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Copyright of Revista Foco (Interdisciplinary Studies Journal) is the property of Revista Foco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Foco (Interdisciplinary Studies Journal) is the property of Revista Foco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Foco (Interdisciplinary Studies Journal) is the property of Revista Foco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Sensualism is usually attributed to Condillac. Hobbes's treatise on Human nature (1650) shows, though, a century before Condillac's Traité des sensations (1754), the most characteristic marks of this philosophical current: the development of mental faculties and operations only through sensations so that all thought is some modification of sensation. Hobbes' treatise was translated into French by d'Holbach in 1772, providing a sort of Hobbesian revelation in Diderot. Even though the encyclopedist's theory of sensibility does not present clear traces of Hobbes' treatise, the latter contributes to a better understanding of it. With this in mind, I propose to read four chapters (I-III; VII) of Human nature from a Diderotian point of view. I intend to show that, on the one hand, Hobbes is a sensualist, and, on the other hand, his sensualism has a vitalist perspective thanks to a dual system of sensibility, whose centers (brain and heart) interact continuously. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article intends to study four principles of the movement of matter (living force, dead force, inner force of the molecule, vital force) that appear in Diderot's Le Rêve de d'Alembert (1769), Principes philosophiques sur la matière et le mouvement (1770) and Éléments de physiologie ((1782). With such a study, we would like to show the possibility of what we call inert sensation and active sensation, based on a fifth principle: the neural force. Our hypothesis is that the reasoning, which underlies Diderot's theory of the universal sensibility of matter, leads to the ideas of inert and active sensation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Tecnologia em Metalurgia, Materiais e Mineração is the property of Associacao Brasileira de Metalurgia e Materiais and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

"Organization" is a concept widely employed in Sade's philosophical novels. The meaning of the term, however, seems to change according to the character's theory. Such a polysemy is not an invention of Sade, since in philosophical works of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries we can discern at least five different meanings for the concept, in the field of natural philosophy: a synonym for a Cartesian machine, a specific disposition of matter that enables life (Cyrano), the form in which living matter is arranged in a continuous whole (Ménuret), a mere geometrical arrangement of particles (Diderot), a property of matter (Robinet). The purpose of the present article is to clarify problems of interpretation of Sadian novels referring to the use of the organization concept by the characters. In order to do this, we must first examine the main meanings of the concept in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, then assign the different meanings to the speeches of the libertines. We must analyze how the concept's plurality in the Modern age extends to the Sadian novel and how a specific notion of organization modifies theories about the same subject or connects discourses on different subjects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resumo Justificativa Estão descritas várias técnicas locorregionais para a abordagem da dor aguda e dor crônica após cirurgia de mama. O ideal seria uma técnica fácil de fazer, reprodutível, com pouco desconforto para as doentes, com poucas complicações e que permitirá um bom controle da dor aguda e uma diminuição da incidência de dor crônica, notadamente dor neuropática do intercostobraquial, por ser a entidade mais frequente. Objetivos Estudar a aplicação de bloqueio paravertebral com picada única no pré‐operatório de cirurgia mamária de grande porte. Avaliar numa primeira fase o controle de dor aguda e náuseas‐vômitos no pós‐operatório (NVPO) nas primeiras 24 horas e numa segunda fase a incidência de dor neuropática na região do nervo intercostobraquial seis meses após a cirurgia. Métodos Foram incluídas 80 doentes do sexo feminino, ASA I ‐ II , entre 18 e 70 anos, submetidas a cirurgia mamária de grande porte sob anestesia geral, estratificadas em dois grupos: anestesia geral (anestesia geral inalatória com opioides segundo resposta hemodinâmica) e paravertebral (bloqueio paravertebral com picada única em T4 com ropivacaína 0,5% + adrenalina 3 μg/mL com um volume de 0,3 mL/kg pré‐operatoriamente e posterior indução e manutenção com anestesia geral inalatória). No pós‐operatório imediato foi colocada PCA ( Patient‐controlled analgesia ) de morfina programada com bolus a demanda durante 24 horas. Foram registados fentanil intraoperatório, consumo de morfina pós‐operatória, complicações relacionadas com as técnicas, dor em repouso e ao movimento a 0, 1 h, 6 h e 24 h, assim como os episódios de NVPO. Foram analisadas todas as variáveis identificadas como fatores de cronificação da dor idade, tipo de cirurgia, ansiedade segundo escala de HADS ( Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale ), dor pré‐operatória; acompanhamento no domicílio; índice de massa corporal (IMC), tratamentos adjuvantes de quimioterapia/radioterapia e foi verificada a homogeneidade das amostras. Aos seis meses da cirurgia foi avaliada, segundo escala DN4, a incidência de dor neuropática na área do nervo intercostobraquial. Resultados O grupo paravertebral teve valores de VAS (Escala Visual Analógica) em repouso mais baixos ao longo das 24 horas de estudo 0 h 1,90 (± 2,59) versus 0,88 (± 1,5); 1 h 2,23 (± 2,2) versus 1,53 (± 1,8); 6 h 1,15 (± 1,3) versus 0,35 (± 0,8); 24 h 0,55 (± 0,9) versus 0,25 (± 0,8) com significado estatístico às 0 e às 6 horas. Em relação ao movimento o grupo paravertebral teve valores de VAS mais baixos e com significância estatística nos quatro momentos de avaliação: 0 h 2,95 (± 3,1) versus 1,55 (± 2,1); 1 h 3,90 (± 2,7) versus 2,43 (± 1,9) 6 h 2,75 (± 2,2) versus 1,68 (± 1,5); 24 h 2,43 (± 2,4) versus 1,00 (± 1,4). O grupo paravertebral consumiu menos fentanil (2,38 ± 0,81 μg/Kg versus 3,51 ± 0,81 μg/Kg) e menos morfina no pós‐operatório (3,5 mg ± 3,4 versus 7 mg ± 6,4), com diferença estatisticamente significativa. Na avaliação de dor crônica aos seis meses no grupo paravertebral houve menos casos de dor neuropática na região do nervo intercostobraquial (três versus sete ) embora sem significância estatística. Conclusões O bloqueio paravertebral com picada única permite um adequado controle da dor aguda com menor consumo de opioides intraopreatórios e pós‐operatórios, mas aparentemente não consegue evitar a cronificação da dor. Mais estudos são necessários para esclarecer o papel do bloqueio paravertebral na cronificação da dor em cirurgia mamária de grande porte. Background Several locoregional techniques have been described for the management of acute and chronic pain after breast surgery. The optimal technique should be easy to perform, reproducible, with little discomfort to the patient, little complications, allowing good control of acute pain and a decreased incidence of chronic pain, namely intercostobrachial neuralgia for being the most frequent entity. Objectives The aim of this study was to evaluate the paravertebral block with preoperative single needle prick for major breast surgery and assess initially the control of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) and acute pain in the first 24 hours and secondly the incidence of neuropathic pain in the intercostobrachial nerve region six months after surgery. Methods The study included 80 female patients, ASA I ‐ II , aged 18‐70 years, undergoing major breast surgery, under general anesthesia, stratified into 2 groups: general anesthesia (inhalation anesthesia with opioids, according to hemodynamic response) and paravertebral (paravertebral block with single needle prick in T4 with 0.5% ropivacaine + adrenaline 3 μg/mL with a volume of 0.3 mL/kg preoperatively and subsequent induction and maintenance with general inhalational anesthesia). In the early postoperative period, patient‐controlled analgesia (PCA) was placed with morphine set for bolus on demand for 24 hours. Intraoperative fentanyl, postoperative morphine consumption, technique‐related complications, pain at rest and during movement were recorded at 0 h, 1 h, 6 h and 24 h, as well as episodes of PONV. All variables identified as factors contributing to pain chronicity age, type of surgery, anxiety according to the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), preoperative pain, monitoring at home; body mass index (BMI) and adjuvant chemotherapy/radiation therapy were analyzed, checking the homogeneity of the samples. Six months after surgery, the incidence of neuropathic pain in the intercostobrachial nerve was assessed using the DN4 scale. Results The Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) values of paravertebral group at rest were lower throughout the 24 hours of study 0 h 1.90 (± 2.59) versus 0.88 (± 1.5) 1 h 2.23 (± 2.2) versus 1.53 (± 1.8) 6 h 1.15 (± 1.3) versus 0.35 (± 0.8); 24 h 0.55 (± 0.9) versus 0.25 (± 0.8) with statistical significance at 0 h and 6 h. Regarding movement, paravertebral group had VAS values lower and statistically significant in all four time points: 0 h 2.95 (± 3.1) versus 1.55 (± 2.1); 1 h 3.90 (± 2.7) versus 2.43 (± 1.9) 6 h 2.75 (± 2.2) versus 1.68 (± 1.5); 24 h 2.43 (± 2.4) versus 1.00 (± 1.4). The paravertebral group consumed less postoperative fentanyl (2.38 ± 0.81 μg/kg versus 3.51 ± 0.81 μg/kg) and morphine (3.5 mg ± 3.4 versus 7 mg ± 6.4) with statistically significant difference. Chronic pain evaluation of at 6 months of paravertebral group found fewer cases of neuropathic pain in the intercostobrachial nerve region (3 cases versus 7 cases), although not statistically significant. Conclusions Single‐injection paravertebral block allows proper control of acute pain with less intraoperative and postoperative consumption of opioids but apparently it cannot prevent pain chronicity. Further studies are needed to clarify the role of paravertebral block in pain chronicity in major breast surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Several locoregional techniques have been described for the management of acute and chronic pain after breast surgery. The optimal technique should be easy to perform, reproducible, with little discomfort to the patient, little complications, allowing good control of acute pain and a decreased incidence of chronic pain, namely intercostobrachial neuralgia for being the most frequent entity., Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the paravertebral block with preoperative single needle prick for major breast surgery and assess initially the control of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) and acute pain in the first 24hours and secondly the incidence of neuropathic pain in the intercostobrachial nerve region six months after surgery., Methods: The study included 80 female patients, ASA I-II, aged 18-70 years, undergoing major breast surgery, under general anesthesia, stratified into 2 groups: general anesthesia (inhalation anesthesia with opioids, according to hemodynamic response) and paravertebral (paravertebral block with single needle prick in T4 with 0.5% ropivacaine + adrenaline 3μg/mL with a volume of 0.3mL/kg preoperatively and subsequent induction and maintenance with general inhalational anesthesia). In the early postoperative period, patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) was placed with morphine set for bolus on demand for 24hours. Intraoperative fentanyl, postoperative morphine consumption, technique-related complications, pain at rest and during movement were recorded at 0h, 1h, 6h and 24h, as well as episodes of PONV. All variables identified as factors contributing to pain chronicity age, type of surgery, anxiety according to the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), preoperative pain, monitoring at home; body mass index (BMI) and adjuvant chemotherapy/radiation therapy were analyzed, checking the homogeneity of the samples. Six months after surgery, the incidence of neuropathic pain in the intercostobrachial nerve was assessed using the DN4 scale., Results: The Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) values of paravertebral group at rest were lower throughout the 24hours of study 0h 1.90 (± 2.59) versus 0.88 (± 1.5) 1h 2.23 (± 2.2) versus 1.53 (± 1.8) 6h 1.15 (± 1.3) versus 0.35 (± 0.8); 24h 0.55 (± 0.9) versus 0.25 (± 0.8) with statistical significance at 0h and 6h. Regarding movement, paravertebral group had VAS values lower and statistically significant in all four time points: 0h 2.95 (± 3.1) versus 1.55 (± 2.1); 1h 3.90 (± 2.7) versus 2.43 (± 1.9) 6h 2.75 (± 2.2) versus 1.68 (± 1.5); 24h 2.43 (± 2.4) versus 1.00 (± 1.4). The paravertebral group consumed less postoperative fentanyl (2.38±0.81μg/kg versus 3.51±0.81μg/kg) and morphine (3.5mg±3.4 versus 7mg±6.4) with statistically significant difference. Chronic pain evaluation of at 6 months of paravertebral group found fewer cases of neuropathic pain in the intercostobrachial nerve region (3 cases versus 7 cases), although not statistically significant., Conclusions: Single-injection paravertebral block allows proper control of acute pain with less intraoperative and postoperative consumption of opioids but apparently it cannot prevent pain chronicity. Further studies are needed to clarify the role of paravertebral block in pain chronicity in major breast surgery., (Copyright © 2015 Sociedade Brasileira de Anestesiologia. Publicado por Elsevier Editora Ltda. All rights reserved.)