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Copyright of Economía, Sociedad y Territorio is the property of El Colegio Mexiquense and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Latinoamericana de Geografia e Gênero is the property of Revista Latinoamericana de Geografia e Genero and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Mural Internacional is the property of Editora da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (EdUERJ) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Toda política es un cambio de política (all policy is policy change) pregonaron Hogwood & Peters en 1983. Posterior a esa época el debate se ha ampliado buscando comprender los cambios en la política (changes within policy) y los cambios de política (change of policy)” (del Castillo, 2017: 54); su clasificación como cambios incrementales o paradigmáticos (Hall, 1993), la velocidad del cambio (Howlett & Cashore, 2009); sus motores (Harguindeguy, 2015) y de manera más reciente, comprobar si hay conexión entre el cambio de políticas y la resolución de los problemas públicos.Por lo tanto, es importante analizar el enfoque del cambio como una perspectiva que permita ir más allá de los límites del enfoque cíclico de las políticas y entender. ¿Qué es el cambio? ¿Por qué cambian las políticas? ¿Cómo medirlo? ¿Qué tipos de cambio hay? ¿Cuáles son los motores del cambio? En este sentido, el objetivo de este ensayo es analizar los postulados del enfoque del cambio de políticas, cuestionando ¿Qué podemos saber gracias al estudio del enfoque del cambio de políticas? Para ello, se busca aplicar los principios de este campo a un caso concreto: la política urbana en México, un sector caracterizado por contar con cambios paradigmáticos graduales (Howlett & Cashore, 2009) debido a una reforma administrativa previa, un cambio en la imagen de la política y una modificación de la comunidad de políticas involucrada en ese sector. Para ello, este trabajo se estructura de la siguiente manera. En el primer apartado se explica que es el cambio de políticas públicas, sus principales subenfoques y tipos de cambio; en el segundo se trata de aplicar dichos postulados teóricos al caso de la política urbana; en el tercero se argumenta de la importancia de la reforma administrativa como un cambio de política pública y por último se concluye que la reforma administrativa puede ser un primer paso de innovación para lograr cambios paradigmáticos en las políticas públicas.

Copyright of GeSec: Revista de Gestao e Secretariado is the property of Sindicato das Secretarias e Secretarios do Estado de Sao Paulo (SINSESP) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Comunicação Midiática is the property of Universidade Estadual Paulista, Faculdade de Arquitetura, Artes e Comunicacao and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article explores the activism of Arab Mexicans during the transition from the sultanate of Abdülhamid II, known as the Hamidian regime, and the beginning of the rule of the Committee of Union and Progress, known as the Young Turks government. The paper discusses the activism of intellectuals, social network leaders, and associations that created affinity ties with the Ottoman government and French authorities. These activities aspired to consolidate the diplomatic protection of Ottomans in Mexico. The compilation of primary sources shows the spread of Ottomanism and Francophilia within the first generation of Arab Mexicans. These discourses of affinity are relevant elements to understanding the activism in the Great War and at the dawn of the Mandate system in the Mashriq.

Copyright of Informacao & Sociedade: Estudos is the property of Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Centro de Humanidades and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal Public Administration & Social Management / Administração Pública e Gestão Social is the property of Administracao Publica e Gestao Social and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Estudos em Comunicação is the property of Labcom / Universidade da Beira Interior and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Lusitania Sacra is the property of Universidade Catolica Portuguesa, Centro de Estudos de Historia Religiosa and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

La epidemia provocada por el virus SARS-CoV2 ha afectado las actividades económicas en el mundo. En el caso de México, las medidas de confinamiento y distanciamiento social han propiciado una contracción económica que afecta a las pequeñas y medianas empresas de las ciudades y regiones. Los gobiernos locales han establecido agendas gubernamentales con políticas públicas que tratan de atender la caída económica. Este documento estudia las agendas locales de 31 Entidades Federativas y la Ciudad de México para cuantificar la diversidad de las políticas económicas con el Índice de Entropía de Shannon y para comparar las agendas locales con una prueba de inferencia estadística. Los resultados muestran que las agendas son diversas y en algunos casos amplias, pero enfrentan la emergencia de forma semejante, por lo que las respuestas de las administraciones públicas locales pueden tener un efecto limitado ante los problemas económicos generados por el COVID19.

Aquí se aborda el desarrollo de las intervenciones sobre pinturas murales en Teotihuacán y las estrategias aplicadas a nuevos hallazgos, como el realizado entre 2013 y 2015 en el Conjunto de Los Jaguares, perteneciente al Complejo Arquitectónico Quetzalpapálotl y situado en la parte norte de la monumental ciudad prehispánica. ENGLISH: This paper addresses the development of interventions on mural paintings in Teotihuacan and the strategies applied to new findings, such as the one we carried out between 2013 and 2015 at the Complex of the Jaguars, belonging to the Quetzalpapalotl Architectural Complex and located in the northern area of this monumental pre-Hispanic city.

La crisis de 1994 en México y la crisis estadounidense de 2007 afectaron sensiblemente el crecimiento y la generación de empleo en México. En 1995, a través de la instrumentación del programa público Programa de Empleo Temporal (PET), el gobierno mexicano trató de apoyar el ingreso de las familias en periodos de baja demanda laboral o alguna emergencia natural o económica. El objetivo de la presente investigación es calcular a nivel nacional y por entidad federativa la progresividad o regresividad del PET utilizando la paquetería Stata y los microdatos del Módulo de Condiciones Socioeconómicas de la Encuesta Nacional de Ingresos y Gastos de los Hogares (ENIGH) de 2010 y 2012. Los datos señalan que en el 2010, el PET tendió a ser regresivo, y los recursos se dirigieron hacia los deciles con mayores ingresos, sufriendo una variación en 2012, que pasó a ser un programa público con progresividad mínima que asigna sus recursos a los deciles con menores ingresos.

Copyright of Revista Ciência & Saúde Coletiva is the property of Associacao Brasileira de Pos-Graduacao em Saude Coletiva and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper analyses how the war on drugs was publicised by the Mexican government through the media to gain legitimisation of the strategy used to battle organised crime and how the issue was positioned in a monolithic and biased fashion by the Mexican media agenda the relationship between the social movements and the media, this paper analyse how this relationship is constructed, how activists and journalists feel it could be an advantage and disadvantage, and how the mainstream media relates to social media. The study is made up of a corpus resulting from a methodology of qualitative type, where twenty six interviews were conducted in depth, to experts on the issue of violence in Mexico, activists and journalists. The control that the media exercise over symbolic production is recognised and responded to by the activists and journalists with different approaches, in the face of the difficulties of receiving broad and unbiased coverage, suggested that digital journalism is an alternative as a public space to inform the public about the social movement. Additionally, for example, the mainstream media have found sources and the information needed to use them on the Internet, and social media such as Facebook have become public spaces for contention, providing an opportunity to counteract the mainstream media with their own narratives, such as expressing the reality of the violence where the mainstream media present silence and gaps in information

Copyright of Revista Brasileira de Políticas Públicas is the property of Revista Brasileira de Politicas Publicas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Cadernos de Pesquisa is the property of Fundacao Carlos Chagas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Physis: Revista de Saúde Coletiva is the property of CEPESC and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Caderno CRH is the property of Universidade Federal da Bahia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper analyses relations among FEDEDAM, Eureka Comitee and AFADEM during the 80s as a training space for memories of enforced disappearances. We examine from primary sources, some written some oral, the organisations’ trajectories and spots of memories’ production and circulation. We assert that within the common work concerning denunciation and search for justice, narrarives were made up as well as transnational memorial practices shared by parents’ organizations in Mexico and through the Latin American network issued by the federation.

Like all human creations, institutions transform and evolve over time. Libraries also have changed to respond the needs of its users. Academic libraries physical spaces are one of the turned aspects, an example are the Learning Commons (spaces for collaborative work in academic libraries). The main purpose of this paper is to expose the characteristics of the Learning Commons model with a brief account of the history of planning and construction of academic libraries. This paper also aims to present the manner in which a Learning Commons has been implemented at the library of Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey (ITESM), Campus Monterrey in Mexico.

The paper attempts to discuss the Indonesia-Mexico diplomatic relations over the last 62 years (1953-2015). The paper shows that during the Soekarno administration, Indonesia and Mexico enjoyed the peak momentum of the bilateral political relations. The bilateral relations deteriorated during the Soeharto regime, despite some re-invigoration to strengthen economic relations were visible in the later period. In the post-Soeharto regime, the bilateral relations have strengthened, particularly in the economic sphere. The paper pointed out that there is plenty space that both countries could do to strengthen the bilateral relations. But to achieve this goal, both countries need to have strong political willingness, work hard and address the inherent matters and issues in an innovative and creatively manners. In the economic sphere, both states need to find creative ways on how to evolve from being a competing partner to become an emerging collaborative partner. To support the Indonesian economic diplomacy programs, Indonesia should also needs to strengthen the socio-cultural and political cooperation. The paper views that achieving a so-called ‘comprehensive partnership’ as agreed by both Head of States in the Joint Statement 2013 is seems to be a visible goal to be achieved in the near future.

Este trabajo presenta una revisión de la investigación urbana reciente en Latinoamérica. La primera sección se apoya en una evaluación llevada a cabo dentro de GURI (Global Urban Research Initiative); la segunda incluye un análisis basado en mis propias investigaciones. El artículo comprende temas como el de la vivienda y la tierra urbana; las políticas sociales y urbanas en las décadas de 1990 y 2000; los asentamientos irregulares y su regularización y revalorización; la división social del espacio y la globalización; el medioambiente, así como la violencia y la falta de seguridad en las ciudades. Finaliza con algunos comentarios respecto del desarrollo teórico del tema tratado. Abstract This paper takes stock of recent urban research in Latin America. Its first section is drawn from an evaluation carried out by GURI (Global Urban Research Initiative), and the second includes an analysis based on my own research. The paper references topics such as housing and urban land issues; social and urban policies in the 1990s and 2000s; irregular settlements and their regularization and upgrading; the social division of space and globalization; the environment, violence and the lack of safety in cities. The paper ends with some remarks concerning the theoretical development of the issues discussed.

This paper describes and evaluates the tax regime that benefits private schools in Mexico, particularly in Mexico City. Its central claim is that this regime is incompatible with educational equality and justice. The main contribution of the paper is to examine primary and secondary empirical sources in light of the normative argument guiding this work. The first section of this work clarifies the central issues that will be addressed in the paper. The second section briefly describes the key features of the Mexican private educational sector and its tax regime. Finally, section three argues that this regime is regressive, and that the moral justifications usually invoked in its defense are untenable.

Copyright of Estudos Sociedade e Agricultura is the property of Revista Estudos Sociedade e Agricultura and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Se presentan los resultados de una investigación exploratoria a través de un estudio comparado para conocer la situación de las bibliotecas públicas en México y Colombia. Se exponen los antecedentes y el marco conceptual, los comparativos de datos socio-demográficos, legales y normativos, las estructuras bibliotecarias y la información de estadísticas e indicadores generados en cada uno de estos países. Además, se considera una propuesta del Programa Iberoamericano de Cooperación en Bibliotecas Públicas (PICBIP) para un sistema de indicadores de gestión mínimos para las bibliotecas públicas de Iberoamérica, se presentan conclusiones de este estudio y recomendaciones sobre las líneas de investigación a seguir.A report of the results of a comparative study of public libraries in Mexico and Colombia is provided in this paper, which examines the respective backgrounds and operative rules; legal and theoretical frameworks, as well as the statistical indicators of the libraries in each country. The paper also examines the minimal management indicators for public libraries developed by the Iberian-American Program for Cooperation in Public Libraries (PICBIP, by its Spanish acronym ), followed by conclusions and recommendation for further research.

This paper seeks to diagnose the phenomenon of children and adolescent labour in Mexico from the legal and empirical perspective, while expecting to make visible underlying, persistent and oftenly hidden realities. With this framework, we present a general path concerning some legal instruments that allow us to define and categorize the studied phenomenon, and we carry out an empirical analysis from a series of indicators developed in the Module of child labour included in the National Survey of Occupation and Employment raised by National Institute of Statistics and Geography (Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía, INEGI) in 2009. Information and analyzed data allow us to conclude in a broad manner that the constitutional and legal prohibition to child labour has not fulfill its eradication, further more, not starting from the approach of rights has implied a position of more vulnerability to underage persons who work due to several circumstances, whether economical, social or cultural. En este trabajo se busca realizar una aproximación diagnóstica al fenómeno del trabajo infantil y adolescente en México con miras a visibilizar aspectos que han estado invisibilizados a lo largo del tiempo, desde la perspectiva legal y empírica. En este marco, se hace un recorrido general de algunos instrumentos legales que permiten definir y categorizar el fenómeno, y se realiza un análisis empírico a partir de una serie de indicadores surgidos del Módulo de Trabajo Infantil incluido en la Encuesta Nacional de Ocupación y Empleo levantada por el Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía en el año 2009. La información manejada, así como los datos analizados permiten concluir de manera general que la prohibición constitucional y legal del trabajo infantil no ha conseguido su erradicación, y el no partir de un enfoque de derechos colocaría en una posición de mayor vulnerabilidad a las personas menores de edad que trabajan por diversas circunstancias, ya sean económicas, sociales o culturales.DOWNLOAD THIS PAPER FROM SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2065763

El propósito fundamental de las siguientes líneas es mostrar cuál es el estado de la cuestión actual del conflicto armado en Colombia partiendo del fortalecimiento del Estado en los últimos años gracias a la puesta en marcha de instrumentos que ha devenido eficaces, como la Política de Seguridad Democrática de la Administración Uribe o el Plan Colombia resultante del acuerdo Pastrana-Clinton en 1999 y continuado en toda la década pasada. Una situación similar se vive en México en donde los carteles del narcotráfico han provocado el debilitamiento de las estructuras del Estado y en el que desde 2006 se ha observado un crecimiento exponencial de la violencia y criminalidad. El objetivo es mostrar cómo, actualmente, el conflicto colombiano se halla en una tesitura en la que nuevos avances y éxitos de la enjundia y el alcance de los últimos años parecen difíciles de repetir. Los escenarios en disputa disponen de una sólida presencia de los grupos armados ilegales de manera que, tal vez, sea el momento de optar por nuevas estrategias, como la cooperación transfronteriza, que puedan suponer un nuevo horizonte de oportunidades para nuevas conquistas por parte del Estado.

Este artículo trata sobre los problemas de coordinación en los países de tipo federal. Parte de la premisa que los problemas públicos del siglo XXI, son cuestiones sin fronteras debido a que no respetan los límites geográficos, jurisdiccionales, funcionales y temporales que en muchos sentidos, han guiado el estudio y la práctica de la Administración Pública. La emergencia de esta clase de problemas tiene un impacto significativo en la hechura de las políticas, porque una de las consecuencias de su naturaleza transversal, es el aumento de la interdependencia entre las Administraciones Públicas en sus diferentes niveles. A partir de ello se puede anticipar que la coordinación será un tema crítico para el funcionamiento de los sistemas federales. Sin embargo, se requerirá un tipo de coordinación que sólo puede provenir de un enfoque comprehensivo propio de una visión de Estado o país.

O objetivo deste artigo é relatar um trabalho de elaboração e aplicação de instrumentos para avaliar a qualidade da educação pré-escolar em curso no México. Após breve apresentação do contexto do trabalho, descreve-se a trajetória seguida para desenvolver um instrumento que representa uma definição operacional de qualidade e uma metodologia que o incorpora à pesquisa e à avaliação. Apresentam-se a seguir exemplos da aplicação do instrumento em dois estudos e alguns de seus resultados, e finaliza-se com algumas conclusões e implicações para o planejamento de políticas públicasThe purpose of this paper is to acquaint the reader with on-going work in Mexico to create and apply instruments for evaluating the quality of preschool education. In the first section, the context for this work will be presented briefly. This is followed by a description of the process adopted to arrive at an instrument representing an operational definition of quality as well as a methodology that incorporates the instrument into research and evaluation. Application of the definition and methodology in two studies is offered, with a sampling of results. The paper closes with some conclusions and implications for policy and programming

This paper deals with memory’s sense and memorial politics that have arisen in Mexico during the Andrés Manuel López Obrador's administration since 2018. Based on the concept of memorial regime, we shall see that one of the actual politics’s singularities is the foundation of a public culture of repentance and the establishing of memory institutions which concern Colonial Era’s memory as well as Mexican national history.

Este artículo busca desarrollar una reflexión sobre el uso de la fotografía en el trabajo antropológico, tanto pensando la imagen como un instrumento para la realización del trabajo etnográfico, como para buscar comprender el papel de la fotografía, en su rol de formadora de representaciones sociales y su repercusión entre los que la reciben. Para ello será analizada la recepción de las fotografías del antropólogo e indigenista mexicano Julio de la Fuente entre los indígenas zapotecos del estado de Oaxaca, al sur de este país.The following paper presents a reflection on the use of photography in Anthropology, so as to consider the image as an instrument of ethnographic work as well as to comprehend the role of photography in the formation process of social representations and their repercussions among those who receive it. For this, the paper will analyze the reception of the photographs by Mexican Anthropologist and Indigenist Julio de la Fuente among the Zapoteco natives in the Oaxaca state at the South of Mexico.

Se da cuenta de las discusiones que se dieron principalmente en la medicina legal mexicana acerca de la prudencia de las regulaciones sobre el matrimonio consanguíneo que fueron decretadas en los códigos civiles para el Distrito Federal de 1871 y 1884. Se muestra que el ánimo de las mismas llevó a que sus autores pugnaran por la necesidad de la vigilancia médica de las uniones entre parientes en virtud de un ánimo profiláctico sostenido en una visión nihilista de la herencia patológica. Se concluye en proponer una lectura filosófica que abandona los antiguos campos de lo 'externo' y lo 'interno'.This paper analyzes the discussions in the field of legal medicine in Mexico about the prudence of regulations concerning intermarriage that were decreed in the civil codes for the Federal District of 1871 and 1884. It shows that the heated debate forced the authors of the regulations to struggle for the need for medical vigilance of marriages between relatives, as a preventive measure sustained in a nihilistic vision of the pathological inheritance. The paper concludes by proposing a philosophical analysis that abandons the old fields of the "external" and the "internal".

The paper considers two major views of illegal logging: "Communitarian" and "legalistic". The former emphasizes the positive role of local communities and sees law enforcement programs as, at least potentially, counterproductive to environmental policy. While this perception fails to take the rule of law seriously, it shows the importance of local arrangements for sustainable use of forests. On the other hand, there is a view of deforestation that defines it only in juridical terms as 'illegal logging', without taking into account the variety and complexity of social problems at local level. The paper reviews some of the ways social sciences help us to overcome the limitations of both views. However, it also points at an issue that has not been sufficiently addressed by social disciplines: the question of local democracy. While most observers agree on the need of democratic institutions at the local level, there is not enough research and deliberation on the social conditions that make those institutions possible. This is a challenge for social sciences, due to the growing complexity of rural societies, a complexity that includes inter alia conflicts between owners and non-owners of natural resources, as well as the presence of 'external' social actors such as NGOs.O artigo aborda duas visões importantes sobre a "extração ilegal de madeira": a perspectiva "comunitária" e a perspectiva "legalista". A primeira enfatiza o papel positivo de comunidades locais e vê os programas de aplicação da lei, pelo menos potencialmente, como contraproducentes para as políticas ambientais. Embora esta perspectiva não leve a sério o poder da lei, ela mostra a importância dos acordos locais para o uso sustentável das florestas. Por outro lado, há uma visão do desmatamento que o define apenas em termos judiciais como "extração ilegal de madeira", sem levar em conta a variedade e complexidade dos problemas sociais no nível local. O artigo revê algumas das maneiras pelas quais as ciências sociais nos auxiliam na superação dos limites de ambas as visões. Entretanto, o artigo também trata de uma questão que não tem sido suficientemente discutida pelas disciplinas sociais: a questão da democracia local. Enquanto a maioria dos observadores concorda com a necessidade de instituições democráticas no nível local, não há pesquisa suficiente nem deliberações sobre as condições sociais que tornam estas instituições possíveis. Este é um desafio para as ciências sociais devido à crescente complexidade das sociedades rurais, uma complexidade que inclui conflitos inter alia entre proprietários e não proprietários de recursos naturais, assim como a presença de atores sociais "externos", como as ONGs.

Globally, groundwater use is intensifying to meet demands for irrigation, urban supply, industrialization, and, in some instances, electrical power generation. In response to hydroclimatic variability, surface water is being substituted with groundwater, which must be viewed as a strategic resource for climate adaptation. In this sense, the supply of electricity for pumping is an adaptation policy tool. Additionally, planning for climate-change mitigation must consider CO2 emissions resulting from pumping. This paper examines the influence of electricity supply and pricing on groundwater irrigation and resulting emissions, with specific reference to Mexico – a climate-water-energy ‘perfect storm’. Night-time power supply at tariffs below the already-subsidized rates for agricultural groundwater use has caused Mexican farmers to increase pumping, reversing important water and electricity conservation gains achieved. Indiscriminate groundwater pumping, including for virtual-water exports of agricultural produce, threatens the long-term sustainability of aquifers, non-agricultural water uses, and stream-aquifer interactions that sustain riparian ecosystems. Emissions resulting from agricultural groundwater pumping in Mexico are estimated to be 3.6% of total national emissions and are equivalent to emissions from transporting the same agricultural produce to market. The paper concludes with an assessment of energy, water, and climate trends coupled with policy futures to address these challenges.

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Objective. To identify how patterns of family economic support help alleviate the cumulative effects of inequality, with focus on the financial support that children give their elderly parents. Methods. This paper uses data from two cross-sections, 2001 and 2012, of the Mexican Health and Aging Study for the 50 years and older population. Analysis includes descriptive statistics to estimate differences in economic support based on family and individual characteristics; and a multinomial probit regression model, in each cross-section, to analyze the amount of money received for economic help and the associated characteristics. Results. Economic help received was significantly reduced, both in proportion, from 20% to 10% between 2001 and 2012, and in the amount received, with differences by income quintile. In 2001, 14.9% of those in the lowest quintile (Q1) would move to Q4–Q5 with children’s help; in 2012, this was 9.1%. The adjusted probability of receiving any amount of money from children decreased from 0.511 in 2001 to 0.340 in 2012. Conclusions. In Mexico, economic inequality in the 50 years and older population remains a constant. Economic help received from children varied by income quintile and plays an important role for those in the lowest income groups. More research is needed to understand the patterns of intergenerational exchanges as these cohorts of older adults continue to age and as future cohorts are entering old age with more pronounced changes than the current cohorts experienced over this critical decade.

ResumenEl propósito de este artículo es mostrar la experiencia de las reformas de las políticas educativas en México desde una perspectiva de investigación de políticas, la cual aporta evidencia útil para otros casos latinoame- ricanos. Se muestra por qué la dinámica de cambio y continuidad de las políticas favorece en mayor medida resultados de cobertura, al mismo tiempo que se hace visible el potencial analítico de esta perspectiva para mejorar la capacidad de intervención gubernamental a la luz de la resolución de problemas pendientes en la agenda de las políticas. Se concluye que el cambio hacia la calidad y equidad está en función de dos tipos de reformas y, por tanto, de dos tipos de agendas, una política (politics) y otra de políticas (policy).AbstractThe aim of this paper is to introduce the experience of education policies reforms in Mexico from a perspective of policy research, contributing useful findings for other Latin American cases. The dynamics of change and continuity of policies are shown to favor coverage. Also, the advantage of this pers- pective for the improvement of governments' intervention capacity and the solution of unresolved problems in policy agendas is made clear. The paper concludes that the change toward quality and equity is part of two types of reforms and, therefore, of two types of agendas: a political agenda and a policies agenda.RésuméLe propos de cet article est celui de montrer l'expérience des reformes politiques éduca- tives au Mexique depuis une perspective de re- cherche de politiques, laquelle fournit une évidence utile pour d'autres cas en Amérique Latine. On montre pourquoi la dynamique de changement et continuité des politiques fa- vorise d'avantage les résultats de couverture, en même temps qui est plus visible le poten- tiel analytique de cette perspective pour amé- liorer la capacité d'intervention du gouverne- ment avec l'esprit de résoudre les problèmes qui restent sans solution dans l'agenda des politiques. Enfin, on estime que le change- ment vers la qualité et l'équité est en fonction de deux types de reformes et, donc de deux types d'agendas, l'une politique (politics) et l'autre de politiques (policy).ResumoO propósito deste artigo é mostrar a expe- riência das reformas político-educativas no México desde uma perspectiva da pesquisa de políticas a qual trás evidência útil para outros casos latino-americanos. Mostra-se por que a dinâmica de mudança e continui- dade das políticas favorece em maior medida resultados de cobertura, ao mesmo tempo que se faz visível o potencial analítico desta perspectiva para melhorar a capacidade de intervenção governamental à luz da reso- lução de problemas pendentes na agenda das políticas. Conclui-se que a mudança para a qualidade e equidade está em função de dois tipos de reformas e, portanto, de dois tipos de agendas, uma política (politics) e outra de políticas (policy).

Este artículo ofrece una síntesis histórica de la minería en la región de Bolaños (Zacatecas-Jalisco, México) a partir del descubrimiento de vetas de plata. Describe la intervención de las autoridades desde la época colonial hasta nuestros días y los periodos de auge y decadencia que tuvo hasta el cese de la actividad minera en la actualidad, sin que ello implicase el agotamiento del mineral. ENGLISH: This paper presents a historical synthesis of mining in the region of Bolaños (Zacatecas-Jalisco, Mexico) from the discovery of silver veins. It describes the intervention of the authorities from colonial times to the present day and the periods of rise and decline until the cessation of mining activity at present, without implying the depletion of the mineral.

ResumenEste artículo se deriva de la investigación Las represen- taciones sociales sobre la inclusión. Una mirada desde el campo de la educación básica, cuyo fin fue identifi- car las representaciones sociales que sobre la inclusión de la diversidad escolar tienen los maestros, directivos y supervisores de educación básica en México. Especí- ficamente, se expone el análisis del discurso producido por aquellas profesoras denominadas colaboradoras. A partir de una metodología cualitativa, se analizan las condiciones en que se producen y circulan las repre- sentaciones sociales de estas maestras y los problemas que enfrentan en la tarea de incorporar la inclusión en las aulas escolares. Los resultados permiten identificar cómo esas representaciones sociales guían sus actitu- des, valores y comportamientos dentro del aula.AbstractThis paper is the result of Social representa- tions about inclusion. A review from the field of primary education, a research project that aimed to identify the social representations about Inclusion of diversity at schools present among teachers, management and supervi- sors in primary educations in Mexico. This paper presents the analysis of the discourse of those (female) teachers called collaborating teachers. A qualitative methodology is ap- plied to analyze the circumstances in which the social representations of these teachers are produced and go round, and what prob- lems they face when incorporating inclusion in the classroom. The results show how social representations guide the teacher's attitudes, values, and behavior in the classroom.RésuméCet article découle de la recherche Les repré- sentations sociales par rapport à l'inclusion. Un regard depuis le domaine de l'éducation au collège, dont l'objectif a été celui d'iden- tifier les représentations sociales qui ont les enseignants, les directeurs, et les super- viseurs par rapport à l'inclusion de la diver- sité scolaire dans l'éducation collégienne au Mexique. Notamment, on expose l'analyse du discours produit par les enseignantes ap- pelées collaboratrices. À partir d'une métho- dologie qualitative, on analyse les conditions dans lesquelles se produisent et circulent les représentations sociales des enseignantes et les problèmes auxquels elles font face dans leurs devoir d'incorporer l'inclusion dans les salles scolaires. Les résultats permettent d'identifier comment les représentations so- ciales des enseignantes guident leurs atti- tudes, valeurs et comportement à l'intérieure de la salle de classe.ResumoEste artigo se deriva da pesquisa As represen- tações sociais sobre a inclusão. Um olhar des- de o campo da educação básica, cujo fim foi identificar as representações sociais que têm os mestres, diretores e supervisores da edu- cação básica no México sobre a inclusão da diversidade escolar. Especificamente, expõe- se a análise do discurso produzido por aque- las professoras denominadas colaboradoras. A partir de uma metodologia qualitativa, analisam-se as condições em que se produ- zem e circulam as representações sociais des- tas mestras e os problemas que enfrentam na tarefa de incorporar a inclusão nas salas de aula. Os resultados permitem identificar como essas representações sociais guiam suas atitudes, valores e comportamentos dentro da sala.

This paper contains an analysis of the importance of teaching and research activities at the University of Sonora (UNISON), from the academic perspective. During 2007 the survey "Reconfiguration of Academic Profession in Mexico" (RPAM) was applied on a representative sample of full-time teachers of UNISON, public higher institution which happens to be one of the most important universities of northwestern Mxico. The academic features of both teaching and research were considered separately, and then sought for some relations between these two activities, to finally make a comparative analysis with the national survey results. The UNISON faculty is mainly composed by adulthood (51.8 years average), labor experienced (23 years in working place) and a high rate in educational levels: 20.2 % bachelor degree, 53.2% master, 26.5% doctorate). The presence of academic women throws a 33% of faculty, lower than the average shown by the national survey (37%). Given the classification scheme proposed in this paper, it was possible to clearly identify four types of scholars which set a pattern that might be present in other public state institutions of the country, this according to the differential importance assigned to the various activities, roles and responsibilities that make up academic work.

Este trabajo se basa en los hallazgos arqueológicos realizados en la zona ceremonial y habitacional de los tepecanos que habitaron en el cañón de Bolaños hasta las primeras décadas del siglo XX, así como en el descubrimiento de una ocupación más antigua sobre la que se asentó este grupo étnico. ENGLISH: This paper presents the results of archaeological investigations in the ceremonial and residential areas of a Tepecano settlement inhabited in the Bolaños Canyon region until the early 20th century, including the discovery of an occupation predating Tepecano arrival.

The article analyses how social protection systems in Latina America have responded to the serious social situation caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. Guided by an exploratory study, the paper focuses on the experiences of Argentina, Brazil and Mexico. The analysis considers that the responses produced by the three cases results from the intersection between the institutional structure’s previous legacy of the social protection systems existing in each country, the political orientation of the governments in exercise and the social and political dynamics in the sanitary crisis context. It seems that, despite protective measures of greater or lesser scope and magnitude, which either reinforce the existing social protections or introduce new mechanisms – all of them temporary – the social crisis specific to Latin American social formations has worsened in the countries studied.

Ethnic Identity and Ethnic Political Activity Don’t Necessarily Go Hand in Hand. Identitary Expressions Among the Teenek and Nahua of the Veracruzan Huasteca.In the Huasteca region, in Mexico’s northeast, two Indians groups, the Nahua and the Teenek, experience the interaction with cultural otherness and with modern, national society in very different ways. This paper compares the Teenek position toward the Other to the one of their nearby Nahua neighbors. While the Teenek position is more reserved and hermetic, the Nahua position toward the Other is characterized by more active and assertive participation outside their communities. The cultural strategies of both groups appear to be radically opposed. Nonetheless, none of these two groups is involved in Indian political militancy and their ethnic identity is expressed in more discrete ways. The comparison between the two groups help us understand the character of the differentiated interactions of two neighboring ethnic groups with the modern world and national society that may be rooted in each group’s particular worldview and history. From a theoretical standpoint, this paper addresses the problem of the cultural and social construction of collective identities and Otherness in modern and multicultural societies, proposing to reconstruct the concept of ethnicity from a cognitive perspective rather than as identity politics.

Heritage, in anthropology, allows an approach from a different perspective when it concerns the point of view of children, since this topic was originally implemented by adults and for adults. This perspective introduces the transmission, transformation, creativity and innovation implemented by ludar children (“gypsies”), to their acts in the spectacle. These acts are part of the trades practiced by the ludar as street carnivals, along with commerce activities by which they merged into Mexico’s society, by the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Hence, this is a paper about the heritage of ludar children and adults: the spectacle. An approach to its composition and repetition in a constant and changing staging, and questioning the idea of patrimonialization, in view of the dynamism and combinations of elements that make up its numbers. The aim of this text to explore these ideas.

This research paper analyses how Carlos de Sigüenza y Góngora describes the pair fest-revolt in Alboroto y motín de indios de México. This study is divided into five parts. The first one takes as its starting point the concept of the polis and regulations for the common good. The second one alludes to the effect that Spanish splendor produces in the different members of the Novohispanic polis. The third part examines the active role of female Indigenous in the revolt’s organization and development. Finally, in the fifth part, I propose the existence of a plebeian collective consciousness within the viceroyalty of New Spain.