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The correlation estimation and its partition into cause and effect is seen as a valuable tool in obtaining gains from selection in plant breeding. This allows the anticipation of choosing the best genotypes. Thus, the objective of this study was to consider indirect selection for simultaneous improvement of root and aboveground traits in segregating common bean populations. The experiment was carried out in the 2021/22 season, considering six common bean genotypes, two parents and four segregating generations (F2, F3, F4 and F5), under a lattice design. Root system traits were measured by two phenotyping methods, called Shovelomics and WinRHIZO. The aerial part traits evaluated were chlorophyll content, plant height, stem diameter, first pod height insertion and yield components (number of pods, number of grains and weight of grains per plant). Correlation analysis and cause and effect analysis (path analysis) were performed. Significant correlation estimates (t) were found between root and aerial traits, with emphasis on chlorophyll B content with left horizontal length (t = -0.22) and chlorophyll A content with total root length (t = 0.24). The unfolding of these estimates by path analysis indicated that the chlorophyll A content has a correlation and a high direct effect on the total length of roots and that the total chlorophyll content indirectly influences the left and right horizontal root lengths. This fact makes it possible to obtain gains with the selection of improved common bean plants for root system based on the direct and indirect evaluation of chlorophyll contents, easily measured in the aerial part of the plants. This allows the optimization of time and resources in breeding programs, aiming at obtaining agronomically superior plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Routine evaluations of cooking time trait in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) can be performed in different ways resulting in different variables. At the same time, the univariate statistical analysis does not consider the interdependencies between the variables, and may omit important information regarding the genotypes. With this, the objective of this work was to present an alternative proposal for analysis of the cooking time in common bean, allowing the discrimination between genotypes. The experiment used for this approach was conducted under field conditions in the 2017/18 agricultural season in Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil. The treatments consisted of twelve genotypes, (four parents, structured in two crossings BAF50 x BAF07 and BAF09 x IPR 88 Uirapuru, with their generations F2, F3, F8 and F9). The design used was randomized blocks, with two blocks and two observations in each experimental unit. After the harvest, the response variable cooking time of the grains was measured with a Mattson cooker, considering the cooking time of the 13 initial stems. In the multivariate analysis, the variables cooking time of the second (TCH2), twelfth (TCH12) and thirteenth stem (TCH13) were used based on their significance by the stepwise variable selection method. Multivariate analysis of variance showed differences between genotypes (P<0.05). From the dissimilarity matrix with the Mahalanobis distances and the clustering dendrogram, it was possible to verify the distances of the genotypes derived from crosses BAF50 x BAF07 and BAF09 x IPR 88 Uirapuru. With that, the multivariate analysis enabled the genotypes, additionally the crossing BAF50 x BAF07 showed higher estimates of dissimilarity in the progenies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The quality of the seed directly impacts the agronomic characteristics and the final yield of the soybean crop. Therefore, the objective of the study was to evaluate different phytotechnical parameters and the final productivity for different soybean cultivars obtained in a certified way and saved by the rural producer. The study was carried out in the Experimental Area of the University of Cruz Alta. During the 2017/2018 harvest, the plant breeding parameters were evaluated: plant height, stem diameter, number of branches, number of pods, lodging and final yield for cultivars NA5909RG, NS5959IPRO, NS5445IPRO and NS6909IPRO under different ways of obtaining, being these, "saved seeds" and "certified seeds". The phytotechnical parameters evaluated were influenced by the way of obtaining the seed for cultivars NS5445IPRO and NS6909IPRO. Among the evaluated cultivars, it was found that the yield of NS5445IPRO and NS6909IPRO were higher in plants from certified seeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to quantify the genetic divergence between 22 accessions of pigeonpea by analyzing clusters based on morpho agronomic characters, in addition to indicating more promising crosses to continue the pigeonpea species improvement program, this study was carried out. The experimental design used was the completely randomized design. The averaging cluster test was performed, according to Scott Knott at 5% probability. The data of means of the characters of these accessions were submitted to the analysis of genetic divergence. The method of grouping by unweighted-pair group method with arithmetic means was applied, using the generalized Mahalanobis distance (D2) and Tocher's grouping method. The relative importance of the characters was also assessed. There is ample genetic variability between pigeonpea accessions, present in the germplasm bank, and easily identified by means of morpho agronomic characters. Four distinct groups of pigeonpea accessions were detected, showing the existence of diversity between accessions. The most promising crossings are those involving the accessions of distinct and more divergent groups as parents: Groups IV and I, IV and II, IV and III, III and II, and II and I. The number of days to flowering was the character that most contributed to genetic divergence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Brazilian pig production brings positive returns to agribusiness, even with the environmentally harmful factors that occurs due to the polluting potential of this activity, owing to inadequate handling of swine manure. To reduce such impacts requires the use of efficient and sustainable waste treatment systems. The goal of this study was to analyze the economic viability for the implantation of a biodigester system for treating the waste from a 1.500 sow breeding plant, making it possible to produce biogas as an alternative source of clean electric energy. For this was used bibliographic research about the subject matter and development of real sceneries possible. Two investment sceneries were compared: I) 20% equity and 80% financed; and II) 100% equity. It was conclude that the investments are sustainable and economically viable too, in both situations, with the II being the most advantageous one, which presented lower risk based on calculated IRR, NPV and IL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among the leafy vegetables, lettuce is one of the most consumed in Brazil, being recommended the use of cultivars adapted to different climatic conditions. Therefore, this work had the objective to select lettuce genotypes of smooth leaves and tolerant to the early flowering. The experiment was carried out in the city of Itabaiana, State of Sergipe in experimental design of randomized blocks with three replications. Twelve genotypes were evaluated for fresh and dry weight of shoot, fresh and dry mass of root, mass and number of commercial and noncommercial leaves, head diameter and stem length. The genotype AFX005B-121-02, which has smooth leaves and is bolting tolerant, presented better agronomical and commercial performance, being promising for cultivation conditions in the Agreste region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A great advantage of sorghum it its xerophytic characteristics, which gives the potential, as a succession to summer crops in grain production. Therefore, it is fundamental to choose cultivars adapted and productive to different growing conditions. The objective of this study was to provide information about adaptive capacity of sorghum hybrids by the GGE biplot method. The trials were conducted, in 2017 as a second crop, no-tillage system, in four environments: Rio Verde, Sete Lagoas, Teresina and Sinop. All trials were conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replicates and thirty-six hybrids. The characteristics of flowering, plant height and grain yield were evaluated. It was realized individual and joint analyses of variance, after applied Scott-Knott grouping criterion and estimated the parameters of adaptability and stability. Promising hybrids for the characteristics evaluated and according to the adaptability and stability parameters were 1610001, 1610006, 1610051 and 1G100. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The productivity of upland rice increases with the number of plants per unit area to the point where intraspecific competition for nutrients, water, light and other factors of production limits the productive process. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of spacing on the production of highland rice irrigated in the brazilian savannas. The experiment was conducted from May to October of the year 2015 in Goianésia - GO, in the experimental area of the Evangelical Faculty of Goianésia. The BRS Primavera variety was tested in four spacings (20, 30, 40 and 50 cm) between rows and density of 100 seeds per meter and used as sprinkler irrigation. The experimental design was in randomized blocks, with four treatments with three replicates. The results showed that the spacing of 30 cm between rows provided higher productivity in the BRS Primavera variety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The common bean represents great importance to Brazil, being cultivated by small, medium and large farmers, using little, or no, input and technology, as the correct choice of cultivars adapted to the edaphoclimatic conditions of each region. The objective of this study was to determine the productivity of common bean in the Cerrado of the Region of Chapada do Parecis. The study was conducted in two years between February and May 2016 and 2017, in the experimental area of the Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Mato Grosso - IFMT, Campus Campo Novo do Parecis - MT. The experimental design was a randomized block, with 15 treatments (11 lines and four standards) and three replications, totaling 45 plots. Data were submitted to analysis of variance and the Scott-Knott mean test at 5% probability. The genotypes CNFRJ 15411, CNFRJ 15404, CNFRJ 15575, CNFRJ 15578 and CNFRJ 15592 had better performances, with values of grain yields between 609.7 and 825.1 kg ha-1, being the highest grain yield obtained by genotype CNFRJ 15404 (825.1 kg ha-1). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The plant breeding can be promoting the grain yield increase with development of new genotypes and the exploration the genetic variability that there was in maize. The other factor for the elevate plant breeding efficiency is the knowledge about the relationship among productive and efficiency components with the grain yield. The aim of this work was to evaluate the genotypic variation of productive components and efficiency index in the maize and the relationship these traits with the grain yield. Among the 2009/2010 and 2013/2014 seasons, they were conducted 24 maize experiments under randomized block design. The experiments were different in function of seeding date, type and quantity of genotypes, seeding and covered fertilization. For each season, the experiments mean were submitted the statistical analysis for the distinction of the favorable and unfavorable conditions for the maize grain yield. In each condition, they were done path analysis with the grain yield was the principal trait and the others were the explicative traits and; they were estimate the experimental and genotypic variation coefficients, yet. The estimates of genetic variation and association of the traits with the grain yield had shown influence with change of the growth conditions (favorable; unfavorable). It was possible the verify that the two-index estimated (productive potential and efficiency) were better to explain the grain yield variation than the potential grain number and men grain weight. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coriander is a important vegetable crop in Brazil, being widely consumed as a condiment and cultivated mainly in North and Northeast brasilian regions. Diseases caused by Meloidogyne species are one main causers damages of crop. In the literature there is no reported about identification nematoid resistant coriander genotypes. In this study was carried the reaction evaluation of a heat-tolerant coriander population regarding resistance to Meloidogyne incognita race 1. Forty-six progenies of half-sibs were evaluated in a randomized block design, with three replications, the plot consisting of six plants. After 15 days of sowing the plants were inoculated using 1500 eggs of pathogen per plant. Evaluation occurred 45 days after inoculation, where evaluated characteristics were galls incidence, number of galls in washed root system and number of eggs per plant. Excepting incidence of galls, all variables presented significant difference by the F test, allowing the selection of 31 progenies according to the scale proposed by Oostenbrink. Phenotypic and genetic correlations between number of galls in root system and number of eggs were significant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim with this work was to verify the genotypic performance of advanced potato clones to tuber yield, vegetative plant aspect and fry quality. The trials were carried at Canoinhas-SC, Pelotas-RS, and Gama-DF. Nine potato clones and two cultivars were evaluated using a randomized complete block design with four replications. In the three locations were evaluated the yield components: number of commercial tubers, mass of commercial tubers, total number of tubers, total mass of tubers, and average mass of tubers. In Pelotas and Canoinhas the fry quality characters: specific gravity and fry color, and relatives to the vegetative plant aspect: plant vigor, length of stem and the number of stems, were too evaluated. The genotypic values, the relative harmonic mean performance of the predicted genetic values, direct gains and the gains by selection index, were estimated. It was verified that the clones F131-08-06, F161-07-02 and F21-07-09 stand out to tuber yield in the three locations, with the F21-07-09 and F131-08-06 clones better adapted to Pelotas and Canoinhas, and the clone F161-07-02 to Canoinhas and Gama. For fry quality, stand out the clones F110-07-01, F161-07-02 and F21-07-09, and to vegetative aspect the clones F156- 07-19, F21-07-09 and F50-08-01. In the joint selection to all the characters, the clones F21-07-09 and F50-08-01 are closest to the genotype considered as the ideal one, that is, those that would present superior performance for the character set according to the selection index of the least distance to the ideotype. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this work was to evaluate the physiological quality and oil and protein content of soybean seeds harvested in different stages of plant development and different periods of harvest delay. The cultivar studied was BRS Valiosa RR and the experimental design was of randomized blocks with three replications. Eleven treatments were established, constituting different times of harvest in the following stages: R5,1, R5,3, R5,5, R6, R7,1, R7,3, R8,1, R9, R9+10 days, R9+20 days and R9+30 days. The anticipation of the harvest was made possible through the application in predetermined stages, of herbicide Diquat (400 g ha-1) with manual coastal spray with nozzle "type fan" set to volume of 300 L ha-1. After the harvest it was done the evaluation of physiological quality of seeds and the determination of the levels of oil and protein. It was noted that the stadium R7.1 was the harvest season that showed the highest percentage in the germination test, demonstrating that the anticipation of the harvest did not caused significant loss in seed vigor. At the grain filling stage, oil levels were lower and protein larger. Both stabilized from R7.1 to the R9 stadium and showed downward trend with the harvest delay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In sugarcane commercial cultivation the knowledge related to genotypes performance in different harvest seasons are essential for the identification of early genotypes which, when selected, will contribute to a significant increase in agroindustrial productivity. This study aimed to evaluate the agroindustrial performance of 26 sugarcane genotypes and to select genotypes that stood out for early maturation and a consequently early harvest. The experiments were conducted at 'Olho D'gua'farm in the 'Zona da Mata' region, north of Pernambuco state. A randomized block design with four replications was used and the evaluated variables were: tons of pol per hectare (TPH), tons of sugarcane per hectare (TCH), fiber (FIB), adjusted pol% (PCC), soluble solids content (BRIX) and total recoverable sugar (ATR). The variance analysis and estimationof the genetic parameters were carried out, grouping the genotypes according to Scott-Knott's test and a total economic analysis was realized. The average heritability for TPH and TCH indicates high possibility of success in the selection of early and highly productive genotypes. It was observed that the genotypes RB92579, RB867515, RB75126, RB942991, SP81-3250, RB93509, RB72454 and RB863129 presented better performance for an early harvest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Improved cultivars are support base and development of energétic and alcohol sector in Brazil, aimed with this work was to evaluate the agroindustrial performance of 26 sugarcane cultivars in the microrregion da Mata Norte of Pernambuco. The experiment was conducted in the agricultural area of the sugarmill Olho d'gua, which was used a randomized block with four replications. The variables analyzed were tons of pol per hectare, sugarcane tons per hectare, fiber, corrected pol%, purity, soluble solids content and total recoverable sugar. Were conducted the variance analysis and estimation of genetic parameters, the averages were grouped by the Scott and Knott test at 5% probability. It was held still gross economic profitability of each cultivar. The selection of superior cultivars should be based on TPH and TCH variables. As commercial cultivation options for the third harvest season stand out as more productive, RB92579, RB867515 e RB93509. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Improved cultivars are support base and development of energétic and alcohol sector in Brazil, aimed with this work was to evaluate the agroindustrial performance of 26 sugarcane cultivars in the microrregion da Mata Norte of Pernambuco. The experiment was conducted in the agricultural area of the sugarmill Olho d'gua, which was used a randomized block with four replications. The variables analyzed were tons of pol per hectare, sugarcane tons per hectare, fiber, corrected pol%, purity, soluble solids content and total recoverable sugar. Were conducted the variance analysis and estimation of genetic parameters, the averages were grouped by the Scott and Knott test at 5% probability. It was held still gross economic profitability of each cultivar. The selection of superior cultivars should be based on TPH and TCH variables. As commercial cultivation options for the first harvest season stand out as more productive, RB92579, RB867515 and RB942991. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Improved cultivars are support base and development of energétic and alcohol sector in Brazil, aimed with this work was to evaluate the agroindustrial performance of 26 sugarcane cultivars in the microrregion da Mata Norte of Pernambuco. The experiment was conducted in the agricultural area of the sugarmill Olho d'gua, which was used a randomized block with four replications. The variables analyzed were tons of pol per hectare, sugarcane tons per hectare, fiber, corrected pol%, purity, soluble solids content and total recoverable sugar. Were conducted the variance analysis and estimation of genetic parameters, the averages were grouped by the Scott and Knott test at 5% probability. It was held still gross economic profitability of each cultivar. The selection of superior cultivars should be based on TPH and TCH variables. As commercial cultivation options for the second harvest season stand out as more productive, RB93509, SP81-3250 e RB75126. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Obtaining reliable estimates of genetic parameters, including data related to the existing level of variability in breeding populations is essential to elucidate the genetic structure of populations and to infer their genetic variability and potential for improvement. Therefore, this study aimed to estimate genetic parameters and diversity in progenies from Macaw Palm based on morphological and physiological traits. For that, morphological and physiological traits were evaluated in 15 macaw palm progenies (established following a random block design with 5 repetitions and 3 plants per plot - 5x5m spacing). No significant genetic variability was observed for physiological traits in the evaluated progenies. However, for the morphological traits, the existence of genetic variability was evidenced. The macaw palm families were grouped into three distinct groups based on its genetic dissimilarity, being CPAC-03, the most divergent progeny to the others. The water use efficiency and the leaflet length were the traits that contributed most to the dissimilarity of the families. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aimed to compare methods of selecting Coffea canephora clones, considering the genotypes x years interaction, based on data of processed coffee yield obtained from 2000 to 2004 and 2007 to 2011. The significant clones x seasons (CS) interaction, indicates that the genotypes showed no consistent performance over the years. The LIN & BINNS (1988) and ANNICCHIARICO (1992) methods showed similar results indicating that one method may be used to replace the other. The EBERHART & RUSSEL (1966) identified some of the specific adaptability clones. The MHPRVG and centroid methods allowed to select clones of higher adaptability and stability. The plant selection based on the distribution of coffee productivity over time allowed the selection of superior clones without accentuate biannuality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sweet cassava breeding programs are focused on the selection of varieties containing carotenoids within the storage roots. The research was conducted with the objective to evaluate the agronomic potential and the carotenoid contents within the storage roots of cassava accessions with cream, yellow and pinkish color root pulp aiming their potential direct adoption by producers and/or their use as parents for breeding programs. Thirteen cassava accessions were evaluated in an experiment held at Embrapa Cerrados, for two crop seasons, considering the following characters: height of the first ramification, height of the plant, mass of plant canopy, root productivity, starch percentage within roots, bacterial blast severity, carotenoid contents in roots, root cooking time in minutes and cyanidric acid contents within roots. The results demonstrated existence of significant differences among the accessions for height of the first ramification, height of the plant, mass of plant canopy, root productivity, starch percentage within roots, bacterial blast severity and carotenoid contents within roots. Moreover, it was observed significant variations among crop seasons and significant interaction between the crop seasons and accessions for all the characters evaluated, except for bacterial blast severity and carotenoid contents within roots. No accession presented agronomic performance that would justify commercial cultivation within the Cerrado region of Central Brazil. There were accessions identified with potential for use as parents in plant breeding aiming the increment of β-carotene BGMC 1221, BGMC BGMC 1223 and BGMC 1224 and lycopene BGMC 1222 and BGMC 1229 contents in storage roots. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The elephant grass for its high dry matter production has been used as a source of renewable energy. The selection for the improvement of traits could influence the production of dry matter and therefore it is necessary to study the correlation between these traits. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the correlation coefficients and display genotype correlations into direct and indirect effects of variables such as plant height, stem diameter, number of tillers and leaf blade width in dry matter production in clones of elephant grass. The experiment was conducted in Campos dos Goytacazes-RJ, using forty genotypes of elephant grass. The design was a randomized block with two replications. Evaluated in two cuts, plant height, stem diameter and width of the leaf blade showed positive and significant genotypic correlation with dry matter production. Plant height was the most directly and positively influenced the dry matter production during the second cut. In the third section, it occurred to the characteristics stem diameter and number of tillers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The progenies selection obtained by the early evaluation of growth and yield performance is the first of the third on rubber tree breeding cycle. The objective of this work was to evaluate progenies ass well to estimate genetics parameters associated to plant height and stem diameter traits. The trail with twenty open pollinated progenies was installed in October of 2009 on a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates, 10 plants per plot at Center Experimental Core in Campinas, SP. At six and twelve months of age, the progenies were evaluated regarding plant height and stem diameter at 5 centimeters of soil level. The mean squares of the traits were significant for the test F to 5% of probability for progenies. This indicates that exist genetic variability to be explored in the next cycles. The estimates of narrow sense heritabilities at plant level varied from 25 to 32% while at mean progeny level were 55 to 60%. Genetic coefficient variation of the progeny varied from 5.57 to 7.37%. The estimates of the genetic and phenotypic parameters revealed the success possibility with the selection ass well a genetic gains for plant height and stem diameter in superior rubber tree progenies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to estimate genetic parameters and evaluate the genetic progress of Jatropha curcas L. agricultural traits from 2008 to 2011. Four Brazilian provenances were evaluated in a randomized block design using three replicates of 36 plants at a spacing of 3x2m. The number of bunches was one of the most important traits for grain production. The fruit ripening uniformity showed predominant environmental effect, being very limited the genetic progress to be achieved by plant selection. The estimated genetic progress with the selection of provenances may be considered low: 11%, 7% and 18% at 1th, 2th and 3th years respectively. The selection of the 30 best individuals within provenances provided a genetic progress of 29%. The genetic improvement of this oil crop should consider strategies to increase the genetic variability by breeding and introduction of new genotypes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The wheat breeding program of Embrapa has an important role in the history of this cereal in Brazil, releasing more than one hundred new cultivars to different regions of the country in almost forty years of existence. However, is not possible assign its importance only to the number of cultivars, but also the impact of their germplasm in other brazilian wheat breeding programs. The objective of this study was to quantify the importance of Embrapa's germplasm in the brazilian wheat breeding programs. Were analyzed the genealogies of all wheat cultivars indicated for growth since 2005 and 2012, by institution. During the study period, the average participation of Embrapa's germplasm on cultivars of other institutions was 58.7%, with emphasis to Biotrigo Genética, CCGL TEC and OR Melhoramento de Sementes Ltda, respectively, in which use was 100%, 97.5% and 87.7%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Genetic diversity is a key factor in studies of plant breeding, thus the objective of this study was to evaluate genotypes of Archontophoenix cunninghamiana for germination and seed vigor in order to guide the selection of elite plants. Mature fruits were harvested from ten plants headquarters in Monte Alegre do Sul-SP, in which was assessed the weight and size. In seeds, these parameters were also evaluated in addition to water content, germination and vigor through the index of emergency speed, seedlings diameter and shoot length and dry weight of seedlings. The experimental design was completely randomized and the comparison between means was performed by Tukey test (P<0.05). The plants produced seeds with different physical and physiological characteristics, and it allows the identification and selection of elite plants producing seeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The progenies selection obtained by the early evaluation of growth and yield performance is the first of the third on rubber tree breeding cycle. The objective of this work was to evaluate progenies ass well to estimate genetics parameters associated to plant height and stem diameter traits. The trail with twenty open pollinated progenies was installed in October of 2009 on a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates, 10 plants per plot at Center Experimental Core in Campinas, SP. At six and twelve months of age, the progenies were evaluated regarding plant height and stem diameter at 5 centimeters of soil level. The mean squares of the traits were significant for the test F to 5% of probability for progenies. This indicates that exist genetic variability to be explored in the next cycles. The estimates of narrow sense heritabilities at plant level varied from 25 to 32% while at mean progeny level were 55 to 60%. Genetic coefficient variation of the progeny varied from 5.57 to 7.37%. The estimates of the genetic and phenotypic parameters revealed the success possibility with the selection ass well a genetic gains for plant height and stem diameter in superior rubber tree progenies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In competition experiments of citrus cultivations one generally uses many treatments, which requires the use of big blocks and plots with few plants. One has debated that in these conditions there can occur the correlation between neighboring plots, violating, thus, the presupposition of errors independent from the variance analysis. The present work has had as objective to evaluate different model parametrizations, considering or not the spatial dependence between plots, in two competition experiments of Pera orange tree clones (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck). One has utilized the separable auto-regressive structure of first order (AR1 × AR1) as a model of spatial dependence between the errors. The results found indicate that the spatial modeling of the errors by utilizing separable auto-regressive models of first order for selection experiments of Pera orange tree clones normally bring small gains in terms of quality of adjustment. The analysis not considering the block factor plus the separable auto-regressive spatial adjustment of first order has presented better quality of adjustment between the models evaluated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pinus tecunumanii has good adaptation to edafoclimatic regions of Brazil and these pinus have been cultivated on Savanna and Atlantic Forest biomes. The objective of this study was to identify climate homogeneous experimental stations of the Forest Institute of São Paulo and indicate places where it is possible to establish progeny and clone tests for breeding and further commercial plantation of this specie. It was selected 30 experimental areas at São Paulo state and climatic data for each meteorological station nearest of these areas were obtained and subjected to cluster analysis. The results were interpreted from the observation dendrogramas. The climatic requirements of the species were verified in the scientific literature and technical reports. All area of São Paulo State is adequate for experimental plantation, with exception of Campos do Jordão, because of great risks of freezing occurrence. The species may also be planted in the stations of Angatuba, Buri, Pirajú, Itapeva, Avaré, Itapetininga and Itararé, but lower areas of the landscape must be avoided, due to the low temperature. In hotter areas of São Paulo State, as North and Northwest region, we can test the plants for earlier flowering what would be useful for optimization the time for plant breeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The artificial obtaining of duplicate genotypes aims to maximize forage characteristics of agronomic interest, such as nutritional value and forage production, resistance against pests and diseases, abiotic stress tolerance and fertility restoration in sterile hybrids. It also aims to obtain genetic variability in apomictic species through chromosome doubling of the sexual accesses by equaling the ploidy in order to allow crossings and the obtaining of fertile descendents. The polyploidy induction is made using antimitotic substances, and colchicine is the most widely used in forage. However, due to its toxicity, other substances such as herbicides and caffeine has been used successfully for grasses. The efficiency in obtaining the polyploidy artificially depends on various exogenous factors, such as the antimitotic substances used, the kind of explants, the time and the exposure conditions and the antimitotic concentrations. This review aims to present the main methods used to induce polyploidy in grasses and the progress obtained in genetic breeding by the use of artificially duplicate genotypes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Black Sigatoka Disease is devastating to traditional banana cultivars. In Brazil, resistant cultivars are being developed but if the consumer's preference is not taken into account, the breeding program may not succeed. In this research the acceptability of four resistant cultivars was accessed in the Northeastern Brazilian region and compared to four commercial varieties. Two groups of consumers participated: young adults and housewives. Hedonic scale was applied to external appearance of bunches, global acceptance and acceptance of fruits' attributes (appearance without peel, aroma, flavor and texture). Preference and purchase intent were also evaluated. Data were submitted to ANOVA and Preference Mapping. Women and young adults showed similar opinions. 'Preciosa' and 'Pacovan Ken' cultivars showed to be the most promising ones. 'Preciosa' can already substitute the commercial 'Prata' and 'Pacovan' cultivars without impairing their global acceptability, but 'Pacovan Ken' still needs to be improved regarding its appearance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to evaluate the genetic diversity among 65 soybean genotypes with respect to to seed quality, produced in the offseason of 2010 in the town of Formoso do Araguaia - TO, under irrigated lowland conditions. For this purpose we used the tetrazolium tests, germination, field emergence and the weight of 100 seeds. The data were subjected to variance analysis with subsequent grouping of means by the Scott- Knott test. The genetic similarity was obtained through the Tocher clustering technique, based on Mahalanobis distance. The characteristic mass of 100 seeds, the first count of field emergence and seed viability, contributed 69.8% of genetic divergence. The cluster analysis detected genetic variability among genotypes, separating them into distinct groups. Genotypes AH10-008, AH10-020 and AH10-010 (Group I), together with BRS Valiosa RR, M 8585 RR, GB 881 and GB 874 (Group II) and AH10-023 (Group IV), having the property of producing high quality seeds and being different, are indicated for generating segregating populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organic matter dynamics influences the main chemical, physical and biological processes in soils, and often determines its natural fertility. The aim of this study was to evaluate the organic fractions and the carbon management index (CMI) of the soil in soy bean areas (Glycine max L.) grown on straw from Brachiaria ruziziensis and from sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench). Samples were collected in an Oxisol at the municipality of Montividiu, Goiás, Brazil. Samples were taken at five depths (0-5, 5-10, 10-20, 20-40 and 40- 60 cm) in soils under the following management conditions: area with grass growing after and before soybean crops (SB); area with sorghum crop in soybean off-season (SS); and area under native vegetation. Organic carbon amounts (OC) and soil organic matter particle size fractions were determined. From these values, carbon stocks in each particle size fraction were quantified and the CMI was calculated. The CMI is a relative measure of the changes caused by soil management, in comparison to an original situation, evaluated by the changes in OC stocks and taking under consideration the aspects of the soil OC lability. Significant differences were found in the OC contents and in the respective stocks at all evaluated depths. The particulated organic matter fraction proved to be an effective parameter to demonstrate differences between management systems. The CMI showed a positive effect in SS and SB systems in relation to the natural condition (cerrado), indicating that the carbon management systems studied were effective in maintaining, or even increasing, soil organic carbon contents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper was to present a methodology for the analysis of experiments in plant pathology that considers the comparison of disease progress curves in the presence of a large number of treatments by cluster analysis. Forty-two accessions were grown from the Germoplasma Vegetable Bank (BGH), of Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV). The exponential model was fitted to the data of late blight severity percentage, and the obtained parameter estimates obtained on the initial incidence of the disease (yo) and rate of disease progression (r) - were submitted to the multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA). The adjusted means were submitted to the cluster analysis. An optimal number of six distinct groups was observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This issue concerns plant breeding, with biotechnology at its beginning and progress, if it is seen as the "new green revolution," emphasizing the brazilian agricultural biotechnology and its development related to the leadership of the Brazilian Agricultural Research (EMBRAPA), considering the possible risks to both the environment and human health, respecting and practicing the laws and rules of biosafety. Also reports issues of Microbial Genetics, Microbiology and Molecular Biology in order to clarify various techniques of gene cloning, ranging from the choice of features aimed at improving a particular product by the process of isolation and transformation of these genes, using the most modern technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Forage breeding is key to improving livestock management and the objective of this study was to evaluate Pearson's simple correlation between the yield components of forage dry matter and grain in ryegrass. Five ryegrass genotypes, planted on five dates and cut from one to four times, were set out in a complete randomized block design. Ryegrass forage with a lower dry matter production, but with more leaves, fewer culms, higher protein and less fiber content, produces a higher grain yield, spike length, thousand grain weight and lower spike number. The association between the yields of dry matter and grain components is an important criterion for selecting ryegrass genotypes, since grain yield is positively correlated with leaf dry matter, gross protein content, spike length and thousand grain weight. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The white clover is a forage legume very important for use in temperate pastures in Rio Grande do Sul. However it is more sensitive to water deficit in the soil than other perennial legumes, presenting a lack of persistence in the summer. With the objective of determining morphophysiological traits related to the answer to the water deficit of this species, an experiment was carried out in greenhouse, which evaluated the effect of water availability (90 and 40% of the soil moisture field capacity) on seven genotypes belonging to the white clover core collection from the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). The experimental design used was completely random, with four repetitions, totaling 56 pots. Two evaluations were made, at 130 and 196 days after the sowing, when several traits were measured. The analysis of the results indicated that the water deficit had an outstanding effect on most of the variables, such as plant height (PH), foliar area (FA), number of alive leaves (NAL), length of primary stolon (LPS), dry matter of the aerial part (DMAP), photosynthesis rates (A), conductance (g), and water use efficiency (WUE). In both evaluations, regardless the water availability, there were positive and highly significant correlations (P<0.01) between LPS and NAL (r ≥ 0.51), as well as between FA and PH (r ≥ 0.62). Therefore, the best access under stress was the 1, which presented larger productions of DMAP at the 90% level and one of the most productions of DMAP under stress. The NAL and the A are morphological traits that could be used for early white clover selection for tolerance to water stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Translocations are structural chromosomal rearrangements which involve segments with different length belonging to homologous or non homologous chromosomes. Either natural or induced occurrence of translocations have been enabled an improvement in the plant breeding, when these translocated segments carry resistance genes to biotic and abiotic stress. Rye is a grass largely used to transfer genes to wheat such as resistance genes to leaf rust, stem rust and genes that support the wheat yield, either in grain quantity or in quality. Thus, the aim of this paper was to review the main translocations involving wheat and rye, which demonstrated, from the data analyzed, that translocations involving chromosomes 1 and 2 were more advantageous for grain yield in wheat and that the others were important, especially, in the transfer of resistance genes. Therefore, this strategy has demonstrated effectiveness on search for new genes that favor the cultivation of wheat and its use has grown greatly in recent years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to compare, through simulation, the BLUP and BLUP-HET procedures for breeding values prediction under heterogeneity of residual variances. Random data were generated with spread sheet, considering a variance of 0,10 and variable residual variance, by number of clones, in order to provide heterogeneity of variances. Actual and residual breeding values obtained were added to the mean 10, in order to obtain positive phenotypic values. Experimental design was random blocks with 100 genotypes, one plant per plot and 2, 5, 10 and 20 repetitions. Data were evaluated using Selegen software, obtaining estimated breeding values through BLUP and BLUP-HET procedures which were compared to actual breeding values. In this study, using two and five repetitions showed low accuracy. With heritability close to 10%, it is recommend to use ten or more repetitions in order to ensure greater accuracy in estimates. This represents no restrain in case of variances heterogeneity within genotypes, being both methods suitable. Nevertheless, for most of the cases, BLUP-HET results in accuracies closer to expected values. Furthermore, its estimates for selection gain are closer to real figures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The genetic divergence among 22 cultivars of common bean plants, belonging to the assay of Cultivation Value and Use of Embrapa and IAPAR, was evaluated using morphological descriptors in a field experiment in Cáceres, Mato Grosso, Brazil, at the experimental unit of EMPAER. The experimental design was made in randomized blocks, with three replications, and the data obtained were submitted to a genetic dissimilarity analysis based on multicategorical variables. The hierarchical clustering methods analysis was used via UPGMA (Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean), and the distance projection onto a plane. The use of the multicategorical analysis showed to be efficient to separate the cultivars by groups according to their centers of Mesoamerican and Andean origin. The combinations involving cultivars BRS Timbó and CNFRx10531; BRS Esplendor and BRS Valente; BRS Grafite and BRS Campeiro were the most similar. Cultivars Iraí e BRS Grafite were the most devious among the evaluated cultivars, therefore, they may be used as parents to obtain segregate populations in future breeding programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Genetic improvement of coffee through classical breeding is laborious and time consuming. Biotechnology offers alternative strategies to assist multiplication and development of new and improved coffee varieties, including those resistant to biotic and abiotic stresses, with better cup quality, and with uniform fruit maturation. Tissue culture techniques have enabled the production of a large number of plants with genetic uniformity. The use of molecular markers, especially through assisted selection, led to rapid progress of coffee plant breeding, as well as the use of genetic transformation by protoplasts culture and fusion, biobalistics, or Agrobacterium-mediated. This review provides a summary of biotechnology history, current situation and directions applied to the genetic improvement of coffee plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cupuaçuzeiro (Theobroma grandiflorum), species native from the Amazon region, has been domesticated presenting a broad genetic variability, and thus favorable conditions for establishing of strategies to breeding and genetic conservation. The aim of this work was to evaluate 36 half-sib progenies of Theobroma grandiflorum obtained from a stratified mass selection in farmers areas based on primary components of yield. The experiment for selection of elite progenies was set up in a randomized complete block design with three replications and four plants per plot. The fruit traits (length and width, in cm) and components of production (average weight of fruit/plant; average weight of pulp with seeds/plant and average weight of pulp/planting) were evaluated. The data were analyzed through the methodology of REML/BLUP using the Selegen software. Analysis of grouping was performed using the matrix of genetic euclidean distances and Mahalanobis. The experimental population allowed the selection of superior parents for formation of base population to be used in the genetic improvement of cupuaçu. Among the 36 analyzed lineages only the genotypes 9, 10 and 18 showed genetic divergence and they can be recommended with some lineage of group 1 that demonstrates agronomic superiority to form base population of experimental clones with high genetic dissimilarity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Molecular markers are useful tools for the molecular characterization of cassava accessions since they present high capacity to detect information within the genome. The aim of this research was to characterize through RAPD molecular markers, 20 industrial cassava accessions conserved in the Cerrado Cassava Regional Germoplasm Bank ("Banco Regional de Germoplasma de Mandioca do Cerrado"-BGMC). Upon laboratory conditions, the accessions were evaluated though RAPD markers, being afterwards estimated by the matrix of genetic similarity among the accessions, through the Jaccard index. The analyses through 11 primers generated a total of 120 RAPD markers, among which 74 (62%) were polymorphic, revealing the presence of high genetic variability within the group of evaluated accessions. The clustering analyses revealed the formation of a single strong group, comprised of the accessions BGMC 1130, BGMC 788, BGMC 1270 and BGMC 1107, which indicates that the cassava genetic breeding hybridizations among these accessions should not be prioritized, upon risk of endogamy effects. The accession BGMC 436 was the most divergent as compared to the others and, as it expresses high productive potential within the Central Brazil Cerrado, it represents a good option as parent for the cassava breeding in this region. The study confirmed that the RAPD markers are efficient for the determination of genetic variability among evaluated accessions and that within the group there is high genetic variability useful for the plant breeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Landraces are an important source of genetic variability in breeding programs. In spite of this, little is known about South American Italian ryegrass populations. The objectives of this research were to characterize a group of Brazilian Landraces of Italian ryegrass for dry matter production and other traits of agronomic importance, and to study genetic divergence among them. Thirty-seven populations were evaluated in a randomized block design with four replications. Dry matter production varied from 1752.53 to 3905.67kg ha-1, with nineteen populations in the most productive group and 'BRS Ponteio' ranking as the first one. Brazilian ryegrass populations differ for dry matter production and winter dry matter production. Populations with longer vegetative cycle may be identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Este trabajo tuvo como objetivo evaluar la eficiencia de diferentes substratos constituidos a base de cáscara de arroz carbonizada y humus de lombrices en la producción comercial de plántulas de perrito de corte (Antirrhinum majus L). El experimento fue conducido en invernadero en la Universidad Federal de Santa María, RS, en el periodo de septiembre a octubre de 2007. El delineamiento experimental fue enteramente casualizado, con siete tratamientos y cuatro repeticiones, cada una constituida por 72 alvéolos. Las determinaciones realizadas en los substratos fueron: densidad del substrato, porosidad total, espacio aéreo, agua disponible y agua remaneciente, potencial de hidrógeno, tenor de macronutrientes, materia orgánica y consistencia de terrón. En las plantas, fueron determinadas: la altura, el número de pares de hojas y la biomasa fresca y seca de la parte aérea. La cáscara de arroz carbonizada y el humus pueden ser utilizados para la constitución de substratos para la producción comercial de plántulas, excepto en la forma pura. Los mayores valores de masa seca, altura de la plántula y número de pares de hojas fueron observados en las plántulas producidas en substratos cuya densidad se encontraba en el rango de 0,18 a 0,33 g cm-3, siendo que estos mismos substratos presentaron los mayores valores de estabilidad del terrón. Se concluyó que los substratos cáscara de arroz y humus de lombriz en las proporciones de 80% cáscara de arroz carbonizada y 20% humus, 60% cáscara de arroz carbonizada y 40% humus, 50% cáscara de arroz carbonizada y 50% humus y 40% cáscara de arroz carbonizada y 60% humus presentan potencial para ser utilizados para la producción de plántulas de perrito de corte. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this research was to estimate the repeatability traits of strawberry guava and surinam cherry fruits. It was evaluated in four productive cycles, the traits weight, diameter, total soluble solids and fruit production in ten selection of strawberry guava and weight, diameter and total soluble solids in nine selection of surinam cherry from the Germplasm Bank of the Embrapa Clima Temperado, in Pelotas-RS, Brazil. The repeatability coefficient, minimum observations number and determination coefficient were estimated by analysis of variance, principal components analysis and structural analysis. The repeatability coefficient was better estimated by the method of principal components analysis, based on covariance matrix. The fruit weight is adequate to phenotypic selection in strawberry guava and surinam cherry. It's only required a measurement to obtain the value of fruit weight value of strawberry guava selections, with 90% accuracy. With four years of evaluation, it's possible to infer the actual value with reliability above 80% for all characters. This facilitates phenotypic selection for these traits in strawberry guava and surinam cherry breeding programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant regeneration, by organogenesis or somatic embryogenesis, from cell cultures and in vitro plant tissue culture is the basis for biotechnology usage in plant breeding. This research aimed to evaluate somatic embryogenesis from embryogenic calli of 'Hamlin', 'Pêra', 'Natal', 'Lima Verde', and 'Westin' sweet orange cultivars related to culture medium composition as source and concentration of carbohydrates with the use of MT culture medium modified with 500mg L-1 of malt extract, supplemented with sucrose, galactose, glucose, maltose, lactose, or sorbitol at concentrations of 18, 37, 75, 110 or 150mM at 27°C. Statistical design were complete randomized, in a factorial five (cultivars) x six (carbohydrate source) x six (carbohydrate concentration in culture medium) with five replicates. The production of somatic embryos varied with the genotype, as 'Hamlin' and 'Natal' cultivars registered higher number of embryos, whereas 'Lima Verde' and 'Westin' showed lower numbers. The best carbohydrate source was maltose, followed by lactose at concentrations of 37 and 75mM. Somatic embryogenesis was not observed on culture media supplemented with galatose, glucose or sorbitol in any studied cultivar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pineapple(Ananas comosus (L.) Merril), fruit-symbol of tropical and subtropical regions, originated in the Americas, was widespread throughout the world mainly by european navigators because of its aroma and flavor, and lush appearance. Named as "King of Colonial Fruits", pineapple is one of the eleven most produced fruit in the world, growing consumed in every continent, with Brazil as the largest producer. Then, the objective of this literature review is to approach the pineapple history, contemplating its botany, origin and dispersion in the world and its current scenario and issues related to germplasm conservation and breeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to establish super-traits for simultaneous selection of variables related to fruit yield and quality in full-sibs and/or half-sib families of yellow passion fruit (Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa). The Design I of Comstock and Robinson was used, in random blocks with three replications, to evaluate 113 families and 11 variables. Three super-traits were determined by factor analysis: fruit size (TF), productivity (PROD) and industry yield (RI). Signals of factorial charge reflected the true sense of selection in passion fruit breeding programs for most original variables. Genetic variability was detected at the hierarchical levels of male parent and female parent within the male parent for the super-traits TF, PROD and for the respective original variables that represented it. There was no variability in super-trait RI since it was absent in the variables that represented it. Genetic gains were obtained in the desired sense in the determinant variables of the super-traits fruit size and productivity. Consequently, these can be employed in the simultaneous selection of traits related to fruit size and productivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work aimed to select the most efficient genotypes in phosphorus absorption and utilization in cerrado soils during corn second crop. The essay was constituted of 47 treatments (genotypes) and conducted at the experimental area of the Universidade Federal do Tocantins, Gurupi Campus. In order to simulate environments with high and low levels of phosphorus, doses of 25 and 113 kg ha-1 of P2O5 were applied in the seeding, respectively. In order to identify the cultivars adequate to the environments, the study applied the methodology that suggest cultivar classification should be conducted according to use efficiency and response to phosphorus application (efficiency and response). It was concluded that the genotypes efficient in phosphorus absorption and utilization and responsive to P increase were UFVM77-0331, UFVM77-0307, UFVM77-0333, UFVM77-0381, UFVM77-0313, UFVM77-0305, UFVM77-0377 and UFVM77-0345. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brazilian ground pearl Eurhizococcus brasiliensis (Hempel in Wile) (Hemiptera: Margarodidae) is one of the main grape pests in southern Brazil. The resistance of Vitis rotundifolia cultivars (Bountiful, Chief, Creek, Dixie, Magnolia, Magoon, Noble, Regale, Roanoke, Sumith and Topsail) to Brazilian ground pearl was evaluated by comparison with 101-14 (Vitis riparia x Vitis rupestris) rootstock. The experiment was conducted in a naturally infested field, by measuring pest infestation on roots, dry weight of plants (leaves + roots) and mortality during three years. V. rotundifolia cultivars showed a reduced infestation by the pest, a higher vigor and lower mortality when compared to 101-14 rootstock. All 101-14 plants were killed by the pest after the second year in the field. The cultivars Bountiful, Chief, Magoon, Magnolia and Regale had low pest infestation, showing antixenosis or antibiosis resistance. The Dixie cultivar showed a higher pest infestation; however, this was associated with high plant vigor, suggesting the existence of tolerance. The results show that V. rotundifolia cultivars Bountiful, Chief, Magoon, Magnolia and Regale showed a low infestation by E. brasiliensis and can be alternatives for direct fruit production or pest resistance source in plant breeding programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]