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In this paper, we depart from the hypothesis that face-work is an important dimension of the construction of discourse, regardless the register (oral or written). Drawing on the framework of Pragmatics, we argue that instances of nominalization can operate as politeness strategies, in the sense that they permit, on the one hand, the omission of the actor/agent of a given verbal event and, on the other hand, they contribute to establishing the boundaries of social distance and power relations, as a pervasive feature of formal texts. The empirical data analyzed in this study include academic papers taken from the Academic Corpus of Brazilian Portuguese (CAPB). In the academic papers analyzed, nominalizations operated, to a large degree, as a strategy to mitigate the potential attacks on the positive face of the author himself, acting, therefore, as a strategy of positive politeness.

This paper explores the sound aesthetics of the Uruguayan performance group Moxhelis focusing on its relationship with industrial and postindustrial music. The aesthetics of the group's performances consisted on a juxtaposition of fragmentary images in which post-industrial, circus, post-avant-garde, retro-futuristic and post-apocalyptic elements were intertwined. The Moxhelian aesthetics can be addressed from different perspectives, whether focusing on its sound, its visuals or on the bodily dimension. Moreover, these positions interact with each other in every performance, producing a complex network of meanings and aesthetic perceptions. Through the analysis of the preserved audiovisual archive, in this paper we will approach the sound dimension succinctly, presenting the group's performances in the 1990s in Uruguay.

Acquisition of academic vocabulary is paramount to students’ success in academic life, as well as for the process of writing publishable papers in English so that research can be shared more broadly (NAGY; TOWNSEND 2012; PAQUOT, 2014). While in countries such as The U.S. and England the practice of offering Writing Centers for academic writing thrives, the initiative is still quite shy in Brazil (CONS 2020), though some Writing Centers around the country have recently started to operate. The aim of this paper is to report how the training activities of the Writing Center at University of Caxias do Sul – UCS Writing Center - use the Corpus Linguistics approach (BERBER-SARDINHA 2004) to enhance acquisition of academic vocabulary, therefore providing better academic writing skills to professors and students of the institution and the community it targets. The article contextualizes the Writing Center within the University and presents a series of activities which were designed based on research of Corpus Linguistics’ application to the teaching and learning of English for Academic Purposes (EAP). The activities provide specific instances of how Corpus Linguistics resources can be an invaluable asset for the improvement of vocabulary in academic writing in English, being especially useful for researchers who wish to upgrade the quality of the language used in their international publications.

This paper proposes a reflection on the role of Latin in legal practices and legal culture. Specifically, this work argues that a proper understanding of the role of Latin in the legal world requires more attention regarding what this language brings to that field. To suit this, this study sheds some light on the historical-linguistic nature of the so-called “legal Latin” and also on the proliferation of glossaries and manuals of this modality of Latin that do not contain linguistic and historical-cultural reflections. Secondly, this paper calls into attention the importance of understanding Latin through the Latin language, especially for a less shallow understanding of the bases of Roman Law and the Legal History. Furthermore, this work highlights the linguistic character of Latin in terms of both the production of utterances and their comprehension through explicit linguistic reflection. Lastly, it draws attention to the importance of the Latin language and the Roman culture for the intellectual and academic training of jurists and lawyers.

In order to be multimodal, a communication medium needs to combine different modes of expression. In this paper, we claim that even though metaphors are communicated in the verbal mode in scientific texts, the construction of some of them involves multiple perception processes. Our data comprise a set of conventionalized metaphors that are used in scientific papers as pedagogical tools for explaining technical concepts. To access the multimodality of the metaphorical process in the scientific domain, we use the following conceptual constructs: metaphorical mappings (LAKOFF; JOHNSON, 1980), conceptual blending (FAUCONNIER; TURNER, 2002), image-schemas (JOHNSON, 1987; HAMPE, 2005), blended classic joint attention (THOMAS; TURNER, 2011) and narrative thinking (TURNER, 1996). We analyze the scientific metaphors “cognitive filter” and “perceptual filter” that are used to construe the concepts of “cognitive transformation” and “schemata” in the field of cognitive psychology. Specifically, we show how the knowledge network associated with filters and the filtering process (i.e., the image-schematic structure of a filter and the entities and relations involved in the filtering process) helps to frame and construe the scientific concepts. Our results reveal that linguistic resources configured through analogical processes, such as metaphors and narratives, are essentially multimodal. The intended contribution is to think of the metaphor in the scientific text as a trigger to see an abstract scientific construction via image schemas.

This paper presents and discuss the ideofones in Changana S53). These is na association between certain sound, color, stat, pain, intensity, etc. and their consequent reaction in the certain individual mind (DOKE, 1935; SITOE, 1996). From this date, many studies and proposals have been done, more recently Nhampoca (2018, p. 284) proposes ideofones as “a marked lexical unit with the main role of predication and changing of an action, an event, a state, marking intense scenes witch occur in specific language situation”. This concept is innovative in language theory, because their sematic, fonology specially morphology were not fit in the tradictional lexical categories, namely: “N(oun), V(erb), ADJ(ective) and PREP(osition) (Langa, 2004; 2013). The present study is interdisciplinary involving the field of cognitive linguistics, the teory of typology marking (CROFT, 2000; 2001) and the marking principle (GIVON, 1995; 2001) and the field of phonology, the theory of distinctive features (CHOMSKY & HALLE, 1968) and fonological weigh theory (HYMAN, 1975; NGUNGA, 2000). The paper argues that, in Changana, the ideofone in specific situations. Fonologically, the ideofone is a marked predicator in relation to the verb because the verb predicts the state of things and the ideofone give them the intensity and expressity thought the bearing tone units, in the way that the fonological weight is proportional of cognitive construction of speaker/listener. The methodology used is a bibliographic research (NHAMPOCA, 2010; SITOE, 2011) and interview. The data analyzes is based in the grammar of radical constructions (CROFT, 2000; 2001) and experimental method (Speech analyzer). The study concludes that there is a clear interdisciplinary between the both field discussed, which the ideofone are marked words which can intensify their semantic-cognitive according to the vowel weight.

The concept of proficiency that underlies the Celpe-Bras Exam consists of "the proper use of the language to perform actions in the world" (BRASIL, 2006, p.3). The key point in the preparation of an examinee for the Celpe-Bras Exam, therefore, must be the understanding of the dialogical vision that underlies the test. Hence, this work aims to discuss on the design of teaching material to prepare for the Celpe-Bras Exam based on the concept of discourse genres. The paper begins by introducing the characteristics of the Celpe-Bras Exam, its structure and the notion of proficiency. It next reviews the theoretical fundamentals relative to the development of the proposed didactic material and its elaboration stages. Finally, the paper shows a possibility of using the dialogical view of language in the classroom practice of Celpe-Bras Exam’s preparatory courses from the analysis of the proposed didactic material.

The aim of this paper is to present a discussion about the interrelations between history and politics in the context of Ireland, specifically in relation to the poetry of William Butler Yeats. The first part of this paper is dedicated to define and discuss some concepts that are relevant to understand some issues in Ireland and the second part is dedicated to the analysis of the poem “September 1913” by W.B.Yeats. --- Original in English.

There are many cognitive sciences. Each one has its own characteristics and specifications, they address knowledge-related mental phenomena, focusing on learning, attention, language acquisition, memory, emotion, inatism, competence and performance, as well as other approaches. This paper focuses on two cognitive sciences: Cognitive Semiotics and Generative Syntax. The goal here is to bring their main assumptions comparing them in relation to their similarities and differences, thus making a parallel between both of them for a target public of researchers and students interested in knowing these two theories. Therefore, this paper turns explicit the biases of both Cognitive Semiotics and Generative Syntax, in addition to bringing its main authors and researchers.

This article proposes to analyze and relate some points of classical language relativism – since its initial ideas from Herder thoughts to its more deterministic version of Benjamin Lee whorf - intending to discuss some issues of the interlingual translation process. Therefore, we propose a theoretical course that begins with that researcher, passing later to Humbold, Sapir and finally Whorf. It is not a goal of the paper, in this moment, to discuss more specific points of translation theory, however, this will be our reference to discuss the course of linguistic relativism. We hope that the issues raised by this paper and the relations established may be another way of discussion for those who dedicate themselves to the studies and practice of translation.

The Aymara language (AL) is one of the most important languages in the central Andean region. However, there are few studies on its use from a microsociolinguistic approach. This paper aims to analyze the use of the Aymara language in six commercial speech events in a tri-border context involving Aymara speakers from Chile, Peru, and Bolivia. The conversations that happened within these events were collected through audio recordings and written records in a qualitative ethnographic intervention in the so-called three-part fair or “Feria Tripartita” (FT), a commercial event that occurs weekly in the three-border area. The analysis is based on ethnography of communication, conversational analysis, and interactional sociolinguistics. Drawing on this analytical framework, the use of the AL that is manifested there shows code-switching with Spanish, both inter- and intra-orally, along with a series of interlinguistic phenomena, such as the presence of a series of Spanish lexical bases with Aymara suffixation, and the use of unnecessary Spanish loans. Thus the FT, in spite of being an Aymara space that conforms a bilingual speaking community, is a space of influence of the Castilian language, which structurally affects the use of the AL.

This paper is the result of a brief theoretical study whose main goal is to present the main concepts related to the term "culture" that can help language teachers understand the intercultural processes that take place during the teaching and learning of a foreign language. Using some of the most important writers in applied linguistics and anthropology that discussed this topic, this article brings some definitions of the word "culture" as well as other relevant terms to the teaching and learning of foreign languages, such as the concept of languaculture, cultural flows and intercultural competence. Briefly, this paper aims at, through a theoretical discussion, drawing attention to the importance of intercultural studies to the language classroom.

This paper reports an investigation into the representation of “Italianness” in the recent Netflix Italian series Generazione 56k, which was exported to English-speaking countries. This series deals with characters from different generations and displays regional varieties. This qualitative study examined the macro- and micro-strategies used in the creation of English subtitles for the first season. The focus is on key functions of telecinematic discourse, i.e., characterisation, realism, and humour, realised through the use of (a) multilingualism in the broadest sense, including geographical dialects, and (b) multi-generational language (colloquialisms, “unconventional language”, particularly, teenage and youth language, and taboo). Findings reveal a tendency towards neutralisation strategies in the English subtitles. Even considering the constraints inherent in the subtitling mode, these strategies do not successfully represent “Italianness” with its local geographical diversity, and only partially convey the representation of multi-generational language, also affecting humour. The themes engaging millennials, however, are expressed and might be appreciated by an international audience. In the light of our analysis and conclusions, it may be interesting to understand whether younger generations, increasingly accustomed to “multilingualism” especially in Netflix programmes, would also envisage a different subtitling experience.

Audiovisual translation into English is recently gaining importance as the material produced in other languages is now increasingly crossing borders thanks to the internet. This article explores foul language, deemed one of the most problematic aspects of subtitling. The aim is to elucidate how this is normally subtitled into English. Drawing on a corpus of swearwords from Netflix Spanish comedy series El Vecino (Vigalondo, 2019‒2021), this paper examines the frequency of use of different translation techniques and the reasons behind the omission of certain instances of foul language. Results show that, while omitting swearwords is the second most common scenario, the most frequent one is transferring the offensive load of the original expression, with roughly 70 % of instances making it into the target product. As for factors influencing this decision, it was observed that overall swearwords are omitted not because they are offensive, but primarily because of their low narrative value, the subtitling’s vulnerability, and the interaction between swearwords and non-verbal elements. Time and space constraints of subtitling appear to have little impact. These results suggest that the potential influence of censorship and cultural differences on foul language omissions in English subtitles is presented as a possible research avenue.

Faced with the bare comment that Aristotle makes regarding the incorporation of a third actor by Sophocles to the tragedy, interpretive criticism agrees in understanding that this innovation enables sophisticated dramatic effects. The purpose of this paper is to attempt to specify the role of this third actor on stage in Sophocles’ Ajax and, therefore, what this sophisticated dramatic effect consists in.

This paper is an occasion to take stock of the place that the argument from faultless disagreement has occupied in philosophy of language in the last fifteen years, in particular in the debate between contextualism and relativism. The survey offered in the first part of the paper appears to show that the phenomenon of disagreement fails to provide any strong motivation for adopting any novel semantic framework, contrary to relativists’ claims. But, on a more positive note, the interest in disagreement has allowed us to better understand how language works. The second part of the paper explains how the fine-grained structure of meaning – at the level of words, sentences and even entire discourse – reveals a variety of sources that may lead discourse participants to disagree.

This paper deals with the relationship between bilingualism and ways of expressing emotions and thoughts. The paper is divided into two main sections. The first section is the theoretical part and the second part is the analysis of the research conducted for the purposes of this paper. As far as the theoretical part is concerned, the first chapter offers the definitions of bilingualism and how bilingualism is connected to construction of identity. The second chapter explains the impact of bilingualism on emotions and the following chapter on cognitive processes. At the beginning of the second section the aim of the research and the methodology are presented. Results and the analysis of the undertaken research are discussed in the remainder of the paper. After placing the participants in their social environment, the focus is placed on the relationship between bilingualism and ways of expressing emotions, as this part examines different criteria which are taken into consideration to prove that a bilingual uses different languages in order to express emotions. The last part analyzes the results concerning cognitive process. Moreover, it analyzes different actions associated with thinking and examines for which processes and in which situations a bilingual uses a particular language.

In Brazilian high school, literature is often taught as if it was encyclopedic knowledge and through the reading of commentaries and criticisms of actual literary works. This paper questions these practices and offers an alternative approach in which the teacher becomes the mediator of readings, directing its focus to the reception of texts by the students. In order to exemplify this proposal, this paper draws on the use of short stories as learning practice in the classroom.

the subject of linguistic hegemony and language dominance has been taken up in many studies since the wake of the twentieth century. The common denominator among these studies appears to be the linguistic hegemony of the English language as a global language and the survival of the other languages of the world. This paper critically reviews the trend that has been reported in Nigeria and re-assesses some of the proposed resistance mechanisms in literature. The aim is to proffer solutions to the reported domination of English and its effect on Nigeria's local languages. The author believes that some views about the linguistic hegemony of English might have been exaggerated thereby influencing some suggested resistance mechanisms. Thus, this paper proposes a context-sensitive and pragmatic resistant mechanism that might place the hegemony of English in the right perspective and thus conserve local languages in multilingual societies, especially in Nigeria.

The objective of this paper is to discuss the possibility of understanding fanfiction, this means, histories written by fans and published on internet, as a literary practice on internet. Therefore, the object of analyses from this paper was a fan fiction based in the book “Howl’s moving castle” from Diana Wynne Jones to discuss about the question of authorship and the power that the reader-author has in the virtual media.

The study of relativizers in the Spanish language has not been quite explored from a sociolinguistic point of view. A few research papers have analyzed varieties found in Santiago de Chile, Mexico City, Sevilla, and Madrid. Nevertheless, none of them has addressed a Colombian variety in depth. This variationist study aims to fill the gap by reporting the results of a correlational study focused on the use and variation of relativizers in the preseea-Medellín corpus. An anova test, a Games-Howell test, multiple Tukey’s tests, and pairwise comparisons t-tests with Bonferroni correction were run to identify the variables with significant effects (e.g., geographical position, gender, level of education, and social class). Results suggest that, while there is significant diatopic variation in the selection of relativizers, diastratic variables have a minor role in their frequency of use. It was also noted that while the use of the pronoun que tends to spread in all varieties of Spanish, the relative adjectives cuyo and cuanto continue their trend towards disuse. Further studies are necessary to determine if this tendency to simplification is related to psycholinguistic constraints (i.e. mental load) or functional aspects of Spanish. Finally, this study opens the doors to the analysis of relativizers in other varieties of Colombian Spanish from a sociolinguistic perspective.

Cryptocurrencies have been the latest technological revolution in the world of finances. Although this revolution has not been completed yet, and as a payment method is still limited, their popularity has vastly increased since 2020 due to speculation about their value. As in any other field, any revolution in economics, technology, education, or society implies another parallel language revolution. This is how the introduction of cryptocurrencies has led to the emergence of some new forms of language. This quantitative case study aims to analyze the characteristics of that crypto language and identify some of the most usual words, acronyms, metaphors, and other popular expressions within this field. To achieve this purpose, a glossary published by the company Bit2Me was used along with the Google search bar, which provided the number of appearances on the net. Results showed that some neologisms had been created, acronyms prevailed over some words and expressions, and the use of animal metaphors was a usual practice. These results contribute to the field of electronic finances by showing that the community of cryptocurrency users have created their own linguistic rules to communicate among them with the use of specific words, as detailed in this paper.

This paper presents a socio-cognitive approach of the referentiation process, in order to check to what extent and in which way the strategies adopted in the treatment of the lexicon in the literacy process can be updated, or even confirmed, in reading or in writing. Studies on how words are stored in the user memory and on how they are accessed - while language is being used - represent a great advance in understanding the literacy process, especially for psycholinguistics research. Besides, this paper highlights the prototypical notion of categorization treated in the cognitive studies as well as the notion of exemplar representation in the socio-cognitive area, which is based on the experience of culturally-situated speakers. A practical approach of these studies to the literacy process is demonstrated in this paper, taking into consideration prefabs in the referentiation operation.

The paper discusses three aspects in New Literacies Studies research in Brazil, as developed by researchers from an Applied Linguistics perspective. This perspective contributes to determine epistemological, theoretical, and methodological issues in literacy research, as well as ethical issues in regard to the relationships established with the groups who participate in the research. Taking examples from our research group, known as Teacher Literacy Research Group (created in 1991), we discuss transdisciplinary relationships built between Literacy and Dialogism as developed by Bakhtin and his Circle. Another intersecting point between Applied Linguistics and Literacy Research discussed in the paper is the relation between ethics and research in the two fields; a third one has to do with the methods adopted: as in several other studies in Applied Linguistics, in literacy studies, ethnography has been the preferred methodology. We conclude pointing out that an approach that conceives its object in a transdisciplinary manner and adopts ethical criteria as a research validation element favors the development of critical studies about writing in which the choice of problems and research contexts support the social goals of the investigated groups.

This paper covers a discussion on the theory of discourse analysis proposed by Michel Pêcheux as well as its relevance to the studies proposed by Eni Orlandi for the elaboration of a typology discursive. In this paper are exposed to the principles, some notions and the emergence of this field of study. The analysis of discourse is shaped like a field of interest between linguistics and social sciences (ORLANDI, 2007, p. 16), where there is a statement in the immanence of language and in another, the transparency of the story.

In the last few years, Colombian ELT scholars have become aware of the importance of discourse for the dissemination of ideologies and agendas. As a result, the number of studies on this area has shown an unprecedented growth. Nevertheless, few investigations have explored and analyzed both sides simultaneously so as to display not only the types of hegemonic discourses that have permeated the field but also those which have recently emerged in response to such a situation. Considering these elements, this paper reports on a qualitative case study carried out with the purpose of analyzing the latest types of hegemonic discourses and discourses of resistance that have taken place in elt in Colombia. After analyzing the data gathered, which consisted of empirical and conceptual articles, as well as linguistic policies emitted by the Colombian Ministry of Education (men), the results showed that discourses revolving around bilingualism (understood as the English-Spanish relationship), identity, and native speakerism have been a recurrent aspect in the Colombian elt field. Yet, findings also suggest that, especially in the last decade, elt scholars have been resisting these discourses by promoting alternative ones that acknowledge initiatives in different areas of knowledge. In light of these aspects, it is recommended to keep resisting and promoting an agenda of decolonization so that alternative discourses, as is the case of those that acknowledge the incorporation of epistemologies that have been historically overlooked, continue gaining traction within the field.

This paper is a general and vast negativist interpretation about linguistics, and it deals specifically with Language policy. This area is experiencing some kind of depoliticization in its own construction while it is substituting politics for technique. Therefore, this paper is an ethical and political question about science of language and its makers: the linguists

The paper presents an expanded view of language policy which incorporates a variety of policy mechanisms which are claimed to affect de facto language policies. These mechanisms include declared policies, language education documents, language tests and language in public space, among others. These policies are initiated and determined by ''policy bodies'' which are part of governments and other groups in authority, but are detached from those who are execute them. The main objective of this paper is to portray the expanded view of language policy, along these mechanisms, and to argue for the involvement and active participation of teachers in this process. I will argue that the participation, discussions and negotiations constitute a civic and democratic obligation on route to valid, open, fair, realistic policies. Negotiations with the different stake holders who come the process with experience and knowledge is essential for developing language policies which are valid, constructive, critically based and are based on theory of practice.

The aim of this paper is to analyse the idealization of the mestizo as a colonial agent in La Argentina: Historia del descubrimiento y la conquista del Río de la Plata (1612), written by Ruy Díaz de Guzmán, a XVIIth century author born in Asunción considered the first mestizo writer in the Río de la Plata. To begin with, we will take into consideration briefly the connection between the colonising project of the Spanish crown and Ruy Diaz’s intentions to link his linage and himself to the future of the conquerors’ project. Afterwards, we will discuss the importance assigned in the book to the “mancebos de la tierra” in meeting the Spanish goals, and analyse the intermingling as well as the discursive operations that Díaz de Guzmán uses to mention those whose lives’ blood mixes that of the colonizers and the colonized.

The paper describes and discusses a teaching project on language variation and linguistic diversity in undergraduate courses of English for professional purposes in Brazil. In this paper, the process of language variation in natural languages is characterized, variable facts of the English language are approached, and the theoretical basis of the project, as well as its implementation and results, are presented.

This paper analyzes the contexts of influence and design of the reference text for implementing a Language Center as part of the language policy (LP) and internationalization process of a Federal Institute of Education (FI) in the Northeastern Region of Brazil. The critical analysis based on Critical Applied Linguistics (CAL) and the Policy Cycle Approach (PCA) made it possible to perceive that the reference text points to a favorable and strongly driving environment for the design of Language Centers in the FI. Thus, the FI can institutionalize the LP actions already carried out unsystematically and individually by teachers of the mother-tongue and additional ones. The document allows the teaching agency to develop and implement projects that meet the local realities of the FI campuses. However, the reference text is involved in a naturalized-top-down internationalization perspective and focuses mainly on the offer of English courses. Moreover, we perceived the lack of investments for the document to be constituted in concrete actions and to assume a transforming role in the educational community.

On 10th March 1838, an article entitled “La conversación” (The Conversation) and attributed to Juan María Gutiérrez; was published in La Moda. Gacetín semanal de Música, de Poesía, de Literatura, de Costumbres (La Moda. A Newsletter on Music, Poetry, Literature and Traditions). To illustrate the virtues and features of conversation, Juan María Gutiérrez uses images, comparisons, literary references, and quotations; among these a quote from Virgil stands out. Gutiérrez transcribes a brief passage in Spanish prose without stating the specific source; however, this quotation constitutes, in our opinion, a valuable evidence of the reception of Virgil’s Eclogues in Argentine literature. This paper aims to analyze this passage and the operations that Gutierrez made to recontextualize it.

The purpose of this research article is to study the discurse strategies used by Frederick Ahl in the academic paper entitled “The hand of God: Diego Maradona and the divine nature of cheating in Classical Antiquity”, establishing their convergences with certain poetic resources and rhetorical devices described by him in his researches on classical literature. I will try to prove how, in order to study the heroized goal of Maradona against England, the author sets up a larger interpretative framework, in which mythological references function as veiled allusions to the South Atlantic conflict.

The complexities of human morality have been problematized and developed in the literature of all time. The sexual behaviour is, of course, an issue that has not been ignored and, although moral sexuality focuses on woman’s attitude, men play an important role as well: the myth of Hippolytus and Phaedra is one of the most notable exempla of masculine chastity. In this paper, we analyse the representations about Phaedra’s and Hippolytus’ sexual behaviour in Euripides’ Hippolytus and Ovid’s Heroides 4. To do this, we confront the conceptions about sexual morality in Greek and Latin cultures, and the corresponding lexemes related to this topic in both languages (pudicitia and pudor in Latin, αἰδώς, ἁγνός and σωφροσύνη in Greek). Subsequently, we consider the enunciation and action spaces of the characters, and the problematization of the possible consequences of making public private actions.

In Catullus 16.10 the expression his pilosis has been rightly interpreted by scholars with an obscene meaning. This paper intends to add to that reading the consideration of his pilosis as a metapoetic expression, that is, with the sense that the pilosi alluded to are those “hairy”, i.e. clumsy, rustic, incapable of understanding a poetry like that of Catullus, which stands out for a refined polishing of words. To this end, four elements will be analyzed: 1) the general interpretation of the carmen, 2) a section from Seneca’s Epistulae very useful to our interpretation, 3) the question of the Latin terminology linked to pilosity, and 4) the use that Catullus himself makes in other carmina of this terminology

It is often stated that, in opposition to Aristophanes’ plays, Menander’s comedy is not characterized by the inclusion of references to Athenian law. However, an analysis of his surviving works reveals a considerable number of legal allusions, including mentions to litigation and judicial procedures. The objective of this paper is to examine two passages in which this legal background emerges (Sam. 570-588; Her. 18-40) in order to explore the strategies deployed by Menander to manipulate law for literary purposes. In particular, both texts show that the legal realm is quoted in a generic and hesitant way. By means of a comparison with Aspis 174-189, it will be concluded that imprecision and vagueness –which are privileged characteristics of these references– effectively replicate the typical misunderstanding of comic plots and the frequent uncertainties of status attributed to the characters in the plays.

In the attempt to build its identity, each culture appeals to its own and foreign elements, trying to generate representations of itself. In the case of Argentine culture, among the non-proprietary elements are those that belong to the GrecoLatin culture, among them the literary system, on which we focus our gaze. For various purposes, the authors appropriate the classical greco-latin texts by re-elaborating and resignifying them. In this paper we focus on a rewriting of Antigone by Sophocles: Antígonas: linaje de hembras by Jorge Huertas, contemporary Argentine playwright, to analyze the relationships and confrontations that are gestated around the use/abuse of power. The transfer of the Greek tragedy to contemporary Argentina allows us to deal with a problem of old roots, the issue of power and the relationships that are established around it, with new perspectives. Thus, the appropriation and recreation of a classic text allows testing new ways of saying reality, always complex and multiple, accounting for the contribution of the ancient world to the Western cultural corpus, in general, and the Argentine, in particular.

Of the thirty-seven works attributed to the English author William Shakespeare, six of them deal with themes related to ancient Rome. We will studyThe Tragedy of Julius Caesar, which represents the death of the Roman leader (44 BC) at the hands of Brutus and Cassius. The purpose of this paper will beto reveal the Shakespearean Roman model staged during the pre-modern era. The drama analysis will includebrief historical-revisionist comments on Elizabethan-Jacobean England; and we will approach the text from Robert Miola´s ideas on Shakespeare’s Roman historical drama. In several works devoted to the study of ancient Rome, as seen during the Renaissance, Professor Miola reveals the tensions of classical ancient Rome characterized, in early modern time, by violence and rhetoric in relation to the historical, ideal and stereotyped construction of the past.

This paper analyzes four scenes from satirical dramas belonging to Aeschylus, Sophocles and Euripides in which the Chorus of Satyrs and Silenus allow themselves to imagine themselves in roles other than those arranged in the plot of the plays. This thought on possible choral roles occurs in the context of self-absorption and tends to suspend the choral action to project an image that the audience recognizes as impossible and, even contradictory to that of a Chorus of Satyrs, not only in this dramatic genre but also in myth and cultural imagery. This contradiction is a source of laughter both because the satyrs claim to be what the public knows they are not and because the abrupt ending of their self-delusion and the ensuing return to their choral role show them incapable of sustaining their own self-made fiction. At the same time, these fleeting moments are meta-theatrical instances that speak of the plasticity of a Chorus capable of assuming different identities, despite always being a Chorus of satyrs. This attribute consistently places the Chorus in the theatrical rite in and opposes it to the choruses of the prior Tragic trilogy

Our paper aims to analyze the function the Hymn to Enodia performs in the third stasimon (1048-1105) of Euripides’ Ion, within the plot as well as at the extrafictional level. Our purpose is also to refute the criticisms that have often considered the choral songs of Euripides to be not very relevant for the action developed on stage. From a different perspective, our intention is to highlight the relevance the hymn to Enodia –a goddess who apparently bears no relation to the tragedy’s μῦθος– has for the understanding of Ion, since Enodia-Hecate is not involved with Erechtheus or with his descendants. The choral ode, as an εὐκτικός hymn, refers to two essential aspects of this tragedy. On the one hand, as Enodia is the protectress of deliveries and newborn children, the chorus’ requests make reference to the supposed reality of Creusa, who has not yet given an heir to the throne of Athens. On the other hand, Enodia, as Demeter’s daughter, alludes to Eleusinian and Orphic mysteries. Furthermore, in this hymn the chorus describes the Eleusinian rites, which makes it possible to interpret this hymn in relation to mystery cults. It should be noted that this ode can also be considered to be a defixio, which seeks to harm Ion.

This paper establishes a dialogue between the theoretical and formal proposals for the implementation/application of Integral Sex Education in the classroom (National Law No. 26150, 2006) and a series of records of teaching experiences at high school level in the city of Buenos Aires. During those experiences, we worked with Penelope and Odysseus’ love story, the characters of Circe and the Sirens and Procne and Philomelas’ myth. Our hypothesis is that those narratives from Graeco-latin classic literature, when revisited from a gender perspective, do not only enrich the reading of following works, but also make easier the treatment of sensible topics related to existent forms of inequality between women and men from the same society.

The motor of the action in Asinaria is the circulation of money. We believe that through it, behaviors are defined, actions are orientated and the destiny of the characters of this comedy is determined. The aim of this paper is to analyze the family relationships between the senex, the matrona and the adulescens and their link with money in order to account for power relations. Through the circulation of money and the place in which each one is located with respect to it, it is possible to account for the power relations –subjection, domination, horizontality– that are established throughout the comedy. In some way, the lack, need or possession of money determines the interest in the preservation of the bonds that are laid and places the woman in a dominant position.

This paper deals with the recall of classical rhetoric elements in Aristotle and Quintilian’s doings, highlighting the enthymeme as well as the use of these elements as necessary knowledge for teaching and improving post graduate student argumentative writing in the production of a specific genre: the reader’s letter. The methodology used in this paper was qualitative, with the purpose of building a tool for the analysis of argumentative letters produced in an experiment that took place in a post graduate course. Among the letters produced by twelve postgraduate students, it was sellected the ones written by a master’s degree student in Psychology as an illustration of the instrument. Accordingly, this student was introduced to the classical rhetoric elements, as well as the arrangement and operation in the production of these kind in question, starting from the entimema as a central element. Simultaneously, specimens of the genre reader’s letter sent to the Carta Capital magazine, were analyzed to recognize in them the presence of these elements and to analyze how they combine and contribute to the making of the objective, clear and persuasive argumentative text. At the end of each meeting, from reading the magazine subjects, the student went on to produce similar letters to those sent to the reader’s section, with the purpose of employing the elements reconvened seen so far. This experience has shown that the use of these elements was able to contribute to improving this student practice of argumentative writing.

This paper is based upon an historical hypothesis which could be formulated as such : the privilege granted to indirect modes of signifying in contemporary French narrative prose by the violence of XXth century's history. Hence the interest of the stylistic notion of figure (of speech), which implies that literary uses of figures elaborate, implicitly, a reflection on history : that is to say that literary history – as history of aesthetic forms – should also be an history of figures. This paper aims to sketch such a study, by choosing three examples (three figures, and three contemporary oeuvres): syllepsis (illustrated by Jean Rouaud's novels), hyperbaton (which analysis is based upon some narratives by Claude Simon and Laurent Mauvignier) and allegory (here exemplified by Antoine Volodine's novels).

Considered amongst the most radical works of contemporary French literature, the work of Pierre Guyotat is also one that, in many respects, addresses History, for the novels' themes are set in a contemporary post-colonial world, – but it is also historical in its attempt to reach a language of a greater "materiality". This paper deals with Guyotat's first two major novels, Tombeau pour cinq cent mille soldats and Eden, Eden, Eden. The paper takes into account the recently published Carnets de bord (2005) in order to illustrate a "work in progress" and the historical and theoretical context in which the novels were written. The paper concentrates on the epic and the apocalyptic understanding of History.

The aim of the paper is to offer in the first place a short introduction on presence of lexical units of Gypsy origin in different varieties of Latin American Spanish, making use of lists and catalogues of Gypsy loanwords in European Spanish, and paying attention mostly to those which are generally known in Latin America. But the main interest of the paper lies in the presence and structure of Gypsy loanwords in the Mexican variety of Spanish and in its criminal and popular slangs, generally known as caló. The lexical units in question will be excerpted from various dictionaries of Mexican Spanish but mainly from Diccionario del español usual en México and from Diccionario breve de mexicanismos. Special attention is paid to their textual documentation in contemporary Spanish corpora and to the correspondence and adequacy of the textual documentation to their lexicographical treatment.