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The present study intends to reflect on the governmental linguistic policies aimed at Brazilian indigenous peoples, pondering the relationship between the absence/presence of co-officialization of their mother tongues and the cultural assimilation of these peoples. Our goal is to problematize the treatment given to indigenous languages from 1500 to the present day, from a historical perspective, considering the process of colonization and the numerous attempts to silence the languages of the native peoples. Among our reflections, we highlight the function of the linguistic policy of co-officializing the indigenous languages conquered in the last two decades in the recognition of the right to difference, diversity and culture. We conclude that the language policies of co-officialization of indigenous languages, when they are no longer just declared by law and are, in fact, carried out, provide opportunities and expand the possibility of indigenous participation in the various spheres of society, especially in those that contemplate the use of their mother tongue. They also demonstrate a State that acts in favor of human rights, collaborate to deconstruct the image of indigenous people as a single and homogeneous people, linked to the past, with the same customs, the same cultures and, mainly, the same language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indigenous peoples in Brazil are undergoing transformations since the colonization period, when the contact with the European caused a cultural hybridization process. Currently, the traditional indigenous livelihood seeks strategies for cultural assimilation while trying to resist and preserve its identity with the surrounding society. In this new economic format, in which indigenous peoples increasingly need the use of money, and, given the few options for obtaining income within the Indigenous Land (TI), the most common use has been to seek additional income outside its territory. Thus, this study aimed to analyze the strategies and consequences of the wage process of Kaingang and Guarani people in IT Mangueirinha, PR. Therefore, the research sought to interview bookies, indigenous leaders, and workers who fall within the indigenous wage process. In the end, we realized that these Indigenous leaders have a significant role in the formal salaried employment process of the Indigenous, as well as we identified different responses of the process, according to the culture involved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to analyze the possible influences of the Solidarity Assimilation Pedagogy (SA) in the process of teaching and learning of continuity. The SA is a proposal that aims to break with traditional mathematics teaching, allowing students to receive bonus grades for group learning work unrelated to the assessment grade. The learning work of each class is based on a activity sheets composed of problems on the topic addressed. In this article, we analyze the development of the activity sheets about the continuity of a function, applied in a class of Calculus. The data analyzed through content analysis allowed us to infer that SA allows students to develop autonomy in learning, making them co-responsible for the whole process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article I review the academic debate generated in the United States from the Huntington's arguments about Hispanic immigration, especially Mexicans, for this country. In his works "The Hispanic challenge" and Who are we?, Huntington argues that for demographic and political reasons Mexican immigrants not assimilate to American culture founded on the core Anglo-Protestant values, which will divide the United States into two peoples, two cultures and two languages. Empirical studies that tested here the empirical Huntington's arguments denied them and the critical theorists conceive them doctrinal, because express a settler ideology and manifest conflict theory of cultural pluralism and the internal colonialism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Management education as developed in the United States became prominent worldwide after the end of World War Two. Many authors considered this part of the Americanization process going on in many other ways of life. This article starts by disagreeing with this current position on Americanization when dealing with management education. The objective is to present the case of the São Paulo School of Business Administration/Getulio Vargas Foundation as not being a literal replica of the US business Schools in the Brazilian educational landscape. Based upon reports of the US Mission, that was responsible for assisting in the creation of the school, and in interviews with Brazilian professors that participated in the process working with the mission, a school historiography was developed. The conclusion was that a hybrid institution resulted where the American management education model was reshaped in order to conform to Brazilian reality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It may be the case that all of the attempted models of integration are in crisis. We can, however, have a better sense of what the issues are if, firstly, we recognize that discourses on integration and multiculturalism are exercises in conceptualising post-immigration difference and, as such, operate at three distinct levels: as (implicit) sociology, as a political response, and as a vision of what is the whole in which difference is to be integrated. The term "difference" primarily refers to the way people are identified, how they identify themselves, how they identify others, and how others identify them. I suggest some possible scenarios after having identified "group difference" as the main concept for understanding the normative guidelines and their implicit sociology, assimilation, individualist-integration, cosmopolitanism, and multiculturalism. Each mode offers a different approach to freedom, equality, and civic unity. The enlargement, hyphenation, and internal pluralizing of national identities is essential to an integration in which all citizens have not just rights, but also a sense of belonging to the whole as well as to their own "little platoon". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The project aimed: 1. to teach a reading repertoire composed of words commonly used in the initial series, but related to each other; and 2. to create and systematize a collective teaching system based on a single-subject system. The subjects were 24 children, of both sexes, from a public school. The procedure was the conditional discrimination, used to gradually increase their ability to pair models and comparison stimuli, through a sequence of teaching steps. The teaching was carried out collectively, but the tests were administered individually. Because of the difficulty in establishing unified performance criteria to the whole class two groups -- one collective and the other individual -- were formed. Children of both groups read the words that had been taught, but only the children of the collective group were able to read the generalization words. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present work is to analyze, in a Health Center, the health professional's perception in relation to the obese patient, and the obese patient's perception about him/herself. This is a qualitative and descriptive study which uses the content analysis technique according to Bardin in a sample of 19 individuals. The data collection was carried out with two groups, health professionals and obese patients, using the projective methods after having them choosing pictures from magazines. For results presentation and discussion, categories were established based on the differences and similarities between the individuals' opinions. The established categories were the following: obesity related to non-acceptance and low self-esteem; social perception of the obese; the obese individuals' will power to lose weight; discrimination and prejudice against the obese; obesity treatment; and how obesity interferes in daily activities. It was concluded that the health professionals see the obese individual as a sick person with low self-esteem. The obese patients' perceptions show that the act of eating is a relief to their tensions. They see themselves as different, they do not accept their body shape and are socially rejected. Finally, they see themselves as people with difficulties and limitations in their daily activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article assess the conditions under which the facts of migration change. Migrations may be governed by a logic of «stages» and «types» or, by contrast, their dynamics may be irregular and subject to unforeseen shortterm factors. The article looks at Portugal as an example, in which an emigration phase has given way to an immigration phase, but where the underlying patterns of migration are highly uneven. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]