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The aim of this paper is to study the interactions of regional and international pressure on the Pan-Amazon, a region considered strategic for Brazil. Its importance lies in multiple fields, with emphasis on the environment and the economy. Two perspectives, although not incompatible, reveal themselves difficult to harmonize, especially when it converges to the exploitation of natural resources in the Pan-Amazon and the exercise of national sovereignty over their territories. But the thematic scope of the article is even wider, since one of the main objectives of the study is to try to articulate the environmental and economic issues related to the Pan-Amazon with policy issues related to regional security and national levels around the Brazilian Amazon, assuming that the issue is even more complex when contemplated in its regional dimension. Finally, we carried out an exercise on scenarios involving the Pan-Amazon at both the regional and the international levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(Paternalism and clientelism as effects of conjunction between paternalist oppression and capitalist exploration). This paper arises from two questions: why do paternalism and clientelism phenomena in modern Latin America populism remain so insensible to the Marxist critic of capitalistic exploitation? Why, are they, at the same time, ostile to any kind of regional or indigenous power (in the case of Amazonia and Andean countries)? My hypothesis is that such mechanisms could also popular identification processes that may correspond to progressive forces, as well as to some forms of alienation of the logic of economic and social reciprocity. On the one hand, they can express the resistance of a reciprocal economy and community to the expansion of the capitalistic exchange domain. But, on the other hand, they could represent the alienation of the logic of reciprocity, through its asymmetric forms of redistribution (or centralized reciprocity): paternalism and clientelism. I see, in the limits of socio-political critiques and in the renewal of populism in Latin America, a superposition and cohabitation between the alienation specific of reciprocity systems - the paternalist oppression - and the alienation arising from the exchange system: the capitalistic exploitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]