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Our philosophical background for this paper will be the conception of language as an integral part of social life (Hymes, 1971). As a result of this thought, language teaching (whether the teaching of the mother tongue, a second language or a foreign language) should be intimately related with affective factors and should be carried out in terms of language functions for social interaction. Our objective here is basically to illustrate how this conception of teaching can be put into practice both in courses of EFL and in ESP courses.

Our philosophical background for this paper will be the conception of language as an integral part of social life (Hymes, 1971). As a result of this thought, language teaching (whether the teaching of the mother tongue, a second language or a foreign language) should be intimately related with affective factors and should be carried out in terms of language functions for social interaction.Our objective here is basically to illustrate how this conceptionof teaching can be put into practice both in courses of EFL andin ESP courses.Our philosophical background for this paper will be the conception of language as an integral part of social life (Hymes, 1971). As a result of this thought, language teaching (whether the teaching of the mother tongue, a second language or a foreign language) should be intimately related with affective factors and should be carried out in terms of language functions for social interaction.Our objective here is basically to illustrate how this conceptionof teaching can be put into practice both in courses of EFL andin ESP courses.

This paper deals with the Greek word "theós" in diferent levels. 1. Its etymological origin, not yet clearly elucidated; but the authors generally agree that it means "something bright". 2. "Theós" as predicative name, being used near masculine, feminine and neutral words, meaning "something beautiful" or "something terrible". 3. In Homer's work we find two significances, namely (theós) is applied to the anthropomorphical gods and to prominent persons. 4. Among the Romans, "theós" assumes the same significance as described in the preceding item. 5. Finally “theós" is studied in different Greek phliosophers, since Xenophanes, Heraclit and others, until Philon of Alexandria. The paper tries to demonstrate the effort of mankind, represented by vigorous thinkers, to find a steady foundation that justifies the human existence.

One aspect of the problem we have been asked to examine can be formulated in the question: how does it come about, in the 'axial age', that men start to ask whether human social organization and political decisions should be dominated by religious imperatives, and start to compare the claims of differing religious and/or secular accounts of the cosmos. What I propose to do in this paper is to look at the dynamics of this process by analysing the impact on Greek (and especially Athenian) religious thought and practice, and on poetry, of the pressures towards secularization and rationalization wich we can discern in Greek culture in the period between c. 550 and 300 B. C.

Este trabalho resenha alguns dos problemas enfrentados na última reedição do romance inacabado de Eça de Queirós, A Capital/, agora em forma de edição crítica (Lisboa, Imprensa Nacional/Casa da Moeda, 1992). Realizada por Luiz Fagundes Duarte, especialista na obra do escritor português, essa edição não só repõe a autenticidade de um texto que vinha sendo difundido com muitas imperfeições, mas deixa também transparecer como, no caso em foco, há estreitas relações entre os aspectos literários e os editoriais. ABSTRACT - This paper presents an overview of the re-edition of the unfinished novel of Eça de Queirós, A Capital!, now in an critical edition form (Lisboa, Imprensa Nacional/Casa da Moeda, 1992). Organized by Luiz Fagundes Duarte, an specialist in the Portuguese writer, the present edition not only brings back the authenticity of a text that had been published with many imperfections, but also shows, in this case, that the editorial and literary problems are connected.

The object of this paper is to view what the painted decoration from the François Tomb says about the Roman kings of the sixth century B.C. as independent evidence rather than as a gloss on the Rornan history as written by the annalists of the second and first centuries B.C.

In this paper. I analyse the effect of digressions in conversational coherence. For this. I intend to show how these "side sequences" modify the local organization of conversation in order to list the main markers of a digressive topic. Abordagem pragmático-conversacional do fenômeno da "seqüenciação inserida" (digressão) no discurso oral dialogado: seu papel na organização tópica do discurso e a natureza de sua tipologia, com base em Dascal & Katriel (1982). Relação entre digressão e coerência conversacional. Análise dos marcadores característicos desse tipo de evento comunicativo.

Resultado parcial de pesquisa, o presente trabalho objetiva enfocar alguns aspectos de estruturas morfológicas e sintáticas da língua Kanoê, também referida como Kapixanã. falada por menos de 10 (dez) remanescentes do povo Kanoê, na região centro-sul do Estado de Rondônia. Trata-se de uma língua "isolada", isto é, sem parentesco genético reconhecível com outras línguas indígenas, e, dado o baixo número de falantes, encontra-se ameaçada de extinção a curto prazo. Uma análise preliminar do sistema fonológico desta língua é encontrada em Bacelar (1992), sintetizada em Bacelar (1996). A análise parcial de aspectos mórficos e sintáticos aqui apresentada refere-se a 08 (oito) horas de gravação de dados lingüísticos, coletados em trabalho de campo realizado em meados de junho de 1990. This paper presents some morphological and syntactical aspects of Kanoê, an "isolated" brazilian indian language, spoken by five or six persons, south of Rondônia, Brazil. The corpus of data was carried out in June and July 1990.

This paper discusses the role of assessment as an effective variable which influences the process of building and managing students' own learning as found in a classroom experiment carried out in ESP courses at Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla, Colombia. The overall analysis drawn upon teachers' and students' perceptions of the whole process revealed that getting students motivated in a self-control process of their own learning cannot be achieved simply by developing awareness-raising activities, but that these ought to be integrated with new assessment procedures. In doing so, a shift from traditional paradigms based on product-oriented procedures to more process oriented practices is required. How to reference this article: Martinez, M. S. (1996). The role of assessment in self-control of learning. Íkala, Revista de Lenguaje y Cultura 1, 1(1-2). 87-99.

Este artigo apresenta uma discussão de resultados de natureza predominantemente teórica, decorrentes do andamento do projeto de pesquisa "Identidade e Identificação Lingüístico - Cultural: Estudo das Funções da Segunda Língua na Constituição do Sujeito de Enunciação". Focaliza-se o funcionamento de fatores não cognitivos, que têm uma incidência crucial no grau de sucesso e forma de acontecimento do processo de aquisição de segunda língua dentro de abordagem transdisciplinar, a partir de perguntas provindas da Lingüística Aplicada, mobilizando categorias da Análise do Discurso e da Psicanálise. As mais relevantes são: formação discursiva, intradiscurso, interdiscurso, esquecimento n° 1, esquecimento n° 2 (Pêcheux, ed. bras. 1988), identidade, identificação (Freud, 1966; Lacan, 1977; Nasio, 1995). Discute-se a perspectiva de Revuz (1991) sobre o processo de aquisição de segunda língua, que diz que, durante o processo de aprendizagem de uma língua estrangeira, as bases da estruturação psíquica são solicitadas e, portanto, a primeira língua. Examina-se o funcionamento dos processos de nominação e predicação em L1 e L2 e destaca-se a importância dos processos de identidade e identificação, conforme caracterizados na teoria psicanalítica. Conclui-se afirmando que questões metodológicas do ensino de línguas, motivações explícitas do aprendiz e outros tópicos semelhantes estão subordinados, em grande parte, à compreensão dos profundos fatores não cognitivos discutidos, os quais determinam o modo de acontecimento do processo de aquisição de segunda língua. Propõe-se que esses fatores sejam abordados, problematizando-se a concepção bi-polar biológico-social de sujeito de linguagem, pela inclusão, na análise, das dimensões simbólica e significante do processo de constituição do discurso.This paper discusses theoretical results of the research project "Linguistic Identity and Identification: A Study of Functions of Second Language in Enunciating Subject Constitution". Non-cognitive factors that have a crucial incidence in the degree of success and ways of accomplishment of second language acquisition process are focused. A transdisciplinary perspective is adopted, mobilising categories from Discourse Analysis and Psychoanalysis. The most relevant ones are: discursive formation, intradiscourse, interdiscourse, forgetting n° 1, forgetting n° 2 (Pêcheux, 1982), identity, identification (Freud, 1966; Lacan, 1977; Nasio, 1995). Revuz’s views (1991) are discussed. Her main claim is that during the process of learning a foreign language, the foundations of psychical structure, and consequently first language, are required. After examining how nomination and predication processes work in first and second languages, components of identity and identification processes are focused on, in an attempt to show how second language acquisition strategies depend on them. It is stated that methodological affairs of language teaching, learner’s explicit motivation and the like are subordinated to the comprehension of deeper non-cognitive factors that determine the accomplishment of the second language acquisition process. It is also pointed out that those factors are to be approached, questioning the bipolar biological-social conception of subjectivity in the study of language acquisition and use and including in the analysis symbolic and significant dimensions of the discourse constitution process.

The relationship between 'philology' and 'linguistcs' has been a contentious issue in the study of language for over 150 years. This paper sketches part of the origins of the philology/linguistics debate and, at the same time, hints at some of the reasons behind certain differences between the Anglo-Saxon and the Continental European terminological traditions. The value of terms like philology,philologie (compareé), Philologie; and linguistics, linguistique, Sprachwissenschaft, Linguistik, as well as the scope of the sope of the corresponding disciplines they used to designate are reviseted, tracing their usage among some generations of 19th and 20th century linguistics.

In "The tipology of structural deficiency: on the three grammatical classes", A. Cardinaletti and M. Starke propose a partition of personal pronouns into three classes: strong, weak, and clitic. This partition is supported by an array of asymmetries across all components of grammar. The authors claim that the trigger for all these asymmetries is the structural deficiency. On the basis of this analysis, this paper will explore some data from Brazilian Portuguese as compared to data from Spanish.

O objetivo deste trabalho é fornecer uma interpretação funcional para a ordem de constituintes da sentença do português falado no Brasil (PB). Segundo a metodologia aqui adotada, as generalizações de natureza sintática decorrem necessariamente de generalizações de natureza semântica e pragmática. Os dados constituem uma amostragem representativa de sentenças do português falado, extraída de inquéritos do Projeto NURC. Como enfoque funcional prevê a coexistência de diferentes padrões de ordenação de constituintes, usados em diferentes condições e para diferentes propósitos, postula-se que o PB dispõe de dois padrões igualmente relevantes: a ordem SVO e a ordem VSO, ambos pragmaticamente motivados. Argumenta-se ainda que tais motivações pragmáticas relaciona, diacronicamente, os padrões funcionais em uso a uma mudança em curso na classificação tipológica do PB de um tipo primitivo VSO para o tipo SVO atualmente predominante.The aim of this paper is to provide a functional interpretation for sentence word order of spoken Brazilian Portuguese (BP). According to the methodology adopted, generalisations of syntactic nature result necessarily from generalisations of semantic and pragmatic nature. The data constitute a representative sentence sampling of spoken Portuguese, drawn from interviews recorded by NURC Project. Since the functional approach considers the co-existence of different word order patterns, used in different conditions and for different purposes, this paper postulates that BP is endowed with two patterns, both equally relevant and pragmatically motivated: SVO and VSO order. It is also argued that such pragmatic motivations relate both patterns diachronically to a possible change in progress in BP typological classification that follows from a primitive VSO type to the actually prevailing SVO type.

This paper deals with the weakening process of the phoneme R in final coda position, in Rio de Janeiro dialect. Following labovian quantitative approach, three sets of data are compared, in order to present a case-study in apparent time and real time, through a panel and a trend study. It is shown that final R deletion follows age grading pattern and cannot be considered a change in progress.

Este ensaio analisa algumas das estratégias pelas quais se realizam os processos referenciais na produção do texto oral. Trata de explicar como os referentes são introduzidos, conduzidos, retomados, apontados e identificados no texto. A relevância desta investigação está diretamente ligada à essencialidade do sistema referencial na coesividade e organização tópica do texto. Justamente por isso, Sanford e Garrod (1982:100) julgam importante a resolução do processo referencial para a própria compreensão textual.In this paper, we discuss some of the strategies responsable for the accomplishment of referential processes in spoken language. Our aim is to elucidate how referents are introduced, maintained, retrieved, indicated and identified in the text. The relevance of this investigation is directly connected with the essenciality of referential system for the connexity and tropical organization of texts and with the conviction that the resolution of referential processes is the basis for text comprehension.

A partir de uma ótica textual-interativa, este artigo aborda a questão da metadiscursividade, destacando as suas propriedades e a sua funcionalidade no processamento do texto falado. São caracterizadas diferentes modalidades de referência ao discurso, que envolvem focalizações do código em uso, da gestão do evento comunicativo e do esquema de construção do texto. A análise tem por dados trechos de inquéritos do Projeto NURC, dos tipos D2 e EF.This paper, based on a text-interative point of view, deals with metadiscursiveness, pointing out its characteristics and functionality in the processing of the spoken text. Different discourse reference modalities are described, featuring focalizations of the code in use, of the management of the communicative event, and of the outline of the text structure. The data used in the analysis are passages from Projeto NURC inqueries, D2 and EF types.

Com base no princípio de que a motivação cognitiva perpassa todos os níveis da gramática de uma língua, este trabalho tem como principal objetivo explorar a hipótese de que os processos coordenativos de conjunção e disjunção resultam de uma transferência perceptual de mecanismos comuns de repetição. Mediante uma análise multifuncional da coordenação, demonstra-se que a ligação de termos é o modelo que ativa os processos de ligação de orações em que os juntores aditivo e alternativo estabelecem relações de conteúdo no nível ideacional e relações epistêmicas e ilocucionárias no nível interacional.Based on the principle that the cognitive motivation pervades all levels of the grammar of a language, the basic aim of this paper is to explore the hypothesis that the coordenative processes of conjunction and disjunction result from a perceptual-cognitive transference of common mechanisms of repetition. By means of a multifunctional analysis of coordination, it is showed that term conection is the model that activates sentence conection processes at which additive and alternative junctives establish content relations at ideational level, and epistemic and speech act relations at the interactional level.

Reflete-se neste texto sobre a expressão "pela primeira vez" e as ambigüidades que sua ocorrência gera em sentenças como "Ana e Juliana tocaram juntas pela primeira vez em Campinas no concerto de Natal de 1955". Atribui-se à expressão o papel de discutir prioridade cronológica a um evento entre outros de um mesmo tipo, e especula-se sobre as condições em que os diferentes adjuntos podem ser tomados como um dos elementos que definem o tipo de evento em questão. A reflexão que constitui o artigo é um pequeno fragmento de uma gramática de eventos, que por sua vez é parte da aspectologia, área de investigação que o Professor Ataliba T. de Castilho trilhou... pela primeira vez no Brasil há cerca de três décadas.In this paper I concern myself with the Portuguese expression "pela primeira vez"(= Engl. "for the first time") and with the ambiguities that its occurrence entails in sentences as "Ana e Juliana tocaram juntas pela primeira vez em Campinas no concerto de Natal de 1955" (=Ana and Juliana performed together for the first time in Campinas during the 1955 Christmas Concerto") Claming that "pela primeira vez" assigns precedence in time to a particular event among others of the same type, I speculate on the conditions in which different PPs belonging to the same sentence are taken as defining the relevant type of events. The reflections in this paper are intended to be a tiny fragment of the semantics of events, which is itself a part of aspectology.- an area of linguistic research that Professor De Castilho investigated...for the first time in Brazil three decades ago.

Este artigo compara um conjunto de fenômenos interrelacionados cencernentes à interface sintexe/morfologia em quatro línguas indígenas brasileiras: Kuikúro (família Karib). Mbyá Guarani (família Tupi-guarani), Karajá (tronco Macro-Jê) e Tikuna (isolada). Discute-se, inicialmente a linearização da ordem SOV, predominante nessas línguas, com base em Chomsky (1993) e Kayne (1993). Examinam-se, em seguida, construções com clíticos e auxiliares e discute-se o conjunto de categorias funcionais componentes da estrutura frasal, a fim de fornecer um quadro comparativo da estrutura da oração nas quatro língüas.This paper compares a set of interrelated phenomena concerning the syntax/morphology interface in four brazilian indigenous languages: Kuikúro, Guarani, Karajá and Tikuna. The linearization of the SOV word order is discussed following Chomsky (1993) and Kayne (1993). Clitics, auxiliaries and functional categories are also examined, allowing a preliminary comparative overview on the structure of the clause in the languages.

The present paper presents a brief account of the nature and formation of categories. It also reports on some of the findings obtained by investigating the way native speakers of Brazilian Portuguese and American English organize their semantic categories. Eleven semantic categories taken from the Battig and Montague (1969) category response norms were used in the study. The way the Brazilians and the Americans behave, in ranking the various category members is statistically analyzed by assessing levels of agreement within and between groups. The results of the analysis indicate that, although, there exists some correspondence in the way the two groups behave in ranking and in describing functions and attributes associated with category members, culturally specific constraints also exist and these will influence ranking decisions. Additionally, subjects’ performance suggests that categorization behaviors appear to be motivated by two broad approaches to category structure: a prototypical approach based on feature overlap and a schema-directed approach based on instantiations prompted by the individual’s world knowledge.

Este artigo analisa a construção de imagens em seqüências descritivasproduzidas em interações face-a-face por falantes analfabetos. Tomando porbase o conceito de imagem apresentado por Palmer (1996) e o de seqüênciasdescritivas proposto por Adam (1993), investiga-se como as construçõeslingüísticas evocam imagens mentais e como os falantes traduzem a construçãode tais imagens em escolhas lexicais.This paper analyzes the construction of image in descriptive sequencesproduced by non-literate speakers in spontaneous face to face interactions.Based on image conception (PALMER, 1996) and descriptive sequencesconception (ADAM, 1993), it investigates how linguistics constructions evokemental images and how the speakers translate these images in the lexicalchoices.

El presente artículo intenta sopesar la relevancia de algunos conocimientosadquiridos en el marco de un análisis del diálogo para la labor de descripciónsemántica. Se apuesta por un concepto multidimensional del significado queenglobe tanto las cualidades lógico-semánticas atribuidas tradicionalmente alas expresiones lingüísticas, como las funciones desarrolladas por ellos parala estructuración del evento lingüístico como actividad de interacción social ysus consecuencias para la estructuración discursiva. Partiendo de las nocionessemánticas presentadas por W. P. Alston en su teoría de los actos de habla seintenta tener en cuenta la cualidad dialógica de todo fenómeno semántico.This paper intends to detect the importance of some acquired knowledge througha dialogue analysis aiming at a semantic description. A multidimensional conceptof meaning is proposed. It should involve the logical and semanticalcharacteristics as well as the functions performed in the structure of a linguisticevent. Due to Alston’s semantic notion, we consider the dialogical quality ofthe semantical phenomenum.

The goal of this paper is to discuss the internal structure of the syllable in European Portuguese and to propose an algorithm for base syllabification. Due to the analysis of consonant clusters in onset position and the occurrence of epenthetic vowels, and considering the variation of the vowels in word initial position that occupy the syllable nucleus without an onset at the phonetic level, we assume that, in European Portuguese, the syllable is always constituted by an onset and a rhyme even though one of these constituents (but not both) may be empty, that is, one of then may have no phonetic realisation.O objetivo deste artigo é o de discutir a estrutura interna da sílaba em Português Europeu e o de propor um algoritmo para a silabificação de base. Tendo en conta a análise dos grupos de consoantes que ocupam o lugar de ataque e a possibilidade de existência de vogais epentéticas que desfazem alguns desses grupos, e considerando, ainda, a variação de vogais em posição inicial de palavra que constituem núcleo de sílaba sem ataque no nível fonético, apresenta-se a hipótese de que a sílaba, em Português Europeu, é sempre constituída por um ataque e por uma rima, mesmo que um desses constituintes (mas não os dois) seja vazio. Ou seja, um dos dois constituintes pode não ter realização fonética.

This paper focuses on teachers' stigmatizing perspectives of their students' nonstandard varieties of Portuguese. Theoretically, the study was grounded on Personal Construct Psychology, Perspective Transformation in Teacher Education, Transformative Bidialectalism and Critical Language Awareness. The objectives were to jointly access and assess the teachers’ implicit theories about nonstandard language and to verify to what extent these theories affected their classroom pedagogy. My research questions turned to how the participating teachers understood nonstandard language; and to how their understandings are reflected on their language teaching. The viewing of the teachers’ videotaped classes and Repertory Grid activities inspired reflective conversations with the two teacher participants on their language and classroom experiences. These conversations were audio-recorded, transcribed and their analysis followed the thematizing approach of Hermeneutic Phenomenology. The study revealed teachers’ implicit theories about language variation defining pedagogies based on deficit and standard grammar perspectives. These pedagogies are in constant interaction with the teachers’ lived experiences, the contextual restrictions of schools and the limitations of teacher education programs.O presente trabalho trata das perspectivas estigmatizantes que duas professoras de língua portuguesa trazem em relação às variações lingüísticas não-padrão de seus alunos. Teoricamente, meu estudo se embasa na Psicologia dos Construtos Pessoais, Transformação de Perspectivas na Educação de Professores, Bi-dialetalismo Transformador e Sensibilidade Crítica à Linguagem. Meus objetivos foram acessar e ponderar sobre as teorias implícitas das professoras sobre linguagem não-padrão e verificar como tais teorias afetam suas pedagogias. Suas aulas foram gravadas em vídeo e atividades com Mapas do Repertório de seus conceitos sobre língua portuguesa foram gravadas em áudio, transcritas e analisadas segundo a abordagem tematizante da Fenomenologia Hermenêutica. O estudo mostra que as teorias implícitas das duas professoras sobre variação lingüística definem suas posturas pedagógicas com base no déficit lingüístico e na gramática. Tais posturas estão em constante tensão com a experiência vivida dos professores no campo da linguagem e da pedagogia, com as restrições das instituições escolares e com falhas de suas formações universitárias.

Este trabalho é uma crítica da tendência atual de confinar a questão da ideologia à esfera da subjetividade - tese essa que se acha defendida no livro Language, Ideology, and Point of View, da autoria de Paul Simpson (1993). Minha principal objeção a tal proposta é a de que ela não passa de uma simples re-afirmação de algumas das categorias com as quais estamos acostumados a pensar sobre os temas em questão. Procuro sustentar que, ao invés disso, devemos interrogar aquelas mesmas categorias com o intuito de trabalhar as instabilidades que as caracterizam.. Urge, no meu modo de entender, a necessidade de desconstruir a própria oposição entre, de um lado, ideologia, ponto de vista etc., e, de outro, ciência, teoria, ou seja o que for que se queira postular.In this paper, I argue against the contemporary tendency to confine ideology to the sphere of subjectivity and "point of view", as defended by Paul Simpson (1993) in his book Language, Ideology, and Point of View. My principal criticism against the view is that it simply amounts to a re-affirmation of certain of the conceptual categories with which we have for long been accustomed to think. Rather, I contend, we ought to try to interrogate those very categories with a view to teasing out the instabilities that characterise them. I argue that there is an urgent need to deconstruct the very opposition between ideology, point of view etc. on the one hand, and science, theory, or whatever that one might wish to posit on the other.

Este artigo pretende apresentar criticamente as diferentes abordagens referentes aos prefixos, nomeadamente os critérios baseados nos seguintes parâmetros: transformação, produtividade, correspondência entre prefixo e preposição, perspectiva operacional. Após apresentar estes diferentes pontos de vista, concluímos não serem eles suficientes por si sós para identificar o prefixo. É conveniente reconhecer a existência de prefixos típicos, tais como in-, re- e des-, e daqueles não-típicos, como sobre- e contra-, caracterizados por correspondência formal, mas não distribucional com formas livres e/ou por uso braquissêmico.This paper takes a critical look at the different approaches to prefixes, among them the areas based on the following parameters: transformation, productivity, prefix-preposition correspondence, operative perspective. It is argued that none of them is adequate to identify prefix. It is further argued that it may be convenient to recognise the existence of typical prefixes, such as in-, re- and des-, and of non typical ones, such as sobre- and contra-, characterized by formal, not distributional correspondence to free forms and/or by brachysemic use.

In this paper data from the eighteenth and the first half of the nineteenth century written Brazilian portuguese are presented. These data belong to the BTLH, a data-base which has been assembled at UFMG since 1992, the purpose of which is to prepare linguistic material for diachronic research. The texts dealt with may be classified as notarial non-literary prose. Contrarily to what has been believed up to now this kind of non-literary prose presents rich material for historical linguistic research in various levels: fonological, morfological, lexical and syntatctic. Some problems related to the validity of the use of this kind of source for linguistic research are also briefly discussed.

The purpose of this paper is to observe how, after the digression, the use of repetition is a conductor element of the discourse topic. The digression is a kind of topic movement that suspends momentarily the previous discourse topic, bringing a peculiar cadence to the text development . For the study of repetition, to follow the Marcuschi’s theoretical proposal (1992) typology is divided in two levels: formal and functional.

This paper deals with the theme of back-formation of nouns in Portuguese. We discuss problems involving the origin of such nouns, their formation and the variation and role of their final vowels.

This paper argues that Chomsky's (1993) Procrastinate principle is not in consonance with the general guidelines of the Minimalist Program and proposes an alternative account of the preference for covert movement instead of overt movement and the preference for lexical insertion instead of movement. This proposal also accounts for the order of application of certain operations related to deletion of traces.

The study reports the results of the exploration of a machine-readable corpus of Brazilian Portuguese. The corpus was collected from news distributed on the Internet. The news items themselves consisted of excerpts from newspaper stories and TV transcripts. The focus of the paper is on the description of selected language features needed for the production of teaching materials for private Portuguese classes in Britain. Several lexical and grammatical items are described using corpus linguistics tools in what amounts to pioneering work on corpus analysis of Portuguese. The paper concludes that guidance provided by existing reference materials such as textbooks, grammars and dictionaries are inadequate since these sources are not based on samples of authentic language.

A map of the state of the art in semantics during the last third years of linguistics in Brazil is presented in the first section. Two case studies, then, are analysed: the debate argumentative semantics and formal semantics, and the debate formal semantics and cognitive semantics. Our analysis shows that an effective strategy for theoretical autonomy is that of declaring war to the dominant model. We do not subscribe to the war metaphor as an explanation to knowledge, however. Our paper finishes with some words on epistemology.

O objetivo do artigo é descrever as estratégias de focalização no português brasileiro, observando a interface sintaxe-fonologia. Defendo a independência da prosódia na materialização do fenômeno e proposto a relação "dissociacionista moderada bilateral" entre esses dois sub-sistemas da gramática.The aim of this paper is to describe the strategies of Focalization in Brazilian Portuguese, observing the Syntax-Phonology interface. I defend the independence of Prosody in the materialization of the phenomenon and, for this, I suggest a 'bilateral moderate dissocicionist' connection beetween this two subsystems of Grammar.

This paper traces the history of the study of pragmatics in Brazil. It is shown that Brazilian researches have, by and large, remained attentive to major developments in the field taking place elsewhere in the world. Of particular importance is the burgeoning tendency to focus attention on social issues affecting the day-to-day lives of ordinary people. More and more researchers are realizing the need to assume a critical role in relation to the theories they encounter in the literature.

Pretende-se no presente trabalho estudar os graus de transparência ou opacidadedas expressões cristalizadas do português do Brasil. Este estudo é feitolevando em conta os processos gramaticais ou cognitivos envolvidos naconstrução dessas expressões.The aim of this paper is to study the degrees of transparency or opacity onfrozen expressions in Brazilian Portuguese. The study investigates the cognitiveor gramatical processes used in frozen contruction.

Esse artigo analisa o fenômeno da concordância negativa de acordo com a teoria da checagem do Programa Minimalista (Chomsky, 1995). Comparando os dados do português brasileiro com os de outras línguas, fomos levados a considerar fatos de natureza diacrônica que foram descritos através da noção de gramaticalização (Hopper & Traugott, 1993). Finalmente, fizemos a hipótese de que as etapas de mudança lingüística previstas por essa noção são "visíveis" para o sistema computacional.This paper proposes an analysis of the negative agreement phenomenon assuming the checking theory of the Minimalist Program (Chomsky, 1995). After comparing Brazilian Portuguese with other languages, it was necessary to consider some diachronic facts described through the notion of grammaticalization (Hopper & Traugott, 1993). Finally, we claim that the stages of linguistic change presupposed by this notion are "visible" to the computational system.

Este trabalho mostra que o português tem três tipos de formação de particípio passado, que compartilham a presença da seqüência [Vacentuada + C + V] e diferem a respeito de sua localização dentro da palavra: (A) [[...]Radical + [Vacentuada+ C + V]], para todas as conjugações, (B) [[...Vacentuada... + C]Radical + V], para 1ª conjugação, e (C) [[...Vacentuada...]Radical + C + V], para 2ª e 3ª conjugações. A proposta específica do trabalho é que há uma estrutura abstrata de traços formais subjacente tanto à forma morfofonológica quanto à interpretação semântica gramatical: aquelas formações resultam de a interpretação de particípio ser satisfeita nessas três localizações. Essa análise é uma extensão da proposta de Chomsky (1995) sobre traços formais.This paper shows that Portuguese has three types of past participle formations, which share the presence of the string [stressedV + C + V] and differ with respect to its location within the word: (A) [[...]Root + [stressedV + C + V]], for all conjugations, (B) [[...stressedV...+ C]Root + V], for 1st conjugation, and (C) [[...stressed V...]Root + C + V], for 2nd and 3rd conjugations. The specific proposal of the paper is that there is an abstract structure of formal features underlying both the morphophonological form and grammatical semantic interpretation: those formations result from the participial interpretation being met at these three locations. This analysis is an extension of Chomsky's (1995) proposal about formal features.

With this paper I intend to contribute to the study of collective denomination in European Portuguese. However it can not be considered an exhaustive work on this subject. As I consider the structure of words fundamental to understand their meaning and use, I’ll pay special attention to this aspect of collective nouns. Firstly, I’ll expose, although briefly, the concept of “collective noun”, specially as it is presented at Cunha & Cintra (1984). Then the different types of morphological structures of nouns presenting a collective meaning will be described. Finally, I’ll list the suffixes involved in the construction of Portuguese collective denominal nouns.