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This paper traces the influence of F. W. Taylor and H. Fayol in the scientific output of brazilian nursing from 1930 to 1980. The scientific output of brazilian nursing is reviewed, looking for work based upon the Scientific and Classical Schools of Administration. The author executes a bibliographic survey based upon two periodicals: Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem and Revista Paulista de Hospitais. A total of 68 articles were selected and studied. Findings have shown that Taylor/Fayol had and still have an important influence on the theoretic foundation of nursing output. The central theme of the texts centers upon "Studies on the Organization of Hospital Nursing Services", and "Time and Motion Studies concerning Nursing Techniques and Activities:. The central preoccupation in these texts refers to productivity and rationality of work, regardless of the fact that the organization of health and nursing work is a human task, referring to the satisfaction of health needs.

This paper analyzes the answer given by Pasteur to those who defended the spontaneous generation theory and evaluates the impact these arguments had on the history of public hygiene. Because of that, the article emphasizes transmission of germs, rather than the origin of life, which has been quite analyzed. It also discusses the criticism Pasteur made to naturalists' arguments and tries to show that it is possible to say there is a certain continuity between the air-related concerns on the part of classic hygienists, most of which infectionists, and Pasteur's concern with germs spread in the air.

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The article focuses on citizens' participation in political activities and the new concept of citizenship. It also presents an overview of the papers related to changes in political participation that appear in the October 2005 issue of the "Revista Crítica de Ciências Sociais." Some authors call new social movements as protest movements or democracy of manifestation. The social movements, the protests and the new possibilities to produce citizenship must be regarded as revelation of democratization of the societies. The protests and the claims are not pathological forms of shared politics, but expressive forms of accomplishment of citizenship in a democratic context. One of the papers focuses on neoliberal governance as another form of laissez faire capitalism. Another paper analyzes the new protest movements in France. It discusses the danger of the entrance of these movements into institutional party politics, which would affect the performance and activities of the political left in the country. Another paper examines the protest movements of secondary school students in Portugal since 1990.

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This article discusses the cardiovascular protection afforded by low to moderate consumption of ethanol and the role of ethanol-induced preconditioning. Ethanol, a compound that is found in many popular beverages, has a whole range of cardiovascular protective effects when consumed in low to moderate doses. Although they have yet to be totally clarified, recent data suggest that a combination of several actions at the biochemical and molecular levels play a role in this protection. These include favorable changes in lipid metabolism, antioxidant effects, changes in hemostasis and platelet aggregation, arterial vasodilation mediated by NO release, induction of the expression of cardioprotective proteins, insulin sensitization and lower levels of inflammatory markers. Special emphasis will be given to ethanol-induced preconditioning. Some of the compounds present in red and white wine, such as resveratrol and quercetin, are also partly responsible for some of the cardioprotective effects of alcoholic drinks. These are due to antioxidant effects and changes in platelet aggregation, endothelial function and inflammatory response. The last part of the paper will focus on the clinical applications and possibilities raised by these new findings.

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In this paper I show that the theories of discourse are distinguished according to the way they consider the subject that speaks, as origin or as effect. I then discuss the conception of subject utilized by French semiotics, that of subject as effect. French semiotics sees enunciation as a linguistic instance that is presupposed by the enunciate, and sees the enunciator as a result of the enunciate, which is "what makes the subject be". Further, French semiotics understands communication as an act that is non-voluntary and nonconscious. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Three forms of legal resistance are identified in this paper, on the basis of a socio-historical analysis of the participation of lawyers and magistrates to the underground movement in France during World War Two. First, «resistance despite the law» describes the antagonism between legalism and resistance that should have prevented lawyers from being committed to resist. Second, «resistance in the shadow of the law» depicts how, progressively, the subversive potentialities of judicial professions were discovered and used. Third, «resistance in the name of law» shows how the legitimacy of law was used to justify opposition to the Vichy regime and its allies. This threefold conception, analytic as well as chronological, is an invitation to a more complex analysis of the relationships between law and politics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This paper seeks to clarify the mechanisms of gender-based differentiation in everyday practices of work organization within a profession where employees face a particularly high level of stress: secondary school teaching. It compares France and Spain, two countries where the professional teaching standards differ and ask for a particular commitment at work. Focusing on the results of a qualitative survey, the author gives prime importance to the speeches and representations that individuals use to describe their experiences at work. Taking into account the various working environments (career-related and non career-related), it leads us to observe that, although the impacts are not alike within the two countries studied, gender-differentiated spatial and temporal arrangements have consequences from a health point of view, namely in terms of stress. However, the commonly identified feeling of "overload" remains often unrecognised, or even officially unspeakable, within this profession with a family-friendly reputation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the political philosophy and leadership of 20th century Brazilian politician, writer, and theologian, PIínio Salgado, and the Brazilian Integralism movement. Topics discussed include the influence of movements such as the Portuguese Integralismo Lusitano and the French Action Française on the Brazilian Integralism movement, the context of the political and theological thought of Pope Leo XIII, and the impact of Catholic and Portuguese thought on Salgado and the formation of the movement.

This paper analyzes international negotiations related to international military technology cooperation speci- fically the case of Aeronautics between Brazil and France, under the focus of two theories: Negotiation and International Technical Cooperation. Based on these approaches, the process of bilateral negotiation according to the international economic situation is analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The aim of this paper is to examine the mental representation of the perfect aspect and its possible morphological realizations in the Portuguese spoken in Brazil and in the French spoken in France. We considered that the perfect is the aspect that relates a past situation to its present relevance. The past situation can persist in the present (universal perfect) or not (existential perfect). In Portuguese, we verified that the universal perfect can be expressed by the compound past, by the present tense and by the periphrasis "estar" + present participle. The existential perfect can be expressed by the combination of the simple past and other elements in the sentence. In French, the universal perfect can be expressed by the present tense combined with certain adverbial expressions. The existential perfect can be expressed by the combination of the compound past and other elements in the sentence. Despite the differences in the perfect aspect realization, we considered that this aspect can be syntactically represented in both languages by an aspectual functional head different from that one with grammatical aspect information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The paper explores the contributions of Roger Bastide (1898-1974) to the field of insanity and mental illness, revisiting his work in social psychiatry, psychoanalysis, psychology and, sociology of mental disorder. It highlights the interdisciplinary nature that marks Bastide's works, that also include religion, art, literature. The paper presents biographical data and highlights the importance of Bastide to the field of sociology of health/illness. The analysis situates Bastide's work at the time of its development, comparing it with the development of the sociology of mental illness today.The paper explores the contributions of Roger Bastide (1898-1974) to the field of insanity and mental illness, revisiting his work in social psychiatry, psychoanalysis, psychology and, sociology of mental disorder. It highlights the interdisciplinary nature that marks Bastide's works, that also include religion, art, literature. The paper presents biographical data and highlights the importance of Bastide to the field of sociology of health/illness. The analysis situates Bastide's work at the time of its development, comparing it with the development of the sociology of mental illness today.

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This paper presents a brief discussion about Work psychology, in Brazil, and its interfaces with the Work clinics and the Worker's health field. Our starting point is the set of papers presented by Brazilian researchers in the "France-Latin America Symposium". A methodological cut has allowed us to elect these disciplinary fields by reading titles, reviews and paper references. The texts showed a significant convergence between the following themes: social and critical orientation, keeping interest in the working subjects ; the complexity and singularities that lead their work experiences ; the processes of constitution, the psychic and political-social commitments of these workers. We believe that a synthesis of the researches presented in this colloquium reflects the current moment of the Work Psychology in Brazil, in its connections with the Work Clinics and the Worker's Health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Desde este ano, espaços de debate sobre a prática do oficio, criados por e para jovens profissionais em ergonomia, foram implementados no Peru. Essa iniciativa baseia-se no fato de que o ergonomista é um trabalhador como qualquer outro, e que, por isso, é necessário discutir a ação realizada diariamente afim de progredir na construção da sua prática futura. Se esses espaços são recentes no Peru, eles existem na França há já 5 anos e são propostos pela comissão "Jeunes Pratiques en Réflexion" da Sociedade de Ergonomia Francesa (SELF). Neste artigo, propomos contar sua gênese, seu funcionamento e os desafios dos seus desenvolvimentos. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This article presents arguments that seek to facilitate the understanding that the concept of political religion -- as well as the authoritarian political experiences represented by it, such as nazism and Stalinism -- can be thought of in conjunction with the concept of fundamentalism. Furthermore, this article also presents possibilities for the concept of civil religion -- which can also be classified as a Public Religion -- even though it is often associated with political experiences considered democratic -- such as those of the United States and France -- can also be considered in conjunction with that of fundamentalism. Therefore, this paper, carrying out an activity of delimitation and conceptual problematization, will define the concept of political religion, differentiating it from the concept of civil religion, and in a certain way from that of public religion, in an attempt to demarcate a concept of public religion, which has been mobilized, sometimes with a certain imprecision, by researchers from different areas. Although the objective of this article is not to empirically test the aforementioned concepts, by delimiting them, enhancing them, we seek to contribute to better yields in future analytical experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This article introduces and comments on a presentation made by Antoine Laville, in 2001, in the framework of a scientific meeting about Alain Wisner's works. His presentation was entitled: "To which human being has work to be adapted? A question which remains relevant for ergonomists". The present article aims to enlighten three elements: sociodemographic context at the period when the paper was published, with an increase of diversity factors inside active population; institutional structuration of research on these issues in France, namely the setting up of the scientific network Creapt, offering new possibilities for lasting partnership between companies and research organisms; and several scientific, epistemological and ethical concerns which Laville had developed for a long time, and which he chose to elicit at that moment, with the prospect of integrating analysis of diversity into ergonomics, as an alternative to selection policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]