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Abstract: Authors from different countries have published their papers in English, aiming to promote their research results widely and to become internationally known by their peers. It is also true that, although they are aware of the English terminology used in their respective field, some authors still struggle with some features of academic writing such as collocations. Thus, this paper presents a discussion on the underuse and overuse traces of academic collocations by Brazilian authors who had their articles published in English on an open electronic library of scientific journals. In order to analyse the collocations used by these researchers, we compiled a 906,035-word corpus from eight different academic areas. The collocations observed were statistically compared to those from an academic corpus of English writings which contains texts produced by English-speaking authors. Results showed that there are more collocations underused than overused by the authors. The analysis proved that the collocation repertoire of researchers could be broadened by being pointed out during academic writing workshops. Keywords: academic collocations; research paper writing; corpus linguistics. Resumo: Autores de vários países têm publicado seus artigos científicos em inglês com o intuito de promover amplamente os resultados de suas pesquisas dentre a comunidade científica internacional. É verdade que, embora estejam cientes da terminologia utilizada no respectivo campo de pesquisa, alguns autores ainda apresentam dificuldade em lidar com certas características da escrita acadêmica, como o uso das colocações. Este artigo apresenta uma discussão sobre traços de sobreuso e subuso de colocações acadêmicas utilizadas por autores brasileiros que têm seus artigos publicados em inglês numa plataforma eletrônica aberta de artigos científicos. Para analisar as colocações utilizadas por estes pesquisadores, compilamos um corpus de 906.000 palavras a partir de oito áreas científicas. As colocações analisadas foram comparadas estatisticamente com as colocações de um corpus acadêmico de inglês que contém textos escritos por autores anglófonos. Os resultados mostraram que há mais traços de subuso que sobreuso de colocações acadêmicas utilizadas pelos pesquisadores e este repertório poderia ser ampliado se fossem destacadas durante cursos de escrita acadêmica em língua inglesa. Palavras-chave: colocações acadêmicas; escrita de artigos científicos; linguística de corpus.

Writing Studies scholars have raised concerns about framing student struggles to integrate secondary sources as an ethical problem of plagiarism. They propose, instead, framing student citation practices as transitional markers of development in which students use patchwriting to learn the discursive norms and values of academia. Patchwriting as a literacy tool for transfer of knowledge raised questions for me about whether students develop other scaffolds to aid in learning transfer. In this pilot study, I investigate student use of anchor sources, the “perfect source” that frames a student’s central argument, rhetorical structure, and/or purpose. Based on a random sample of a nationwide corpus of First-Year Writing research papers from 16 US institutions, findings show that 21 of 30 research papers (70%) revealed evidence of an anchor source. Six of the 9 papers without anchor sources show evidence of significant rhetorical problems. Results suggest evidence of knowledge transfer, as well as pedagogical implications for supporting this transitional stage in student development.

Resumo: Este artigo se propõe a analisar três tipos de estruturas sintáticas com o verbo acabar em português do Brasil: aquelas com o verbo acabar seguido de oração cujo verbo está no gerúndio (eu acabei escrevendo o artigo); aquelas em que o mesmo verbo é seguido de preposição por e oração infinitiva (eu acabei por escrever o artigo); e aquelas em que o verbo é seguido de um CP finito (acabou que eu escrevi o artigo). As três estruturas veiculam um sentido próximo: um conjunto de circunstâncias ou eventos subentendidos ou mencionados no contexto culminam ou causam o evento expresso pela oração que segue o verbo acabar, e nas três construções o verbo acabar comporta-se como típico verbo de alçamento. O trabalho defende que, no contexto sintático desses três tipos de complemento frasal, o significado da raiz do verbo acabar inclua um superevento, chamemo-lo S, que reúne o conjunto de circunstâncias ou eventos referidos acima, e estabelece que tal conjunto culmina ou causa o evento (ou um estado resultante ou associado a tal evento) veiculado pela oração complemento. O texto também mostra que os diferentes complementos frasais podem estabelecer relações temporais distintas entre a culminação do superevento S e o tempo do evento expresso pela oração subordinada, e também têm propriedades sintáticas distintas, como a possibilidade ou não de topicalizações ou focalização contrastiva dentro da oração subordinada, em sua periferia esquerda. Palavras-chave: verbos aspectuais; verbos alçamento; semântica temporal; periferia esquerda. Abstract: This article aims to analyze three types of syntactic structures with the verb acabar in Brazilian Portuguese: those with the verb acabar followed by a gerund clause (eu acabei escrevendo o artigo – I ended up writing the paper); those in which the same verb is followed by the preposition por and an infinitive clause (eu acabei por escrever o artigo – I ended up writing the paper (I finished for write the paper)); and those in which the verb is followed by a finite CP (acabou que eu escrevi o artigo – I ended up writing the paper (finished that I wrote the paper)). The three structures convey a close meaning, which includes a set of circumstances or events implied or mentioned in the context that culminates or causes the event expressed by the clause following the verb acabar, and in the three constructions the verb acabar behaves as a typical raising verb. The work argues that in the syntactic context of these three types of phrasal complement the meaning of the root of the verb acabar includes a superevent, let us call it S, which brings together the set of circumstances or events referred to above, and establishes that such set culminates or causes the event (or a state resulting or associated with such an event) conveyed by the complement clause. The paper also shows that the different phrasal complements can establish distinct temporal relationships between the culmination of the superevent S and the time of the event expressed by the subordinate clause, and also have distinct syntactic properties, such as the possibility of topicalization or contrastive focusing within the subordinate clause, in its left periphery. Keywords: aspectual verbs; raising verbs; tense semantics; left periphery.

Este artigo aborda o futuro do trabalho como fenômeno comu-nicacional, por meio de sua análise como construção discursiva. Elegemos como objeto dois relatórios, dois documentos prospectivos: um assinado pelo World Economic Forum — talvez o maior porta-voz do capitalismo global — e outro da corporação Dell Technologies, expoente da economia digital mundial. Buscamos identificar de que forma esses discursos sobre o futuro do trabalho mobilizam códigos hegemônicos do neoliberalismo, compreendido como lógica social. Essa lógica pressupõe a produção de sujeitos, por meio de competências, perfis, como capital humano a ser gerido com eficácia. A metodologia é baseada na noção de discurso social de Angenot — que propõe a análise do espírito do tempo em sua disseminação nos discursos de dado contexto histórico e social.

Resenha do livro "Panoan language and linguistics", que apresenta um amplo panorama linguístico, histórico e cultural a respeito do conhecimento produzido sobre as línguas da família Pano.

Resumo: À semelhança do que fez Cantoni (2013) para o sistema de acento do português como um todo, proponho neste trabalho uma explicação diacrônica para o fato de os verbos terem acento móvel e os não verbos terem acento fixo em português. Adoto uma perspectiva diacrônica, considerando, como proposto nas abordagens de sistemas dinâmicos, que o conhecimento do estado inicial de um sistema nos ajuda a entender seu estado atual. Nesse sentido, examino os paradigmas flexionais de substantivos latinos e as mudanças que ocorreram desde o latim até o português com o intuito de verificar em que medida essas mudanças morfológicas acabaram determinando características do sistema acentual do português. Em sua grande maioria, os substantivos apresentavam deslocamento do acento em seu paradigma em latim. Como é demonstrado neste trabalho, no entanto, o acusativo era o único caso em que praticamente não havia deslocamento de acento em latim do singular para o plural. O fato de o acusativo ter sido o caso lexicogênico do português, isto é, o caso cujas formas deram origem aos substantivos e adjetivos correspondentes do português, acabou tendo como resultado a imobilidade do acento nos não verbos. Ele era o caso de realização mais frequente e, como seria de se esperar numa perspectiva baseada no uso, foi o único caso que sobreviveu. A seção final do texto discute ainda o fato de que as mesmas mudanças diacrônicas fizeram com que as vogais temáticas nominais e adjetivais nunca sejam acentuadas em português. Palavras-Chave: acento; português; diacronia. Abstract: As did Cantoni (2013) for the Portuguese stress system as a whole, I propose in the present paper a diachronic explanation for a difference between verbs and non-verbs in Portuguese: the fact that verbs have mobile stress, whereas non-verbs do not. I adopt a diachronic perspective, considering, as proposed in dynamic systems approaches, that the knowledge of the initial state of a system helps us understand its current state. Based on that, I examine inflectional paradigms of Latin nouns and the changes that have taken place from Latin to Portuguese with the purpose of assessing to what extent those morphological changes have determined characteristics of the Portuguese stress system. The vast majority of nouns showed a stress shift in their paradigms in Latin. As is shown in the present paper, however, the accusative was the only case in which there was practically no change in stress between singular and plural. The fact that the accusative was the lexicogenic case in Portuguese, i.e., the fact that nouns and adjectives in Portuguese have their forms derived from the accusative of corresponding Latin words eventually produced fixed stress in Portuguese non-verbs. The accusative was the most frequent case in Latin and, as would be expected from a usage-based perspective, it was the only surviving case. The final section of the paper additionally discusses the fact that the same diachronic changes have kept noun and adjective theme vowels from ever being stressed in Portuguese. Keywords: stress; Portuguese; diachrony.

Resumo: O artigo discute a hipótese dos parâmetros para expressão da comparação e das construções graduais analisando dados do português brasileiro (PB). Beck et alii (2009) e Beck, Oda e Sugisaki (2004) estipulam três parâmetros: i) a língua tem predicados graduais (DSP – Degree Structure Parameter); ii) a língua tem ligação de variáveis na sintaxe (DAP -Degree Abstraction Parameter); e iii) a língua tem a posição sintática de grau preenchida (DegPP – Degree Phrase Parameter). Línguas com marcação negativa no DSP não exibem qualquer construção gradual, enquanto as marcadas positivamente exibem uma variedade de construções graduais, especialmente comparativas tradicionais com algo semelhante a “mais”. O DAP dá conta de estruturas que envolvem ligação de variáveis de grau na sintaxe, como comparativas que exibem ambiguidades de escopo. Por fim, também há a impossibilidade de se preencher o argumento de grau dos adjetivos com sintagmas de medida (cf. *2 metros alto), um fato explicado pela marcação negativa no DegPP. Mostramos que o PB recebe marcação positiva nos dois primeiros parâmetros e negativa no último. Discutimos estruturas interrogativas graduais, bem como sintagmas de medida como 2 metros de altura. O artigo conclui que essas estruturas precisam ser melhor discutidas para entendermos sua relação com os parâmetros. Palavras-chave: Semântica; Universais Semânticos; Modificadores Graduais; Orações Comparativas. Abstract: The paper discusses the hypothesis of parameters for the expression of comparison and degree constructions discussing data from Brazilian Portuguese (BP). Beck et alii (2009) and Beck, Oda and Sugisaki (2004) propose three parameters: i) the language has degree predicates (DSP – Degree Structure Parameter); ii) the language has or does not have binding of degree variables in the syntax (DAP -Degree Abstraction Parameter); and iii) the language has a syntactic degree argument filled (DegPP – Degree Phrase Parameter). Languages with negative setting in the DSP do not show any degree construction at all, especially comparative constructions with an expression like “more”. The DAP explains structures with binding of degree variables in the syntax, like comparative clauses with scope ambiguities. At last, there is the impossibility of filling the syntactic degree argument of gradable adjectives with measure phrases (cf. *2 metros alto/2 meters tall). This fact is explained by a negative setting in the DegPP. It is shown that BP receives positive setting in the first ones but negative setting in the last. It is also discussed degree interrogatives and measure phrases like 2 metros de altura “2 meters of height”. The paper concludes that these structures should be better discussed to understand their place in the degree parameter hypothesis. Keywords: Semantics; Semantic Universals; Degree Modifiers; Comparative Clauses.

Resumo: O presente trabalho objetiva investigar a estrutura silábica da libras, a partir de pressupostos estabelecidos sobre as línguas orais e sobre as línguas de sinais, especialmente sobre a American Sign Language (ASL). Para tanto, na tentativa de apontar aspectos relevantes que corroboraram a compreensão da sílaba em libras, retoma-se importantes trabalhos sobre a sílaba nessa língua, como o de Cunha (2011) e o de Aguiar (2013). Neste trabalho, todavia, a base metodológica para tal análise segue o modelo fonológico MLMov (Mão-Locação-Movimento), proposto por Lessa-de-Oliveira (2012; 2019), que estabelece que a estrutura articulatória dos sinais da libras é constituída em quatro níveis hierárquicos. Objetiva-se ainda identificar o núcleo da unidade silábica da libras e descrever se há ou não funcionalidade no Princípio da Sonoridade para identificação desse núcleo. Verifica-se que um critério funcional que dê conta de identificar o núcleo silábico não seria a sonoridade, mas a obrigatoriedade. Como resultados, aponta-se que uma sílaba em libras se constitui de uma unidade MLMov, que poderá ter as seguintes combinações em sua estrutura interna: [MLMov], [ML], [MMov] ou [M]. Dessa forma, compreende-se, por fim, que o segmento presente em todas as unidades MLMov componentes de sinais é Mão, sendo esse, portanto, o núcleo silábico nessa língua. Palavras-chave: libras; fonologia; sílaba; MLMov. Abstract: In this paper, we aim to make an analysis of the syllabic structure of libras, from the assumptions established about oral languages and about sign languages, especially about the American Sign Language (ASL). Therefore, in an attempt to demonstrate relevant aspects that corroborate the understanding of the syllable in libras, important works on the syllable in this language are resumed, such as those by Cunha (2011) and Aguiar (2013). In this paper, however, the methodological basis for such analysis follows the MLMov (Hand-Location-Movement) phonological model, proposed by Lessa-de-Oliveira (2012; 2019), which establishes that the articulatory structure of libras signs is constituted in four hierarchical levels. It also aims to identify the core of the syllabic unit of libras and describe there is or there isn’t functionality in the sound principle to identify this nucleus. It is verified that a functional criterion that is able to identify the syllabic core would not be the sonority, but the obligation. As a result, it is pointed out that a syllable in libras constitutes an MLMov unit, which may have the following combinations in its internal structure: [MLMov], [ML], [MMov] or [M]. Thus, it is finally understood that the segment present in all MLMov units of sign components is Hand, which is therefore the syllabic core in this language. Keywords: libras; phonology; syllable; MLMov

Abstract: This paper analyzes the Brazilian Portuguese adjective mesmo with anaphoric reading (MOLTMANN, 1993; FERREIRA, 2010). Expanding the functional layer of the determiner phrase (e. g., CINQUE, 2010), this analysis proposes that mesmo has “pronominal” properties and that there is a specific position in the functional structure of DP/NP which hosts both possessive pronouns and anaphoric mesmo, at least in the end of derivation, and such a position is in fact a host for adjectives with pronominal properties. In the last sections the article (using tools of formal semantics: e. g. HEIM; KRATZER, 1998) presents a semantic definition for anaphoric mesmo, arguing that it is a sort of implicit comparative item (CARLSON, 1987), with a “comparison function” as part of its very definition. We propose, taking advantage of insights of the pertinent literature (ALRENGA, 2010; HEIM, 1985; LASERSOHN, 2000; among others), that the semantics of mesmo is composed of an assignment function and a function which establishes a contextual equivalence by means of the sharing of relevant properties between the referent or kind introduced by the DP with mesmo and an individual or kind mentioned in previous discourse. In the end of the paper, we briefly speculate on the semantics of what is here called “explicit” comparative mesmo (that includes a comparative CP after the noun), which, as well as the distributive mesmo (CARLSON, 1987, among others), and as this text intends to show in the following pages, is hierarchically lower, in the syntax of DPs, than anaphoric mesmo. Keywords: Mesmo; Determiner Phrase; Adjectives; Comparative Semantics. Resumo: Este trabalho analisa o adjetivo mesmo do português brasileiro com a leitura anafórica (MOLTMANN, 1993; FERREIRA, 2010). Expandindo a camada funcional do sintagma determinante (e. g., CINQUE, 2010), esta análise propõe que mesmo tem propriedades “pronominais” e que há uma posição específica na estrutura funcional do DP/NP que alberga, pelo menos ao fim da derivação, tanto pronomes possessivos quanto o adjetivo mesmo anafórico, e tal posição recebe, de fato, adjetivos com propriedades pronominais. Nas últimas seções o artigo apresenta (usando ferramentas da semântica formal: por exemplo, HEIM; KRATZER, 1998) uma definição semântica para o mesmo anafórico, defendendo que ele é uma espécie de item de comparação implícita (CARLSON, 1987), tendo uma “função de comparação” como parte de sua definição. Propomos, aproveitando insights da literatura pertinente (ALRENGA, 2010; HEIM, 1985; LASERSOHN, 2000; entre outros), que a semântica de mesmo é composta por uma função de assinalamento e uma função que estabelece uma equivalência contextual por meio de um compartilhamento de propriedades relevantes entre o referente ou tipo introduzido pelo DP que contém mesmo e um indivíduo ou tipo mencionado no discurso prévio. Por fim, o artigo especula sobre a semântica do que aqui é chamado mesmo “explicitamente” comparativo (que inclui um CP comparativo após o nome), que, assim como o mesmo distributivo (CARLSON, 1987, entre outros), e como este texto deseja mostrar nas páginas a seguir, é mais baixo hierarquicamente, na sintaxe do DP, que o mesmo anafórico. Palavras-chave: Mesmo; Sintagma Determinante; Adjetivos; Semântica de Comparativos.

In our never-ending search for the most efficient and eloquent ways of teaching English as a foreign language, we have identified “Guided meditation” as an interesting and challenging alternative approach and strategy. This paper discusses the notions of “linguistics”, “applied linguistics” and “psycholinguistics” and it tackles several teaching methods connected to guided meditation, such as “Suggestopedia” and the “Natural Approach”. It further deals with the main differences between “mindfulness”, “guided meditation” and “transcendentalism”, and then it aims at showing and explaining ways of using guided meditation practice for boosting teaching and learning English as a foreign language, mainly based on Tatiana Slama-Cazacu’s dynamic-contextual methodology (1999). The paper also designs an experiment that is going to be implemented in the first semester of the academic year 2021-2022, based on the hypothesis that the students engaged in guided meditation strategies can generate new ideas (be creative), cooperate with their colleagues, learn, reflect and think critically, improving thus their communication abilities in English. For this purpose, the research framework of the paper presents the subjects, the main research methods, the data collection instruments and the stages of the experiment (administering an initial and an achievement test, a pre-survey and a post-survey, conceiving activities, collecting work samples and the teacher’s observation notes).

This paper aims to analyze the social representations of women in Portuguese Textbooks (LDP) distributed in high school programs of state schools and selected based on the Guide of the National Textbook Program (PNLD) 2018. To this end, we draw from the field of Discourse Analysis, more specifically, from Foucault’s postulates (2009, 2011, 2013, 2014, 2016) in dialogue with the notion of “gender identity”, by Louro (1997, 2008). The corpus of analysis is comprised of visual-linguistic texts collected from the three most chosen collections of high school textbooks by schools of Minas Gerais State. Based on the analyses, we found that the corpus presents visual-linguistic texts that foster possible questions about normalized gender representations for women. However, we could perceive that most of the scenes portray previously normalized roles based on the traditional model of asymmetric gender relations. Therefore, in this paper we present other interpretations of the visual-linguistic materialities of LDPs, outlining possible practices of sexism confrontation in Portuguese language teaching and learning.

The aim of this paper is to show empirically, albeit in an indirect manner, some aspects related to language development and knowledge construction, in the frame of the relations between thought and language proposed by contemporary philosophy and by systemic functional linguistics (SFL). To do this, we compare two versions of the same two texts, produced by university students as part of an explicit genre-based learning process, and argue for an evolution of their cognition. Different stances of contemporary philosophy, socio-historic psychology and cognitive studies are revised as part of the conceptual framework, along with the language-based pedagogy proposed within systemic-functional linguistics. Based on this theoretical revision, two teaching-learning experiences informed by this genre-based pedagogy and SFL discourse analysis methodology are presented. These experiences offer some achievements in the direction of the goal of the paper. We propose that students evolve in the construction of knowledge and, hence, in the development of thought, through the development of their writing competences, achieved by the application of genre-based teaching for written discourse. Therefore, based on the experience and the theoretical base proposed, evidence is provided for the hypothesis of cognition of the world as a human faculty constituted by the development of language.

This paper reports on a doctoral research project, carried out by the first author under the supervision of the second one, whose original focus was on elaborating a first draft of a written code of ethics for Brazilian language teachers. Even though this project was initially conceived to elaborate such a draft in light of some European ethics perspectives, as the proponents were generating data with the research participants, it became evident to them that the European-centered worldview would not properly address the struggles and needs of Brazilian language teachers. Two instances of colonial seeds becoming decolonial flowers are then introduced. The first one relates to the conception of the research project and the data collection; and the second, to the analysis itself. It does not take a village to fail, but it certainly takes one to face it in the way described in this paper. In a highly competitive context as the academia is, time to fail and to reflect upon it would seem to be nonsense to a vast number of scholars. The paper ends with reflective questions to be locally and creatively answered by scholars and teachers from the language education arena.

The genre of metapoetry thematizes the fictional elements – the inspiration of a poet, his poetic process, meta-poetic metaphors, the role of the poet in society, and intertextual references – partaking in the making of poetry explicitly or implicitly carried through a poem within a poem technique. This paper presents Eva Müller-Zettlemann’s theoretical pronunciation of meta-poetic elements, i. e., poetic inspiration, poetic process, and meta-poetic metaphors, at play in the metalyrics of Taufiq Rafat from his anthologies Arrival of the Monsoon: Collected Poems 1947-78 (1985) and Half Moon: Poems 1979-1983 (2008). Rafat’s inspiration is the South-Asian terra firma and lived experience that makes him infuse the regional sensibility through a poetic process of perceiving and penning down immediately. His meta-poetic metaphor involves the invention of an image of cultural genesis that informs the process of poetic creativity. Moreover, the study also considers the explicit expression of the role of the poet in society and the functions of poetry in Rafat’s poems, otherwise a prose phenomenon. Thus, the paper analyzes the conscious expression of the construction of South-Asian singularity inspired by the cultural kernel in content and form in Rafat’s metalyrics.

The paper investigates the process of textbook adaptation from Portuguese to Brazilian Sign Language by treating textbooks as a pedagogic support which mirrors our educational culture. More specifically, it aims at reviewing the literature widely accepted as relevant to the topic. The paper is grounded on a framework — Basso (2003), Souza (2015), Moses, Golos e Holcomb (2018), Krusser (2017), Munakata (2016), Ramos (2013), Miranda (2010, 2019) and Silva et al. (2013) — which explores specifically pedagogic materials dedicated to deaf children. It goes on to offer some reflections on the following themes: the relation between schools and didactic materials adapted to Brazilian Sign Language; the introduction of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) to the school environment; the way students read adaptations, and how adaptations to Brazilian Sign Language can build meanings as it becomes a new mode for reading. Lastly, the paper presents future possibilities for adapted didactic materials as they are described by relevant publications in the field.

Based on data generated for an ethnographic research carried out in 2018 - which aimed at comprehending how literacy practices developed in Portuguese lessons delivered to senioryear students of a public high school dialogue with literacy practices in which such students participate outside school -, this paper proposes to present and discuss the concept of “culturally hybrid zones”. The proposal discusses Erickson’s concepts of “cultural borders” and “cultural boundaries” and is grounded on Bakhtin’s notion of textual “hybridization” as well as on Bhabha’s understanding of “cultural hybridity”. In order to achieve the goal, this paper analyzes reading and writing activities taught in the classroom that was observed, and literacy practices produced by students outside school. The outcomes show educational practices more and less responsive to the students’ linguistic culture. The conclusions point out the possibility and the urgent need of establishing critical dialogues between linguistic knowledge that is traditionally taught in school and the knowledge that is built/utilized by students in other social instances

The editors’ target is much more than introducing the papers of this thematic issue to the reader. It can be considered a space devoted to discussing the Onomastics studies in Brazil, its status, and interdisciplinarity. Initially, we outline a tenuous sketch about interdisciplinarity and onomastic research in Brazil. We also discuss the terminological disagreements among researchers, in general, and among authors for this thematic issue, specifically – not a welcome scenario. Secondly, we revise the concepts related to interdisciplinarity, as multidisciplinarity, pluridisciplinarity and transdisciplinarity. In this review, we emphasize its application in onomastic studies in Brazil by presenting attempts to implement inter (or trans) disciplinary routines in research, quoting French and Canadian onomasticians. Finally, the last section introduces to the reader the papers that make up the thematic issue, inviting him to read the whole volume and to reflect on the discussed themes.

Abstract: Weather events affect air traffic control (ATC) in many ways, for there are many situations that need to be reported in pilot-controller communication. This paper attempts to analyze the language used to express the impact of meteorological phenomena to air traffic operations, particularly in regard to aeronautical English, that is, the communication used during radiotelephony by air traffic controllers in training situations. For that, two types of analyses will be carried out: one regarding the formulaic structure of lexical units using 11 Aeronautical Meteorology terms within the ATC context (phase 1); and another one concerning the use of these terms by students in three ATC courses (for TWR, ACC and APP facilities) and how it affects their performance during communication activities in a learning environment (phase 2). These analyses will be based on rationales of lexical semantics for terminology; corpus linguistics (CL), comprising English for Specific Purposes (ESP) and learner corpora; and considerations about vocabulary assessment on aeronautical English exams. Results suggest that terminological patterns discussed in this paper show how meaning is dependent on context, and how lexical semantic analysis of terms may contribute to reveal nuances of language used in a specialized context. In this way, it indicates courses have been efficient in teaching and practicing the use of the main meteorological terms related to aeronautical English and that, despite some mistakes students make, evidence points out that they are able to report weather conditions to pilots and to understand pilots’ requests in a proficient level concerning vocabulary. Keywords: meteorology; aeronautical English; terminology; learner corpus; language assessment. Resumo: Eventos meteorológicos afetam o controle de tráfego aéreo (ATC) de diversas formas, dado que muitas situações precisam ser reportadas na comunicação entre piloto e controlador. Este artigo pretende analisar a linguagem utilizada para expressar o impacto de fenômenos meteorológicos para operações ATC, particularmente quanto ao uso de inglês aeronáutico, ou seja, a comunicação utilizada durante a radiotelefonia, por controladores em situações de aprendizagem. Para isso, duas análises foram realizadas: em relação à estrutura formulaica de unidades lexicais contendo 11 termos de Meteorologia Aeronáutica no contexto ATC (fase 1); e quanto ao uso desses termos por alunos de três cursos ATC (para os órgãos operacionais TWR, ACC e APP) e como isso afeta seu desempenho durante as atividades de comunicação em um ambiente de aprendizagem (fase 2). Essas análises serão fundamentadas nas teorias de semântica lexical para terminologia; linguística de corpus (LC), compreendendo Inglês para Fins Específicos (ESP) e corpora de aprendizes; e considerações sobre avaliação de vocabulário em exames de proficiência de inglês aeronáutico. Os resultados sugerem que os padrões terminológicos discutidos mostram como os significados dependem do contexto, e como a análise léxico-semântica de termos pode contribuir para revelar nuances da linguagem utilizada em contexto especializado. Desta forma, demonstrou-se que os cursos foram eficientes no ensino e na prática do uso dos principais termos meteorológicos e que, apesar de alguns erros cometidos, as evidências apontam que os estudantes foram capazes de reportar condições meteorológicas e compreender as solicitações dos pilotos com nível de proficiência adequado em relação a vocabulário. Palavras-chave: meteorologia; inglês aeronáutico; terminologia; corpus de aprendizes; avaliação de línguas.

Resumo: Neste texto aborda-se a frequência e a distribuição de formas de plural irregular do português brasileiro, no âmbito da palavra, numa perspectiva descritiva. Os dados provêm do Corpus Brasileiro e estão divididos em duas amostras: Amostra L, nomes pluralizados terminados ortograficamente em vogal+is (ex. papéis), vogal+us (ex. chapéus) e is (ex. funis), e Amostra N, os terminados por ões (ex. vilões), ãos (ex. irmãos) e ães (ex. pães). O exame das variáveis fonético-fonológicas e léxico-morfológicas – número de sílabas, acento, contexto fonológico, afiliação morfológica e frequência lexical – permitiu contextualizar o comportamento das alternantes minoritárias de cada amostra, em oposição às alternantes prevalentes, vogal+is e ões, respectivamente. Palavras-chave: plural; alomorfia; morfologia; morfofonologia; Corpus Brasileiro. Abstract: This paper addresses the frequency and distribution of Brazilian Portuguese irregular plurals, within the scope of the word, in a descriptive approach. The data come from the Corpus Brasileiro and are divided into two samples: (i) pluralized nouns ending, in spelling, with vowel+is (eg papéis ‘papers’), vowel+us (eg chapéus ‘hats’), and is (eg funis ‘funnels’), and (ii) those ending with ões (eg vilões ‘villains’), ãos (eg irmãos ‘brothers’), and ães (eg cães ‘dogs’). The phonological and lexical-morphological variables analyzed – number of syllables, stress, phonological context, morphological affiliation and lexical frequency – allowed to define the main contexts for the minority alternants of each sample, in opposition to the prevalent ones, vowel+is and ões, respectively. Keywords: plural; allomorphy; morphology; morphophonology; Corpus Brasileiro.

Abstract: The ICAO Language Proficiency Rating Scale offers parameters for aeronautical English teaching and assessment focused on oral skills. It assists governments worldwide in assessing pilots and air traffic controllers’ English proficiency, licensing them for international operations. This paper addresses two of the six linguistic areas listed in the Rating Scale, namely fluency and interaction, to understand what conversational elements are present in pilot-controller communications with a view to informing pedagogical material. The analysis is based on a corpus of pilot-controller radio communications in abnormal situations, revealing a more spontaneous code as opposed to the documented Standard Phraseology mandated for routine situations. Corpus Linguistics is the methodology chosen for this investigation, concentrated on the top frequent three-word clusters extracted from the corpus. Investigation of these clusters reveals that fluency and interaction are interconnected and should be considered in a broader perspective that takes into account language in use. To illustrate, ‘we’d like’ and ‘if you can’ are commonly employed as requests in this specific register. The paper concludes by suggesting that learners’ awareness of pragmatic aspects of language is pivotal in the aviation English classroom. Keywords: Plain Aviation English; fluency; interaction; Corpus Linguistics; Pragmatics. Resumo: A Escala de Proficiência Linguística da ICAO oferece parâmetros para o ensino e a avaliação do inglês aeronáutico focado nas habilidades orais. Serve para os governos em todo o mundo avaliarem a proficiência em inglês de pilotos e controladores de tráfego aéreo, licenciando-os para operações internacionais. Este estudo aborda duas das seis áreas linguísticas elencadas na Escala, quais sejam, fluência e interação, para compreender quais elementos conversacionais estão presentes nas comunicações entre pilotos e controladores com o objetivo de subsidiar materiais pedagógicos. A análise se baseia em um corpus de comunicações via rádio entre pilotos e controladores em situações anormais, revelando um código mais espontâneo, diferentemente da Fraseologia Padrão oficial mandatória nas situações rotineiras. A Linguística de Corpus é a metodologia utilizada nesta investigação, concentrada nos mais frequentes blocos de linguagem de três palavras evidenciados no corpus de estudo. A investigação desses blocos de linguagem revela que fluência e interação são interconectadas e deveriam ser consideradas a partir da perspectiva da língua em uso. Para ilustrar, ‘we’d like’ e ‘if you can’ são normalmente empregados como solicitações. Conclui-se sugerindo que a conscientização dos aprendizes sobre aspectos pragmáticos da língua é fundamental na sala de aula do inglês aeronáutico. Palavras-chave: Plain Aviation English; fluência; interação; Linguística de Corpus; Pragmática.

Postmodern poetry revisits the traditions and subjects myth and history to drastic experimentations. The present paper reacts to Ashbery's postmodern rendition of the myth of Orpheus in his poem ‘Syringa’ (Ashbery, 1985). He dismantles and opposes the myth of Orpheus and Eurydice and disrupts its totalitarian voice. The main concerns of the paper are to investigate what linguistic potentials Ashbery deploys in his experimentation, how these potentials help him appropriate and then subvert the mythical subtext, and what the consequences of this subversion could be. He disturbs the myth of Orpheus by drawing on the potentials of constructed oppositions. These potentials help Ashbery deconstruct the mythical narrative and adapt it to his postmodern tastes. The theoretical framework comprises Leslie Jeffries's notion of constructed opposition. The methodology is analytic and interpretive; it conducts a close reading of the poem which situates the poem at the intersecting nodes of myth, poetry, and language. The poem is argued to have relied heavily on the oppositions that Ashbery sets up between his text and its mythical subtext. The paper concludes negation and shifts of verb-tenses are the main structural triggers of opposition along with semantic triggers.

Abstract: This paper exemplifies the use of aggression as impoliteness in computer-mediated, or digital communication in Brazilian Portuguese, while looking into the performance of such linguistic actions in the context of a discussion about class discrimination. Specifically, it investigates the relationship between linguistic aggression as impoliteness, and identity as observed in a Facebook campaign page about a Brazilian university. The page under consideration was devised as an open platform to disseminate and call attention to examples of discriminatory behaviors experienced by students from peripheric communities attending an elite university in Rio de Janeiro. These students were at the center of a controversy, as they were supposedly brought to this institution through social programs promoted by the previous, leftist oriented governments. This paper examines the use of linguistic aggression as impoliteness, such as name calling and overt disagreement (Lorenzo-Dus; Blitvich; Bou-Franch, 2011), to communicate different opinions about, or argue against, the perceived instances of discrimination supplied by the students in the campaign and subsequently discussed by the participants in their posts. These impoliteness strategies ratify identities in the context of the discussion, marking in and outside group members, as the participants 1) align against, or 2) justify, the described behaviors. Keywords: aggression; impoliteness; identity; narrative; discrimination; Facebook; digital communication. Resumo: Este artigo exemplifica o emprego de agressão como descortesia na comunicação mediada, ou digital, no português brasileiro, observando-se o desempenho de tais ações linguísticas no contexto de uma discussão sobre discriminação de classe. Especificamente, investiga-se a relação entre agressão linguística como descortesia e identidade tal como observada em uma campanha em uma página do Facebook sobre uma universidade brasileira. A página sob consideração foi projetada como uma plataforma aberta para disseminar e chamar a atenção para exemplos de comportamentos discriminatórios vivenciados pelos estudantes de comunidades periféricas frequentando uma universidade de elite no Rio de Janeiro. Os membros desta comunidade estudantil estavam no centro de uma controvérsia, por supostamente terem sido admitidos na instituição por meio de programas sociais promovidos por governos anteriores, de tendência esquerdista. Este artigo examina o uso de agressão linguística como descortesia, tais como chamar nomes, i.e., dirigir-se a alguém empregando termos insultuosos, e discordar diretamente (Lorenzo-Dus; Blitvich; Bou-Franch, 2011), para comunicar diferentes opiniões sobre, ou argumentar contra, as percebidas instâncias de discriminação supridas pelos estudantes na campanha e subsequentemente discutidas pelos participantes nas suas postagens. Estas estratégias de descortesia ratificam as identidades no contexto da discussão, marcando membros e não-membros do grupo, na medida em que os participantes 1) alinham-se contra, ou 2) justificam os comportamentos descritos. Palavras-chave: agressão; descortesia; identidade; narrativas; discriminação; Facebook; comunicação digital.

Abstract: Almost forty years ago, the proposal of the Conceptual Metaphor Theory represented a milestone for Cognitive Linguistics studies. From this point, many pieces of research were developed around the analytical category of metaphor. However, the majority of these papers are still in the monomodal field, intending to build a concept resulting from the source and target domains that come specifically from the verbal structures. Taking this into consideration, this paper intends to focus on the metaphorical occurrence in diverse semiotic modes that constitute multimodal texts. In order to fulfill this aim, we outlined a corpus of five editorial cartoons about “fake news”. Our specific objective is to, making use of the concept of multimodal metaphors proposed by Forceville (1996, 2009), presented how the different semiotic modes, in this case the verbal and the visual ones, are interwoven in the building of these metaphors. In this way, in our study, besides validating the thesis proposed by Forceville (2009) about the occurrence of metaphors not only in the verbal mode, it was also possible to verify the importance of multimodal metaphors for the meaning construction process in the analyzed genre. Keywords: metaphors; multimodal metaphors; fake news. Resumo: Há quase quarenta anos atrás um marco nos estudos da Linguística Cognitiva, em especial em sua semântica, ocorreu: a proposta da Teoria da Metáfora Conceitual. A partir desse trabalho, muitas pesquisas foram desenvolvidas em torno da categoria analítica da metáfora. Porém, grande parte desses trabalhos ainda encontra-se no campo dos denominados textos monomodais, visando apenas a construção conceitual resultante de domínios fonte e alvo oriundos especificamente do modo verbal. Diante disso, o presente artigo propõe-se a promover um trabalho dedicado à ocorrência metafórica nos diferentes modos semióticos que constituem os textos multimodais. Para cumprirmos tal objetivo, delineamos como corpus cinco charges que versam sobre o conceito fake news. Nosso objetivo específico consiste em apresentar, através do conceito de metáforas multimodais, proposto por Forceville (1996, 2009), a forma pela qual diferentes modos semióticos, nesse caso em especial o verbal e o imagético, imbricaram-se na construção dessas metáforas. Assim, em nosso estudo, além de vislumbrarmos a validação da proposição de Forceville (2009) sobre a não ocorrência do processo metafórico apenas no modo verbal, foi possível a verificação da importância das metáforas multimodais para a construção dos sentidos do gênero em análise. Palavras-chave: metáforas; metáfora multimodal; fake news.

Resumo: Este artigo apresenta resultados de projeto de pesquisa que objetivou identificar representações no jornalismo online a respeito de ações e políticas públicas voltadas à população em situação de rua. A pesquisa, realizada no âmbito dos estudos críticos do discurso (VAN DIJK, 2009; FAIRCLOUGH, 2010; VIEIRA; RESENDE, 2016) e da análise interdiscursiva de políticas públicas (RESENDE, 2018; FISCHER, 2016), considerou a Folha de S. Paulo (em sua plataforma digital, em folha.uol.com.br) para compor um corpus abrangente das notícias publicadas sobre a população em situação de rua em um período de três anos. A composição do corpus considerou as palavras-chave ‘(morador)(a)(es)+(de rua)’, ‘(pessoas)(população)+(em situação)/(de rua)’, aplicadas ao buscador do veículo jornalístico. A categoria analítica que orientou o mapeamento dos dados no software NVivo foi a metáfora (CHARTERIS-BLACK, 2004). Neste recorte, o foco específico são metáforas espaciais utilizadas para representar os deslocamentos e permanências da população em situação de rua na cidade em textos tratando de ações e políticas públicas. As análises apontaram que sentidos metafóricos nesse corpus têm efeito de justificativa para ações e políticas públicas desumanizantes da população em situação de rua. Palavras-chave: população em situação de rua; jornalismo online; metáfora espacial; ação e política pública. Abstract: This paper presents results of a research project aimed to identify representations in online journalism regarding actions and public policies towards the homeless population. The research, carried out within the context of critical discourse studies (VAN DIJK, 2009, FAIRCLOUGH, 2010, VIEIRA; RESENDE, 2016) and the interdiscursive analyses of public policies (RESENDE, 2018; FISCHER, 2016), considered Folha de S. Paulo (in its digital platform), to compose a comprehensive corpus of the published news about the homeless population in a period of three years. The composition of the corpus considered the Portuguese language keywords ‘(morador)(a)(es)+(de rua)’, ‘(pessoas)(população)+(em situação)/(de rua)’ applied to the journalistic vehicle search tool. Metaphor (CHARTERIS-BLACK, 2004) was the analytical category that guided the mapping of data in NVivo software. In this paper, the specific focus are metaphors used to represent the displacements and permanences of the homeless population in the city, in texts thematizing actions and public policies. The analyzes pointed out that metaphorical meanings in this corpus have a justification effect for dehumanizing actions and public policies aimed at the homeless population. Keywords: homeless population; online journalism; spatial metaphor; action and public policy.

Resumo: Este trabalho tem por objetivo investigar, em perspectiva longitudinal, o processo de constituição de construções de contraste com agora (português) e de construções de contraste com now (inglês) que expressam oposição semântica. À luz dos percursos de mudança atravessados por essas construções e de um quadro teórico que atribui à pragmática o papel de força motriz da mudança (TRAUGOTT; DASHER, 2002), busca-se reunir evidências do papel dos contextos e da polissemia no desenvolvimento de novos juntores contrastivos. Para tanto, desenvolve-se um estudo diacrônico dos contextos que fornecem condições para as mudanças de agora e de now, que atuam originalmente como advérbios temporais. Os resultados mostram, em conformidade com Traugott (2012), que, se o desenvolvimento de novos juntores envolve gramaticalização, e não apenas mudança de significado, têm papel chave contextos que aliam motivações para reinterpretação semântico-pragmática a motivações para reanálise categorial. Além disso, a análise diacrônica permite reconhecer um amplo conjunto de similaridades entre a trajetória de agora e a trajetória de now, apontando para a produtividade translinguística da fonte temporal como canal de derivação para significados contrastivos. Palavras-chave: contextos; polissemia; contraste; gramaticalização. Abstract: This paper aims to investigate, in a longitudinal perspective, the historical development of contrastive constructions with agora (Portuguese) and of contrastive constructions with now (English) that express semantic opposition. In the light of the paths of change undergone by these constructions and of a theoretical framework that assigns to pragmatics the role of the chief driving force in change (TRAUGOTT; DASHER, 2002), the paper searches for evidence of the role of contexts and of polysemy in the development of new contrastive connectives. For this purpose, the research develops a diachronic study of contexts that provide conditions to the changes undergone by agora and by now, which are originally temporal adverbs. The results show, in accordance with Traugott (2012), that, if the development of new connectives involves grammaticalization, and not only meaning change, contexts that ally motivations for semantic-pragmatic reinterpretation and motivations for categorial reanalysis play a key role. Moreover, the diachronic analysis shows a great amount of similarities between the path of change undergone by agora and the path undergone by now, pointing to the productivity, across languages, of the temporal source as a derivation channel for contrastive meanings. Keywords: contexts; polysemy; contrast; grammaticalization.

This paper presents the phonological vowel systems of 16 Chibchan languages, according to existing descriptions. Its purpose is to provide a basic and systematic overview of the vowel systems found in this family. For each language, the distinctive features needed to distinguish the vowel phonemes are discussed, as well as their phonetic realizations when this is relevant. Whereas the phoneme classification is uncontroversial for many of the languages, there are also some Chibchan languages that have been subject to very different analyses over the years; in these cases, a more thorough discussion is provided. At the end of the paper, the Chibchan vowel systems are compared from a quantitative perspective.

Kamsá is a language isolate spoken in the Sibundoy Valley in the Putumayo department of southern Colombia. Its speech community lives on the eastern slopes of the Andes Mountains, between the linguistic areas of the Andes and the Amazon. This paper presents various grammatical features of Kamsá, including its phonology, nominal morphology (especially noun class and case marking), verbal morphology (especially person/number marking for core arguments and evidentiality), morphosyntactic alignment, and syntax (including discussion of causatives, comparatives, and subordinate clauses). In doing so, the paper places Kamsá within its typological and geographical context, between the Amazon and the Andes.

Resumo: Nesse estudo discutiremos a gênese textual (Genética de Textos) de discursos reportados (DR) identificados em processos de escritura e seus respectivos manuscritos escolares, produzidos por uma dupla de alunas do 2º ano do Ensino Fundamental. A partir do protocolo de coleta de dados proposto pelo Sistema Ramos, foram filmados 10 processos de produção de contos etiológicos inventados por essas alunas. As alunas deveriam combinar um conto etiológico inventado e, posteriormente, a dupla escreveria o conto em uma folha de papel. Na primeira parte deste estudo, descreveremos as ocorrências de DR relacionando produto e processo de escritura. Na segunda parte, analisaremos o processo de construção do DR a partir do processo de escritura do conto inventado. Mostraremos que a baixa ocorrência de DR no enunciado escrito em relação ao DR proferido oralmente dá-se em razão do processo genético de construção da narrativa inventada a dois. O DR inscrito na folha de papel é o resultado de uma série de formulações/reformulações ativadas através do diálogo entre as alunas. Essa dinâmica parece ter favorecido a dimensão inventiva da narrativa ficcional e, ao mesmo tempo, a própria produção de unidade de sentido da trama narrativa, colocando em relação as vozes das alunas/narradoras e as vozes dos personagens. Palavras-chave: discurso reportado; escrita colaborativa; genética textual; contos etiológicos. Abstract: In this study we will discuss the textual genesis (Genetics of Texts) of reported discourses (DR) identified in writing processes and their respective school manuscripts, produced by a pair of 2nd year of elementary school. From the protocol of data collection proposed by the Ramos System, 10 processes of etiological tales invented by these students were filmed. The students should combine an etiological tale invented, and later the pair of students would write the story on a sheet of paper. In the first part of this study, we describe the occurrences of DR relating product and its writing process. In the second part, we will analyze the process of DR construction from the process of writing a etiological tales. We will show that the low occurrence of DR in the written enunciation in relation to DR uttered orally is due to the genetic process of construction of the narrative invented by two students. The DR inscribed on the sheet of paper is the result of a series of formulations/reformulations activated through dialogue between the students. This dynamic seems to have favored the inventive dimension of the fictional narrative and, at the same time, the very production of unity of meaning of the narrative plot, putting in relation the voices of the students / narrators and the voices of the characters. Keywords: reported speech; collaborative writing; textual genetics; and etiological tales.

Abstract: A Standard Arabic (SA) complementizer known as 'inna poses a restriction on word order in the clause it introduces and induces accusative Case-marking on the otherwise nominative preverbal NPs. Following Chomsky’s (2001) account of the morphosyntax of Case, this paper argues that 'inna is a Case assigner and thus it carries an uninterpretable Case feature that determines the value which it assigns to an unvalued Case feature concerning accessible goal within A-bar projection. The paper shows that this argument captures the restriction imposed on 'inna-clauses. Keywords: Arabic; complementizer; Case marking; word order; minimalism. Resumo: Um complementizador no árabe padrão, conhecido como 'inna, impõe uma restrição na ordem das palavras da oração por ele introduzida e induz marcação de Caso acusativo nos SNs preverbais que em outras circunstâncias têm marcação de Caso nominativo. Seguindo o modelo de Chomsky (2001) para a morfossintaxe de Caso, este artigo argumenta que 'inna é um designador de Caso e que ele carrega um traço de Caso não interpretável que determina o valor que o mesmo designa para um traço de Caso até então não marcado de uma meta acessível na projeção de A-barra. O artigo mostra que esse argumento captura as cláusulas 'inna impostas pela restrição. Palavras-chave: Árabe; complementizador; marcação de Caso; ordem de palavras; minimalismo.

Resumen: El objetivo de este trabajo es ofrecer un repaso historiográfico por la evolución de dos signos ortográficos que suelen suscitar bastantes dudas de uso: el punto y coma y los dos puntos. En particular, se someten a análisis tres obras sobre ortografía publicadas por la Real Academia Española en 1741, 1844 y 2010. Como conclusión destaca que el único uso que la edición de 1741 incorporaba para el punto y coma ha permanecido hasta la actualidad; en cambio, en los dos puntos se observa divergencia entre el empleo que describía la edición de 1741 frente a las publicaciones de 1844 y 2010. Palabras clave: ortografía; punto y coma; dos puntos; Real Academia Española. Abstract: The aim of this paper is to provide an historiographical review about the evolution of two orthographic signs that often lead to doubts about their use: the semicolon and the colon. In particular, three works about orthography published by the Royal Spanish Academy in 1741, 1844 and 2010 are submitted to analysis. In conclusion, this paper emphasizes that the only use the 1741 edition mentioned regarding the semicolon has remained until the present. In contrast, the colon shows divergence between its employment described in the 1741 edition and the 1844 and 2010 publications. Keywords: orthography; semicolon; colon; Royal Spanish Academy.

The dominant trend in variationist studies of Spanish subject expression is to focus on pronominal subjects, excluding lexical subjects (LSs). Due to such lack of attention to LSs in previous research, the current paper aims to fill this gap and to gain a better understanding of variation between LSs and subject pronouns (SPs). While previous research that analyzes LSs makes a significant contribution to the scholarship on subjects and enriches our understanding of the functions of LSs, a variable context for LSs in the variationist tradition has not heretofore been established. The current paper proposes a variable context methodology for LSs by investigating cases where LSs are produced (e.g. mi mamá trabaja ‘my mom works’), particularly in contexts in which SPs (overt or null) could have alternatively been produced (e.g. ella/∅ trabaja ‘she works’). Overall frequencies, constraints, and pragmatic functions of LSs are discussed.

This paper proposes a reflection on the role of Latin in legal practices and legal culture. Specifically, this work argues that a proper understanding of the role of Latin in the legal world requires more attention regarding what this language brings to that field. To suit this, this study sheds some light on the historical-linguistic nature of the so-called “legal Latin” and also on the proliferation of glossaries and manuals of this modality of Latin that do not contain linguistic and historical-cultural reflections. Secondly, this paper calls into attention the importance of understanding Latin through the Latin language, especially for a less shallow understanding of the bases of Roman Law and the Legal History. Furthermore, this work highlights the linguistic character of Latin in terms of both the production of utterances and their comprehension through explicit linguistic reflection. Lastly, it draws attention to the importance of the Latin language and the Roman culture for the intellectual and academic training of jurists and lawyers.

Resumo: O objetivo deste artigo de cunho teórico é explorar a visão particular sobre a interface entre sintaxe e fonologia na teoria da Arquitetura em Paralelo (AP) formulada por Jackendoff (1997, 2002, 2007). Embora não disponha de um componente fonológico próprio, essa teoria tomou os desenvolvimentos da fonologia não-linear na década de 1970 como ponto de partida (GOLDSMITH, 1976; LIBERMAN; PRINCE, 1977; MCCARTHY, 1982). A ideia central da AP é distribuir a complexidade da gramática em diferentes “camadas” relativamente independentes, a fim de desonerar a sintaxe, que teria assumido um papel explanatório exagerado nas teorias gerativas mainstream (CULICOVER; JACKENDOFF, 2005). Segundo Culicover e Jackendoff (2005), ao livrarmos esse componente da responsabilidade de explicar todos os fenômenos linguísticos relevantes, seria possível formular uma Sintaxe mais Simples. Após esclarecer algumas características gerais da AP e sua relação com as teorias fonológicas não-lineares, o artigo focará no que este modelo tem a dizer sobre a interface entre sintaxe e prosódia. O artigo ilustrará a visão da AP sobre essa interface a partir de uma discussão específica acerca da regra do acento nuclear (CHOMSKY; HALLE, 1968; HALLE; VERGNAUD, 1987). A ideia principal é que as conclusões de Menuzzi e Mioto (2006), que vão de encontro à teoria de Cinque (1993), podem ser compreendidas como uma evidência positiva em prol da concepção da interface fonologia e sintaxe sugerida na AP, a qual confere mais autonomia ao componente fonológico. Palavras-chave: interface sintaxe-fonologia; Sintaxe mais Simples; Arquitetura em Paralelo; regra do acento nuclear. Abstract: The main goal of this theoretically oriented paper is to lay out the particular view of the interface between syntax and phonology in the theory of the Parallel Architecture (PA) as formulated by Jackendoff (1997, 2002, 2007). Even though it doesn’t have its own phonological component, this theory took the developments of non-linear phonology in the 1970s as a starting point (GOLDSMITH, 1976; LIBERMAN; PRINCE, 1977; MCCARTHY, 1982). The central idea in the PA is to distribute the complexity of the grammar among relatively independent tiers, in order to unburden syntax, which took an exaggerated explanatory role in mainstream generative theories (CULICOVER; JACKENDOFF, 2005). According to Culicover and Jackendoff (2005), in liberating this component from the responsibility of explaining all relevant linguistic phenomena, it may be possible to envision a Simpler Syntax. After clarifying some general characteristics of the PA and its relationship to non-linear phonological theories, the paper will focus on what this model has to say about the interface between syntax and prosody. The paper will illustrate the PA view on this interface through a specific discussion about the nuclear stress rule (CHOMSKY; HALLE, 1968; HALLE; VERGNAUD, 1987). The main idea here is that the conclusions reached by Menuzzi and Mioto (2006), which go against Cinque’s (1993) theory, can be understood as positive evidence for the conception of the syntax-phonology interface suggested in the PA, which grants more autonomy to the phonological component. Keywords: syntax-phonology interface; Simpler Syntax; Parallel Architecture; nuclear stress rule.

Resumo: Este trabalho descreve propriedades sintáticas, semânticas e pragmáticas de sentenças que contam com o item capaz sendo utilizado com o valor de marcador negativo no dialeto gaúcho do português brasileiro (PB), em que este item expressa uma rejeição forte a um conteúdo proposicional prévio. O artigo também compara o comportamento de capaz com outros marcadores negativos não-neutros (dos tipos anafórico, enfático e metalinguístico) do português quanto à possibilidade de concordância negativa e à distribuição por tipos sentenciais distintos. E apresenta uma proposta de derivação sintática, com base no arcabouço da gramática gerativa, para as sentenças com esse item, assumindo que se trata de uma estrutura mono-oracional, em que capaz é gerado em uma posição de especificador na periferia esquerda da sentença, onde pode sofrer modificação adverbial; a cópula que opcionalmente o acompanha funciona com uma categoria funcional do sistema CP (e não como o núcleo de um VP). Palavras-chave: negação enfática; português brasileiro; dialeto gaúcho; sintaxe. Abstract: This paper describes the syntactic, semantic and pragmatic properties of sentences with capaz as a negative marker in the Gaúcho dialect of Brazilian Portuguese, expressing a strong rejection to a previously uttered propositional content. The paper also compares the behavior of capaz with that of other non-neuter negative markers in Portuguese (anaphoric, emphatic and metalinguistic) with regard to the possibility of negative concord and the distribution across different sentential types. It proposes a syntactic derivation for sentences with negative capaz within the framework of generative grammar, assuming a monoclausal structure in which capaz is generated in a specifier position in the left periphery, where it can be modified by adverbs. The copula that optionally accompanies capaz is assumed to be a functional category in the CP system rather than a VP nucleus. Keywords: emphatic negation; Brazilian Portuguese; Gaúcho dialect; syntax.

Resumo: Este trabalho investiga as propriedades sintáticas internas (isto é, a constituição morfofonológica) e externas (ou seja, a relação com outros constituintes da sentença) dos infinitivos que ocorrem com os verbos ir, dever e poder. Mais especificamente, este artigo mostra que o comportamento sintático e semântico desses infinitivos é capturado pela depreensão de três propriedades principais, a saber, (i) formação de uma única unidade sintática com ir, dever e poder, (ii) dependência morfossintática com o verbo auxiliar/modal que lhe subcategoriza, (iii) interpretação de evento em potencial. Assim, partindo desse recorte, o presente estudo propõe uma análise à luz do quadro da Morfologia Distribuída (HALLE; MARANTZ, 1993) e, alternativamente, uma análise que assume os pressupostos do Programa Minimalista (CHOMSKY, 1993), com o objetivo de mostrar que, independentemente da teoria que se assume, com base no mesmo conjunto de traços, os fenômenos empíricos que subjazem à relação entre ir, dever e poder e seus infinitivos pode ser capturada. Palavras-chave: infinitivos; verbo auxiliar; verbo modal. Abstract: This paper investigates both internal (i.e. the morphophonological structures) and external (i.e. the relation with the other constituents of the sentence) syntactic properties of infinitives occurring with the verbs ir (‘go’) dever (‘must’) and poder (‘can/may’). More specifically, this paper shows that the syntactic and semantic behavior of those infinitives is captured by three major properties, namely, (i) the constituency of a single syntactic unit with ir, dever and poder, (ii) the morphosyntactic dependency on the auxiliary/modal that is selected, (iii) the reading of potential event. Thus, departing from those properties, the present study proposes a Distributed Morphology-based approach (HALLE; MARANTZ, 1993) analysis and, alternatively, a Minimalist-based approach (CHOMSKY, 1993) analysis, in order to show that, regardless the theory assumed, by considering the same group of features, the empirical phenomena underlying the relation between ir, dever and poder and their infinitives can be captured. Keywords: infinitives; auxiliary verb; modal verb.

Resumo: Este artigo apresenta uma revisão de bibliografia sobre o processo de coordenação e sobre as restrições implicadas no encadeamento de determinadas categorias sintáticas. Tais restrições evitam a construção de sequências coordenadas não paralelas. Com o objetivo de chegar a um princípio de paralelismo que seja eficiente para a identificação de estruturas malformadas, o artigo discute os conceitos de coordenação de alguns autores canônicos, como Chomsky (1957), Schachter (1977), Garcia (1986), Radford (1988) e Osborne (2006). A análise de casos extraídos de textos produzidos para disciplinas de língua portuguesa por graduandos dos semestres iniciais e/ou finais de cursos de bacharelado e de licenciatura corrobora o Princípio de Paralelismo – Reformulado (PPR), proposto neste estudo. Palavras-chave: coordenação de estruturas; ausência de paralelismo; Princípio de Paralelismo – Reformulado. Abstract: This paper presents a review of the literature on coordination and on the constraints involved in coordinating certain syntactic categories. Such constraints prevent the construction of non-parallel coordinate sequences. In order to elaborate a principle of parallelism that is efficient for the identification of ill-formed structures, this paper discusses the coordination concepts of some canonical authors, such as Chomsky (1957), Schachter (1977), Garcia (1986), Radford (1988) and Osborne (2006). The analysis of cases extracted from texts produced for Portuguese language subjects by undergraduates of the initial and / or final semesters of baccalaureate and undergraduate courses corroborates the Principle of Parallelism – Reformulated (PPR), proposed in this study. Keywords: coordination of structures; absence of parallelism; Principle of Parallelism – Reformulated.

Resumo: Este artigo visa a apresentar um panorama das pesquisas realizadas no Brasil a partir dos anos 2000 que utilizam como base teórico-metodológica o modelo do Léxico-Gramática (LG). Surgindo com os trabalhos de Gross (1968) sobre o francês, o LG é um modelo que descreve os fenômenos linguísticos conjugando léxico e gramática, com a análise de propriedades sintáticas, semânticas, estruturais e transformacionais distribuídas formalmente em tábuas binárias. Compilamos e descrevemos 38 trabalhos, entre teses, dissertações e artigos, sob o arcabouço do LG no Brasil. Além disso, os classificamos em três principais eixos temáticos: verbos-suporte, expressões cristalizadas, e análise, descrição e classificação de construções verbais. Espera-se com este artigo contribuir para a exposição dos trabalhos realizados, sobretudo, na Universidade Federal de São Carlos e na Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, servindo como material de referência para os pesquisadores da área de LG do país e fortalecendo, assim, os estudos descritivos do português do Brasil. Palavras-chave: léxico-gramática; modelo teórico-metodológico; metapesquisa. Abstract: The aim of this paper is to offer an overview of research developed in Brazil since the beginning of the 2000s that have the Lexicon-Grammar (LG) model as a theoretical-methodological basis. Starting with Gross’s investigations (1968) on the French language, LG describes linguistic phenomena by conjugating lexicon and grammar and analyzing syntactic, semantic, structural and transformational properties that are distributed into binary tables. We have compiled and described 38 publications, including theses, dissertations, and articles, concerning LG studies in Brazil. In addition, we have classified those publications into three main themes: support verbs; fixed expressions; and analysis, description and classification of verbal constructions. This paper is expected to contribute to the diffusion of research developed both at the Federal University of São Carlos and the Federal University of Espírito Santo, serving as a reference material for LG researchers, thus further strengthening descriptive studies of Brazilian Portuguese. Keywords: lexicon-grammar; theoretical-methodological model; meta-research.

Resumo: O presente trabalho concentra-se nos efeitos do Common Ground na produção de perguntas com constituinte-QU in situ no português brasileiro, tendo em vista esta ser uma língua de movimento-QU aparentemente opcional. Neste artigo, procura-se discutir, com base em investigação empírica, como o conceito pragmático de fundo comum influencia na realização de tais perguntas, levando em consideração o comportamento de outras línguas que permitem tanto o QU-movido quanto o in situ, como o francês, o espanhol e o português europeu. Para tanto, ao fim deste artigo, será apresentado um novo experimento de aquisição que eliciou perguntas-QU em um contexto de pressuposição enriquecida. Os resultados sugerem que há, de fato, uma associação entre o QU-in situ e o contexto pragmático, tanto nos dados adultos (grupo controle) quanto nos dados infantis. Palavras-chave: qu-in situ; interrogativas-qu; common ground; português brasileiro. Abstract: The present paper focuses on the Common Ground effects on the production of wh-in situ in Brazilian Portuguese, bearing in mind that this is a language with apparently optional wh-movement. In this study, we aim to discuss, based on empirical research, how the pragmatic concept of Common Ground play a role on the production of such questions, taking into account the behavior of other languages that allow wh-moved and wh-in situ, such as French, Spanish and European Portuguese. For this purpose, at the end of this paper, we present a new acquisition experiment that elicits wh-questions in a context with enriched presupposition. The results suggest that there is, in fact, an association between wh-in situ and the pragmatic context, both in adult (control group) data and in child’s data. Keywords: wh-in situ; wh-questions; common ground; Brazilian Portuguese.

Resumo: A fala humana tem sido estudada em diferentes áreas do conhecimento, as quais incluem desde biometria até fonética e fonologia. Nas pesquisas realizadas em tais áreas, amostras da fala são recursos necessários para a obtenção de resultados e validação de hipóteses. Para isso, amostras de diferentes locutores e conteúdos são armazenadas em arquivos de áudio e organizadas em bases de dados. Tais bases de dados permitem a continuidade, praticidade e confiabilidade de pesquisas, eliminando a difícil e demorada etapa de coleta de dados. Além disso, permitem comparações consistentes entre estudos diferentes. Entretanto, bases de acesso livre na língua portuguesa ou gravadas em ambiente controlado são raramente encontradas. Dessa forma, o objetivo deste trabalho foi construir uma base de dados pública e gratuita do português brasileiro, nomeada Corpus CEFALA-1. A base de dados reúne 104 locutores orientados por um protocolo específico para coleta de amostras audiovisuais de fala gravadas em estúdio. Este trabalho apresenta as metodologias de processamento, segmentação e organização às quais as amostras de fala foram submetidas, além de análises estatísticas, aplicação à verificação biométrica e análises fonético-fonológicas preliminares do corpus. Palavras-chave: corpus de locutores; biometria; fonética e fonologia; base de dados audiovisual. Abstract: Human speech has been studied in different areas of knowledge, which range from biometry to phonetics and phonology. In research conducted in such areas, speech samples are necessary resources for obtaining results and validating hypotheses. For this, samples of different speakers and contents are stored in audio files and organized into databases. Such databases allow the continuity, practicality and reliability of studies, eliminating the difficult and time consuming step of data collection. Moreover, they allow consistent comparisons between different studies. However, free access databases in the Portuguese language or recorded in controlled environments are rarely found. The objective of this paper is to construct a free and public database of Brazilian Portuguese, named Corpus CEFALA-1. The database comprises 104 speakers guided by a specific protocol for the collection of audiovisual speech samples recorded in a studio. The paper presents the methodologies for processing, segmentation and organization of speech samples, statistical analysis, application to biometric verification and preliminary phonetic-phonological analyses. Keywords: corpus of speakers; biometry; phonetics and phonology; audiovisual database.

The paper explores the socio-cultural practice of place naming and road naming, using Conceptual Metaphor Theory as a framework to deconstruct the ‘Place Names’ and ‘Road Names’ of two important Spanish Missions that were part of North Mexico’s main routes in Nueva Hispania: the Santa Maria Valenciana of the Port of Saint Antoinette of the Bear, West Texas Bexar, now partly in New Mexico, and the Mission San Xavier de Baca, in Tuboc, Southern Tucson, Arizona. Conceptual metaphor theory and linguistic anthropology are combined for the theoretical grounding and data acquisition methods, forming conceptual metaphor mappings for the framework for a modern-day search for Al’Dorado. Gibbs (1994) and Lakoff & Johnson, (1999) research provide the theoretical foundations for this search for “the Lost City of Gold”. The assumptions of the cognitive mechanism of language will require establishing the conceptual mappings between the abstract place names from the ‘Royal Road’, the Camino Real and the ‘Rio Grande River-Route’. The physical source domain is the geographical and historical structures along the Roads and Missions that connect the Baja (lower) and Nuevo (upper) Camino Real. The study moves across New Mexico and Arizona, as they connect with a Spanish Moorish Mission, called the La Jornada. The Stations on the Cross(ing) along the Horn of Plenty may contain the material culture artifacts to establish a physical source domain, where the historical Lost City of Gold an are more than abstract legends, but may have come from the traveling caravans from Vispania along the Royal Road. The paper focuses on the Sandbar of Doyle, where the Sultan of Zandibar Santo Tovar, (Duval, Doyle) built an ancient Al Medina, or Alameda, the ‘City in the Middle’. The Chico Tovar as the architect and builder of Las Cruces New Mexico. The word Al’ Dorado translates into a Proper Noun, ‘the Golden Boy’, -n. the adored; but it also translates as ‘the Golden (Dorar- the Hardened Dome) City’-n creating with allusion and ellipsis in the ambiguity of finding Al-Dorado. Gibbs, (1994) and Lakoff & Johnson, (1999) research on conceptual metaphor theory can be used to as a framework to explore the social cultural practice of naming, and continue the search for Al’ Dorado. Two main coherent relations will appear in the language linking the Proper Names and Place Name: Hermigues, or Alfonso Hermigues of the Santa Cruz de los Reyes, with those who became Ordenes de San Fernando y San Hermenegildo. This was Herman’s Guild, Hermileone, and they controlled the dispatches along the Camino Real with the ‘Armados de la Camino Real’ (‘The Armed of the Camino Real’) who were ‘military or nobility’ hiding as ‘clergy’. They became the conversos at the Fall of the Moors in Muslim Spain. The Black Berry Cabeza de Baca caravans give us the ‘Moro’ Spanish Moors and here is are allusions to the Color and Herald of Black Salazars of Xavior The Chico Tovar, whose name is also ‘Zaed Bivar’ in New Spain, now part of New Mexico and Arizona.

VoTec (Vocabulário Técnico Online) is a web environment for terminographic management created by Fromm (2007) with the aim of training undergraduate and graduate students for terminographic and translation practices. Since 2007, it has been used in several research and projects aimed at researchers training and monolingual and bilingual reference works production. This paper aims to present an overview of the projects and research carried out through VoTec between 2007 and 2023, as well as of the updates made on its database and query page. To do so, we describe its initial version (Fromm, 2007), the Terminology in Fiction (Fromm, 2011a) and the Linguistics Vocabulary (Fromm & Yamamoto, 2013) projects, as well as the following terminographic works/proposals: Vocabulary of Historical Linguistics (Yamamoto, 2015), Vocabulary of Business and Events Tourism (Carvalho, 2015), Vocabulary of Theology (Cardoso, 2017), Bilingual Vocabulary of Linguistics (Yamamoto, 2020), Vocabulary of Digital Marketing (Mateus, 2022) and Vocabulary of Angiology and Vascular Surgery (Santos, 2023). This panorama highlights: (i) VoTec's productivity for research and projects in the scope of Terminology, Translation, monolingual, bilingual and multilingual Terminography and Pedagogical Terminography; (ii) its continuous updates allow VoTec to follow latest trends and technologies on online reference works, becoming increasingly robust and multimodal, as well as to approach the needs of current users of online reference works; (iii) due to the possibilities of customizing fields and functionalities, VoTec easily adapts to different types of research and is capable of generating terminographic products with different purposes and target audiences.

Abstract: Most of the time, analyzing the phonetic entities of speech requires the alignment of the speech recording with its phonetic transcription. However, studies on automatic segmentation have predominantly been carried out on read speech or on prepared speech while spontaneous speech refers to a more informal activity, without any preparation. As a consequence, in spontaneous speech numerous phenomena occur such as hesitations, repetitions, feedback, backchannels, non-standard elisions, reduction phenomena, truncated words, and more generally, non-standard pronunciations. Events like laughter, noises and filled pauses are also very frequent in spontaneous speech. This paper aims to compare read speech and spontaneous speech in order to evaluate the impact of speech style on a speech segmentation task. This paper describes the solution implemented into the SPPAS software tool to automatically perform speech segmentation of read and spontaneous speech. This solution consists mainly in two sorts of things: supporting an Enriched Orthographic Transcription for an optimization of the grapheme-to-phoneme conversion and allowing the forced-alignment of the following events: filled pauses, laughter and noises. Actually, these events represent less than 1 % of the tokens in read speech and about 6 % in spontaneous speech. They occur in a maximum of 3 % of the Inter-Pausal Units of a read speech corpus and from 20 % up to 36 % of the Inter-Pausal Units in the spontaneous speech corpora. The UBPA measure – Unit Boundary Positioning Accuracy, of the proposed forced-alignment system is 96.09 % accurate as regards read speech and 96.48 % for spontaneous speech with a delta range of 40 ms. Keywords: spontaneous speech; forced-alignment; paralinguistic events. Resumo: Na maior parte dos casos, a análise de entidades fonéticas da fala exige o alinhamento da gravação da fala com sua transcrição fonética. Entretanto, os estudos sobre segmentação automática têm sido predominantemente desenvolvidos com amostras de fala lida ou fala preparada, uma vez que a fala espontânea refere-se a uma atividade mais informal, sem qualquer preparação. Como consequência, na fala espontânea numerosos fenômenos ocorrem, tais como: hesitações, repetições, feedback, backchannels, elisões não-padrão, fenômenos de redução, palavras truncadas, e mais comumente, pronúncias não-padrão. Eventos como o riso, ruídos e pausas preenchidas também são muito comuns na fala espontânea. Este artigo objetiva comparar a fala lida e a fala espontânea a fim de avaliar o impacto do estilo de fala numa tarefa de segmentação da fala. O artigo descreve a solução implementada no programa SPPAS para a segmentação automática da fala lida e da fala espontânea. Essa solução consiste de principalmente dois aspectos: suporte para uma Transcrição Ortográfica Enriquecida para a otimização da conversão grafema-para-fonema e permissão para o alinhamento forçado (forced-alignment) dos seguintes eventos: pausas preenchidas, riso e ruídos. Tais eventos representam menos de 1% das ocorrências na fala lida e cerca de 6% na fala espontânea. Eles ocorrem com um máximo de 3% nas Unidades Entre-Pausas de um corpus de fala lida e de 20% a 36% nas Pausas Entre-Unidades de corpora de fala espontânea. As medidas APFU – Acurácia no Posicionamento de Fronteiras de Unidade, do sistema de alinhamento forçado (forced-alignment system) proposto são de 96% de acerto no que diz respeito à fala lida e 96,48% para a fala espontânea, com uma variação delta de 4 ms. Palavras-chave: fala espontânea; sistema de alinhamento forçado (forced alignment system); eventos paralinguísticos

Resumo: Este trabalho tem por objetivo apresentar aspectos semânticos observados em antropônimos da língua Parkatêjê. Atualmente o povo Parkatêjê vive em aldeias na Reserva Indígena Mãe Maria (RIMM), às proximidades do município de Marabá. A língua Parkatêjê, denominada do mesmo modo que sua comunidade, filia-se ao Complexo Dialetal Timbira, tronco linguístico Macro-Jê. O estudo dos nomes próprios de diferentes tipologias é o interesse central da disciplina denominada Onomástica, sendo a Antroponímia, isto é, o estudo dos nomes próprios de pessoa, a área da Onomástica em foco neste estudo. De modo geral, no que diz respeito ao conteúdo significativo dos nomes de pessoa em Parkatêjê, é possível verificar que estes se referem a características pessoais do nominador. Da perspectiva semântica, os antropônimos em questão podem ser considerados denotativos ou figurativos, conforme Araújo e Ferreira (2001). Partindo dessa perspectiva e da análise dos dados coletados em campo, foi possível verificar fenômenos semânticos específicos, presentes na constituição dos antropônimos em Parkatêjê. Tais fenômenos, segundo pressupostos da Semântica Cultural e da Semântica Cognitiva, dizem muito a respeito dos conhecimentos culturais, valores, pensamentos, entre outros aspectos que se refletem na língua de um povo. A metodologia utilizada para a feitura deste trabalho consistiu em pesquisa bibliográfica de materiais a respeito de línguas indígenas, onomástica e semântica, além de pesquisa etnográfica com coleta de dados na comunidade da língua em estudo. Palavras-chave: onomástica; semântica; Parkatêjê. Abstract: This article aims to present semantic aspects found in Parkatêjê anthroponyms. Currently the Parkatêjê people live in villages in the Mãe Maria Indigenous Reserve (RIMM), near Marabá in the state of Pará. The Parkatêjê language belongs to the Timbira Dialectal Complex, from the Macro-Jê linguistic stock. The study of proper names from different typologies is the central interest of the discipline called Onomastics and Anthroponymy is the study of human proper names, which will be our focus in this paper. In general, the significant content of proper names in Parkatêjê refers to some personal characteristic of the nominator. From a semantic perspective, these anthroponyms can be considered denotative or figurative, according to Araújo and Ferreira (2001). Based on this perspective and the analysis of data collected through fieldwork, it was possible to verify specific semantic phenomena in Parkatêjê anthoponyms. Such phenomena, according to the presuppositions of Cultural Semantics and Cognitive Semantics, say a lot about cultural knowledge, values, thoughts, among other aspects that are reflected in that language. The methodology followed in this paper encompasses bibliographical research on indigenous languages and readings on Onomastics and Semantics, as well as ethnographic research along with data collection in the community of the Parkatêjê. Keywords: Onomastics; Semantics; Parkatêjê.

The death of god, which refers to the absence of god's value, weight, significance, and role from people's life experience, is among the most dominant themes of existential literature, especially that of Sartre. It is heavily investigated in his theoretical as well as creative works, such as Being and Nothingness (1969) and The Flies (1989) as it constitutes the cornerstone of his philosophical views of Existentialism, nihilism, freedom, and responsibility. It is hard to understand Sartre's The Flies (1989) and its philosophical background as well as theme(s) without considering the concept of the death of god and its involvement in the development of actions. Accordingly, this paper reads The Flies (1989) investigating Sartre's techniques of introducing and contending that god is dead and has nothing to do with people's life or prosperity. Considering the related literature and the different perspectives of Nietzsche and Hegel regarding Existentialism, the paper deciphers certain scenes and speeches delivered by several characters, such as Zeus, Orestes, and Electra, and it concludes that Sartre’s The Flies (1989) shows how the belief in the death of god may function as a productive force in humans' life and existence. Thus, the paper may help readers of Sartre better understand the existential mechanism of the death of god and comprehend why Sartre's Existentialism is to be viewed as an optimistic, rather than pessimistic, approach.

This paper proposes to think of another possible story told by photographs about the Revolt of 1924, understanding them as different narratives about the event in question. In this sense, it studies the transgression of the traditional concept of photography as a document of reality. It is observed that photography promotes another type of narrative that goes beyond the record as historical documentation. For this, the paper is based on concepts and reflections brought by various authors, such as Carlo Ginzburg on the concept of trail, François Dosse e Mauricio Lazzarato, about the concept of event, Joan Fontcuberta, Vilém Flusser and Walter Benjamin, who permeate the discussions about photography, Lucrécia D´Alessio Ferrara, on the issues related to communication, in addition to the bibliography on the Revolt of 1924.

The title of this paper is a play on words re-working the word democracy into demos-crazy. This re-working however is not a joke as the election of authoritarian illiberal candidates in the United States, the Philippines, Hungary, Turkey and Brazil (to name but a few) has called into question the future shape of politics. Electoral politics is under siege by new parties as well as spontaneous movements. There are fundamental questions which need to be addressed. What are the reasons for the rise of right-wing populism? Is populism undemocratic? What has been the role of social media and ICTs in helping to create a new political spectrum? Politically and socially what does it mean if we have entered a post-truth age? The demos has not become crazy but democracy is certainly in retreat. This paper argues that liberalism needs to construct an honest counter-narrative in contrast to the fear-mongering and false nostalgia of the right. The rhetoric of the right is opportunistic, but it would be a fatal mistake to dismiss its appeals. After all, it has won elections. The demos is not crazy, but has been ignored and in many cases left behind. Positive populism is grounded in human dignity and fairness. This is the essence of democracy.

This paper points to the theoretical and methodological issues involved in the subproject on Portuguese Language Atlas in Indigenous Areas (ALiPAI) part of the project GeoLinTerm coordinated by Abdelhak Razky (UFPA/UnB). The first results of ALiPAI are part of the doctoral thesis of Guedes (2017), which mapped the geosociolinguistic profile of Portuguese in contact with Tupí-Guarani languages in indigenous areas of Pará and Maranhão. The first experiences in the geolinguistic field research in Brazilian indigenous areas provided a confluence of research methodologies, especially Geosociolinguistics (RAZKY, 1998), Pluridimensional and Relational Dialectology (THUN, 1998) and Anthropological Linguistics (RODRIGUES, CABRAL, 2012). Ten informants were selected from each of the five network of points investigated (Suruí Aikewára, Asuriní do Tocantins, Tembé, Guajajára and Guaraní Mbyá). The questionnaires applied in these areas were developed by the National committee of the Linguistic Atlas of Brazil - ALiB: PhoneticPhonological questionnaire (QFF) and Semantic Lexical Questionnaire (QSL). These questionnaires were adapted to include the correspondence request in the indigenous language for each one of the answers obtained in Portuguese. In addition, a complementary QFF and a Sociolinguistic Questionnaire were used. The paper also reflects on the necessary adaptations made in the methodology of geolinguistic research, to account for the geosociolinguistic characteristics of the ALiPAI target communities.

Resumo: Este trabalho testa a robustez de uma metodologia proposta pelos foneticistas suecos Traunmüller e Eriksson para determinar o valor de base, um estimador estatístico do valor típico da frequência fundamental (F0) de um falante com base na média e no desvio-padrão da F0. A metodologia consiste em estimar uma constante, k, que indica quantos desvios-padrão abaixo da média de F0 do falante o valor de base está. O método para estimar a constante foi criado e testado em amostras de fala atuada. Verificamos neste trabalho se a aplicação da mesma técnica a amostras de fala não atuada produz resultados comparáveis aos reportados por Traunmüller e Eriksson. A investigação usou amostras de fala produzidas por falantes nativos de alemão, estoniano, francês, inglês britânico, italiano, português brasileiro e sueco, em três estilos de elocução: entrevista, leitura de frases e leitura de palavras. Os resultados indicam que a variabilidade causada pelos estilos de enunciação na F0 possibilita a aplicação da metodologia a amostras de fala não atuada. Os valores da constante derivados dos dados não atuados são próximos aos reportados pelos autores suecos, o que indica que ela é robusta tanto do ponto de vista dos falantes quanto das línguas. Palavras-chave: entoação; valor de base; frequência fundamental. Abstract: This paper probes the robustness of Traunmüller and Eriksson’s methodology to determine the base value of the fundamental frequency of speech, an estimator of a speaker’s typical F0 value. The methodology entails the estimation of a constant, k, indicating where the base value for a speaker lies in relation to F0 standard deviations below the F0 mean. The methodology was originally developed from acted speech samples. Here we test if k values can be successfully obtained from non-acted samples and how they compare to the ones reported by Traunmüller and Eriksson. A speech corpus of speech samples differing in speaking styles (spontaneous interview, sentence reading, word list reading) from seven languages (English, Estonian, French, German, Italian, Brazilian Portuguese, Swedish) was used. Results show that k values estimated from non-acted speech are roughly the same as those reported in Traunmüller and Eriksson’s original paper. We speculate that deviations can be explained by the fact that some speakers make extensive use of non-modal register. Keywords: intonation; base value; fundamental frequency.

This paper presents and discuss the ideofones in Changana S53). These is na association between certain sound, color, stat, pain, intensity, etc. and their consequent reaction in the certain individual mind (DOKE, 1935; SITOE, 1996). From this date, many studies and proposals have been done, more recently Nhampoca (2018, p. 284) proposes ideofones as “a marked lexical unit with the main role of predication and changing of an action, an event, a state, marking intense scenes witch occur in specific language situation”. This concept is innovative in language theory, because their sematic, fonology specially morphology were not fit in the tradictional lexical categories, namely: “N(oun), V(erb), ADJ(ective) and PREP(osition) (Langa, 2004; 2013). The present study is interdisciplinary involving the field of cognitive linguistics, the teory of typology marking (CROFT, 2000; 2001) and the marking principle (GIVON, 1995; 2001) and the field of phonology, the theory of distinctive features (CHOMSKY & HALLE, 1968) and fonological weigh theory (HYMAN, 1975; NGUNGA, 2000). The paper argues that, in Changana, the ideofone in specific situations. Fonologically, the ideofone is a marked predicator in relation to the verb because the verb predicts the state of things and the ideofone give them the intensity and expressity thought the bearing tone units, in the way that the fonological weight is proportional of cognitive construction of speaker/listener. The methodology used is a bibliographic research (NHAMPOCA, 2010; SITOE, 2011) and interview. The data analyzes is based in the grammar of radical constructions (CROFT, 2000; 2001) and experimental method (Speech analyzer). The study concludes that there is a clear interdisciplinary between the both field discussed, which the ideofone are marked words which can intensify their semantic-cognitive according to the vowel weight.

The concept of proficiency that underlies the Celpe-Bras Exam consists of "the proper use of the language to perform actions in the world" (BRASIL, 2006, p.3). The key point in the preparation of an examinee for the Celpe-Bras Exam, therefore, must be the understanding of the dialogical vision that underlies the test. Hence, this work aims to discuss on the design of teaching material to prepare for the Celpe-Bras Exam based on the concept of discourse genres. The paper begins by introducing the characteristics of the Celpe-Bras Exam, its structure and the notion of proficiency. It next reviews the theoretical fundamentals relative to the development of the proposed didactic material and its elaboration stages. Finally, the paper shows a possibility of using the dialogical view of language in the classroom practice of Celpe-Bras Exam’s preparatory courses from the analysis of the proposed didactic material.