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Este artigo tem por objetivo identificar os fatores que têm afetado as receitas das exportações de celulose e papel e papelão, no período de 2001 a 2020. Especificamente pretende-se quantificar as variações nas receitas provenientes da taxa de câmbio, do preço internacional e da quantidade exportada de celulose e de papel e papelão e identificar os principais eventos associados essas variações. Para tanto, utilizou-se o método diferencial-estrutural, conhecido como shift-share, que decompõe as variações da receita de exportação em efeitos parciais proporcionado por outras variáveis relacionadas. Os resultados mostram que mesmo quando os efeitos do preço internacional e a taxa de câmbio são desfavoráveis a quantidade exportada de celulose e de papel e papelão tem sido crescente, e proporcionando efeito total positivo nas receitas das exportações. Somente em quatro grandes momentos houve queda nas receitas das exportações destes produtos, momentos estes que coincidem com a ocorrência das seguintes crises: atentado a torres gêmeas (2002), crise do subprime (2008), crise política interna (2016) e pandemia (Covid-2019). ABSTRACT: This paper aims to identify the factors that have affected revenues from pulp and paper and paperboard exports, in the period from 2001 to 2020. Specifically, it intends to quantify the variations in revenues arising from the exchange rate, the international price and the exported quantity of Wood pulp and paperbord and identify the main events associate these variations. For this purpose, the differential-structural method, known as shift-share, was used, which breaks down changes in export revenue into partial effects provided by other related variables. The results show that even when the effects of the international price and the exchange rate are unfavorable, the exported quantity of woodpulp and paperboard has been increasing, providing a positive overall effect on export revenues. Only in four major moments were there decreases in revenues from exports of these products, moments that coincide with the occurrence of the following crises: attack on the twin towers (2002), subprime crisis (2008), internal political crisis (2016) and pandemic (Covid- 2019).

Esse texto discute a formação do espaço econômico paranaense e sua relação com as atividades de base econômica ou exportação. A análise segue uma visão institucionalista a partir da teorização de Douglass North. A análise também se embasa em Pedro Calil Padis, por fazer um retrospecto eficaz dos primórdios do Paraná até o final dos anos 1960. Se parte do princípio de que várias economias regionais que surgiram no Brasil estavam em condições periféricas. O termo “periférico” é devido ao fato de a economia de cada uma dessas regiões ou Estados estar subordinada ao centro dinâmico do país devido a vários fatores, dentre eles a transferência de capital, fazendo com que o Paraná, com sua economia cafeeira, subsidiasse a indústria paulista. Abstract: This paper discusses the formation of the economic space of Paraná State and its relationship with economic-based activities or exports. The analysis follows an institutionalist vision based on Douglass North's theorization. The analysis is also based on Pedro Calil Padis, for making an effective retrospective of the beginnings of Paraná State until the end of the 1960s. It is based on the principle that several regional economies that emerged in Brazil were in peripheral conditions. The term “peripheral” is since the economy of each of these regions or states is subordinated to the dynamic center of the country due to several factors, including the transfer of capital, causing Paraná, with its coffee economy, to subsidize the São Paulo industry.

ABSTRACT: The growing worldwide demand in the pulp market has fostered research that evaluates alternative fiber sources with specific characteristics that attend the needs of the consumer market, with a view to add value to the final product and reduce production costs. Acacia mearnsii De Wild wood is a by-product of the extraction of tannin from the trunk bark, used for firewood, charcoal and pellets. However, its wood is still poorly studied, especially its anatomical characteristics, which can provide important information about its industrial potential. This study evaluated the anatomical characteristics of Acacia mearnsii wood for the production of pulp and paper. Ten trees at approximately seven years old were cut down, five from the seed production area (SPA) and five from the clonal population area (CPA). From each tree, one trunk disc was sectioned at the diameter at breast height (DBH), resulting in 10 (ten) wood samples. From each disc, a sapwood specimen was made oriented in the tangential longitudinal, radial longitudinal and transversal planes, for later obtaining the anatomical cuts and the macerates. The anatomical description of the wood followed the recommendations of the International Association of Wood Anatomists-IAWA. From the dimensions of the fibers, their quality evaluation ratios for the production of pulp and paper were calculated. Results obtained from the anatomical characterization allowed to conclude that the Acacia mearnsii woods from SPA and CPA are indicated as a source of raw material for the pulp and paper production.

The raise in the numbers of samples increase the confidence level of the results. However little is know about the minimum number of water-sensitive papers cards that must be used in studies of spray technology. Thus, the aim of this paper was to determine the minimum number of water-sensitive papers cards used in spray experiments, based on the variables: percentage of coverage, number of drops per cm2 and volume median diameter (VMD). It were realized an experiment in factorial design 2x2 with five replicates, each containing 36 cards. With the objective to have variability among the treatments, the factors involveed were nozzles (TR110-01 and ULD120-015) and operational pressures (138 and 276 kPa), because the size of droplets is modified even by the nozzle as by operational pressures. As estimative precision, the mean errors assumed was 20%, 15% and 10%, that generated numbers of samples as: 7, 12 and 26, respectively, for percentage of coverage; 5, 8 and 16, respectively, for number of drops per cm2; and 1.2 and 4 respectively, for volume median diameter (VMD). Analysis of variance complemented by Tukey test at 5% probability were realized for the average of 36 cards and the average of the minimum number of papers (samples) determined. Comparing statically the averages obtained in the experiment for each variable for n=36 samples and n= samples determined at 20% error, noted that the results are identical in both situations, demonstrating that spray rates and different droplet sizes influenced directly in the parameters evaluated. It is possible to conclude that the minimum number of water-sensitive papers cards per repetition (1 m2 for this experiment) is 7,5, and 1 for percentage of coverage, number of droplet per cm2 and volume median diameter (VMD), respectively.

Neste último número de 2015, registramos alguns acontecimentos importantes que marcaram nossa trajetória e nossos esforços na consolidação do campo da Alimentação e Nutrição no Brasil como espaço caracteristicamente interdisciplinar. Alcançamos todas as metas editoriais que nos colocamos: a periodicidade está em dia; publicamos quatro números no ano; há 20 artigos no último número. Em termos numéricos, chegamos ao patamar exigido para indexação em bases de dados internacionais consideradas pelas principais agências de fomento brasileiras como referência para cálculo de indicadores de circulação no campo da ciência. E 2016 será o ano em que daremos início aos movimentos para solicitar a inserção de nosso periódico nesses espaços. Esse movimento está sendo possível, em especial, por conta da crescente presença de pesquisadores em programas de pós-graduação, juntamente com seus orientandos, como autores de artigos em nossa revista. Hoje, Demetra é a segunda revista brasileira no campo alimentar-nutricional mais utilizada para publicação de artigos por pesquisadores dos programas de pós-graduação inseridos na área de avaliação “Nutrição” da CAPES. Os pesquisadores do campo alimentar-nutricional estão apostando na revista, investindo em sua consolidação, vendo nela um caminho a ser trilhado. É um importante reconhecimento do nosso trabalho! DOI: 10.12957/demetra.2015.20084

The identification of genetic material tolerant to aluminum (Al) can offer important advantages to breeding programs and to recommendations for cultivars with the aim of utilizing acidic soil. Based on this, our aim was to determine, by using the solution-paper method, the aluminum concentration that best demonstrates tolerance of Jatropha accessions to this element. For this study, seeds from eight Jatropha accessions (CNPAE 114, CNPAE 154, CNPAE 169, CNPAE 178, CNPAE 218, CNPAE 200, CNPAE 226, CNPAE 228) were placed in a germination chamber with different concentrations of Al (0, 85, 155, 225 and 295 mg L-1) using the solution-paper technique. After 14 days, the length of the primary root was evaluated and the percentage by which those subjected to doses of Al was calculated. A concentration of 85 mg L-1 was the level that separated the accessions in terms of Al tolerance; the accessions CNPAE 114 and CNPAE 154 were the most sensitive to the presence of this toxic element in the solution. It was concluded that the solution-paper method is efficient and can be used in Jatropha breeding programs for the selection of Al-tolerant genotypes. A identificação de material genético tolerante ao alumínio (Al) pode oferecer importantes subsídios aos programas de melhoramento e à recomendação de cultivares destinada a utilização de solos ácidos. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar, através do método de papel-solução, a concentração de alumínio que melhor discrimine acessos de pinhão-manso quanto à tolerância ao Al. Para este estudo, sementes de oito acessos de pinhão-manso (CNPAE 114, CNPAE 154, CNPAE 169, CNPAE 178, CNPAE 218, CNPAE 200, CNPAE 226, CNPAE 228) foram colocadas para germinar em diferentes concentrações de Al (0, 85, 155, 225 e 295 mg L-1) utilizando a técnica do papel solução. Após 14 dias o comprimento da raiz primária foi avaliado e a porcentagem de redução foi calculada para os sujeitados as doses de Al. A concentração de 85 mg L-1 foi a que melhor separou os acessos, em termos de tolerância ao Al, e que os acessos CNPAE 114 e CNPAE 154 foram os mais sensíveis à presença do elemento tóxico na solução. Concluiu-se que o método do papel solução é eficiente e pode ser usado em programa de melhoramento de pinhão-manso visando a seleção de genótipos tolerantes ao alumínio.

Companies have been witnessing major changes in their environment and environmental models have been developed aiming to improve their strategic planning. The objective of this study was to examine the environmental approach adopted by companies within the Pulp and Paper, Metallurgical and Sugar and Alcohol sectors, in order to evaluate their environmental performances. The analysis was based on a matrix which relates managerial functions with a set of environmental approaches and performance indicators, classifying the company environmental performance as weak, moderate or strong. The managerial functions approached in this model are: Management (General, Legal Affairs, Finance, Human Resources and Purchasing); Product and Process Development; Production and Maintenance; and Marketing. The analyzed indicators include: international insertion; capital origin and location. The pulp and paper and metallurgical companies obtained average scores of 54.5 and 51.56 points, respectively, being classified as having a strong environmental performance. On the other hand, the sugar and alcohol companies obtained average score of 46 points, being classified as moderate in environmental performance. The high level of environmental performance of pulp and paper and metallurgical companies can be attributed to the following factors: larger international insertion, presence of foreign capital in controlling shares, performance in the international market and company location near large population centers. Pulp and paper and mainly sugar and alcohol companies are less efficient in meeting the requirements of the environmental legislation, particularly those related to the conformity of permanent protected areas and legal reserves.As empresas têm presenciado transformações amplas no ambiente em que estão inseridas e, com o intuito de auxiliar no planejamento estratégico das empresas, têm sido desenvolvidos modelos ambientais. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar a conduta ambiental de empresas dos setores de Celulose e Papel, Siderúrgico e Sucroalcooleiro, de forma a verificar as suas performances em termos ambientais. Essa análise baseou-se em uma matriz que relaciona as funções gerenciais com um conjunto de indicadores de conduta e performance ambiental, classificando a conduta ambiental das empresas como fraca, intermediária ou forte. As funções gerenciais abordadas nesse modelo são: administração (Geral, Jurídica, Financeira, Recursos Humanos e Compras); Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento; Produção e Manutenção; e Marketing. Dentre os indicadores analisados destacam-se: inserção internacional; origem de capital e localização. As empresas de Celulose e Papel e Siderúrgicas apresentaram uma pontuação média de 54,50 e 51,56 pontos, respectivamente, sendo classificadas com uma conduta ambiental forte. Por outro lado, as empresas sucroalcooleiras apresentaram uma pontuação média de 46,00 pontos, que as classificaram com uma conduta ambiental intermediária. O nível mais elevado de performance ambiental apresentado pelas empresas dos setores de Celulose e Papel e Siderúrgico pode ser atribuído aos seguintes fatores: maior inserção internacional, presença de capital estrangeiro no controle acionário, atuação no mercado internacional e localização dessas empresas nas proximidades dos grandes centros populacionais. As empresas de Celulose e Papel e principalmente as sucroalcooleiras são menos eficientes no atendimento aos requisitos da legislação ambiental, particularmente quanto à conformidade das áreas de preservação permanente e de reserva legal.

O presente estudo objetivou avaliar o efeito do teor de água do solo sobre a quantidade de fósforo extraída por papéis de filtro impregnados com óxido de ferro (P,). Usaram-se seis solos do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, previamente incuba- dos com três doses de fósforo. A extraçâo de fósforo foi feita com 75% do teor de água retido à capacidade de campo, e em fluxo saturado. Em solo saturado, o fósforo extraído foi, em média, aproximadamente 20 vezes maior que o determinado em umidade equivalente a 75% da capacidade de campo. A extraçâo de fósforo foi linear com o tempo de contato entre o solo e o papel de filtro, no período estudado de 24 horas.In order to evaluate sou phosphorus extraction by iron oxide impregnated filter papers (Pi), a laboratory study was conducted with six soils from lhe Rio Grande do Sul state (Brazil) previousiy incubated with dijferent phosphorus leveis. Phosphorus extraction was done at 75% of water retained atfield capacity and in saturated conditions. In saturated conditions, lhe soil phosphorus extracted was m lhe average nearly 20 times greater than that extracted at 75% of field capacity moisture levei. Phosphorus extraction increased linearly with time during lhe 24 hours test period.

ABSTRACT Knowledge of droplet spectra generated by spray nozzle tips is important to ensure the quality of applications of plant protection products. However, there are different methods for this evaluation, which can cause difficulty in interpreting the results. This study aimed to evaluate the droplet spectra produced by the flat fan spray tip AD 11002 operated under different pressures and using different techniques and equipment. The volume median diameter (VMD), percentage of spray volume in droplets smaller than 100 µm diameter and relative spam (RS), considering pressures of 200, 300, and 400 kPa were determined using two direct measurement equipment (Spraytec and Shadow Sizer), based on laser diffraction and image analysis, respectively, and a measure based on indirect analysis, through the digitization of water-sensitive paper. Thus, the use of different analysis techniques led to variations of the analyzed parameters. Among the direct measurement equipment, a difference of up to 58% was observed in VMD. The use of water-sensitive paper to characterize droplet spectra must be carried out with great discretion because there is an underestimation of fine droplets. Pressure variations of 200 to 400 kPa did not influence VMD and RS.

ABSTRACT: Blackleg, an acute myonecrosis caused by Clostridium chauvoei, is usually underdiagnosed since the rapid transport of adequate samples for laboratory testing is difficult. This study tested a direct polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique using common filter paper impregnated with cattle tissue samples obtained from animals suspected with blackleg. Twenty-five samples, belonging to eleven animals from Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil, were analyzed. The direct PCR technique identified eight positive animals corroborating with results from microbiological culture. Skeletal muscle was the most common tissue type used in this study and when the animal was positive the pathogen was always detected in this tissue. Storage time of the impregnated filter paper at room temperature did not prove to be a limiting factor for the quality of the results indicating that this procedure can be carried out in the field and samples be sent in regular mail. Our results suggested that direct PCR of common filter paper impregnated with cattle tissue is a practical and economical alternative for the diagnosis of blackleg.

In commercial lettuce growing, the intensive cultivation of the soil results in an increase in weed populations, making it difficult to fully exploit the area and increasing production costs. Under such circumstances, the use of soil covers can minimize this problem. Consequently, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different materials as soil covers on the agronomic performance of three lettuce cultivars. The experiment was arranged in randomized blocks, with treatments set in a subdivided plot scheme. Five types of soil cover (plots) were tested: no cover, black plastic, double white faced plastic, straw mulching and kraft paper and three Lettuce cultivars (subplots): loose-crested leaf group, iceberg lettuce group, with four replicates. Number of leaves per plant, stem length and diameter, head diameter, mass of fresh and total dry matter, fresh matter mass of leaves and stem were evaluated. For the Lisa and Americana lettuce groups, bed soil cover materials were more efficient when compared to the uncovered beds. For economic and environmental reasons, kraft paper is recommended as a bedding cover material for these cultivars. Variation in growth occurred between the lettuce cultivars, independently of the use of bedding cover. This occurred in the sequence: loose leaf > iceberg lettuce> loose-crested leaf group.

A aplicação de produtos fitosssanitários no setor sucroalcoleiro, até recentemente, estava focada principalmente no controle de plantas daninhas. Com o aparecimento da ferrugem alaranjada, como doença de importância agrícola na cultura da cana-de-açúcar, passou a ser imperioso conhecer como a aplicação chega na parte aérea da planta. Dessa forma, o presente estudo foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de avaliar a qualidade da deposição da calda em pulverização terrestre, conduzido em esquema fatorial 2x2x2 (duas pontas de pulverização, duas taxas de aplicação e duas posições dos cartões de papéis hidrosensíveis no dossel da planta), seis repetições, com dez papéis cada. Foram utilizadas as pontas de pulverizacão XR110.02 (jato plano de uso ampliado) e TTJ60 - 110.02 (jato plano duplo, com ângulo de 60 graus entre si) utilizando-se as taxas de aplicação de 120 e 160L ha-1. Os cartões de papel hidrossensível utilizados para avaliar a deposicão das pulverizações foram distribuidos sobre as folhas de cana-de-açúcar, em duas posições distintas em relação ao dossel da planta (parte superior e inferior, aproximadamente, 0,80 e 0,50 metros do solo, dispostos na horizontal e inclinado em relação à superfície do solo, respectivamente). A cultivar utilizada foi 'RB 96-6928', com altura de 0,80m aos 120 dias do plantio. Um scaner de mesa foi utilizado para digitalizar as imagens dos papéis e avaliou-se as coberturas através do programa Conta-Gotas®. Os dados de deposição/cobertura foram submetidos à análise de variância e as médias comparadas pelo teste Tukey ao nível de 5% de probabilidade de erro. No dossel superior da cana-de-açúcar observou-se maior cobertura, quando comparado ao dossel inferior, sendo que não se observaram diferenças entre as taxas de aplicação de 120 e 160L ha-1,. A ponta TTJ60-110.02 promoveu cobertura superior à ponta XR 110.02 quando se utilizou 160L ha-1 (40,34 e 36,50%, respectivamente).The terrestrial application of agricultural defensives in the sugar-alchool producer sector until recently was focused on weed control. After the appearance of orange rust, a disease of agricultural importance in sugar cane production, it has become imperative to know how the application arrives at the plant canopy. In such a way, the present study was developed with the objective of evaluate the quality of the deposition in terrestrial spraying, lead in factorial project 2x2x2 (two nozzles of spraying, two rates of application and two positions of the water-sensitive papers in the canopy of plant), six repetitions, with ten papers each. It has been used the nozzles of spraying XR110.02 (plain jet of extended range) and TTJ60 - 110,02 (double plain jet, with angle of 60 degrees between itself) using the rates of application of 120 and 160L ha-1. The water-sensitive papers cards used to evaluate the deposition of the sprayings had been distributed on the leaves of sugar cane in two distinct heights (upper and lower, approximately 0,80 and 0,50 meters above ground level, arranged in horizontal and inclined with respect to the road surface, respectively). A table scanner was used to generate the digital images of the papers and evaluated the coverings through the Conta-Gotas® program. The deposition data/covering had been submitted to the variance analysis and the averages compared with the Tukey test at 5% of significance. It was observed in the superior canopy of the sugarcane a bigger covering when compared with the inferior, there was no difference between the application rates, 120 and 160L ha-1. The TTJ600110.02 nozzle promoted bigger covering the XR110.02 nozzle when using 160L ha-1 (40,34 and 36,50%, respectively).

O objetivo deste trabalho foi o de apresentar o algoritmo de um programa computacional baseado em um método numérico de estimativa de perdas de herbicidas aplicados por pulverização aérea. Este método apresenta como entrada de dados a freqüência de tamanhos das gotas em papéis hidrossensíveis, observadas no gratículo de Porton acoplado ao microscópio. A partir desses valores calcula-se a distribuição acumulada do diâmetro médio do tamanho e do volume das gotas formadas pelo bico de pulverização utilizados na aplicação, conforme metodologia já conhecida. Os dados obtidos para estas curvas de distribuição permitem fazer uso do método numérico de interpolação linear para a obtenção do diâmetro mediano volumétrico e do diâmetro mediano numérico da gota. Estes valores são fundamentais para a determinação da uniformidade de gota. Este método numérico foi implementado em linguagem computacional, permitindo a comparação de valores observados com os encontrados pela interpolação, para papéis espalhados nas faixas de aplicação. É apresentado um exemplo de utilização do programa para placas de papel hidrossensível amostradas em experimento realizado em Pelotas, RS.The main objective of this work was to present an algorithm of the computational program based on a numeric method to estimate losses of herbicides caused by aerial spraying. This method has as input, the frequency of droplets sizes collected on water sensitive paper, observed on the Porton graticule coupled to the microscope. With this values the accumulated distribution of the mean diameter is computed for droplets size and for droplets volume, both formed by the spraying nozzle, following already known methodology. Data obtained for this two distribution curves make possible to use a numeric method of the linear interpolation in order to obtain the volume median diameter and the numeric median diameter. These two values are fundamental to the determination of the droplets uniformity. This method was implemented on computer language to enable users to compare observed values against estimated by interpolation techniques. An example of the program is presented for an hydro sensitive paper capture on the sampling carried out in Pelotas, RS, Brazil.

Conduziu-se um experimento, em 1994, em casa de vegetação com seis solos do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, com o objetivo de avaliar a disponibilidade de fósforo no solo extraído pelos métodos duplo ácido (Mehlich-1), resinas em esferas (RE), em cápsulas (RC) e em membrana (RM) e papéis de filtro impregnados com óxido de ferro em solo umedecido a 75% da capacidade de campo (D1) e solo saturado (D2). Os solos foram previamente incubados com quatro doses de fósforo, e cultivados com milho durante 28 dias. Os coeficientes de determinação obtidos entre o fósforo absorvido pelas plantas de milho e o fósforo extraído foram: 0,85 para o Mehlich-1; 0,82 para o RE; 0,84 para o RC; 0,89 para o RM; 0,75 para o D1 e 0,70 para o D2. As quantidades de fósforo extraídas pelos métodos das resinas foram altamente correlacionadas entre si (r=0,98) e com as extraídas pelo método D1 (r=0,89). Os resultados permitiram concluir que os métodos testados foram igualmente eficientes na extração do fósforo do solo e para avaliar a disponibilidade deste elemento para a cultura do milho.In order to evaluate soil phosphorus availability to plants, the extraction methods: Mehlich-1, exchange resins in beads (RE), encapsulated (RC) and as membrane (RM) and iron oxide impregnated filter papers with 75% field capacity (D1) and waterlogged conditions (D2) were studied in Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil, in 1994, in a greenhouse experiment with six soils fertilized with four phosphate rates and cultivated with corn (Zea mays L.) for 28 days. Determination coefficients between plant absorbed phosphorus and the amounts determined by the extraction methods were: 0.85 (Mehlich-1), 0.82 (RE), 0.84 (RC), 0.89 (RM), 0.75 (D1) and 0.70 (D2). Soil phosphorus contents extracted by the exchange resin methods were highly correlated (r=0.98), as well as with the amounts extracted by the D-1 method (r = 0.89). The results indicated that the studied methods are equally effective for predicting P availability to the corn plants.

ABSTRACT Maize yields are important for human food security, and the issue of how to quickly and accurately segment areas of maize disease is an important one in the field of smart agriculture. To address the problem of irregular and multi-area clustering of regions of maize leaf lesions, which can lead to inaccurate segmentation, this paper proposes an improved Swin-Unet model called squeeze-and-excitation Swin-Unet (SE-Swin Unet). Our model applies Swin Transformer modules and skip connection structures for global and local learning. At each skip connection, a SENet module is incorporated to focus on global target features through channel-wise attention, with the aims of highlighting significant regions of disease on maize leaves and suppressing irrelevant background areas. The improved loss function in SE-Swin Unet is based on a combination of the binary cross entropy and Dice loss functions, which form the semantic segmentation model. Compared to other traditional convolutional neural networks on the same dataset, SE-Swin Unet achieves higher mean results for the intersection over union, accuracy, and F1-score, with values of 84.61%, 92.98%, and 89.91%, respectively. The SE-Swin Unet model proposed in this paper is therefore better able to extract information on maize leaf disease, and can provide a reference for the realisation of the complex task of corn leaf disease segmentation.

This paper measured the attractiveness of municipalities in the state of Minas Gerais (MG) for projects in the steel, cellulose and paper, furniture, energy and wood panel industry segments. A questionnaire was used to construct an index of attractiveness of the forestry sector for each municipality. As a result, it was found that 40% of the municipalities presented “average” or higher attractiveness. The mesoregions with the greatest potential for forestry development were the Metropolitan region of Belo Horizonte, Southwest of Minas and Zona da Mata. The steel and cellulose and paper segments found attractive factors in 74.08% and 72.79% of the municipalities, respectively. It was concluded that the methodology applied showed how close a location was to meeting the characteristics of forest-based industries. It is expected to encourage future research and influence strategic planning for the expansion of the forestry sector across the country.

The world’s economy has undergone several changes and crises that may have altered the dynamics and structure of the forestry market after 2008. Thus, the objective of this study was to measure the concentration of the international market of the main forest products between 2008 and 2018. We used the Concentration Ratio [CR(k)], Hirschman-Herfindahl Index (HHI), Theil Entropy Index (E) and Gini Coefficient (G) to evaluate the forest products concentration. Our results showed that American and Asian countries have risen and taken positions of major forest products exporters to European markets over the years. The main exported product was “Paper and cardboard”, followed by “Lumber”, “Pulp”, “Wooden panels”, “Wood for industrial purposes” and “Energy”. Brazil's global share stood out in the pulp and paper segments. The forest products market concentration was classified as low for CR4, moderately low for CR8, unconcentrated and highly competitive for HHI and Entropy indices. Furthermore, the market was classified with inequality from very strong to absolute using the Gini index indicating that exports come from a small number of nations.

ABSTRACT The seed deterioration process during storage is inevitable, but it can be slowed down using packaging that reduces the influence of the external environment on stored corn seeds. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the physiological quality of corn seeds stored in different packages and subjected to storage conditions in the central region of Brazil. Thirty-seven corn genotypes were analyzed in three storage environments: multiwall paper, 10 °C temperature, and 40% relative air humidity; multiwall paper under uncontrolled conditions; and hermetic packaging under uncontrolled conditions. The results of germination, water content, electrical conductivity, accelerated aging, soilless cold test, and field emergence test were used. Physiological quality assessments indicated that storage under conditions of 10 °C temperature and 40% relative air humidity is more efficient in preserving corn seeds' physiological quality than packaging in an uncontrolled environment.

ABSTRACT Broccoli is increasingly favored by consumers as it is rich in vitamins and many other bioactive compounds. However, existing large tractor-drawn vegetable harvesting machinery is more suitable for large farmland and farm cultivation patterns. Therefore, this paper develops tracked broccoli harvesting equipment for small farmland and tests the ability to harvest broccoli. The tracked broccoli harvester developed in this paper is capable of traveling on its own in the field, cutting the stalks and transporting the broccoli bulbs. This paper analyses the working process of the cutting device and designs the working parameters. Through the cutting bench experiment, the optimal working parameters of the cutting device were determined as 456 r/min of rotational speed, 8.312 mm of overlap, and 0.255 m/s of pusher speed. In the field test, the broccoli leakage rate was 4.8%, the cutting qualification rate was 81.6%, the transport qualification rate was 95.62%, the damage rate was 3.96%, and the total loss rate was 8.55%. This structural model is an important technical support for broccoli harvesting equipment in China.

ABSTRACT: This paper identified the intangible aspects (IA) that generate impacts in companies of the agricultural sector in the different stages of the companies life cycle. This paper is based on a systematic review methodology to identify intangibles in the agricultural sector. Studies on the life cycle of companies were analyzed to classify the impact of intangible aspects according to the reality of companies. Identify the intangible aspects that impact the agricultural sector through a review of the scientific literature. How intangible aspects affect each stage of the life cycle of companies in the sector shows that they have a different impact depending on the period in which the company is located. Although, much of the previous literature has suggested that intangible aspects have positive effects on a variety of performance variables, there are no scientific studies that specifically address the importance of these intangible aspects in the life cycle of companies in the agricultural sector.

The deposition of spray droplets on the target can be influenced by the type spray nozzle used, as well as the employed working pressure. Thus, with the commercial availability of new spray nozzles, performance studies with the new models become necessary. This study was carried out to evaluate ground deposition of spray droplets by four models of spray nozzles, at two working pressures. The experiment was conducted in Dourados/MS, in September 2020, with strip design and 4x2 factorial scheme, with five repetitions. Four spray nozzles were used (single flat fan, ST-IA 02 model; angle flat fan MUG 02; hollow cone MGA 02; and double flat fan ST-IA/D 02), working at 30 and 50 psi pressures. The distance between each nozzle was 50 cm, 60 cm above the ground. Water-sensitive paper was used and, immediately after application, the paper was scanned using the DropScan® tool. Subsequently, the number of droplets, coverage, amplitude, dispersion, Volume Median Diameter (VMD), Number Median Diameter (NMD), DV09, and DV01 were evaluated. The hollow cone spray nozzle provided a higher number of droplets and greater coverage compared to the other nozzles for the studied weather conditions.

ABSTRACT: The development of rural tourism destinations in China is confronting multiple issues, including blind expansion and a repetitive developmental model, causing the sector to enter a vicious competition cycle. The perception among tourists of rural tourism destinations, and their willingness to revisit places will provide insights for service providers that will enable them to form better strategies to stand out in the fiercely competitive market. Understanding tourist perception will enable providers to contribute to the construction of rural tourist destinations. Taking Ma Wei Yi Folk Culture Village as a case study, this paper combines the development status of rural tourism in Ma Wei Yi, obtains first-hand data through questionnaire interviews, verifies the research hypothesis, and uses Pearson coefficient to carry out correlation analysis. The paper concluded that tourists’ rural perception has a positive and strong impact on their willingness to revisit, and its factors have different impacts. According to the empirical results, tourist destination providers should pay attention to rural perceptual development in their follow-up development and operation processes. They can effectively attract tourists to visit multiple times, enhance tourist’s sense of enjoyable experience, and achieve sustainable development.

Pineapple is the third most-produced tropical fruit worldwide; however, it is a crop that, due to its management, can lead to the generation and intensification of processes such as soil erosion. This paper presents a bibliographic review about the factors that influence erosion in soils dedicated to pineapple cultivation, addressing papers reported in the international literature, subsequently positioning it in the context of the main producing municipalities presented in the Valle del Cauca region. The available research covers the last four decades, where losses are estimated between 35 and 178t ha-1year-1; the topography, the conditions of the access roads, some management practices, and edaphic properties related to erodibility stand out among the most critical factors. Finally, based on the climatic, edaphological, and topographic traits reported in the literature for the main pineapple producing region of Valle del Cauca, and considering current management practices, it is found that this area can present very high erosion values since the soils are susceptible, and the slopes are steep, some of them even higher than 70%. Therefore, it is suggested to carry out more research to determine the erodibility and erosivity of these areas to know the potential degradation index, which will function as a valuable tool for decision-making, the generation of management, and conservation recommendations of these soils.

The Caatinga biome is presented in the vegetation where the Brazilian semiarid region predominates, with a great variety of native species, and facheiro is one of the most important species because of its wide range in the semiarid region in northeastern Brazil. Therefore, the knowledge of the germinative behavior of the Caatinga species is essential to subsidize conservationist actions in this ecosystem. This study aimed to determine the effect of temperature and substrate on the germination and vigor of facheiro’s seeds. These seeds were obtained from ripe fruits collected in three localities of the Agreste of Paraíba: Arara, Bananeiras, and Boa Vista. After extraction, the seeds were placed to dry on paper for one week in a laboratory environment. Subsequently, the experiment was started by testing four temperatures: 20, 25, 30, and 20-30 °C. The germination test was conducted with four replications of 50 seeds distributed in “gerbox” boxes and placed in bio-oxygen demand (BOD) chambers using as a substrate the germitest paper, with a photoperiod of 12 hours. The statistical design was randomized in a 3 × 4 factorial arrangement (3 localities and 4 temperatures). A significant effect was observed for populations and substrates. The best substrate for germination was the germitest, while the substrate vermiculite presented a good performance, and the substrate soil presented low germination. Therefore, seeds presented the best vigor in the germitest paper, mainly with a temperature of 25 °C where the best performance for all localities was found. The vigor of seeds in the localities of Bananeiras and Boa Vista, temperatures of 25, 30, and 20-30 °C, and substrate germitest paper provided the highest vigor. The germitest substrate is the recommended substrate for the germination of the species, maximizing its physiological potential and being able to accelerate conservation projects for the species.

O objetivo deste trabalho é realizar um levantamento dos estudos sobre o consumo de água e sua relação com o crescimento econômico. Metodologicamente, utilizou-se uma análise bibliométrica. Após definido os string de busca e as bases da Web of Science e da Scopus, foram analisados todos os papers encontrados e com o auxílio dos softwares excel, Iramuteq e Qgis, foi possível desenvolver tabelas, gráficos e figuras que deram suporte para as análises. Foi possível observar que do total de 56 artigos analisados, a grande maioria dos autores eram chineses. Os periódicos que continham as publicações são distribuídos em diversos países, não havendo uma concentração. O primeiro paper é datado de 1998 sendo de fácil observação o crescente número de trabalhos ao longo dos anos. Os últimos 6 anos concentra 66% das publicações sobre o tema, o que demostra o interesse e a atualidade sobre o assunto. A maioria dos pesquisadores são chineses e a área geográfica de interesse também tem destaque para os municípios e regiões da China. Através da análise de similitude foi possível observar as palavras mais relevantes e suas conexões além da formação de 10 clusters de palavras. Por fim, nota-se um tema multidisciplinar objeto de pesquisa de diversas áreas podendo ser estudado de forma mais específica, através dos clusters gerados. Abstract: The aim of this work is to identify studies on water consumption and its relationship with economic growth. Methodologically, a bibliometric analysis was used. After defining the search strings and the Web of Science and Scopus databases, all the papers found were analysed, the tables, graphs and figures that supported the analyses were made by Excel, Iramuteq and Qgis software. From the total of 56 articles analysed, it was possible to observe that the vast majority of authors were Chinese and the geographic area of interest is also highlighted by the cities and regions of China. The journals in which the articles were published are distributed in several countries, with no concentration. The first paper dates from 1998, and it is easy to notice a growing number of works over the years. The last 6 years of analysis concentrate 66% of the studies found, which shows the current interest on the subject. Through the similarity analysis, it was possible to observe the most relevant words and their connections in addition to the formation of 10 clusters of words. Finally, this is a multidisciplinary theme, which is a research object in several areas, and can be studied more specifically, through the generated clusters.

ABSTRACT: Schistosomiasis is an important vector-borne disease transmitted by an intermediate host: a freshwater mollusk. Control of these snail vectors is one of the strategies of the World Health Organization against the disease. The present study was based on a systematic review of published scientific papers concerning the biological control of snails (genus Biomphalaria), and identified the ongoing challenges and propose future perspectives. The review methodology was based on the PRISMA statement, the international databases Web of Science and Scopus for the period 1945-2021. In total, 47 papers were analyzed, published by authors from 14 different countries, the majority being from: France, Brazil, the United States, and Egypt. The most widely used strategy for biological control was predation by fish (12 studies). Fourteen papers were published in the most prolific decade 2010-2019; during which there was also a greater diversity of biological control agents in studies. In this context, we believed that one of the principal challenges of this approach is the successful simultaneous use of multiple types of biological control agent: predators, competitors, and/or microbial agents. This new approach may provide important insights for the development of new biological control agents or microbial-based products, with the potential to reduce the parasite load carried by schistosomiasis snail vector and control its transmission in a sustainable way.

ABSTRACT: Paper and plastic bags have been mainly used in fruit bagging of pineapple production. However, they are often discarded as agricultural wastes after harvest of pineapple fruit and threaten environment. In this study, effects of white non-woven fabric bag, expandable polyethylene bag, black plastic bag and kraft paper bag on fruit quality of pineapple cv. ‘MD-2’ were investigated. Results showed that fruits with fruit bagging showed no sunburn. When expandable polyethylene bag was used, fruits of pineapple cv. ‘MD-2’ showed better external qualities, nutrition qualities and texture properties. Expandable polyethylene bag made of degradable and recyclable materials could be recommended as a promising practice to reduce agricultural waste in pineapple production.

ABSTRACT In view of the fact that the design of the cab structure of wheeled combine harvesters in China lacks ergonomic design parameters exclusive for Chinese drivers, there are generally problems such as high vibration and poor comfort of the whole machine structure during the harvesting process. Firstly, this paper designed the cab structure of a wheeled grain combine harvester based on ergonomics. Then, the driver's handling comfort and visibility were simulated and analyzed using Creo. Finally, the relevant dimensions of the driver's control device were optimized. The results show that the wheeled grain combine harvester cab based on ergonomic design better meets their driving comfort needs. In addition, it is found that the operating frequencies of the key components, such as the main shaft of the conveyor spindle, the vibrating screen, the threshing drum, and the intermediate shaft of the engine, partially overlap with the frequency of human discomfort. Therefore, modal planning is also needed for this harvester to meet human comfort requirements better. This paper provides the basic parameters for the design of the cab structure of the combine harvester with high comfort for the Chinese harvesting machinery driver.

ABSTRACT: The survival of human and sustainable development of the society both closely rely on forest ecosystem services. Employing two different methods, this paper based on benefit transfer method calculated the forest ecosystem services value of Sichuan province, China. The results showed that the total forest ecosystem services value had a steady rate of increase in Sichuan province from 2008 to 2018, and meanwhile, the different evaluation methods resulted in significant deviation of estimation outcomes. This paper considered the differences of biomass and socioeconomic development which were ignored in prior studies. The Carnegie-Ames-Stanford approach was employed to estimate the net primary productivity of different forest species. Further, the S type R. Pearl growth curve was employed to estimate people’s willingness and ability to pay for forest ecosystem services. This paper provided implications to help forest managers and policy makers pay additional attention to the evaluation systems choosing on forest ecosystem services value and the differences of biomass and socioeconomic development by using benefit transfer method method.

Abstract This review paper presents the current context of wheat production in Brazil, the management strategies to reduce yield losses due to blast, and the biotechnological approaches to improve wheat resistance. Wheat blast or brusone is caused by the Magnaporthe oryzae Triticum (MoT) pathotype fungus that can infect all the aboveground parts of the plant. The main symptom of the blast disease is spike bleaching that impairs grain production, causing yield losses up to 100% in susceptible wheat cultivars. The first world report of blast in wheat spikes was in Brazil, in 1985, and, currently, the disease is the main constraint to wheat cultivation in tropical and subtropical areas of the Cerrado and Mata Atlântica biomes. For a long time, the use of fungicides has been found to be ineffective under high-pressure disease conditions. However, recent works have pointed out that fungicide efficiency depends on the integration of other control measures, particularly the choice of cultivars with moderate resistance. In this review paper, the high variability of wheat reaction to MoT is presented, as well as a panel of resistant or moderately resistant cultivars (including non-2NS carriers), promptly available for cultivation in regions where blast is endemic.

The use of quality seeds is a key element for the success of carioca bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivation. To avoid or reduce various problems of importance to the crop, it facilitates the achievement of the cultivar's productive potential and the reduction of production costs. Thus, the objective of this work is to identify which conditions are suitable for evaluating germination in bean seeds using different substrates. The treatments were subjected to a temperature of 25 °C analyzing five substrates (germitest® paper; germitest® paper + sand; germitest® paper + soil; germitest® paper + charcoal and germitest® paper + vermiculite). The chemicals used were: Cruiser 350 FS, Fortenza 600 FS, Standak Top and Avicta complete. The most suitable substrate for installing the germination test in beans depends on the type of product and active ingredient of the seed treatment. Emphasizing the substrates germitest® + vermiculite and germitest®+soil, those that best performed positive characteristics when in contact with the chemical treatment.

ABSTRACT: This research studied the morphology of seeds and seedlings, in addition to obtaining information about the type and time of germination of sweet lemon seeds in five substrates (on blotting paper, between blotting paper, on washed sterilized sand, between washed sterilized sand and in paper roll). C. limetta seeds were measured, and external description was performed. Afterwards, sown in the sand and kept at 25 ºC to monitoring germination and morphological description of the resulting seedlings. A second experiment was evaluated for substrate efficiency: paper roll, on and between paper, on and between sand in the germination of C. limetta seeds. Speed index, average time and relative frequency of germination were evaluated. In addition, date of the first and last germination count was established. Treatment averages were compared using the Tukey test at 5% probability. C. limetta seeds are ovoid, slightly wrinkled and polyembryonic. Germination is hypogeal, cryptocotylar or phanerocotylar. The seedlings have leathery eophylls with simple leaves, elliptical shape or close to the elliptical, tending to ovate. It has a pivoting root system that is colored yellow to cream with the presence of secondary roots. The average germination time is between 18 and 22 days. The substrate indicated for seed germination is on paper.

Abstract The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of saline and water stresses on the germination of seeds and of saline stress on the development of seedlings of 'SCS437 Catarina' Passiflora edulis. The seeds were germinated on paper moistened with NaCl and PEG 6,000 solutions, at the osmotic potentials of 0.00, −0.25, −0.50, −0.75, −1.00, and −2.00 MPa. The produced seedlings were exposed only to NaCl. The seeds show tolerance to saline stress up to an osmotic potential of −0.75 MPa, while the seedlings present tolerance up to an osmotic potential of −0.50 MPa (10.96 mS cm−1).

Esse artigo analisa a desigualdade e a necessidade de movimento da população entre classes de renda e entre os municípios das Mesorregiões Diferenciadas do Sul do Brasil para se chegar à distribuição de renda esperada. Foram utilizados como indicadores de desigualdade o movimento virtual da população (m) e o movimento virtual relativo de população (índice de dissimilaridade - d), a partir de dados do Censo Demográfico. Os resultados mostram que a Mesorregião Grande Fronteira do Mercosul apresenta maior desigualdade e maior necessidade de movimento da população entre as classes de renda e entre os municípios. Além disso, essa desigualdade aumentou entre 2000 e 2010 em boa parte dos municípios dos estados do Rio Grande do Sul e Paraná e diminuiu nos municípios de Santa Catarina. Na Mesorregião Metade Sul do Rio Grande do Sul, a desigualdade é menor e apresenta índices menores para a necessidade de movimento da população entre classes de renda e entre os municípios dessa mesorregião, além de uma tendência de redução entre 2000 e 2010. Abstract: This paper analyzes inequality and the need for population movement between income classes and between municipalities in the differentiated regions of Southern Brazil to reach the expected income distribution. The virtual population movement (m) and the relative virtual population movement (dissimilarity index - d) were used as indicators of inequality, based on data from the Demographic Census. The results show that the Great Border Region of Mercosul presents greater inequality and a greater need for population movement between income classes and between municipalities. Furthermore, this inequality increased between 2000 and 2010 in most municipalities in the states of Rio Grande do Sul and Paraná Stats and decreased in the municipalities of Santa Catarina. In the Mid-South Region of Rio Grande do Sul, inequality is lower and presents lower rates for the need for population movement between income classes and between municipalities in this mesoregion, in addition to a reduction trend between 2000 and 2010.

Este estudo investigou a interrupção parcial ou total do setor/atividade de fabricação de produtos de fumo, com o objetivo de quantificar a perda percentual na produção nacional em caso de uma interrupção hipotética deste setor, parte da cadeia produtiva do tabaco. Utilizando a abordagem da Matriz Insumo Produto (MIP) e o Método de Extração Hipotética (MEH), a fabricação de produtos de fumo foi artificialmente excluída, e o impacto dessa exclusão sobre o valor total da produção da economia brasileira foi avaliado. Foram utilizados os dados da Matriz de Insumo-produto Nacional de 2018, estimada pelo Núcleo de Economia Regional e Urbana (NEREUS/USP). Os resultados indicam que a eliminação hipotética da atividade de fabricação de produtos de fumo resultaria em uma contração de 0,15% do valor bruto da produção, 0,14% do valor adicionado e 0,18% no emprego no Brasil em todos os setores. Portanto, o estudo indica que a interrupção da fabricação de produtos de fumo gera perdas econômicas, afetando mais significativamente os setores de agricultura, comércio por atacado e transporte terrestre. Abstract: This paper investigated the partial or total interruption of the tobacco product manufacturing sector/activity, with the objective of quantifying the percentage loss in national production in the event of a hypothetical interruption of this sector, part of the tobacco production chain. Using the Input Output Matrix (IOM) approach and the Hypothetical Extraction Method (HEM), the manufacture of tobacco products was artificially excluded, and the impact of this exclusion on the total value of production in the Brazilian economy was assessed. Data from the 2018 National Input Output Matrix, estimated by the Regional and Urban Economy Center (NEREUS/USP), were used. The results indicate that the hypothetical elimination of the tobacco product manufacturing activity would result in a contraction of 0.15% in the gross value of production, 0.14% in value added and 0.18% in employment in Brazil in all sectors. Therefore, the study indicates that the interruption of the manufacture of tobacco products generates economic losses, most significantly affecting the agriculture, wholesale trade and land transport sectors.

O objetivo deste artigo é caracterizar e diagnosticar o perfil socioeconômico da agricultura familiar do município de Parnaíba, Piauí, evidenciando a sua participação para o desenvolvimento de Parnaíba. A abordagem consistiu na análise de dados estatísticos obtidos do Censo Agropecuário Brasileiro de 2017, acessíveis por meio do Sistema de Recuperação Automática (SIDRA) do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE), de acordo com a delimitação de indicadores para a caracterização dos estabelecimentos agropecuários, dos dirigentes das unidades familiares e da mão de obra ocupada. As informações obtidas foram tratadas a partir da estatística descritiva, analisadas e sistematizadas sob formas de tabelas e gráficos. Os resultados indicam que o segmento representa 37% das unidades agropecuárias do município, com predominância de minifúndios e carência de assistência técnica. Os dados mostram também que a categoria se destaca na produção de alimentos básicos, provendo o mercado interno e segurança alimentar das famílias agricultoras, contribui para o dinamismo econômico do município, movimentando mais de 15 milhões de reais em 2017 e emprega 30% da mão de obra rural de Parnaíba. Observa-se reduzida participação dos jovens no desenvolvimento das atividades produtivas, baixo acesso à instrução educacional e organizacional, demonstrando desafios no potencial produtivo, na manutenção e permanência da agricultura familiar. Abstract: The objective of this paper is to characterize and diagnose the socioeconomic profile of family farming in the municipality of Parnaíba, Piauí, highlighting its participation in the development of Parnaíba. The approach consisted of analyzing statistical data obtained from the 2017 Brazilian Agricultural Census, accessible through the Automatic Recovery System (SIDRA) of the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE), according to the delimitation of indicators for characterizing establishments agricultural workers, heads of family units and employed labor. The information obtained was treated using descriptive statistics, analyzed and systematized in the form of tables and graphs. The results indicate that the segment represents 37% of the municipality's agricultural units, with a predominance of smallholdings and a lack of technical assistance. The data also shows that the category stands out in the production of basic foods, providing the domestic market and food security for farming families, contributing to the economic dynamism of the municipality, generating more than 15 million reais in 2017 and employing 30% of the workforce. rural work in Parnaíba. There is reduced participation of young people in the development of productive activities, low access to educational and organizational instruction, demonstrating challenges in the productive potential and in the maintenance and permanence of family farming.

Este artigo tem por objetivo verificar quais são as estratégias de governança comunitária estabelecidas para a conservação dos bens naturais de uso comum pelos comunitários da Reserva Extrativista (Resex) do Ciriaco, a partir dos oito princípios básicos de Ostrom para se alcançar instituições sólidas. Foi realizada uma pesquisa documental, que analisou os projetos de desenvolvimento da Resex. Ademais, foram aplicados questionários aos Comunitários e aos membros do Conselho Deliberativo da Resex do Ciriaco. Os resultados mostraram que um único modelo de governança comunitária para os bens naturais não é suficiente para promover o equilíbrio e a durabilidade das instituições e a sustentabilidade socioambiental e cultural, essenciais em uma Reserva Extrativista. A construção de uma agenda de pesquisa contribuiria para ampliar e aprofundar pontos da governança comunitária que requerem maior clareza, como: ampliar os princípios que indicam a prosperidade e a sustentabilidade de Reservas Extrativistas ao longo do tempo, buscando atender às demandas regionais (sociais, ambientais e culturais) e às especificidades de cada bioma. Abstract: This paper aims to verify the community governance strategies established for the conservation of common-use natural resources by the community members of the Ciriaco Extractive Reserve (Resex), based on Ostrom's eight basic principles for achieving robust institutions. Documentary research was conducted, analyzing the development projects of the Resex. Additionally, questionnaires were administered to community members and members of the Deliberative Council of the Ciriaco Resex. The results showed that a single model of community governance for natural resources is not sufficient to promote the balance and durability of institutions and socio-environmental and cultural sustainability, which are essential in an Extractive Reserve. Building a research agenda would contribute to expanding and deepening aspects of community governance that require greater clarity, such as expanding the principles that indicate the prosperity and sustainability of Extractive Reserves over time, seeking to meet regional (social, environmental, and cultural) demands and the specificities of each biome.

O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar e analisar os principais resultados da pesquisa de campo em dez unidades prisionais da região metropolitana de São Paulo, por meio da aplicação de questionários/entrevistas com 408 detentos que cometeram crimes econômicos. O referencial teórico utilizado foi a economia do crime. Como principais resultados, as travas morais (família-educação/escola-religião) que podem impedir a migração para o crime lucrativo estão fragilizadas entre os pesquisados. As principais motivações para a realização da atividade criminosa (ideia de ganho fácil, cobiça/ambição/ganância e indução de outras pessoas) coadunam com as motivações que a literatura correlata apresenta. Com os benefícios maiores do que os custos, sendo a renda média do crime de R$46.176,40 (12,8 vezes mais do que a renda do trabalho legal), o crime compensa! Políticas de Estado que estimulem mais oportunidade, emprego, trabalho e educação são formas apontadas pelos pesquisados para diminuir esses crimes. Quando foram mencionadas as punições/penas capazes de dissuadir o crime, destacou-se a premência de leis críveis. ABSTRACT: The aim of this paper is to present and analyze the main results of field research conducted in ten prison units in the metropolitan region of São Paulo (Brazil), using questionnaires/interviews with 408 inmates who had committed economic crimes. The theoretical framework used was the economics of crime. As main findings, the moral barriers (family-education/school-religion) that could prevent migration to profitable crime are weakened among the respondents. The main motivations for engaging in criminal activity (the idea of easy gain, greed/ambition, and inducement by others) align with the motivations presented in related literature. With benefits outweighing costs, and the average income from crime being R$46,176.40 (12.8 times higher than legal employment income), crime pays off! State policies that promote more opportunities, employment, work, and education are pointed out by respondents as ways to reduce these crimes. When discussing the punishments/penalties that could deter crime, the urgency of tougher laws was emphasized.

Este artigo analisou a importância das incubadoras na produção de inovação ao longo dos municípios do Paraná. Para isso, foi utilizado o número de patentes acumuladas entre 2015 e 2019 como indicador de inovação, estimando um modelo TOBIT espacial que levou em conta outras variáveis, como unidades produtivas locais, exportações, distância da capital e população ocupada. Como resultado, verificou que as incubadoras detêm um papel fundamental na promoção da inovação ao longo do Paraná, induzindo a produção de patentes no município e também no seu entorno, por meio dos transbordamentos espaciais. Abstract: This paper analyzed the importance of incubators in fostering innovation across municipalities in the state of Paraná. To achieve this, the number of patents accumulated between 2015 and 2019 was used as an innovation indicator, estimating a spatial TOBIT model that took into account other variables such as local productive units, exports, distance from the capital, and occupied population. As a result, it was found that incubators play a crucial role in promoting innovation across Paraná, inducing patent production not only within the municipality but also in the surrounding areas through spatial spillovers.

Em 2023 comemorou-se os 50 anos de regiões metropolitanas (RMs) no Brasil. Ante o incremento da população urbana no estado do Maranhão nos últimos 30 anos é que se objetiva analisar a institucionalidade e efetivação de suas três RMs. Para tanto, levou-se a efeito revisão bibliográfica assentada nos seguintes procedimentos: levantamento bibliográfico e documental; seleção, análise e interpretação dos dados e informações obtidas. Os resultados revelaram descompasso entre a institucionalidade e a efetivação das três RMs, sobretudo quando confrontadas com dados do Regic 2008 e 2018, aliadas aos entraves da governança interfederativa. Conclui-se que há possibilidade de reversão desses descompassos a partir da efetivação da governança interfederativa. Abstract: In 2023, the 50th anniversary of Metropolitan Regions (MRs) was celebrated in Brazil. In view of the increase in the urban population in the state of Maranhão in the last 30 years, the aim of this Paper is to analyze the institutionality and effectiveness of these three MRs. To this end, a bibliographical review was carried out based on the following procedures: a bibliographical and documentary survey; selection, analysis and interpretation of the data and information obtained. The results reveal a mismatch between the institutional framework and the implementation of the three MRs, especially when compared with data from Regic 2008 and 2018, combined with obstacles to interfederative governance. The conclusion is that there is a possibility of reversing these mismatches through effective interfederative governance.

ABSTRACT In order to realise automatic row alignment for sugar beet harvesting, and to improve the efficiency of sugar beet combine harvesters, it is essential to be able to detect the positions of sugar beet rows. In this paper, we consider beet harvesting as a scenario, and an extraction algorithm for beet crop rows is proposed based on videos of beets collected with a monocular camera. We focus on the characteristics of the root and stem features, which are relatively difficult to distinguish from the surrounding environment after cutting the tops and beating the leaves of sugar beet, and a crop row extraction algorithm is designed in which threshold segmentation is carried out based on histogram equalisation and MM-Filter (median filtering and minimum area filtering) is applied to remove noise. The proposed algorithm retains more complete feature information and has better denoising effect than the traditional algorithm, and the processing time is only 11.751 ms, a value 6.9% lower than for the alternative approach. Our algorithm is feasible in terms of recognition and extraction, and can provide a theoretical basis for the construction of an automatic row-to-row control system for a sugar beet combine harvester. It can also provide technical support for the design of an automatic sugar beet combine harvester.

ABSTRACT Fertilization at the large bell stage of maize is the key to increasing maize yield and improving fertilizer use efficiency. To achieve fast and accurate recognition of maize stems by intelligent agricultural equipment in complex field environments, an improved YOLO v4 maize stem recognition model with an increased CBAM, which can achieve real-time identification and positioning of maize stems, is proposed. In this paper, first, we collected images of maize stems under different conditions in the field, expanded the maize stem images and produced a maize stem image dataset by adding Gaussian noise, changing the brightness and performing other data enhancement methods, and manually annotated the maize stem via LabelImg software. Second, a convolutional block attention module (CBAM) and SIoU loss function were added to the original YOLO v4 target detection network to obtain the CB-YOLO v4 target detection network. Last, this network was compared with the original YOLO v4, Faster-RCNN, SSD and YOLO v3 target detection networks, and it achieved 93.1%, 92.4% and 92.6% precision, recall and mAP (mean average precision), respectively, for maize root recognition, which is significantly better than the other algorithms and is suitable for practical maize interrow operation systems.

ABSTRACT: Different types of supplied roughage may cause losses in the chemical composition and digestibility of gliricidia (Gliricidia sepium [Jacq.] Kunth ex Walp.) depending on their making and fed-out management. This study has summarized data from scientific studies on gliricidia and compared its nutritional value in various fed forms using a systematic review approach and principal component analysis (PCA). A robust survey of scientific papers was realized on web indexes of periodicals and databases from 1990 to 2023. Data from 100 scientific researches has been compiled and analyzed. In 40% of the trials, the gliricidia nutritional value was determined as fresh leaves, while 30% was in the form of ‘leaves + thin stems’. Gliricidia was evaluated as silage in 11% of the opportunities, followed by 10% as leaf meal and 9% as hay. Non-fiber carbohydrates, crude protein (CP), and organic matter digestibility (OM) had negative correlations with neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and lignin. Only NDF, ADF, and CP contents could explain 71% of the total data variation (PC1 and PC2). There was no discrimination among fed forms, so they showed similar nutrient compositions. Eventual nutrient losses reported in the scientific researches owing to ensilage, haymaking, and leaf meal-making processes do not mischaracterize the gliricidia nutritional value. The assorted manners of roughage making, and fed-out management traditionally performed by farmers can conserve the excellent nutritional quality of gliricidia.

The Institut Français de la Vigne et du Vin and INRAE have worked with the companies OPTIMA Concept and Berthoud to develop a high-precision digitally controlled sprayer that automatically adjusts the volume of spray delivered by each nozzle according to geo-referenced guidance maps. This paper describes the technical characteristics and performance of the solutions studied, and outlines the prospects for deploying these technologies in viticulture.

This paper is about the ProSAVANA Programme, a trilateral cooperation project between Japan, Brazil and, Mozambique. ProSAVANA Programme goal is to develop the agriculture sector in the Nacala Corridor and it has been controversial due to conflicts among government, private corporations, and civil society organizations. Private investments were expected to occur in the Nacala Corridor, mainly from Brazilian agribusiness, however, Brazilian private investments in Mozambique’s agriculture sector have been in a stagnant state in the period 2007-2017. The paper examines the status of the ProSAVANA Programme and what are the difficulties to Brazilian agribusiness invest to Mozambique. Current challenges of the programme were found as follows: (1) high risk of investment due to non-existent public subsidies to small, medium and large-scale agribusiness; (2) “land property” law bureaucracy; and (3) civil society mobilization against ProSAVANA. All they are key factors to repel Brazilian agribusinesses.

Abstract: Recently, the agricultural sector has had to face several challenges related to the innovation process, the most significant of which seems to be that of its digital transformation. As a consequence, the issue of digital technology adoption is becoming of important scientific interest due to its potential impact on products, services, processes, and new business models. In general, the adoption behavior can be indirectly explained by studying factors that lead a firm to innovate; among these factors, the literature emphasizes the function of networks. The objective of the paper is to investigate the role of networks as key drivers of precision agriculture technologies adoption. To achieve this goal, qualitative research was developed by using 8 case studies recollected among that few Italian farms which can be defined as innovative for having already experienced precision agriculture. Results show that only a few farms can develop and manage innovations internally; success often requires cooperation between individual actors and organizations. Finally, the paper provides some practical advice and a set of propositions for those farms that are trying to achieve digital technological innovations.

ABSTRACT The usage of digital data is one of the main characteristics of the Agriculture 4.0 era. Different devices and sensors may be used to capture a variety of types of data that enable the development of applications of computer vision, acoustic events, and data processing. These applications are useful for monitoring, understanding, and predicting many attributes of agricultural chain production with the objective of assisting farmers in the decision-making process. In a scenario of increasing obligation for sustainable usage of natural resources and an increase in production rates to assure a food security situation in the world, there is a high demand for improvements at any stage of agricultural processes. This paper aims to contribute to further research on artificial intelligence in the agricultural context, listing sample practical AI scenarios, including those that the Eldorado Research Institute has contributed. Throughout this paper, different applications of AI are discussed, highlighting some characteristics, advantages, disadvantages, and results to provide an overview of the different technologies that can be applied in agriculture. Furthermore, we presented the main challenges of popularizing the use of AI-based systems, some possible approaches to reduce the difficulties, and a view of the next most promising technologies in conjunction with AI.