollo estudiantil. Se realizó la recopilación de una muestra de trabajos publicados en países de América Latina que implicó la relación entre educación y la iniciativa emprendedora de los estudiantes. Se elaboró la revisión documental con una muestra de 58 documentos de nueve países de la región, donde se exponen las principales conclusiones y se analizan las coincidencias y diferencias entre ellos, para establecer la importancia dada a la educación universitaria en la formación de futuros emprendedores. Del análisis se tiene que, para la mayoría de los investigadores, la universidad cumple un rol preponderante en el desarrollo del espíritu emprendedor. Sin embargo, aún falta que las universidades latinoamericanas internalicen su rol formativo y que además los factores socioeconómicos de los estudiantes también condicionan la finalidad emprendedora en sí.

O eletrocardiograma representa o registro gráfico das fases do ciclo cardíaco e é utilizado para o diagnóstico de arritmias ou distúrbios de condução. No entanto, a confiabilidade dos resultados pode ser influenciada pelo grau de experiência dos avaliadores. Devido à possibilidade de variação de resultados de um mesmo exame entre os ciclos cardíacos e entre analisadores de diferentes níveis de experiência, o estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a variabilidade interobservador e entre ciclos cardíacos durante a avaliação de exames eletrocardiográficos de cães. A pesquisa foi conduzida de forma retrospectiva na Superintendência Unidade Hospitalar Veterinária Universitária da Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul, Campus Realeza – PR. Para a análise eletrocardiográfica foram selecionados aleatoriamente exames de 50 cães, gravados em arquivos computadorizados durante o período de setembro de 2018 a dezembro de 2019, independente da raça, sexo, idade e peso. Foram avaliados frequência e ritmo cardíaco, durações de onda P, complexo QRS, intervalo PR e intervalo QT, amplitudes de onda P, R e T, e eixo elétrico atrial e ventricular. Os dados foram analisados por teste de normalidade de Shapiro-Wilk, sendo os dados paramétricos analisados por análise de variância seguido por Teste de Tukey e os dados não paramétricos pelo Teste de Kruskal-Wallis, seguido pelo Teste de Dunn. Como última etapa, os dados foram submetidos ao Teste de Coeficiente de Concordância de Kappa. Evidenciou-se variabilidade na interpretação de ritmos cardíacos com discordância de avaliadores de nível baixo e intermediário, diferença da frequência cardíaca máxima do avaliador de baixo nível de experiência que subestimou os valores, obtendo mediana de 105, enquanto o de alto nível obteve mediana de 122 (p=0,0100). Ainda, evidenciou-se superestimação da duração da onda P pelos avaliadores de nível baixo e intermediário, que encontraram medianas de 52 e 51 respectivamente, enquanto o de alto nível obteve mediana de 48 (p=0,0064). Em relação a diferentes ciclos cardíacos, não houve diferenças entre a análise de apenas um ciclo em relação a três ciclos ou a média de três ciclos. Por meio do estudo foi possível evidenciar a variabilidade na interpretação entre avaliadores com diferentes níveis de experiência, em relação a duração da onda P, em que os avaliadores superestimaram os valores e em relação aos graus de concordância que não representaram os níveis de experiência dos avaliadores na análise do todas as variáveis, ressaltando a importância do treinamento e rotina de exames eletrocardiográficos para evitar interpretações e análises equivocadas.

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Resumo: A obesidade é o problema nutricional que mais acomete os cães e pode causar vários efeitos deletérios a saúde animal. No entanto, o efeito desta condição sobre a pressão arterial sistólica (PAS) em cães obesos é controverso. Os métodos indiretos de mensuração da PAS são os mais comumente utilizados na medicina veterinária para o diagnóstico da hipertensão sistêmica, por serem mais práticos e de fácil acesso. Não foram localizados na literatura estudos que tenham comparado os dois métodos para esta avaliação em cães obesos. Diante do exposto, o objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar a PAS em cães obesos, comparando os métodos indiretos de mensuração da pressão arterial, oscilométrico e doppler ultrassônico, a fim de verificar as diferenças nos valores obtidos, como também o método mais indicado para aferir a PAS em cães nesta condição. Foram avaliados 50 cães, incluindo 25 obesos com escore de condição corporal (ECC) médio de 8,42±0,50 e 25 cães com peso corporal ideal com ECC médio de 4,56±0,51. Os resultados revelaram valores superiores da PAS obtidos pelo método doppler (152±16mmHg) comparados ao oscilométrico (136±11mmHg). A análise de correspondência determinada por análise estatística multivariada demonstrou maior correspondência entre a condição corporal e o método de avaliação da PAS. Esses achados sugerem que o método indireto doppler pode aferir com mais precisão os valores de PAS em cães obesos.

ABSTRACT: In feline veterinary practice sedation is often needed to perform diagnostic or minimally invasive procedures, minimize stress, and facilitate handling. The mortality rate of cats undergoing sedation is significantly higher than dogs, so it is fundamental that the sedatives provide good cardiovascular stability. Dexmedetomidine (DEX) is an α2-adrenergic receptor agonist utilized in cats to provide sedation and analgesia, although studies have been utilized high doses, and markedly hemodynamic impairments were reported. The aim of this study was to prospectively investigate how the sedative and electrocardiographic effects of a low dose of DEX performing in cats. Eleven healthy cats were recruited; baseline sedative score, systolic arterial pressure, electrocardiography, and vasovagal tonus index (VVTI) were assessed, and repeated after ten minutes of DEX 5μg/kg intramuscularly (IM). A smooth sedation was noticed, and emesis and sialorrhea were common adverse effects, observed on average seven minutes after IM injection. Furthermore, electrocardiographic effects of a low dose of DEX mainly include decreases on heart rate, and increases on T-wave amplitude. The augmentation on VVTI and appearance of respiratory sinus arrhythmia, as well as sinus bradycardia in some cats, suggesting that DEX enhances parasympathetic tonus in healthy cats, and therefore will be best avoid in patients at risk for bradycardia.

Acupuncture derives from traditional Chinese medicine, which aims to restore homeostasis. The action mechanism of this technique involves stimulation of certain points on the skin by inserting a needle. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of stimulation of acupoints C7 and PC6 on the heart rate variability, heart rate and heart rhythm in healthy dogs. 30 male and female adult dogs were used, with no breed restriction. The animals were analyzed at two different times in weekly intervals. Firstly were applied needles in the true acupoints, and on the second time we applied needles in false acupoints. Previously to the acupuncture an ECG with 2 minutes of recorder was performed, and after an insertion of needles the electrocardiographic recording was maintained during the 30 minutes of acupuncture. Results showed no significant difference between the HR when comparing true and false acupoints (p = 0.890). For heart rate variability a small difference was observed between the groups (p = 0.0051), however, when comparing the baseline with 15 and 25 minutes of monitoring in the false acupoint group, no significant results were found when compared with true acupoint. In conclusion, it is suggested that the stimulation of acupoints C-7 and PC-6 in healthy dogs does not promote change in sympathovagal balance, specifically on the heart rate variability, heart rate and heart rhythm on healthy dogs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinaria e Zootecnia is the property of Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Escola de Veterinaria and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ciência Animal Brasileira is the property of Universidade Federal de Goias, Escola de Veterinaria and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a ocorrência de hipocalcemia associada ou não a hipomagnesemia em vacas leiteiras de propriedades de agricultura familiar. Foram avaliadas 22 vacas das raças Jersey, Holandesa e Jersolando, no período de transição, oriundas de pequenas propriedades de agricultura familiar, com produção média 12L/leite/dia. A concentração do cálcio total e do magnésio séricos foi determinada por metodologia colorimétrica e cálculo do cálcio ionizado estimado a partir das concentrações séricas do cálcio total, de proteína e albumina. Foi observada hipocalcemia em 50% dos animais no pré-parto (8,2±1,4mg/dL) e 63,6% no pós-parto (7,7±1,7 mg/dL). A redução do cálcio ionizado foi menos frequente, com grande parte dos animais apresentando cálcio ionizado estimado dentro da normalidade, com média de 4,6±0,83 mg/dL no pré-parto e 4,3±1,0 mg/dL no pós-parto. Todos os animais apresentaram concentrações de magnésio sérico dentro da normalidade, descartando-se hipomagnesemia. A concentração média de magnésio no pré-parto foi 2,4±0,3 mg/dL com elevação significativa (p

O novo coronavírus representa uma emergência em saúde pública, trazendo desafios à vigilância em saúde como a necessidade de estabelecimento de fluxos de informação a fim de produzir estatísticas confiáveis para apoiar as ações da gestão. As estatísticas de mortalidade são primordiais nesse processo e registros condizentes com a realidade dependem de um trabalho coordenado entre os serviços e sistemas de informação. O perfil de mortalidade de óbitos por Covid-19 no estado do Paraná com dados até maio de 2020 mostrou características semelhantes às de outras localidades, com maior acometimento do sexo masculino (67%), idosos (70%) e portadores de condições prévias (69%), sendo as principais hipertensão (23%), diabetes (21%) e cardiopatia (13%). Uma análise que leve em consideração características como raça/cor, ocupação e macrorregião de saúde permite evidenciar grupos e regiões de maior risco e vulnerabilidade, guiando ações adequadas ao momento epidemiológico.

ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to evaluate the electrocardiographic parameters in Mangalarga Marchador horses submitted to marcha exercise. Twenty-four Mangalarga Marchador horses, thirteen females and eleven males, 6.4±2.7 years old with a mean weight of 428.3±24.7kg, were used. Electrocardiograms were recorded in two different moments: rest and immediately after exercise (40 minutes of aerobic exercise, marcha gait). The electrocardiographic variables analyzed were cardiac rhythm, heart rate (HR), duration of P wave, QRS complex, PR and QT intervals, amplitudes of P, R and T waves, and analysis of QT corrected (QTc) according to Bazett's formula (QT/√RR). Variables were analyzed for normality with Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and paired t-test, considering P

Acupuncture derives from traditional Chinese medicine, which aims to restore homeostasis. The action mechanism of this technique involves stimulation of certain points on the skin by inserting a needle. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of stimulation of acupoints C7 and PC6 on the heart rate variability, heart rate and heart rhythm in healthy dogs. 30 male and female adult dogs were used, with no breed restriction. The animals were analyzed at two different times in weekly intervals. Firstly were applied needles in the true acupoints, and on the second time we applied needles in false acupoints. Previously to the acupuncture an ECG with 2 minutes of recorder was performed, and after an insertion of needles the electrocardiographic recording was maintained during the 30 minutes of acupuncture. Results showed no significant difference between the HR when comparing true and false acupoints (p = 0.890). For heart rate variability a small difference was observed between the groups (p = 0.0051), however, when comparing the baseline with 15 and 25 minutes of monitoring in the false acupoint group, no significant results were found when compared with true acupoint. In conclusion, it is suggested that the stimulation of acupoints C-7 and PC-6 in healthy dogs does not promote change in sympathovagal balance, specifically on the heart rate variability, heart rate and heart rhythm on healthy dogs.

A eletrocardiografia computadorizada é mais precisa e prática quando comparada à convencional e por essa razão vem ganhando espaço na rotina clínica. No entanto os valores de referência devem diferir para os dois métodos. O objetivo desse trabalho foi analisar e comparar o exame eletrocardiográfico computadorizado com o exame obtido pelo método convencional em equinos. O estudo demonstrou diferenças na amplitude da onda P (P

This paper describes the occurrence of cor triatriatum sinister, a rare cardiac malformation in dogs, associated with pulmonary edema and pulmonary hypertension in a 5-year-old Poodle female with history of acute dyspnea and cyanosis. The animal presented acute respiratory failure, heart failure with low cardiac output, progressing to acute tubular necrosis and death. The diagnosis was made posmortem due to the clinical instability of the dog. This malformation was diagnosed by the subdivision of the left atrium into two compartments separated by an abnormal fibromuscular membrane, absence of structural abnormalities of the mitral valve and thickening of pulmonary artery tunica media associated with renal tubular degeneration. The occurrence of cor triatriatum in dogs is most common in the right atrium, defined as cor triatriatum dexter. Additionally, pulmonary arterial hypertension associated with this malformation is described only in humans with this heart defect.

Blood parasitosis is a frequent cause of anemia and myocarditis in dogs. Because anemia can trigger hypoxia or hemodynamic disturbances and myocarditis secondary to blood parasitosis can develop arrhythmias, electrocardiogram changes and increased levels of cardiac biomarkers, such as cardiac troponin I, are expected in dogs with blood parasitosis. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the electrocardiographic characteristics and the relationship to troponin I levels in anemic dogs with blood parasitosis. Twenty-eight dogs with blood parasitosis (seropositive for Ehrlichia canis/ Babesia canis) and varying levels of anemia were evaluated. Dogs with very severe anemia (hematocrit below 13%) showed significant increases in heart rate when compared to dogs with severe, moderate or mild anemia. There was a predominance of respiratory sinus arrhythmia in dogs with mild, moderate and severe anemia and a high prevalence of sinus rhythm in dogs with very severe anemia, which showed a decrease in parasympathetic activity in this group. In all of the groups, electrocardiographic changes were detected showing compatibility with left and right atrial and left ventricular enlargement. Dogs with very severe anemia had a longer P wave duration. All groups of anemic dogs showed increased T-wave amplitude, suggestive of myocardial hypoxia. However, only the groups with moderate and severe anemia presented ST segment disturbances. Despite the lack of a correlation between the electrocardiographic changes suggestive of myocardial hypoxia and troponin I, there was a negative correlation (r = - 0.95, p = 0.05) between hemoglobin levels and increased serum troponin. These data indicate that anemic dogs with blood parasitosis may have electrocardiographic changes suggestive of atrioventricular overload or hemodynamic disturbances, such as increased heart rate. Moreover, the negative correlation between hemoglobin and serum levels of troponin I may imply that dogs with severe and very severe anemia are at a higher risk for myocardial injury.

Vestibular disease is a common syndrome in small animals that may resulst of central or peripheral disease. The pathophysiology of peripheral vestibular syndrome is unknown, however it can be related to an abnormal dynamic of endolymphatic fluid or neuritis of the vestibular portion of the VIII cranial nerve. The recovery of neurological sings is slow and, in chronic cases, the neurological deficits can be irreversible. In veterinary medicine, thera are few medical options to treat this condition, however, in Medicine, betahistine dihydrochloride is used to treat peripheral vestibular disorders. These drug was used in four dogs with vestibular syndrome. The results showed clinical improvement in 7 to 10 days of treatment and completed recovery in 20 to 30 days, followed by the cure. One year after the treatment, the dogs did not have recurrence of the syndrome. This report shows the use of betahistine dihydrochloride in dogs with peripheral vestibular syndrome, with rapid clinical recover, without laboratorial abnormalities or recurrence of the clinical signs .The results encourage the use of betahistine dihydrochloride in the treatment of peripheral vestibular disorders in small animals.KEY WORDS: Betahistine, dog, vestibular syndrome. A síndrome vestibular periférica é uma condição clínica comum em cães. Várias doenças podem causar essa síndrome. Entretanto, sua patofisiologia ainda é pouco conhecida. As alterações clínicas geralmente são autolimitantes, a recuperação pode ser longa e, em casos crônicos, os déficits neurológicos podem ser irreversíveis. Em medicina veterinária, há poucas opções terapêuticas. Na Medicina, o dicloridrato de betaístina é amplamente utilizado. Essa medicação foi empregada em seis cães com síndrome vestibular periférica. Os resultados mostraram melhora clínica com sete a dez dias de tratamento e recuperação quase completa entre vinte e trinta dias. Este trabalho descreve a utilização da betaistina em cães com síndrome vestibular periférica, a rápida melhora clínica e ausência de efeitos adversos. Os resultados obtidos parecem justificar o uso de dicloridrato de betaistina na terapia de distúrbios vestibulares periféricos em animais de companhia.PALAVRAS-CHAVES: Betaistina, cão, síndrome vestibular.

The effects of topical levobunolol with the fixed combination of 2% dorzolamide-0.5% timolol and the association of 2% dorzolamide with 0.5% levobunolol on intraocular pressure (IOP), pupil size (PS), heart rate (HR), and conjunctival hyperemia in eighteen halthy cats were investigated and compared. IOP, PS, HR, and conjuntival hyperemia were daily recorded at three times (9a.m., 2p.m., and 6p.m.). Three groups were formed (n=6), and one eye of each animal was randomly selected and treated with topical levobunolol (L), or commercial combination of dorzolamide-timolol (DT), or the association of dorzolamide with levobunolol (DL). The first day (0) consisted of recording of baseline values. On the next four consecutive days, drugs were instilled at 8a.m. and 8p.m. and measurements were taken at the same times fore cited. Comparing with the baseline values, all evaluated parameters significantly decreased (PEstudaram-se e compararam-se os efeitos do levobunolol, da combinação fixa de dorzolamida 2%-timolol 0,5% e da associação de dorzolamida 2% com levobunolol 0,5% sobre a pressão intra-ocular (PIO), o diâmetro pupilar (DP), a freqüência cardíaca (FC) e a hiperemia conjuntival em 18 gatos saudáveis. PIO, DP, FC e hiperemia conjuntival foram aferidos diariamente, em três horários distintos (9h, 14h e 18h). Três grupos foram formados (n=6) e um olho de cada animal recebeu, aleatoriamente, uma gota de levobunolol (L), ou a combinação comercial à base de dorzolamida-timolol (DT), ou a associação de dorzolamida com levobunolol (DL). Parâmetros basais foram aferidos no primeiro dia (dia 0). Nos quatro dias consecutivos, os fármacos foram instilados às 8h e 20h e os parâmetros aferidos nos mesmos horários. Todos os parâmetros decresceram significativamente em relação aos valores basais (P

O desvio vascular portossistêmico pode ser congênito ou adquirido nos cães. A enfermidade pode levar a alterações neurológicas decorrentes de encefalopatia hepática e a hiperamonenia é um dos mecanismos implicados na fisiopatologia deste quadro. O tratamento clínico visa a reduzir os níveis séricos de amônia com o uso de antibióticos e lactulose. Em humanos com hepatopatias, os probióticos podem ser utilizados para reduzir a hiperamonemia. A resposta clínica e laboratorial de um cão com desvio vascular portossistêmico foi demonstrada com a utilização de lactulose e de probiótico, isoladamente e associados, sendo que a melhor evolução foi obtida na terapia conjunta.The portosystemic shunt may be congenital or acquired in dogs. The disease can cause neurologic signs manifested by hepatic encephalopathy. The hyperammonemia is a mechanism involved on the physiopathology of this disorder. The objective of the clinical treatment is to decrease the levels of ammonia with antibiotics and lactulose. In human medicine, probiotics are used to reduce the hyperammonemia in patients with hepatic diseases. This report compares the use of lactulose and probiotic monotherapy and in association in a dog with congenital portosystemic shunt, showing the patient’s clinical and laboratorial evolutions. The better clinical and laboratorial reponse was obtained with the association of lactulose and probiotic.

The present study aimed to determine the accuracy of measurement of blood pressure (BP) by digital palpation of peripheral pulse (indirect method) in anesthetized dogs. Indirect determination of BP was performed using a sphygmomanometer and a cuff placed proximal to carpus and BP was defined as the value recorded by sphygmomanometer at the time that digital palpation of the pulse in metacarpal artery returned after occlusion and subsequent gradual cuff deflation. Blood pressure was measured simultaneously by invasive (direct) method. Data were compared by Bland Altman analysis to verify the agreement between methods. A total of 131, 65 and 56 observations were performed in 31 dogs during normotension, hypotension and hypertension, respectively. During hypotension, normotension and hypertension, values of bias for systolic arterial pressure (SAP) between methods were respectively - 2, 8 and 12 mmHg, demonstrating underestimation of SAP by the indirect method during normotension and hypertension. Percentages of differences between methods for SAP that were <10 and <20 mmHg were: hypotension, 49 and 88%; normotension, 47 and 79%; hypertension, 25 and 52%. For determination of SAP in dogs, indirect method reported here have lower agreement with the invasive method compared with Doppler and similar to many oscillometric monitors reported in the literature, but do not meet the requirements established by the ACVIM. Use of digital palpation of peripheral pulse for monitoring blood pressure during anesthesia in dogs requires further studies to more accurately determine the accuracy of this method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A síndrome vestibular periférica é uma condição clínica comum em cães. Várias doenças podem causar essa síndrome. Entretanto, sua patofisiologia ainda é pouco conhecida. As alterações clínicas geralmente são autolimitantes, a recuperação pode ser longa e, em casos crônicos, os déficits neurológicos podem ser irreversíveis. Em medicina veterinária, há poucas opções terapêuticas. Na Medicina, o dicloridrato de betaístina é amplamente utilizado. Essa medicação foi empregada em seis cães com síndrome vestibular periférica. Os resultados mostraram melhora clínica com sete a dez dias de tratamento e recuperação quase completa entre vinte e trinta dias. Este trabalho descreve a utilização da betaistina em cães com síndrome vestibular periférica, a rápida melhora clínica e ausência de efeitos adversos. Os resultados obtidos parecem justificar o uso de dicloridrato de betaistina na terapia de distúrbios vestibulares periféricos em animais de companhia. PALAVRAS-CHAVES: Betaistina, cão, síndrome vestibular.

O artigo não apresenta resumo.

O artigo não apresenta resumo.