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The contemporary world has been characterized by the attraction of novelty and the understanding that there is an unprecedented change,especially when considering the technological advances, enabled by information and communication technology (ICT). In this sense, Grey (2004) claims that change has become almost a fetish and should be considered in relation to the practices and social representations. Taking these assumptions into account, this paper presents the results of a survey responded by business leaders in a technology park located in northeastern Brazil in order to analyze what are their social representations in relation to innovation by comparing them to the classifications and types defined in theory. O que tem caracterizado o mundo contemporâneo é a atração pela novidade e o entendimento de que há uma mudança sem precedentes, principalmente quando considerados os avanços tecnológicos, propiciados pelas tecnologias de informação e comunicação (TICS). Nesse sentido, Grey (2004) afirma que a mudança tornou-se quase um fetiche, devendo ser analisada em relação às práticas e às representações sociais. Partindo desses pressupostos, este artigo apresenta os resultados de pesquisa realizada junto a dirigentes de empresas instaladas num polo tecnológico no nordeste brasileiro,de modo a analisar quais são as suas representações sociais relativas à inovação, comparando-as com as classificações e tipologias definidas na literatura.

Submitted by Kenia Bernini (kenia.bernini@ufpel.edu.br) on 2018-08-16T22:02:40Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Larissa_Russo_Gonçalves_Dissertação.pdf: 1832556 bytes, checksum: 6e8eecf02ca98ce12f7e7598e566faab (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-16T22:02:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Larissa_Russo_Gonçalves_Dissertação.pdf: 1832556 bytes, checksum: 6e8eecf02ca98ce12f7e7598e566faab (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-10-20 Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq Esta dissertação objetiva apresentar uma análise da ideologia das medidas provisórias editadas no primeiro governo Lula. Tendo como base um projeto de pesquisa mais amplo, o qual visa apresentar uma nova metodologia de classificação ideológica dos partidos políticos brasileiros, que este trabalho desenvolveu seus métodos. De acordo com esta acepção, compreende-se a necessidade levar em consideração a defasagem da classificação ideológico-partidária presente nos ditames da ciência política nacional hegemônica. Por isto, defende-se a relevância de apresentar uma metodologia para classificação da ideologia de partidos brasileiros que abarque os diversos sentidos emanados do campo político discursivo. Entendendo que tomar as noções de “direita”, “esquerda” e “ideologia” como conceitos dados a priori resulta em uma falha teórico-metodológica, neste trabalho buscou-se apreender os sentidos referidos acima a partir da articulação discursiva que eflui dos pronunciamentos dos parlamentares federais no cenário da Câmara dos Deputados, deste modo, foi possível perceber que a significação do campo político é advinda do próprio campo. A referida compilação de pronunciamentos gerou dados que resultaram em um Quadro de Sentidos Ideológicos, cujo papel fundamental é possibilitar a operacionalização da análise. Este Quadro, construído no âmbito do grupo de pesquisa IdAD, é constituído de significações advindas dos pronunciamentos dos parlamentares e baseado na sistematização dos sentidos ideológicos mais recorrentes, relaciona os níveis dos espectros ideológicos às políticas públicas mais específicas. A classificação ideológica aqui proposta, faz-se necessário esclarecer, não visa em momento algum apresentar uma análise essencialística ou intuir que “tal partido” é essencialmente de esquerda ou de direita, pelo contrário, esta classificação pretende desenvolver um mecanismo sensível às oscilações ideológicas presentes no recorte temporal escolhido. Através disto, foi possível perceber quais as políticas contidas nas medidas provisórias do primeiro governo Lula estão situadas em um espectro mais à direita ou à esquerda a partir do Quadro de Sentidos Ideológicos. This thesis aims to present an analysis of the ideology of temporary acts issued in the first Lula administration. Based on a broader research project, which aims to present a new methodology of ideological classification of Brazilian political parties, this paper developed its methods. According to this meaning, it is understood the necessity to take into account the lag of the ideological-party classification present in the dictates of the hegemonic national political science. For this reason, the relevance of presenting a methodology to classify the ideology of Brazilian parties that encompasses the different meanings emanating from the discursive political field is defended. Understanding that taking the notions of "right", "left" and "ideology" as concepts given “a priori” results in a theoretical-methodological failure, this work sought to apprehend the aforementioned meanings from the discursive articulation that emanates from the pronouncements of federal parliamentarians in the scenario of the Chamber of Deputies, in this way, it was possible to perceive that the significance of the political field comes from the field itself. This compilation of pronouncements generated data that resulted in a Table of Ideological Senses, whose fundamental role is to enable the operationalization of the analysis. This framework, built within the scope of the IdAD research group, is made up of meanings derived from the parliamentarian pronouncements and based on the systematization of the most recurrent ideological senses, relates the levels of ideological specters to the most specific public policies. The ideological classification proposed here makes it necessary to clarify, it does not aim at any moment to present an essentialistic analysis or to intuit that "this party" is essentially left or right, on the contrary, this classification intends to develop a mechanism sensitive to the present ideological oscillations in the chosen time cut. Through this, it was possible to perceive which policies contained in the temporary acts of the first Lula government are situated in a more right or left spectrum from the Table of Ideological Senses.

Trabalho que fala sobre a viagem ornitologica, pela Guyana meridional, pelo Dr. Emílio Augusto Goeldi. Paper on ornithological travel by southern Guyana by Dr. Emílio Augusto Goeldi.

É devido a um aspecto de inovação e mudança no comportamento do consumidor que o mercado varejista vêm se modificando ao longo do tempo e criando novos formatos de lojas físicas. Um exemplo, são as lojas de bairro, pequenas e especializadas, que visam o atendimento de conveniência e buscam aproveitar da melhor forma possível os espaços físicos em localidades estratégicas. Porém, para gerenciar o estoque de mercadorias em um espaço reduzido e limitado se faz necessário também focar na melhoria da gestão dos estoques, com o intuito de melhor atender aos clientes e de evitar desperdícios com excessos e perdas de vendas com as rupturas. Dessa forma, o objetivo deste trabalho é analisar o cenário dos estoques existentes de nove lojas de conveniência de uma rede varejista brasileira e, utilizando um modelo tradicional de gestão de estoques presente na literatura, encontrar respostas para as questões de, quando pedir e o quanto pedir de mercadoria. Além disso, esta pesquisa ainda acrescenta a indagação de o quanto deve ser mantido de estoque de segurança para evitar o desbalanceamento do mesmo e, para responder a estas perguntas, é necessário lidar com o equilíbrio entre custos, nível de serviço e espaço físico disponível. Os resultados do estudo agregam os valores encontrados com os cálculos quantitativos juntamente com uma análise qualitativa com relação ao espaço existente nas lojas analisadas. E, as conclusões foram que para o equilíbrio entre custo, nível de serviço e limitação de espaço físico os valores de ponto de reposição e tamanho de lote seriam suficientes para um nível de serviço de 95 por cento. It is due to an aspect of innovation and change in consumer behavior that the retail market has been changing over time and creating new physical store formats. One example is neighborhood stores, which are small and specialized, which aim to serve convenience and seek to make the best use of physical spaces in strategic locations. However, in order to manage the inventory of goods in a small and limited space, it is also necessary to focus on improving inventory management, in order to serve customers and to avoid excess waste and sales losses due to disruptions. Thus, the objective of this paper is to study the existing inventory scenario of nine convenience stores of a Brazilian retail chain and, using the traditional inventory management model found in the literature, find answers to the questions of when to order and how much to order of merchandise. In addition, this research further raise the question of how much safety stock should been kept to avoid unbalance, and in order to answer these questions, it is necessary to address the balance between costs, service level and available physical space. The study results aggregate the values found with the quantitative calculations together with a qualitative analysis regarding the existing space in the analyzed stores. In addition, the conclusions were that for the balance between cost, service level and physical space limitation the replacement point values and lot size would be sufficient for a 95 per cent service level.

The decrease in morbidity and mortality caused by cervical cancer (CC) is still a challenge in developing countries. As the main cause, the lack of an organized screening for patient recruitment obstructs the detection of precursor lesions in time for effective treatment. This paper evaluates the use of an intelligent computer system using fuzzy logic as a reading method to specialist predicting risk of pre neoplasic lesions. The system was constructed using six major cofactors in the development of the disease as input variables. The chosen cofactors were: age, age of the first sexual intercourse, number of sexual partners, tobacco smoking, time using hormonal contraception and concomitant presence of immunosuppression disease. The answers produced by the system were compared to those provided by an expert that evaluated 82 hypothetical cases formulated by the authors. The result was a degree of agreement above 81%, which certifies the proposed method. In addition, there was the calculation of sensitivity and specificity attributed to method with a result above 80% in most categories analyzed. We conclude, then, that the fuzzy logic is a suitable reader of specialist thinking, which can be used, if validated, by the Public Health Network for the execution of a schedule organized and consequent increasing recruitment of patients. La disminución de la morbilidad y la mortalidad por el cáncer de cuello de útero (CCU) sigue siendo un reto en los países en desarrollo. Como la causa principal, la falta de un rastreo organizado para hacer el reclutamiento de pacientes impide la detección de lesiones precursoras en tiempo para un tratamiento eficaz. En este trabajo se evalúa la utilización de un sistema informático inteligente utilizando la lógica difusa como un método de lectura de expertos para predecir el riesgo de desarrollar lesión pre-neoplásica. El sistema fue construido usando seis cofactores importantes en la progresión de la enfermedad, como variables de entrada. Los cofactores que se eligieron fueron: edad, edad de inicio de relaciones sexuales, número de parejos sexuales, tabaquismo, tiempo de uso de la anticoncepción hormonal y presencia concomitante de enfermedad inmunosupresora. Las respuestas producidas por el sistema fueron comparadas con las respuestas dadas por un experto que evaluó 82 casos hipotéticos formulados por los autores. El resultado fue un grado de concordancia que superó 81%, lo que certifica el método propuesto.Además, se llevó a cabo el cálculo de la sensibilidad y especificidad atribuido al método, que resultó más de 80% en la mayoría de categorías analizadas. Entonces, se deduce que la lógica difusa es un lector adecuado del pensamiento del experto, que puede ser utilizado, si validado, en la Red de Salud Pública, para efectuar un aumento de la programación organizada y consecuente aumento del reclutamiento depacientes. A diminuição da morbimortalidade por câncer de colo uterino (CCU) ainda é um desafio nos países em desenvolvimento. Como causa principal, a falta de um rastreamento organizado para captação da paciente inviabiliza a detecção da lesão precursora em tempo eficaz para tratamento. O presente trabalho avalia a utilização de um sistema computacional inteligente, utilizando a lógica nebulosa como método de leitura do especialista na predição de risco de desenvolvimento de lesão pré-neoplásica. O sistema foi construído utilizando seis cofatores importantes na evolução da doença, como variáveis de entrada. Os cofatores escolhidos foram idade, idade de início da relação sexual, número de parceiros sexuais, tabagismo, tempo de uso de anticoncepção hormonal e presença concomitante de doença imunossupressora. As respostas produzidas foram comparadas àquelas fornecidas por um especialista que avaliou 82 casos hipotéticos formulados pelos autores. O resultado foi um grau de concordância acima de 81%, o que certifica o método proposto. Além disso, realizou-se o cálculo da sensibilidade e especificidade atribuídas ao método, com resultado acima de 80% na maioria das categorias analisadas. Conclui-se, então, que a lógica nebulosa é um leitor adequado do pensamento do especialista que, se validado, pode ser utilizado na Rede Pública de Saúde, para efetivação de um agendamento organizado e consequente aumento da captação depacientes.

O trabalho compõe a primeira parte de uma lista de cogumelos paraenses, publicado na revista Hedwigia, [cf. Vol. xxxix p. 76-80. 1900]. Os cogumelos apresentados foram descobertos por funcionários da seção Botânica do Museu Goeldi e determinados Museu Botânico de Berlim. The paper composes the first part of a list of Paraense mushrooms, published in the journal Hedwigia, [cf. Vol. Xxxix p. 76-80. 1900]. The mushrooms presented were discovered by staff of the Botanic section of the Goeldi Museum and certain Berlin Botanical Museum.

The concept of Overall Equipment Effectiveness (OEE) is commonly used in industrial processes to identify and mitigate wastes. The application of this indicator in the management of industrial solid waste is still scarce and deserves to be explored. This paper aims to apply the OEE for the analysis of the efficiency of waste handling equipment in a pulp and paper industry, in addition to identifying and analyzing the main losses that reduce the efficiency of equipment. The research was conducted with two trucks, one of biomass and one of unpicked wood, whose OEE’s were 62% and 71%, respectively. After analyzing the main losses through the use of quality tools, and implementing improvement actions, it was possible to increase the bucket occupancy rate by 12%. The work concluded that the company must expand the application of OEE to the entire fleet of equipment in order to constantly act on the waste of the process. El concepto de eficiencia general del equipo (OEE) se usa comúnmente en procesos industriales para identificar y mitigar los desechos. La aplicación de este indicador en el manejo de residuos sólidos industriales es aún escasa y merece ser explorada. El presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo aplicar el OEE al análisis de la eficiencia de los equipos de manejo de residuos en una industria de pulpa y papel, además de identificar y analizar las principales pérdidas que reducen la eficiencia de los equipos. La investigación se realizó con dos camiones, uno de biomasa y otro de madera sin trocear, cuyos OEE's fueron del 62% y 71%, respectivamente. Luego de analizar las principales pérdidas por el uso de herramientas de calidad e implementación de acciones de mejora, se logró incrementar el índice de ocupación del balde en un 12%. El trabajo concluyó que la empresa debe expandir la aplicación de OEE a toda la flota de equipos para actuar constantemente sobre los desperdicios del proceso. O conceito de Eficiência Global de Equipamentos (OEE) é comumente utilizado em processos industriais para a identificação e mitigação de desperdícios. A aplicação deste indicador na gestão de resíduos sólidos industriais ainda é escassa e merece ser explorada. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo aplicar a OEE para a análise da eficiência de equipamentos de movimentação de resíduos de uma indústria de papel e celulose, além de identificar e analisar as principais perdas que diminuem a eficiência dos equipamentos. A pesquisa foi conduzida junto à dois caminhões, um de biomassa e um de madeira não picada, cujas OEE’s foram de 62% e 71%, respectivamente. Após a análise das principais perdas por meio da utilização de ferramentas da qualidade e implementação de ações de melhoria, conseguiu-se aumentar a taxa de ocupação das caçambas em 12%. O trabalho concluiu que a empresa deve expandir a aplicação da OEE para toda a frota de equipamentos a fim de atuar constantemente sobre os desperdícios do processo.

The European Union, as a political entity that intends to be stronger, established, together with the citizenship of the European Union which is an exclusive status of the member states nationals, the protection of the fundamental rights of both its citizens and foreigners who are living in this space. This paper intends to show whether the rights to political petition and complaint to the competent institutions are effectively used by Latin-American citizens, both in the communitarian domain and in Portugal, as a way to reinforce their identity. This assessment will contribute to improve the building process of a political Europe that is both more integrated and capable of fostering people's fundamental rights., [PT] A União Europeia, como entidade política que se pretende afirmar, instituiu juridicamente, a par com a cidadania da União Europeia, estatuto exclusivo nos nacionais dos seus Estados-membros, a protecção dos direitos fundamentais não só dos seus cidadãos como de todos os estrangeiros residentes neste espaço. O artigo pretende demonstrar se os direitos de petição política e queixa aos órgãos competentes são utilizados pelos cidadãos latino-americanos, tanto no plano comunitário como em Portugal, como forma de afirmação da sua identidade. A avaliação da sua efectiva utilização poderá, simultaneamente, contribuir para o processo de construção de uma Europa política mais integrada e mobilizadora dos direitos fundamentais.

This article discusses theoretical-practical aspects related to grammar teaching in Brazilian Basic Education. It starts with a discussion about the different types of grammar that must be considered when working with mother tongue and then to arrive at the principles of the practice of Linguistic Analysis (LA), understood as an activity of reflection about the different dimensions that make up language in use. The LA offers a teaching proposal in line with an interactionist view of language and, therefore, can contribute to the development of the linguistic abilities of the subjects. Bakhtin (2006, 1929), Antunes (2003, 2007, 2014), Bezerra and Reinaldo (2013), Wachowicz (2010) and Mendonça (2006) constitute the theoretical basis. The official teaching recommendations (BRAZIL, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2002, 2006) are considered. Este artigo discute aspectos teórico-práticos relacionados ao ensino de gramática na educação básica brasileira. Parte-se de uma discussão acerca dos diferentes tipos de gramática que podem ser considerados quando se trata do trabalho com língua materna para, em seguida, chegar aos princípios da prática de Análise Linguística (AL), compreendida como uma atividade de reflexão sobre as diferentes dimensões que compõem a língua em uso. A AL oferece uma proposta de ensino em consonância com uma visão de linguagem interacionista e, pode, portanto, contribuir para o desenvolvimento das habilidades linguísticas dos sujeitos. Autores como Bakhtin (2006, (2013), Antunes (2003, 2007, 2014), Bezerra e Reinaldo (2013), Wachowicz (2010) e Mendonça (2006), constituem a base teórica deste estudo. Também as recomendações oficiais de ensino (BRASIL, 1998, 2000, 2002, 2006) são consideradas.

Submitted by Maria das Dores Gomes da Rocha (maria.rocha@ifsertao-pe.edu.br) on 2020-03-12T17:36:55Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Os letramentos do PROEJA Contribuições na Formação do Técnico em Edificações do IF Sertão-PE.pdf: 3042468 bytes, checksum: 5fe2999b8655e3ceccf20c82bf3d6e3e (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by Ana Miria Moreira (anamiriamoreira@hotmail.com) on 2020-03-13T16:29:46Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Os letramentos do PROEJA Contribuições na Formação do Técnico em Edificações do IF Sertão-PE.pdf: 3042468 bytes, checksum: 5fe2999b8655e3ceccf20c82bf3d6e3e (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2020-03-13T16:29:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Os letramentos do PROEJA Contribuições na Formação do Técnico em Edificações do IF Sertão-PE.pdf: 3042468 bytes, checksum: 5fe2999b8655e3ceccf20c82bf3d6e3e (MD5) Instituto Federal do Sertão Pernambucano - Campus Petrolina Esta pesquisa se propôs a compreender as experiências de aprendizagem, na perspectiva dos diversos letramentos, nas turmas de Edificações do PROEJA (Programa Nacional de Integração da Educação profissional com a Educação Básica na Modalidade de Jovens e Adultos), no Instituto Federal do Sertão Pernambucano, procurando considerar a importância dos saberes e implicações dos alunos. Para tanto, o trabalho reconhece o papel dos letramentos na aquisição das disciplinas técnicas e, consequentemente, sua contribuição no processo de humanização em meio a um ensino profissionalizante. Faz referência às teorias sobre Educação Profissional de Moll (2010), na perspectiva do direito à Educação Integrada de Ciavatta (2008). E, com o Programa em transição para um PROEJA FIC (Formação Inicial e Continuada), são apresentadas discussões curriculares baseadas em Lopes (2011) e na ótica dos letramentos de Rojo (2012) e (2016), voltando-se para o aluno de Educação de Jovens e Adultos como participante das experiências de multiletramentos, a partir da presença das tecnologias digitais na vida social. Numa abordagem qualitativa de pesquisa, houve dois momentos: a análise documental e análise das informações produzidas em entrevistas com os envolvidos. Os dados obtidos demonstram como o letramento digital dos alunos jovens e adultos está muito voltado para a instrumentalidade das disciplinas técnicas e não como um elemento de fortalecimento das relações socioculturais. É proposta, então, como ação interventiva, a organização de um núcleo de produção de webdocumentários, cuja produção coletiva pretende valorizar as experiências de aprendizagem de multiletramentos e trajetividades identitárias dos estudantes-autores. ABSTRACT This paper aims to understand the experiences of learning, from the perspective of the various literacies, in the classes of Building Course of PROEJA (National Program for Integration of Professional Education with Basic Education in Youth and Adult Mode) at the Federal Institute of the Sertão - PE, trying to consider the importance of the knowledge and implications of the students. Therefore, the work recognizes the role of literacy in the acquisition of technical subjects and, consequently, its contribution to the process of humanization in the midst of vocational training. It refers to theories on Professional Education of Moll (2010), from the perspective of Ciavatta's right to Integrated Education (2008). And, with the program in transition for a PROEJA FIC (Initial and Continuing Training), discussions are presented on the implementation of a new curriculum based on Lopes (2011) and in Rojo's (2012) and (2016) perspectives of literacy, turning to the Youth and Adult Education student as a participant in multi-literacies experiences, from the presence of digital technologies in social life. In a qualitative research approach, there were two moments: the documentary analysis and analysis of the information collected in the interviews of those involved. The data obtained demonstrate how the digital literacy of young and adult students is very focused on the instrumentality of the technical subjects and not as an element of strengthening the socio-cultural relations. It is proposed, therefore, as an intervention action, the organization of a web documentary production nucleus, whose collective production intends to value the learning experiences of multielements and identity trajectories of the student-authors.

Este trabalho procura fazer um estudo de caso do que vem ocorrendo com usuarios que realizam a extracao de recursos pesqueiros, no caso especifico os pescadores participantes da Colonia de Pescadores Z 01 de Soure (PA) ou como e conhecida a Z 01 de Soure. De acordo com a pesquisa bibliografica e de campo, os acontecimentos demonstram que os pescadores e as pescadoras artesanais da Z 01 terao que se adaptar ao momento atual onde a demanda por pescado reflete diretamente na sua disponibilizacao. Todavia, resistencias e limitacoes para os pescadores artesanais foram demonstradas no decorrer da pesquisa, isto se torna claro nas entrevistas e ate na pesquisa bibliografica sobre a pesca artesanal em outras localidades na Amazonia brasileira. Por meio da analise desta realidade ha possibilidades de estudos posteriores em que os pescadores (as) artesanais, alem de serem os principais fornecedores de pescado para as cidades, terao seus modos de vida e suas territorialidades asseguradas, podendo preservar suas culturas e seus modos de subsistir tradicionais. SOCIAL ORGANIZATION AND USE OF FISHERIES RESOURCES IN THE AMAZONIAN ESTUARY: a case study in the municipality of Soure (PA) Abstract This paper attempts to make a case study of what is happening with users who perform the extraction of fishing resources, in this particular case, the fishermen participating in the Fishermen Colony Z 01 from Soure (PA) or as it is known, Z 01 from Soure. According to the literature and field research, the events demonstrate that fishermen and artisanal fishers from Z 01 will have to adapt to the current moment where demand for fish directly reflects in their disposal. However, resistances and limitations for artisanal fishermen were demonstrated during the research, it becomes clear in interviews and even in bibliographical research on artisanal fisheries in other locations of the Brazilian Amazon. By analyzing this reality, there are possibilities of further studies where artisanal fishermen, as being the major fish suppliers to the cities, will have assured their ways of life and their territoriality, managing to preserve their cultures and their ways of traditional subsistence.

There have always been discussed in the literature the categorical status of Small Clauses (SCs (STOWELL, 1981, MORO 2000 and others), PrP (BOWERS, 1993), PredP (BAILYN, 2001), RP (DEN DIKKEN, 2006) etc.) and since an exocentric labeling theory of phrase structure demand that Syntactic Objects have labels to Full Interpretation interpreting them on CI, then it is important to ask what label a SC have. The main goal of this paper is to argue that the system presented in the two recent papers, Problems of Projection, PoP (CHOMSKY, 2013, 2015), can explain case and inflectional morphology inside SCs across languages, discussing data from Portuguese and Russian. I propose that, in the PoP system, SCs can be labelled as ϕ, when subject and predicate share these features. Otherwise, when subject-predicate case morphology doesn’t match, the subject must raise, in order for the case feature of the predicate to be checked. El estado categórico de las Small Clauses siempre se discutió en la literatura (SC (STOWELL, 1981; MORO 2000 y otros), PrP (BOWERS, 1993), PredP (BAILYN, 2001) etc.) y, dado que una teoría de estructura de frases exocéntricas pide que los objetos sintácticos tienen rótulo para Interpretación Plena los interprete en CI, por lo que es importante preguntar cuál es la etiqueta de las SC. El objetivo principal de este artículo es argumentar que el sistema presentado en los dos artículos recientes, Problems of Projection, PoP (CHOMSKY, 2013, 2015), puede explicar la morfología del caso y el acuerdo dentro de las SCs interlingüísticamente, discutiendo los datos del portugués y ruso. Propongo que, en el sistema PoP, las SCs se puedan etiquetar como ϕ, cuando el sujeto y el predicado comparten estos rasgos. De lo contrario, cuando la morfología del conjunto sujeto-predicado no coincide, el sujeto debe ser elevado, de modo que se verifique el rasgo de caso del predicado. Sempre foi discutido na literatura o status categorial das Small Clauses (SCs (STOWELL, 1981; MORO 2000 e outros), PrP (BOWERS, 1993), PredP (BAILYN, 2001) etc.) e, já que uma teoria de estrutura de sintagmas exocêntrica pede que Objetos Sintáticos tenham rótulos para que Interpretação Plena os interprete em CI, então é importante perguntarmos qual o rótulo das SCs. O principal objetivo deste artigo é argumentar que o sistema apresentado nos dois artigos recentes, Problems of Projection, PoP (CHOMSKY, 2013; 2015), pode explicar morfologia de caso e concordância dentro das SCs interlinguisticamente, discutindo dados do português e do russo. Proponho que, no Sistema de PoP, SCs podem ser rotuladas como ϕ, quando o sujeito e o predicado compartilham estes traços. De outra forma, quando a morfologia do conjunto sujeito-predicado não combina, o sujeito deve ser alçado, a fim de que o traço de caso do predicado seja checado.

Mestrado em Engenharia do Ambiente O presente trabalho teve como base um estágio curricular com a duração de 6 meses realizado na Divisão de Serviços Básicos e Ambiente da Câmara Municipal de Espinho. Os objetivos principais deste trabalho foram a análise e melhoria da rede de ecopontos tendo em vista a melhoria do serviço de recolha seletiva, bem como o estudo de um processo de recolha seletiva de resíduos verdes e proposta de um novo modelo de gestão destes resíduos, de forma a cumprir o que é exigido ao município de Espinho no Plano de Ação para o Plano Estratégico para os Resíduos Urbanos (PAPERSU) do sistema intermunicipal LIPOR, de acordo com o Despacho nº 3350/2015, de 1 de abril e, simultaneamente, contribuir para a redução de custos de gestão de resíduos urbanos. Este trabalho descreve o conjunto de atividades realizadas durante o estágio, entre as quais a análise da situação atual no que respeita ao inventário e georreferenciação da infraestrutura de recolha seletiva, nomeadamente, de resíduos de embalagens, papel/cartão, vidro e verdes, mas também a recolha de informação relativa à gestão de resíduos de recolha seletiva. O processo de análise inclui ainda o cálculo dos custos associados à recolha seletiva de resíduos, a análise ecoponto-a-ecoponto e o estudo do funcionamento do modelo de recolha de resíduos verdes, de modo a propor uma melhoria do modelo de gestão destinado a intensificar a separação destes resíduos na origem em Espinho. Como resultado das propostas de alteração à rede atual de ecopontos, foi possível obter uma densificação da rede de ecopontos, tendo melhorado o índice de acessibilidade ao serviço de recolha seletiva do município, passando de 79,2% para 83,2%. Tendo em vista o desvio de resíduos verdes para recolha seletiva e valorização orgânica, resultou uma proposta de um novo modelo de gestão (recolha porta-a-porta, recolha a pedido e recolha em sacos). Este modelo de gestão apesar de acarretar mais encargos económicos ao nível da recolha e transporte, ocasiona uma redução dos custos totais de gestão e uma melhoria do desempenho ambiental do município, garantindo o cumprimento das metas de gestão de resíduos urbanos preconizadas até 2020. This work is the result of a curricular internship with a duration of 6 months in the Basic Services and Environment Division of the Town Hall of Espinho. The main objectives of this work was the analysis and improvement of the ecopoint network for the purpose of a better selective collection. As well as the study of a process of selective green waste recovery and the proposition of a model for the management of this waste, to fulfill what is required by the Espinho municipality in the Plan of Action for the Strategic Plan for Urban Waste (PAPERSU) of the intermunicipal system LIPOR, according to the Order nº 3350/2015 from the 1st of April, and simultaneously contribute for reduction in the cost of urban waste management. This report describes the work done during the internship, the analysis of the current inventory and georeferencing situation of the selective waste collection infrastructure, namely, packages, paper, glass and green waste, as well as the gathering of information regarding the waste management and selective collection. The analysis process include the calculation of the cost associated with the selective waste collection, the analysis ecopoint-by-ecopoint and the study of the operation of the green waste collection model, for the purpose of proposing an improvement to the waste management model to intensify the separation of these wastes in Espinho. As a result, from the proposed alterations to the ecopoint network, it was possible to increase the density of the network, having improved the accessibility index for the collection service in the municipality, from 79,2% to 83,2%. Taking into account the detour of the green waste for an organic valorization, the results was a new management model for the selective collection (door to door collection, collection by request and bag collection). This management model add more economic costs at the collection and transportation level, however, there is a reduction of the total management costs and an environmental performance improvement of the municipality, guaranteeing the accomplishment of the 2020 urban waste management goals.

Não disponível This paper is intended to present gradient and related methods to solve operator equations and to minimize functionals. Besides a study of general properties of such methods, their convergence and geometric interpretation, several aplications (a) to solve linear (or not) systems of algebric equations, (b) to obtain zeros of analitic functions and (c) to solve Fredholm\'s linear integral equations are presented.

The guiding hypothesis of this researching is that Administration courses in Brazilian public universities have curriculum matrices that favor the private space and the market economy to the detriment of the themes of the Public Administration and the environment of its counterpart, the Social Management. The aim of the paper is then to understand the space that the government teaching content occupies in "general" management courses. In general, the results obtained corroborate the hypothesis that the discipline of Public Administration is little explored in teaching-learning processes in general management degree. A hipótese norteadora deste percurso investigativo é a de que Cursos de Administração em universidades públicas brasileiras apresentam matrizes curriculares que privilegiam o espaço privado e a economia de mercado em detrimento dos temas da Administração Pública (AP) e do ambiente de sua congênere, a Gestão Social (GS). O objetivo do artigo é, então, compreender o espaço que o ensino de conteúdos da administração pública ocupa em cursos de administração “generalistas”. Em linhas gerais, os resultados alcançados corroboram com a hipótese de que a disciplina da Administração Pública é pouco explorada em processos generalistas de ensino-aprendizagem em graduação de administração.

Nos ultimos annos teem sido observadas mortandades de peixes nos rios do Estado de S. Paulo. Vê-se, das informações obtidas pelo autor e por outros pesquisadores, que o phenomeno não parece novo entre nós; elle tem sido tambem verificado em outros rios do Brasil, embora não repetido com tanta regularidade como agora. Ficou demonstrado no presente trabalho, tratar-se de uma doença contagiosa, causada por um virus filtravel. Apparecem, a principio, alguns peixes doentes ou mortos; seu numero cresce muito nos dias seguintes. Parece serem atacados logo a maioria dos peixes do local onde ella surge porque, em 2 a 3 dias adoecem milhares e, em poucos, 8 a 15, decresce rapidamente o numero de animaes doentes e mortos. Nesse tempo a doença propagou-se a outros rios, relacionados com o primeiro, a montante ou a jusante delle, até muito distante do ponto onde começou a doença. A doença caracterisa-se clinicamente pela diminuição da capacidade motora dos peixes, que se movem com pouca actividade, deixando-se levar pela correnteza ou procurando permanecer nos pontos remansosos do rio; e pela tendencia a subir á superficie das aguas, em posição vertical ou obliqua, differente dos peixes sãos, que sobem horizontalmente. No inicio da doença os peixes defendem-se da captura, mais tarde são facilmente apprehendidos com a mão. As lesões se resumem em manchas, de tamanho variavel, situadas de cada lado do dorso. Essas manchas nem sempre são presentes. Mais constante é a congestão das nadadeiras, principalmente das nadadeiras peitoraes. Internamente ha augmento de muco na garganta, pallidez do figado e congestão da vesicula biliar, cuja bile é amarellada. Essas lesões internas tambem não são constantes. A doença transmitte-se: directamente, pela cohabitação de peixes seguramente sãos com peixes doentes, ou pela juncção de virus á água contendo peixes sãos; indirectamente, pela agua contaminada, ou pela agua filtrada em vela Chamberland F, cuja integridade foi verificada bacteriologicamente. O virus causador da doença é attenuado e destruido em temperaturas acima de 15° ou só age bem sobre peixes conservados em agua com temperaturas proximas de 12°. Conserva-se perfeitamente a 0°. Esta particularidade explica a coincidencia da doença sempre no inverno e nos rios de menor volume, onde as mudanças bruscas de temperatura são possiveis. Entretanto, a agua fria por si só não reproduz a doença nos animaes testemunhas, collocados em aquarios ao lado dos infectados, em todas as experiencias. A vista desta particularidade foi dada á doença a denominação de cryoichtyozoose. Verificações histologicas revelaram nos peixes doentes um processo inflammatorio na mucosa buccal, cujas cellulas apresentavam inclusões acidophilas, suggerindo-se então o nome estomatite contagiosa dos peixes, mais apropriado que o nome anterior, porque tem um substracto anatomico para a especificação da doença. Essas lesões permittem um diagnostico da doença a posteriori e á distancia. Investigações feitas sobre a etiologia permittiram afastar todas as outras causas conhecidas de mortandades em peixes: bacteiras, protozoarios, agentes physicos, incluindo o frio, e agentes chimicos, occasionando todos lesões bem conhecidas nesses animaes. Além disso, taes causas são facilmente constatadas por technicas simples de laboratorio ou pelo aspecto dos peixes atacados. Na «discussão» do assumpto ficou patente haver analogias dessa doença com certas mortandades observadas em outros paizes, particularmente com a estudada por Huxley, nos rios do Sul da Escossia, observada durante varios annos. Não é impossivel, tambem, que algumas das doenças descriptas em peixes como causadas por bacterias ou parasitos, sem prova segura da pathogenia desses agentes pathogenicos, tenham sua origem em agentes da mesma natureza da doença de S. Paulo. During the past few years there has been observed a dying of fishes in the rivers of the Brazilian State of São Paulo. It is evident, from information obtained by the author and by other investigators, that the phenomenon does not appear to be new among us; it has also been verified in other Brazilian rivers, although not repeated with such regularity as at the present time. In the present paper it is demonstrated that we have to do with a contageous disease, caused by a filterable virus. The epizooty manifests itself by the appearance of some dead or sick fish; the number increasing very much during the suceeding days. It seems that at the outset a majority of the fishes is attacked, in the locality where it appears, for in 2 or 3 days, thousands are affected, and in a short time, 8 to 15 days, there is a rapid decline in the number of ill and dead animals. During this interval the disease spread to affluents of the first river, either above or below the first point of attack, and to a considerable distance from it. Clinically, the disease is characterised by the leassened motor capacity of the fishes, which move very slowly, allowing themselves to be carried by the current, or trying to remain the coves and at the margins of the river; and by the tendency of rising to the surface in an oblique or verticle, position, different from the healthy fish, which rise in a horizontal position. In the initial stage of the disease, the fish actively resist capture, but later on they can be easily taken with the hands. The visible lesions are restricted to spots, of variable size, situated at each side of the dorsum. These spots are frequent but not always present. A more constant character is the congestion of the fins, especially the pectoral fins. Interiorly, there is noted an increase of the mucus in the troath, paleness of the liver with congestion of the gall bladder, the gall being yellowish in colour. These internal lesions also are not constant. The disease is transmitted: directly, by the cohabitation of fish undoubtedly healthy with diseased fish, or by the contamination of the water containing healthy fish by the virus; indirectly, buy placing healthy fish in contaminated water, or in this water filtered through a Chamberland F candle, verified bacteriologically to be free from cracks. The virus do not cause the disease or is destroyed by temperatures above 15° C., or is active on fishes at the temperature of about 12° C. It retains its virulence perfectly at 0° C. This particularity explains the coincidence of the disease always appearing in the winter and in the smaller rivers, in which sudden variations of temperature appeared. However, cold water alone did not produce the disease in healthy test animals, placed in aquaria by the side of the infected fish, in all of the experiments. Because of this characteristic, the disease has been designated as « cryoichthiozoose ». Further histologic investigations shows in sick fishes inflammatory process in the mouth, whose cells show acidophil inclusions. The name « Contagious estomatitis of fishes » was proposed giving a anatomical substrat to the disease, instead the first name. This lesions do permit a further and distant diagnosis of the disease. It was verified that all other known agents causing dying of fishes, such as bacteria, protozoa, physical agents, including low temperature, chemical agents, all causing well known lesions in fishes, could be excluded. Aside from this, they are easily verified by simple laboratory techniques or by the lesions produced in the fishes attacked. In the « discussion » of the subject, it was evident that analogies exist between this disease and certain fish mortalities observed in other countries, especially that studied by Huxley and observed during several years in the rivers of Southern Scotland. It is also possible that some of the fish diseases described as caused by bacteria or animal parasites, but without sure proof of the pathogenicity of these agents, have the same etiology as the disease of the São Paulo rivers, here described.

1. No presente trabalho são descriptos dois casos de xanthelasmatose (xanthoma) com perturbações accentuadas do metabolismo dos lipides e esteroes. 2. Um dos casos apresentou notavel cholesteroluria não mostrando o doente lesões renaes, ao passo que o outro caso sendo portador de pyelonephrite não eliminava cholesterol. 3. Foram feitas dosagens de cholesterol, acidos graxos totaes e lecithina, no sangue, urina e tumores, obtendo-se valores muito elevados. As demais provas (histo-chimicas, polarização microscopica) confirmaram a presença de abundante infiltração de lipides e cholesterol nos tecidos. 4. A prova de carga de Bürger feita no caso I demonstrou diminuição da tolerancia para o cholesterol. 5. A therapeutica insulinica fez baixar o cholesterol e a glycose do sangue sem, comtudo, offerecer melhora clinica do paciente. No caso II houve baixa da cholesterolemia e da glycemia com desapparecimento dos tumores, evidenciando a diversidade das formas clinicas destes casos. 6. A intradermo-reacção feita com o cholesterol no caso I produziu reacção positiva, suggerindo um estado de hypensensibilidade para as substancias de infiltração no xanthelasma (xanthoma). 7. Os aspectos clinico-morphologicos dos casos estudados indicam tambem a ocorrencia de processos de sensibilisação cutanea. 8. As lipidoses são encaradas neste trabalho como toxicodermias hematogenicas, sendo proposto para seu estudo os mesmos methodos de exploração cutanea. 1. In the present paper two cases of xanthelasmatosis (xanthoma) with marked changes in lipid and sterol metabolism are studied. 2. One of the cases without injuries shows accentuated cholester-oluria, while the other with renal injuries presented pyelonephritis without cholesteroluria. 3. Cholesterol, total fatty acids and lecithine give high values in both cases. Histo-chemical and polariscopic researches confirmed a real infiltration of cholesterol and lipids in tissues. 4. Burger's test in case I may be seen as a lack of tolerance to cholesterol. 5. Although insulin treatment decreased the cholesterol and glucose content of the blood in case I, it was not effective in relieving the clinical picture. In case II a reduction of cholesterol and glucose of the blood and a rapid desappearance of the growths was obtained. 6. Intradermal reaction with cholesterol in case I was positive, showing, therefore, a hypensensibilization, og the skin to infiltration substances. 7. Clinico-morphological aspects of the cases studies indicated a clear cutaneous sinsitisation. 8. Xanthelasmatosis (xanthoma) has been compared with toxic cutaneous diseases with be conclusion that the same methods must be adapted for the study of skin lipidosis as for toxidermic diseases.

Foram examinadas 38 amostras de germens do grupo pullorumgallinarum, de origem européa, americana ou isoladas no Brasil, acompanhadas bacteriologicamente durante 3 annos, na fixidez de suas propriedades ou na possibilidade de sua transformação dum typo em outro. a) Distinguiram-se no estudo das propriedades cinco typos de germens no grupo pullorumgallinarum - 1) pullorum gazogeno, 2) pullorum não gazogeno, 3) intermedius, 4) gallinarum ou intermedius? gazogeno, 5) gallinarum não gazogeno. Os 2 primeiros e o 5º já bem cinhecidos e acceitos; o 4º admittido por Beck & Eber, em 1929, o 3º evidenciado por nós em 1935. b) O typo gallinarum gazogeno deve ser mais propriamente talvez considerado como typo intermedius gazogeno a vista de sua acção sobre sorbita e a xylose e sobre o meio de Jordan. c) O quadro final resume as caracteristicas mais importantes destes cinco typos, baseando-se a differenciação principalmente na alteração do vermelho neutro, na produção de H²S, na fermentação de glycerina, rhamnose, xylose, dulcita, sorbita e maltose, na acção sobre o tartaro, na producção de gaz e no aspecto das colonias na superficie de certos meios de cultura. d) Outras propriedades biologicas examinadas - acção sobre o leite, sôro de leite, dextrina, etc, admitidos por varios pesquizadores na differenciação, parecem distituidas de valor. e) As amostras mantiveram fixas as suas propriedades durante todo o tempo em que foram acompanhadas. A hypothese de uma possivel transformação de um typo em outro não foi confirmada em nenhuma das amostras estudadas, justificando a entidade dos varios typos admittidos. f) Discrepancias observadas na fermentação da maltose, referidas por varios pesquizadores com germens desse grupo, não foram confirmadas no presente trabalho. g) Encontrou-se no sôro sanguineo um factor capaz de transformar a maltose em glycose, tornando aquelle assucar fermentescivel. Essa substancia é thermo-estavel e resiste á acção de substancias antidiastasicas. h) A analyse sôrologica das amostras estudadas não permittiu differenciar os typos entre si. Thirty eight strains of microorganisms of the pullorum-gallinarum group, of European, American or Brazilian origin were investigated bacteriologically in order to ascertain as to the fixity of their properties and the possibility of transforming a strain in another. a) Five types could be distinguished in our strains: 1 - gasogenic pullorum; 2 - non-gasogenic pullorum; 3 - intermedius; 4 - gasogenic gallinarum?; 5 - non-gasogenic gallinarum. The first, two and fifth types are well known and recognized by specialists; the fourth group has been recognized by Beck & Eber, in 1920; the third group was recognized by ourselves, in 1935. b) The table found in this paper summarizes the most important characteristics of these five types. The changes produced on neutral red, H²S production, fermentation of glycerol, isodulcitol, xylose, dulcite, sorbitol and maltose, the activity upon Seignette salt, gas production and appearance of the colonies, are among the characteristics on which the distinction of these five types is founded. c) The gasogenic gallinarum type, on account of its action on sorbitol and xylose, and also on Jordan's medium, must be rather considered as a gasogenic intermedius type. d) Other biological characteristics, such as activity upon milk, milk-whey, dextrin, etc., accepted by several specialists, appeared as of no practical value to the distinction of the different types of our strains. e) The strains kept their properties invariable during all the time of our investigations. The hypothesis of a possible transformation of one type into another has not been confirmed in any of the studied strains and this justifies the idea of independence of each one of the accepted types. f) Some discrepances in fermentation of maltose as found by several authors in microorganisms of this group, have been not confirmed in this paper. g) In blood horse serum a factor capable of transforming maltose was found making it fermentative. This substance is thermostable and resistent to some antidiastatic substances. h) The serological analysis of the studied strains did not allow a antigenic distinction among the different types of the bacterial group.

No presente trabalho estudamos o comportamento de alguns ciliados do genero Balantidium nas culturas em meios artificiaes. Utilisamos de preferencia nesses estudos o meio para ameba de Dobell e Laidlaw, enriquecidos com amido de arroz. As especies com que trabalhamos foram: B. coli isolado do homem; Balantidium sp. do porco e B. simile do Macaca mulatta. A especie originaria do homem, foi por nós cultivada com grande facilidade durante um tempo bastante longo, fazendo-se os repiques com o espaço de 24 e 48 horas. Observamos com grande constancia nessa especie o apparecimento do phenomeno de conjugação nas culturas de 24 horas (cultura original ou repiques). Os pares eram constituidos por fórmas pequenas medindo em média 38,6 X 32,1 micra ao contrario das fórmas neutras que mediam em média 75,5 X 57,8 micra, sendo de notar que fórmas pequenas eram tambem encontradas em grande numero isoladas (preconjugantes). Essas fórmas se caracterisavam nos preparados corados, não só pelo seu tamanho como tambem pela grande dimensão do micronucleo que tinha em média 6 micra de diametro. Pelo estudo do material corado verificamos que os elementos depois de se reunirem pela região do peristoma dando origem aos pares, soffrem 2 divisões successivas (mitoses) do micronucleo e dos 4 elementos assim formados, 3 soffrem degeneração, vindo o restante novamente a se dividir para formar os pronucleos em torno dos quaes se processa uma condensação do plasma. Depois da troca dos pronucleos migradores que se vão collocar em cada um dos elementos em conjugação ao lado dos pronucleos estacionarios, dá-se a formação de 2 fuzos de divisão, parallelos (gonomeria) só então processando a fuzão dos 2 pronucleos (estacionario e migrador). Dos 2 novos elementos originados dessa divisão, um vae constituir o novo micronucleo e o outro depois de soffrer nova mitose, vae dar origem a duas placentas que crescendo pouco a pouco vão se fundir mais tarde para dar origem ao novo macronucleo. Os macronucleos dos elementos que entraram em conjugação, permanecem durante quasi todo o phenomeno embora em via de degeneração por picnose, fragmentando-se mais tarde para serem reabsorvidos na pahse em que se processa a fusão dos pronucleos. O Balantidium sp. existente nas fézes do porco, foi tambem por nós cultivado com grande facilidade, occorrendo o phenomeno de conjugação constantemente nas culturas de 24 horas. Com o B. simile parasita do M. mulatta o resultado foi completamente differente. Essa especie é dificil de cultivar e só se obtem resultados usando certos artificios de technica taes como juncção de uma substancia tampão ao meio de cultura conseguindo-se então uma intensa proliferação do ciliado 24 horas depois da sementeira, quer nos tubos iniciaes como nos repiques (4ª a 5ª passagem). Essa especie ao contrario da do homem e da do porco absolutamente não conjunga nas culturas e isso podemos affirmar baseados em longa observação. Nas culturas se passa identico facto ao que já foi por nós observado e descripto em material de fézes de M. mulatta, isto é, a « Endomixia ». Nos preparados corados feitos com o material das primeiras culturas como dos repiques, pudemos observar toda a evolução do phenomeno, isto é, desde as fórmas iniciaes (mitose do micronucleo e inicio de degeneração do macronucleo) até as phases finaes do processo. Nesse material verificamos mais uma vez, de maneira clara que a formação do micronucleo se faz a custa de uma das placentas como já tivemos occasião de assignalar em nosso trabalho acima referido. Nelson em recente trabalho (Observations and Experiments on Conjugation of the Balantidium from the Chimpanzee - Amer, Jour. of Hyg., Vol. 20, nº 1, 1934), põe em duvida o phenomeno de endomixia estudado por nós nessa especie de Balantidium. A affirmação desse autor não merece ser discutida por não ter elle apresentado a unica prova que poderia invalidar a nossa observação e que seria, a demonstração da existencia de pares de conjugantes, facto esse que o proprio autor declara nunca ter observado em material que teve occasião de estudar. Quanto ao nosso material que Nelson diz ter examinado temos a declarar se tratar apenas de algumas laminas nas quaes podiam ser vistas algumas das phases do phenomeno e que foram cedidas por nós ao Professor Hegner quando de passagem pelo Brasil. Baseados em longas pesquisas, concluimos que o Ealantidium simile representa uma especie de ciliado em que a conjugação parece tersido substituida de maneira permanente, pelo phenomeno de endomixia. Facto identico occorre, segundo estudos nossos ainda ineditos, em um grupo de ciliados, ito é, na familia Cyathodiniidae. Para esses ciliados propomos aqui a denominação de ciliados azygoticos ou parthenogeneticos.We report here on the behaviour of some Ciliates of te genus Balantidium in artificial culture media. For this study we have employed mainly Dobell and Laidlaw's amoeba medium to which rice starch was added. We investigated Balantidium coli, isolated from man; Balantidium sp., from the pig; and Balantidium simile, from Macaca mulatta, the Rhesus monkey. We could cultivate the human parasite very casily for a long time, transplanting it every 24 to 48 hours. Conjugation was very constantly observed in this species in culture about 24 hours old, either original cultures or transplants. The conjugants are found in pairs as small forms about 38,6 X 32,1 micra. The neutral individuals reach an average size of 75,5 X 57,8 micra. Small isolated preconjugant forms were also found in large numbers. These pre-conjugant forms in stained slides could be distinguished not only by their small size but also by the large size of their micronulcei which reached an average of 6 micra in diameter. The study of the stained material shows that the conjugants associate in pairs attaching themselves one to another by their peristomal region. Then their micronuclei divide twice by mitosis. From the four micronuclei thus three degenerate the remaining one dividing again in order to form the pronuclei around which a condensation of the cytoplasm is produced. After the exchange og the migratory pronuclei takes place, they are found in cach of the conjugants side by side with the stationary pronuclei. In each pair of pronuclei two mitotic spindles are formed, paralled one to another (gonomery) the fusion of both pronuclei (stationary and migratory) only then taking place. From both nuclei formed by this mitotic division simultaneous to the nuclear fusion, two new nuclei result one of which will become the new micronucleus. The other new nucleus divide again to form two placentae which will slowly grow and then fuse again to form the new macronucleus. The macronuclei originally found in both conjugants in spite of being found to degenerate by pycnosis are usually seen throughout almost all the conjugating process. Later on they break up in fragments which are reabsorved during the stage of pronuclear fusion. The species of Balantidium occurring in the pig was also very easily cultivated, conjugation being constantly observed in 24 hours old cultures. In Balantidium simile things were quite different. This species is difficult to cultivate, good results being obtained only when special technique is used as, for instance, when a buffer is added to the culture medium. In such a case abundant growth and multiplication of the Ciliate is seen after 24 hours either in the original cultures or in the transplants to the 4th. or 5th. subcultures. On the ground of a prolonged observation we can assert that Balantidium simile, in opposition to what one sees in the human and pig parasites, never conjugate in culture. In the original cultures and transplants of Balantidium simile the same phaenomena occur that we described from the faeces of Macaca mulatta, the Rhesus monkey, that is endomixis. On the stained slides we could observe the entire process, since the appearance of the initial forms (mitosis of the micronucleus and beginning of the degeneration of the macronucleus) until the final stages. Once more in this material we could see in a very clear way that the micronucleus is formed from one of the placentae, as we had the opportunity to show in a previous paper. Nelson in a recent paper (Observations and Experiments on Conjugation of the Balantidium from the Chimpanzee - American Journal of Hygiene, vol 20, n. 1, 1934), express his doubts about the phaenomena of endomixis we described in Balantidium simile. This author's opinion does not deserve discussion since he did not present the only proof that could invalidate our conclusions, that is the demonstration of the occurrence of pairs of conjugants, a fact he never succeeded to observe in the material at his disposal. As for our material that Nelson says to have examined it consists only in a few slides we gave to Professor Hegner when he visited Brazil. In these slides some stages of endomixis could be seen. On the ground of long lasting researches we conclude that Balantidium simile is a Ciliate in which conjugation seems to have disappeared and been relaced entirely and permanently by endomixis. According to our researches a similar fact accurs among another group of Ciliates, the families Cyathodiniidae and Enterophrydae. We propose to name azygotic or parthenogenetic the Ciliates in which this phaenomenon is observed.

Os autores descrevem um caso de pseudomyxoma do peritoneo, originario do appendice ileo-cecal, em individuo do sexo masculino, de 58 anos de edade. O processo teve evolução lenta, caracterizando-se clinicamente, por symptomas peritoneas (ventre augmentado, encerrando conteúdo gelatinoso e presença de um tumor palpavel ao nivel da região hepatica). O aspecto histologico do tumor corresponde ao do Pseudomyxoma peritonei. Levando em conta a systematização dos casos de pseudomyxoma do peritoneo, proposta por Trotter, o caso presente deve ser enquadrado entre aqueles que constituem o primeiro grupo (distribuição universal do tumor sobre o peritoneo). The present paper deals with a case of Pseudomyxoma peritonei arising from the appendix in a Brazilian, white, 58 years old, male. The growth amply spreads over the peritoneum, giving rise to strong adhesions amongst the peritoneal viscera, particularly on the part of the liver, spleen and pancreas (Ills. 4, 5 and 6). In certain spots, the growth even forms a mass the size of a foetus head, made up of a great number of blisterlike formations, well delimited by septa of connective tissue and full of a substance the appearance and consistency of the white of egg (Ill. 1). On microscopical examination, the majority of the formations present smooth walls; in some of them an epithelial covering is met with, the cells of which are cylindrical and ranged along a single layer (Ills. 2 and 3). The contents of the formations give the positive reactions of mucicarmine. The tumour stroma is infiltrated by mononuclear cellular elements, particularly by lymphocytes (Ill. 7); there are also found giant cells the type of those of foreign body (Ills. 8 and 9). In accordance with the anatomicopathological aspects met with, we consider the case as pseudomyxoma peritonei ex processu vermiformi, the same having to be classified in Group I of Trotter's systematization (dissemination of the tumour all over the peritoneum).

No presente trabalho são descriptas as alterações anatomo-pathologicas do baço na anemia drepanocytica (anemia falciforme, Sicklecell anemia) A observação refere-se a um menino de 12 annos de edade, de côr preta, o qual veio a fallecer em consequencia de processo de trombo-phlebite cerebral e de leptomeningite. A doença não foi reconhecida durante a vida e sómente pelo exame dos córtes histologicos do baço é que foi estabelecido o diagnostico de anemia drepanocytica, apresentando o baço as alterações peculiares á doença. In the present paper, the pathologico-anatomical changes of spleen in drepanocytic anemia are described (Sickle-cell anemia). In the case history, a 12 years old negro boy is concerned, who died in consequence of a cerebral thrombophlebitis process and leptomeningitis. The disease had not been recognized during life, and only on examination of the histological sections of the spleen the diagnosis of drepanocytic anemia was made, as this organ presented changes which are peculiar of the disease.

Leite fresco-crú ou fervido nenhuma acção exerce sobre o tonus de uma preparação de intestino isolado e perfundido, entretanto determina augmento bastante apreciavel da amplitude das contracções rhythmicas. O leite fermentado, natural ou experimentalmente, pela proliferação de bacilos coli ou aerogenes, por espaço de 6 a 24 horas, em estufa a 37° C., determina muitas vezes augmento consideravel do tonus do segmento de intestino, bem assim augmento da amplitude das oscilações phasicas, em todo caso, uma e outra alteração mostrando-se de modo menos energico do que já observaramos com os filtrados de culturas antigas de bacillo coli. A acção sobre o tonus não parece depender da acidez do leite fermentado, desde que ella não desapparece com a neutralisação do leite. De outro lado, uma solução de acído lactíco do mesmo theôr encontrado no leite fermentado, expresso em graus Dornic, não determina augmento do tonus da preparação. O aquecimento até 115° C., ou o resfriamento prolongado a + 3° C., não supprime a actividade do leite fermentado natural - ou artificialmente, no que concerne seus efeitos sobre tonus da preparação de intestino isolado, facto analogo tendo sido já por nós observado com os filtrados de culturas antigas de bacillo coli. A ingestão prévia de filtrados de culturas antigas de bacillo coli, ou de leite fermentado experimentalmente por esse germe, parece determinar uma maior reactividade do segmento de intestino, o que se póde averiguar pelas reacções mais promptas e mais energicas, quando dos ensaios in-vitro com leite fermentado experimentalmente com bacillo coli, em confronto com as experiencias realisadas com intestino de coelhos normaes. O mesmo facto já havia sido por nós observado com os filtrados de culturas antigas de bacillo coli.Fresh milk, boiled or umboiled, does not have any action on the tonus of a preparation of an isolated and perfused rabbit's gut, however it produces a considerable increase in the height of the rhythmic contractions. Soured milk, naturally fermented or by addition of colon or aerogenes bacilli from 6 to 24 hours at 37° C., may evoke a considerable increase in the tonus of the preparation. Both alterations are, however, not so intense as those obtained with filtrates of old cultures of colon bacilli, as refered to in previous papers. The action on the tonus does not appear to depend onthe acidity of the soured milk because neutralised soured milk does not prevent the phenomenon to be present. On the other hand a lactic acid solution inthe same concentration as the soured milk - expressed by Dornic degrees - does not increase the tonus of the preparation. Heating up to 115° C. or prolonged cooling to + 3° C. does not prevent also the activity of the naturally or artificially soured milk onthe tonus as we have also described with the filtrates of old cultures of colon bacilli. By previous propination to rabbits of filtrates of colon bacilli, or artificially fermented milk by the same bacteria, a great increase of intestinal reactions was noticed, as compared with experiments performed upon the intestine of normal rabbits. Identical results were also obtained with filtrates of cultures of colon bacilli, as referred to previously.

No presente trabalho, em que foram analisados os caractéres de Schizotrypanum e consideradas suas relações com os de outros flagelados digenéticos, acreditamos ter ficado bem demonstrado que este gênero encontra sólidos fundamentos em que se baseie. Schizotrypanum possue caractéres morfológicos peculiares, que o aproximam de Leishmania no periodo de multiplicação e de Trypanosoma na fase sanguinea. Os flagelados pertencentes a esse gênero caracterisam-se não só pela morfologia da fórma de tripanosoma, como pela evolução no organismo do vertebrado. No S. cruzi, como no S. vespertilionis, a multiplicação se processa nos tecidos, constando da divisão binaria das formas intracelulares de leishmania; os tripanosomas sanguicolas não se multiplicam. Nenhum Trypanosoma apresenta no mamífero uma evolução morfológicamente e ecológicamente identica á de Schizotrypanum. S. cruzi aproxima-se dos tripanosomas patogenicos pela morfologia da fórma sanguicola e pela virulencia ás vezes mortal para o homem e diversos animais; deles se afasta entretanto pela evolução no inséto, modo de transmissão e facil cultivabilidade, caractéres biológicos estes que são comuns aos tripanosomas não patogenicos. Em nenhum dos grupos de tripanosomas póde o S. cruzi ser rigorosamente incluido, deles se distinguindo facilmente seja por sua morfologia, seja por sua biologia. O conjunto de caractéres próprios fundamenta perfeitamente a manutenção do gênero de Chagas, indicando-lhe como situação mais adequada, na classificação dos tripanosomídeos de mamíferos, o logar intermediario entre Leishmania e Trypanosoma. A separação do gênero Schizotrypanum é o melhor caso, quiça o unico justificado, dentre as numerosas tentativas para o desmembramento de Trypanosoma. Ela se impõe como medida compreensiva e util para a coordenação dos membros da complexa familia dos tripanosomideos e se justifica á luz dos mais exigentes critérios sistematicos.In the present paper, the characteristics of the genus Schizotrypanum were analyzed and their relationship to those of other digenetic flagellates considered. It is to be believed that proper evidence has been brought forward to establish that genus on a firm basis. Schizotrypanum has peculiar morphological characters which assimilate it to Leishmania in the intracellular period and to Trypanosoma in the blood stage. Flagellates belonging to that genus are characterized not only by the morphology of the trypanosome form, but also by the evolution in the vertebrate's organism. In S. cruzi, as in S. pipistrelli, multiplication takes place in the tissues by binary division of the intracellular leishmania forms, the blood trypanosomes do not multiply. Trypanosoma never presents in the mammalian host an evolution morphologically and ecologically identical to that of Schizotrypanum. S. cruzi is rather like the pathogenic trypanosomes by the morphology of the blood form and by its virulence, often fatal to man to various animals; it differs however, from these by its evolution in the insect, and its mechanism of transmission, which are common to the non-pathogenic trypanosomes. S. cruzi cannot be rigorously included in either of these groups, as it is easily distinguished both by its morphology, and by its biology. The combination of its biological and morphological characters perfectly justifies the maintaining of Chagas' genus and assigns to it an intermediate position between Leishmania and Trypanosoma. This appears to be the best case, if not the only justifiable one, for the demembration of the genus Trypanosoma. The recognition of Schizotrypanum in an independent status is based upon a rigid systematic basis and imposes itself as a comprehensive and quite useful means of coordinating the members of the intricate family Trypanosomidae.

Os autores resumem os conhecimentos atuais sobre eliptocitose normal e patologica. Apresentam 20 verificações em individuos normais, cujos resultados mostraram uma excentricidade menor que a descrita por autores europeus: 2.000 hematias em 20 individuos normais. I 71, II 26, III 3, IV 0, I.E. 1,06, E.E. 3. Confirmaram a hipereliptocitose na anemia perniciosa. Descrevem um caso de hiperexcentricidade constitucional, cujo resultado manteve-se constante durante 5 anos. Por fim descrevem em um caso fatal de leucemia reticulo-endotelial uma hiperexcentricidade bastante acentuada: 300 hematias observadas I 14, II 27, III 35, IV 24, I.E. 5,63, E.E. 59. Medindo a excentricidade das hematias apresentadas em microfotografias e desenhos de diversos trabalhos referentes á leucemia monocitica ou reticulo-endotelial, verificaram no resultado global uma hiperexcentricidade bem nitida. The authors summarize all that is known at the present time about normal and pathological eliptocytosis. They present 20 observations of normal persons, the results of which showed a smaller excentricity than that described by the European authors: 2000 red cells in 20 normal persons. I 71, II 26, III 3, IV 0, I.E. 1,06, E.E. 3. They reassured the fact of a hypereliptocytosis in pernicious anemia. A case of constitutional hyperexcentricity is detailed in which the result was constant during 5 years. Lastly they describe in a fatal case of reticulo-endothelial leucemia a highly pronounced hyperexcentricity: 300 red cells observed I 14, II 27, III 35, IV 24, I.E. 5,63, E.E. 59. Measuring the excentricity of the red cells shown in the microphotographs and sketches of several papers dealing with monocytic or reticulo-endothelial leucemia, the authors verified in the final result, a very clear hiperexcentricity.

This paper aims to discuss chronicles written by two contemporary Brazilian writers:João Ubaldo Ribeiro and Alcione Araújo. In particular, we will discuss the theme and the style used by each one of them in the latest chronicle book published in Brazil., Pretende-se, com este texto, dar a conhecer dois escritores brasileiros contemporâneosna sua vertente de cronistas: João Ubaldo Ribeiro e Alcione Araújo. Abordaremos sobretudo as temáticas tratadas e o estilo usado em cada um, no último livro de crónicaspublicado no Brasil.

According to E. Chagas (1938), South-American Kala Azar is a widespread disease from the jungle, several cases being reported from North Brazil (Estado do Pará: Marajó Island, Tocantins and Gurupi river valleys; Estados do Piauí and Ceará: coast and hinterland). Other cases were found in Northeast Brazil (Estados de Pernambuco, Alagôas and Sergipe: coast and hinterland; Estado da Bahia: hinterland). A few cases were described from Estado de Mato-Grosso (Brazil), Provincia de Salta and Território do Chaco (Argentine), and Zona contestada do Chaco (Paraguai-Bolívia). A well defined secondary anemia associated with enlargement of the liver and spleen are the chief symptoms. Death usually occurs in cachexia and with symptoms of heart failure. Half the patients were children aged less than ten years (CHAGAS, CASTRO & FERREIRA, 1937). Quite exhaustive epidemiological researches performed by CHAGAS, FERREIRA, DEANE, DEANE & GUIMARÃES (1938) in Municipio de Abaeté (Estado do Pará, Brazil) gave the incidence of 1.48% for the natural infection in human, 4.49% in dogs, and 2.63% in cats. The infection was arcribed (CUNHA & CHAGAS, 1937) to a new species of Leishmania (L. chagasi). Latter CUNHA (1938) state, that it is identical to L. infantum. ADLER (1940) found that so far it has been impossible to distinguish L. chagasi from L. infantum by any laboratory test but a final judgment must be reserved until further experiments with different species of sandflies have been carried out. Skin changes in canine Kala Azar were signaled by many workers, and their importance as regards the transmission of the disease is recognized by some of them (ADLER & THEODOR, 1931, 2. CUNHA, 1933). Cutaneous ulcers in naturally infected dogs are referred by CRITIEN (1911) in Malta, by CHODUKIN & SCHEVTSCHENKO (1928) in Taschkent, by DONATIEN & LESTOCQUARD (1929) and by LESTOCQUARD & PARROT (1929) in Algeria, and by BLANC & CAMINOPETROS (1931) in Greece. Depilation is signaled by YAKIMOFF & KOHL-YAKIMOFF (1911) in Tunis, by YAKIMOFF (1915) in Turkestan. Eczematous areas or a condition described as "eczema furfurace" is sometimes noted in the areas of depilation (DONATIEN & LESTOCQUARD). The skin changes noticed by ADLER & THEODOR (1932) in dogs naturally infected with Mediterranean Kala Azar can be briefly summarized as a selective infiltration of macrophages around hair follicles including the sebaceous glands and the presence of infected macrophages in normal dermis. The latter phenomenon in the complete absence of secondary infiltration of round cells and plasma cells is the most striking characteristic of canine Kala Azar and differentiates it from L. tropica. In the more advanced stages the dermis is more cellular than that of normal dogs and may even contain a few small dense areas of infiltration with macrophages and some round cells and polymorphs. The external changes, i. e., seborrhea and depilation are roughly proportional to the number of affected hair follicles. In dogs experimentally infected with South-American Kala Azar the parasites were regularly found in blocks of skin removed from the living animal every fortnight (CUNHA, 1938). The changes noticed by CUNHA, besides the presence of Leishmania, were perivascular and diffuse infiltration of the cutis with mononuclears sometimes more marked near hair follicles, as well as depilation, seborrhea and ulceration. The parasites were first discovered and very numerous in the paws. Our material was obtained from dogs experimentally infected by Dr. A. MARQUES DA CUNHA< and they were the subject of a previous paper by CUNHA (1938). In this study, however, several animals were discarded as it was found that they did develop a superimposed infection by Demodex canis. This paper deals with the changes found in 88 blocks of skin removed from five dogs, two infected with two different canine strains, and three with two distinct human strains of South-American Kala Azar. CUNHA'S valuable material affords serial observations of the cutaneous changes in Kala Azar as most of the blocks of skin were taken every fortnight. The following conclusions were drawn after a careful microscopic study. (1) Skin changes directly induced in the dog by the parasites of South-American Kala Azar may b described as an infiltration of the corium (pars papillaris and upper portion of the reticular layer) by histocytes. Parasites are scanty, at first, latter becoming very numerous in the cytoplasm of such cells. Sometimes the histocytes either embedding or not leishman bodies appear as distinct nodes of infiltration or cell aggregations (histocytic granuloma, Figs. 8 and 22) having a perivascular distribution. The capillary loops in the papillae, the vessels of the sweat glands, the subpapillary plexus, the vertical twigs connecting the superficial and deep plexuses are the ordinary seats of the histocytic Kala Azar granulomata. (2) Some of the cutaneous changes are transient, and show spontaneous tendency to heal. A gradual transformation of the histocytes either containing or not leishman bodies into fixed connective tissue cells or fibroblasts occut and accounts for the natural regression just mentioned. Figs. 3, 5, 18, 19 and 20 are good illustrations of such fibroblastic transformation of the histocytic Kala Azar granulomata. (3) Skin changes induced by the causative organism of South-American Kala Azar are neither uniform nor simultaneous. The same stage may be found in the same dog in different periods of the disease, and not the same changes take place when pieces from several regions are examined in the same moment. The fibroblastic transformation of the histocytic granulomata marking the beginning of the process of repair, e. g., was recognised in dog C, in the 196th as well as in the 213rd (Fig. 18) and 231st (Fig. 19) days after the inoculation. (4) The connective tissue of the skin in dogs experimentally infected with South-American Kala Azar is overflowed by blood cells (monocytes and lymphocytes) besides the proliferation in situ of undifferentiated mesenchymal cells. A marked increase in the number of cells specially the "ruhende Wanderzellen" (Figs. 4 and 15) is noticed even during the first weeks after inoculation (prodomal stage) when no leishman bodies are yet found in the skin. Latter a massive infiltration by amoeboid wandering cells similar to typical blood monocytes (Fig. 21) associated to a small number of lymphocytes and plasma cells (Figs. 9, 17, 21, and 24) indicates that the emigration of blood cells...

1 - A presente contribuição refere-se aos trabalhos iniciais para o estabelecimento, na Estação Experimental de Limeira, de experiências sobre cavalos para as principais variedades cítricas comerciais no Estado de São Paulo, isto é, as laranjas Baianinha e Pera e o pomelo Marsh-seedless. 2 - Nessas experiências estão em estudo 12 variedades-cavalo pertencentes a 2 gêneros e 8 espécies. 3 - Ligeiras referências são feitas sobre as 12 espécies e variedades-cavalo, algumas das quais ainda não foram utilizadas no Estado, para tal fim. 4 - Citam-se dados sobre o número de sementes, germinação, poliembrionia e desenvolvimento relativo na sementeira. 5 - O desenvolvimento no viveiro, antes e depois da enxertia, se baseia em medições feitas de tempos a tempos, a princípio nos cavalos (altura) e depois nos cavalos e enxertos (circunferências da haste). 6 - As últimas medições feitas no viveiro, mostram que há comportamento significantemente diferente entre as 12 espécies e variedades-cavalo experimentadas, considerando-se os seus respectivos desenvolvimentos. 7 - No viveiro sobressaíram, por mais rápido crescimento, as seguintes espécies e variedades-cavalo : lima da Pérsia, limão rugoso, limão cravo, limão ponderosa e cidra. O trifoliata, as laranjas lima e caipira, e a tangerina cravo foram de crescimento mais lento, enguanto as laranjas azeda e agro-doce e o pomelo ocuparam posição média. 8 - Instalou-se a experiência definitiva com a transplantação das mudas, em 1936, para o lugar definitivo (pomar), formando-se 6 quadras (4 blocos e 24 parcelas cada uma). 9 - O plano destas experiências comporta observações sobre : a) Desenvolvimento das plantas b) Produção (frutos) qualitativa e quantitativa c) Suscetibilidade a moléstias e pragas d) Interação entre cavalos e enxertos e) Longevidade das plantas.1 - The present paper deals with the first results of an extensive study on the relations between stock and scion in Citrus, in progress at the Experiment Station of Limeira, of the Instituto Agronômico of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil, since 1933. 2 - All the scions used belong to three commercial varieties : Baianinha (orange, derived from "Washington Navel"), Pera (orange, similar to Valencia) and Pomelo (grape-fruit "Marsh-seedless") were collected in each case from one individual of each type. 3 - The following 12 stock were studied : Laranja azeda (sour orange) Laranja agro-doce (bitter sweet orange) Laranja caipira (sweet orange) Laranja lima (sweet orange) Tangerina cravo (tangerine) Limão cravo (Rangpur lime) Limão rugoso (rough lemon) Limão ponderosa (ponderosa lemon) Lima da Pérsia (sweet lime) Pomelo (grape-fruit Triumph) Cidra (citron) Trifoliata (Poncirus trifoliata). All plants obtained came from seeds of one tree of each type, from unprotected flowers however. 4 - Data referring to the number of seeds per fruit, germination, polyembriony and classification according to size are given (quadro I). The mean height of the plants obtained after 6 months and 2 years nursery are to be found in quadro II. 5 - Twelve hundred individuals of each root stock were selected according to their uniform development, in accordance with Webber (25) and on 40 of each buds of the three scions were grafted. As measure of the development the circumference of the stock at a height of 20 cm and that of the scion at a height of 40 cm were used (quadros IV to IX). 6 - An analysis of variance "between" and "within" root stocks (quadro VI) showed in all cases a significant high variation "between" stock. In all cases, the scions were thinner than the stocks (quadro IX), the indices scion-stock varying from ca. 0,5 to 0,8. The respective means are to be found in quadro IV and V. 7 - There is also a consistent and significant difference between scions as shown by the values in quadro VII. 8 - A comparison between quadro VIII (not budded root stock) and quadro IV (budded) shows that generally the former grow better. They are however some exception to this rule, especially in "Tangerina cravo". 9 - All the observation reported so far were made in the nursery, but the detailed lay-out of the experiment in the orchard is also described. Lots of 4 or 9 plants of each combination were arranged in four complete random replications. The trees supported the planting out very well, only Citron replantings being necessary. The trees are now fully matured and produced already during 3 years. The results of the first five years of the experiment with trees in the orchard, including the analysis of their yields, will be given in a future publication.

No presente artigo os autores apresentam os resultados da análise genética referentes à hereditariedade das cores verde, bronze claro e bronze escuro das folhas novas de Coffea arabica L. Baseados em extensos dados de autofecundação, hibridação (F1 e F2) e back-crosses conclue-se que apenas um par de fatores alelomorfos Br-br é responsável pelo aparecimento daquelas cores, br br constituindo o tipo verde, Br br o bronze claro e Br Br o bronze escuro; a coloração bronze escuro é, pois, incompletamente dominante sobre o verde, o Fi entre estes tipos se apresentando de uma tonalidade bronze-clara. No grupo dos bronze-escuros (homozigotos) existe certa variabilidade na expressão máxima da coloração o que, em parte, é atribuido à presença de fatores genéticos modificadores, que intensificam ou diluem esta coloração. À luz dos resultados obtidos, discutem-se os trabalhos de Stoffels (8) e Narasimha Swamy (7) que versam sobre o mesmo assunto.In the present paper the authors are publishing the results of the genetical analysis of three color types occurring in young leaves of Coffea arabica L : green ; dark bronze and light bronze. Based on extensive data obtained from progenies, Fi and F2 hybrids and back-crosses, it is concluded that only one pair of allelomorphic genes control these colors for which the symbols Br-br are proposed : br br, the double recessive, constitutes the green type, Br br, the heterozygote, the light bronze one and Br Br, the double dominant, the dark bronze one. The dark bronze colour is therefore incompletely dominant over green, the Fi between the two being light bronze. In the group of homozygote dark bronze plants a certain variability of the maximum intensity of the bronze colour is noticed, which is most probably due to modifyers which intensify or dilute the expression of this character. Two papers, respectively by Stoffels (8) and Narasimha Swamy (7) dealing with the same subject are critically discussed.

Two new species and three new sub-especies of the genus Gliricola are described in this paper. The former were found on a specimen of Cavia aperea from Santo Amaro, near the city São Paulo, and the latter on wild rats from several localities in Brazil. The parasites of Cavia aperea - G. spinosus and G. lindolphoi - are characterised by the male genitalia. That of G. spinosus is similar to that of G. porcelli, the type species of the genus, but is distinguished by two large hook-like spines on the copulatory sac; that of G. lindolphoi by possessing an appearence entirely its own, principally concerning the chitinous structure of the vesicula and the articulation parameres-basal plate. Several females were also found on the same host, the author inclining to consider them as G. spinosus but that might actually be G. porcelli or G. lindolphoi. The author considers the new rat parasites, and also G. fonsecai, sub-especies of G. decartatus, thus joining in a natural group closely allied forms wich may be recognised though small particularities of chaetotaxy found in the abdomen and the genital region of the females. The males are difficult to identify, although having small differences in the genitalia of some of them.

The present paper deals with the virus disease of the tobacco plant recently described by Kramer & Silberschmidt (12) under the name "faixa das nervuras" (veinbanding). New host plants are added to the list of suscepts, as follows : Nicotiana repanda Willd., JV. angustifolia (*), N. Gossey Domin, N. Sanderae Hort. ex. W. Watson, N. glutinosa L., N. longiflora Cav., N. paniculata L., Lycopersicon esculentum Mill., L. pimpinellifolium Mill., and Cyphomandra betacea Sendt. Datura stramonium L., already studied by Kramer & Silberschmidt (12) and Nicotiana glauca Grah., Nicandra physaloides Gaertn., Solanum nodiflorum (**), S. nigrum L., Lactuca sativa L., Brassica oleracea L., Vigna sinensis Endl. var. Black., and Dolichos lablab L., var. purpurens were found not to be susceptible to the virus. (*) This species was received with this name from the Division of Tobacco and Plant Nutrition, U.S.D.A. (**) One plant of S. nodiflorum out of 22 which were inoculated gave symptoms of veinbanding. However as no backinoculation was made it can not be stated with certainty if it was truly affected by this virus. The symptomatology on tobacco described by the above mentioned authors agrees as a whole with which has been observed that is : clearing of the veins, chlorotic spotting and veinbanding. In addition it is stated that the white necrotic spotting found associated with the disease on certain tobacco varieties, v. g. Sumatra and Turkish must be attributed to the same virus. On potato plants of the varieties President and Green Mountain the virus causes local streak-like symptoms followed by chlorotic mottling of young leaves. Late symptoms take the form of leaf-drop streak. The virus of "faixa das nervuras" is easily transmissible through the sap giving practically 100% of success. The physical properties of the virus are : tolerance to dilution 1:10.000, thermal death point 54°C. and logevity in vitro 72 hours. No vector of the virus is known. The statement of Kramer & Silberschmidt (12) that the virus of "faixa das nervuras" belongs to the group of the potato virus Y is confirmed. A discussion is given about the position of the virus within the group. Our results do not permit to state that the virus is more related to the veinbanding virus as claimed by these authors. It is also pointed out that the differences found in the litterature between the Y and veinbanding viruses are slight, justifying in the maximum the separation of both, but as strains of the same virus.

O autor trabalhando com material de Paranaguá (Paraná, Brasil) identificou varios exemplares de A. (Sh.) costalimais (=limai). Redescreveu a espécie, apresentando descri��ão da larva e pupa. Por sua solicitação os autores da espécie propuzeram um nome novo para a espécie pro achar-se o nome limai ocupado com uma variedade de A. (N) albitarsis descrita por Galvão de Lane, 1937. Conservou valido o sub-gênero Shannoniezia criado por Fonseca e Ramos 1940. Discute no trabalho o diagnóstico diferencial entre A. (Sh.) costalimai e A. (Sh.) mediopunctatus. Refere-se de passagem a A. (Sh.) costai não opina por sua validade. Refere-se ao material com que trabalharam Bonne e Bonne Webster achando que estes autores trabalharam com mais de uma espécie, pois não há concordância nas descrições para especimens de localidades diversas.The A. has identified several samples of A. (Sh.) costalimai (=limai), working with material from Paranaguá, paraná, BRAZIL. He redescribed the species and gave a description of the larvae and pupa. The creators of the species were notified by the A. that the name limai is preoccupied by an identical name given to variety of A. (N.) albitarsis described by Galvão & Lane in 1937, and suggested the new name for it, used in this paper. The A. has mantained the subgenus Shannoniezia that was brought forth by Fonseca and Ramos in 1940. In this work the A. discusses the differential diagnosis between A. (Sh.) costalimai and A. (Sh.) mediopunctatus. He only refers incidently to A. (Sh.) costai and does not give his opinion towards validity. He speaks about material with which Bonne and Bonne-Webster worked and he thinks that they worked with more than one species because there is no agreement in their descriptions of specimens of different places.

A chemical test previously described for the diagnosis of pregnancy was applied to the study of the excretion of gonadotropin in the urine during menstrual cycle. The chemical test is based on the selective adsorption by kaolim of the reducing substances biologically related to urinary gonadotropin. The active substance when acidified to pH 4.0 is adsorbed by the kolin and eluated with O.1N sodium hydroxide. The alkaline solution is treated by Somogyi's copper reagent and the excess not reduced is titrated by 0.005 N sodium thiosulfate. Gonadotropin is quantitatively addorbed by kaolin at pH 4.0 and eluated by alkaline solution as previously demonstrated by the A. (1). In the present paper the complete menstrual cycle was studied daily. It was observed that normally there are two distinct maxima of excretion. This study is based on 11 normal cycles (24-30 days) and 34 abnormal ones. Normal cycles showed a intramenstrual estrogens elimination from 200 to 260 mice units determinated by the Allen - Doisy full estrus smear test. The abnormal cycles belonging also to normal women showed much less estrogen excretion (14 to 25 mice units) Table II). In those cases with decreased estrogen excretion no fall in the curve after 14 th. day was observed. The A. suggest that the peaks of gonadotropin excretion is not related to the oculation but possibly due, the first one, to the follicle stimulating hormone and the second to the luteinizing hormone of hormone stimulating of the inerstitial tissue.

Os autores, após historiar a desccberta do Trypanosoma conorrhini (DONOVAN, 1909) (sinonimia Crithidia conorrhini DONOVAN, 1909, Trypanosoma boy lei LAFONT, 1912) no inseto transmissor e no hospedeiro vertebrado, o Rattus rattus diardi, fazem um estudo sumário do seu vector intermediário, o barbeiro cosmopolita Triatoma rubrofasciata (DE GEER, 1773) . Em seguida, referem a captura, no centro da cidade do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, de um exemplar adulto dêste barbeiro parasitado por flagelados que foram identificados ao Trypanosoma conorrhini, fato êste pela primeira vez verificado no Novo Mundo. Certas formas evolutivas dêste parasito no inseto são muito semelhantes às do Schizotrypanum cruzi, mas os tripanosomas metacíclicos apresentam alguns caractéres morfológicos que permitem seu reconhecimento: os mais notáveis são o pequeno tamanho e a colocação do núcleo muito para trás, bem junto ao blefaroplasto. São dadas as medidas de 100 tripanosomas metaciclicos do T. conorrhini e de Schizotrypanum, cujo comprimento total médio foi, respectivamente, 13.88 u e 19.85 u. Nas seguintes espécies de barbeiro foi facilmente obtida a evolução do Trypanosoma conorrhini: Triatoma infestans, Triatoma vitticeps, Rhodnius prolixus e Panstrongylus megistus. Por inoculação de triatomas infectados foi obtida a transmissão do T. conorrhini ao camondongo branco, ao rato e ao macaco rhesus. As infecções foram muito fracas, custando-se a ver o tripanosoma no sangue, a fresco. Em gotas espêssas êle é encontrado com mais facilidade, mas o método de escôlha para verificação da sua presença no sangue dos animais é o xenodiagnóstico. Nesta prova o Triatoma infestans foi empregado com os resultados mais favoráveis. Por êste processo foi observada a infecção inaparente de um camondongo até 53 dias depois da inoculação. A forma sanguícola do T. conorrhini é um tripanosoma ttpico, de grande dimensões (40-60u), de extremidade posterior muito alongada e pontuda, membrana ondulante ampla e com largas pregas, blefaroplasto subcentral; em muitos indivíduos é notável uma estrutura particular, junto e à frente do blefaroplasto. Poucas horas depois de inoculados com as dejeções, os flagelados passam para a circulação, transformando-se em 3-4 dias nos grandes tripanosomas que acabam de ser descritos. O número de parasitos depende do número de flagelados inoculados. Não se conhece o processo de multiplicação do T. conorrhini no vertebrado, nunca tendo sido observados tripanosomas em via de divisão no sangue nem formas proliferativas nos tecidos. As sub-inoculações (de animal a animal) em geral não passam da primeira (MORISHITA, 1935). Tentativas até agora realizadas por outros pesquisadores no sentido de cultivar o T. conorrhini a partir do sangue de animais infectados, têm sido negativas. Por enquanto as pesquisas tendentes a determinar o hospedeiro vertebrado do parasito no Rio de Janeiro limitam-se a aplicação do xenodiagnós-tico em cinco ratos do Morro de Santo Antônio, cujo resultado... In the present paper details are given on the discovery of Trypanosoma conorrhini (DONOVAN, 1909) (syn. Crithidia conorrhini DONOVAN, 1909; Trypanosoma boy lei LAFONT, 1912) in its insect vector, Triatoma rubrofasciata (DE GEER, 1773) and in its vertebrate host, the rat (Rattus rattus diardi). The universal geographic distribution of Triatoma rubrofasciata is recorded. The writers report the finding in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, of an adult example of T. rubrofasciata infected with flagellates that are referable to Trypanosoma conorrhini. The close resemblance of certain forms of this flagellate to the insectan forms of Schizotrypanum cruzi is emphasized. Metacyclic trypanosome forms of each species, however, may be distinguished; those of Trypanosoma conorrhini are shorter and their nucleus is closer to the parabasal body than in Schizotrypanum cruzi. Data concerning the measures of 100 metacyclic forms of each species are given: The mean total length of T. conorrhini was 13.88U and that of Schizotrypanum was 19.85µ. The experimental evolution of T. conorrhini has been easily obtained in Triatoma infestans, Triatoma vitticeps, Rhodnius prolixus and Panstrongylus megistus. By the intraperitoneal inoculation of white mouse, rat and Rhesus monkey light infection were produced. Parasites were rarely seen in fresh blood preparations, but could be easily demonstrated in the peripheral blood of apparently recovered mice untill 53 days after the inoculation, by "xenodiagnosis". The blood form of Trypanosoma conorrhini is a large trypanosome with long and pointed posterior end, a sub-central parabasal body with a particular pot-shaped structure just in front of it, and a wide ondulating membrane. A few hours after the peritoneal inoculation of the gut contents of infected Triatoma rubrofasciata parasites may appear in the blood, where in 3-4-days they reach the large size of the typical trypanosome form. The number of trypanosomes in the peripheral blood depends upon the number of parasites in the inoculum. It is interesting to note that so far division forms of T. conorrhini have never been found in the blood or tissues of infected animals. Sub-inoculation of the blood forms usually do not succeeded beyond the first, and even the first sub-inoculation result in very light infection. Cultures from the infected animal blood have not yet succeded (MORISHITA, 1935). So far Trypanosoma conorrhini appear to be the only species of Trypa-nosoma transmitted by reduviid-bugs; a list is given of trypanosomes which failed to develop in such bugs on experimental conditions.

O presente trabalho não tem por fim discutir exaustivamente os fatos conhecidos e as hipóteses até hoje formuladas sobre o mecanismo da evolução. Êle apresenta apenas um resumo de alguns pontos, sem entrar numa discussão detalhada da literatura, com o fim de por em relevo principalmente os métodos como podem aparecer expontaneamente novos caracteres. As nossas considerações servem como uma introdução para alguns trabalhos experimentais, que serão publicados a seguir. A) - Conhecemos até agora os seguintes modos para a obtenção de novos caracteres fenotipos: 1) - Mutação gênica. 2) - Alteração citológica como poliploidia, polisomia e aberrações na estrutura cromossômica. 3) - Recombinação gênica, ou pela combinação de efeitos específicos de gens determinadores, ou pela combinação de fatores complementares ou principalmente pela mudança no conjunto dos modificadores ("Modifier chift"). A existência deste último modo, comprovado numa série de experiências, pode ter dois efeitos : alterar a base genética de certos caracteres, sem provocar novos efeitos fenotípicos, ou então provocar novas ações fenotípicas de determinados gens. Com respeito à fisiologia do gen, não pode haver dúvida que o conjunto dos modificadores é capaz de alterar a sua ação, provocando novos efeitos e cancelando outros. B) - As duas principais modalidades de aumentar a freqüência dos novos caracteres são: 1) - Seleção natural. 2) - A flutuação das freqüências ou seleção flutuante ("genetic drift"). C) - Finalmente, discutimos rapidamente os processos indispensáveis para completar o processo de evolução : os métodos de isolamento que garantem a manutenção dos novos fenotipos. The present publication is not intended' to be a complete review of the very extensive literature on the modern aspect of the theory of evolution, but represents mainly an introduction to several papers which will be published simultaneously or shortly afterwards on experimental studies about the evolutionary mechanism. The latter are the results of studies which have been underway for about 15 years, howewer with several and unforeseen interruptions. Owing to special circustances, the work was carried out in three different countries, and the results so far otained have beem published in three languages. Thus their natural sequence may have become obscured, and since a more general paper was published as far back as 1929, I thought it necessary to bring my publications again more or less into line. This explains why I have always made references to my own papers, even where I might have cited other authors. Another reason for the present publication is the scarcity of Brazilian publications of a more general nature which may keep the student informed about progress of scientific knowledge. A complete review of the literature on evolution may be found in the books by DOBZHANSKY, GOLDSCHMIDT, FISHER, HURST, etc. The three main aspects of the mechanisme of evolution are discussed: a) The apearance of new heritable characters, b) their selection, and c) their preservation. a) Three processes are generally mentioned as possible sources for obtaining new characters. Mutations play no doubt a very important role in evolution, inspite of their low frequency and their lack of direction. Cytological aberrations seem to be of much less importance. Autosomy and autopolyploidy do not produce, as a rule, new characters, causing generally only an alteration of proportions (Fig. 2 and 3). Polyploidy is of special importance as a mechanism for restoring fertility in species hybrids and to reestablish the conditions for normal and complete chromosome pairing. Thus euploid and aneuploid segregates may become established, as in the case of Erophila (Fig. 1) studied by WINGE (1940). The result of genetical recombination is discussed with more detail, since I believe this method to be of most importance in the evolutionary process. Several cases of the interaction of special genes from diferent species or forms are cited. But the effect caused by changes in the modifier background seem to me of still more importance. The first clear case of the effect caused by a "modifier shift" upon single gen action seems to have beem discovered by BRIEGER (1929) (Fig. 5) in species crosses of Nicotiana and an identical case was reported later by HOLLINGSHEAD (1930) in Crepis. Various cases of selection for modifiers, showing the effect of the modifier shift, in Lebistes (WINGE), Antirrhinum (BRIEGER) and Zea (BRIEGER) are discussed. Both progressive and regressive evolutionary series and also the origin of ecotypes may best be explained by means of a "modifier shift", instead of returning to the hypothesis of the acumulation of rare chance mutations. b) One may distinguished two processes of selection: directed seletion, which may be either natural or artificial, and fluctuating seletion or "genetic drift". The existence of the former in nature and experiments is well established and thus reed not be discussed anymore. The existence of fluctuating selection is difficult to prove experimentally, though there exists a large amount of indirect evidence. An artificial experiment with cards is used to show the nature and speed of fluctuating selection (Fig. 9). c) The mechanisms of isolation are discussed rapidly, and a classification given, which combines several poinst of DOBZHANSKY'S classification (1941 pg. 256-7) with poitns discussed by BRIEGER (1930c): I - Prohibition of crossing during the vegetative phase: A - Geographical separation. B - Ecological separation. C - Separation in time. II - Prohibition of crossing during the reprodutive phase: A - Impossibiliy of copula or pollinisalion. B - Impediments in the movements of spermatozoids or the growth of pollen tubes. C - Absence of fertilization. III - Hybrid sterility: A - Imperfect vegetative development of the hybrids. B - Gametic sterility of hybrids. Finally the main dificulty is mentioned of explaining the evolution of these isolating mechanism which so far remains an unsolved problem.

A preliminary account on the normal development of the imaginai discs in holometabolic Insects is made to serve as an introduction to the study of the hereditary homoeosis. Several facts and experimental data furnished specially by the students of Drosophila are brought here in searching for a more adequate explanation of this highly interesting phenomenon. The results obtained from the investigations of different homoeotic mutants are analysed in order to test Goldschmidt's theory of homoeosis. Critical examination of the basis on which this theory was elaborated are equally made. As a result from an extensive theoretical consideration of the matter and a long discussion of the most recent papers on this subject the present writer concludes that the Goldschmidt explanation of the homoeotic phenomena based on the action of diffusing substances produced by the genes, the "evocators", and on the alteration of the normal speed of maturation of the imaginai discs equally due to the activity of the genes, could not be proved and therefore should be abandoned. In the same situation is any other explanation like that of Waddington or Villee considered as fundamentally identical to that of Goldschmidt. In order to clear the problem of homoeosis in terms which seem to put the phenomenon in complete agreement with the known facts the present writer elaborated a theory first published a few years ago (1941) based entirely on the assumption that the imaginai discs are specifically determined by some kind of substances, probably of chemical nature, contained in the cytoplam of the cells entering in the consti- tution of each individual disc. These substances already present in the blastem of the egg in which they are distributed in a definite order, pass to different cells at the time the blastem is transformed into blastoderm. These substances according to their organogenic potentiality may be called antenal-substance, legsubstance, wing-substance, eye-substance, etc. The hipoderm of the embryo resulting from the multiplication of the blastoderm cells would be constituted by a series of cellular areas differing from each other in their particular organoformative capacity. Thus the hypoderm giving rise to the imaginai discs, it follows that each disc must have the same organogenic power of the hypodermal area it came from. Therefore the discs i*re determinated since their origin by substances enclosed in the cytoplasm of their cells and consequently can no longer alter their potentiality. When an antennal disc develops into a leg one can conclude that this disc in spite of its position in the body of the larva is not, properly speaking, an antennal disc but a true leg disc whose cells instead of having in their cytoplasm the antennal substance derived from the egg blastem have in its place the leg-substance. Now, if a disc produces a tarsus or an antenna or even a compound appendage partly tarsus-like, partly antenna-like, it follows tha,t both tarsal and antennal substances are present in it. The ultimate aspect of the compound structure depends upon the reaction of each kind of substance to the different causes influencing development. For instance, temperature may orient the direction of development either lowards arista or tarsus, stimulating, or opposing to the one or the other of these substances. Confering to the genes the faculty of altering the constitution of the substances containing in the cytoplasm forming the egg blastem or causing transposition of these substances from one area to another or promoting the substitution of a given substance by a different one, the hereditary homoeocis may be easily explained. However, in the opinion of the present writer cytoplasm takes the initiative in all developmental process, provoking the chromosomes to react specifically and proportionally. Accordingly, the mutations causing homoeotic phenomena may arise independently at different rime in the cytoplasm and in the chromosomes. To the part taken by the chromosomes in the manifestation of the homoeotic characters is due the mendalian ratio observed in homoeotic X normal crosses. Expression, in itself, is mainly due to the proportion of the different substances in the cells of the affected discs. Homoeotic phenomena not presenting mendelian ratio may appear as consequence of cytoplasmic mutation not accompanied by chromosomal mutation. The great variability in the morphology of the homoeotic characteres, some individual being changed towards an extreme expression of the mutant phenotype while others in spite of their homozigous constitution cannot be distinguished from the normal ones, strongly supports the interpretation based on the relative proportion of the determining substances in the discs. To the same interpretation point also asymetry and other particularities observed in the exteriorization of the phenomenon. In conformity with this new conception homoeosis should not prove homology of Insect appendages (Villee 1942) since a more replacement of substances may cause legs to develop in substitution of the wings, as it was already observed (requiring confirmation in the opinion of Bateson 1894, p. 184) and no one would conclude for the homology of these organs in the usual meaning of the term.

This paper deals with stomata strucutre in the Rubiaceae family. This family in the order Rubiales is the only one to show the stomata structure relationed to the subsidiary cells. Twentyeight individuals representing several forms, varieties and espécies of the genus Coffea were studied and the uniformity regarding that structure observed. It is possible that the stomata structure, studied in detail in this paper, is a good character to distinguish the Rubiaceae family. Analysis of the other genus wil be carried on in order to confirm the observations made in the genus Coffea. No trabalho que publiquei sobre a estrutura dos estômatos em relação às células anexas, na revista "O Solo" (2), ficou comprovado que na ordem Rubiales a família Rubiaceae é a íinica a apresentar a referida estrutura, o que me levou a sugerir a possibilidade de considerá-la como um caráter anatômico dos gêneros ou das espécies da família, dependendo da sua freqüência nos mencionados grupos. Em vista disso, resolvi estudar o maior número de gêneros e espécies de Rubiaceae, em relação à estrutura estomatar, começando pelo gênero Coffea, dada a sua grande importância econômica. Analisei 28 indivíduos, atraz relacionados e verifiquei, em todos, a constância das células anexas, de configuração bastante homogênea, detalhe este que poderá servir de base a distinções entre os grupos sistemáticos estudados. No próximo artigo tratarei de outros gêneros de Rubiaceae.

Desde Türck (1859) os autores têm se preocupado com a passagem de fibras sensitivas pela cápsula interna. Muitas escolas neurológicas têm estudado a questão não só sob o ponto de vista clínico mas também anatômico e experimental. O autor passa em revista a opinião dos autores franceses (Charcot, Dejerine, Roussy, Long, etc.) baseados na anátomo-clínica; dos ingleses com base na experimentação (Horsley, Beevor, Grünbaum, Sherrington, Oppenheim); suíços (Monakow) e americanos (Grinker) sobre as desordens sensitivas nas lesões da cápsula interna. O autor apresenta dois casos anátomo-clínicos de hemiplegia com perturbações sensitivas devidas a lesões da cápsula interna comprovadas anatomicamente. O tálamo estava indene em ambos os casos. A cápsula interna é um diedro formado pelo encontro de dois planos: o segmento anterior e o segmento posterior. Pela parte mais alta (andar superior) do segmento posterior passam as fibras que saem do tálamo em busca da cortiça parietal (fibras tálamo-parietais), as que descem ao pedúnculo cerebral (fibras piramidais) e as que ficam entre o núcleo lenticular e o tálamo (fibras extra-piramidais). No andar inferior do mesmo segmento passam somente as fibras piramidais. O autor estuda do ponto de vista anátomo-clínico a síndrome talâmica de Dejerine e Roussy, os estados talâmicos (Austregesilo e Colares) e a hemiplegia capsular puramente motora. Mostra a inexistência de alterações sensitivas nas hemiplegias devidas à lesão do andar inferior da cápsula interna posterior. Estuda a síndrome do andar superior da cápsula interna posterior ou hemiplegia sensitivo-motora capsular. Documenta dois casos de hemiplegia sensitivo-motora com o estudo anatômico no qual se viu a lesão do andar superior do braço posterior da cápsula interna e integridade do tálamo. Salienta as diferenças existentes entre a mão talâmica e a capsular e chama a atenção para a contratura em flexão com supinação ou pronação verificadas na última, ao passo que na primeira há extensão dos dedos e movimentos córeo-atetósicos. A hemiplegia das lesões talâmicas é rapidamente regressiva e não hipertônica enquanto que a capsular é duradoura e acompanhada de aumento do tonus. Raramente aparecem dores espontâneas nas hemiplegias capsulares bem como hiperpatia de Foerster ou super-reação de Head, fenômenos muito frequentes na síndrome talâmica. Since Türck (1859) many authors have been interested in the passage of the sensitive fibers through the internal capsule. Even today the sensitive pathways are a very discussed subject particularly at the level of the internal capsule. In this paper the A. exposes the ideas about the possibility of the existence of sensitive fibers in the capsule. The A. reports the opinions about sensitive disturbances in the lesions of the interna capsule taken from the french writers (Charcot, Dejerine, Long, Marie, etc.) who were based on anatomical and clinical facts; of the english writers (Horsley, Sherrington, Grünbaum, Beevor, Wilson, etc.) who were based in experimentation; of the german authors (Lewandowski, Oppenheim, Monakow) and the american (Grinker). The internal capsule is a diedric formation formed by the jonction of two plans: the anterior limb and the posterior limb. By the superior part (superior floor) of the posterior limb run the fibers wich arise from the thalamus (thalamic-parietal fibers), fibers wich are between the lenticular nucleus and the thalamus (extrapyramdial fibers) and the fibers wich descend to the cerebral peduncle (pyramidal fibers). In the inferior part (inferior floor) of the posterior limb there are only pyramidal fibers. The A. studies the Dejerine-Roussy's syndrome, the thalamic states (Austregesilo and Colares) and the capsular hemiplegia, in the clinical and experimental point of view. The A. shows that sensitive troubles does not exist in the paralysis caused by lesion of the inferior floor of the posterior limb of internal capsula. Finally the A. stuties the syndrome of the superior floor of the internal capsule, i. e., sensitive-motor capsular hemiplegia. The A. presents two cases of hemiplegia accompanied with hemianesthesia with showed in the anatomical study a lesion of the superior floor of the internal capsule's posterior limb. The thalamus was normal in both cases. The A. calls attention to the difference between capsular and thalamic hand. In the first one there is contracture in flexion with supination or pronation. In the second case the fingers are distended with choreo-athetotic movements Thalamic syndrome paralysis is hypotonic and improves quickly; the capsular paralysis is persistent and with increased tonus. In the capsular hemiplegia very seldom appears spontaneous pains as well as Foerster's hiperpathia, over-reaction (Head). These phenomena are very common in the thalamic syndrome.

Os A. A., visando aplicar a bartonelose do rato albino esplenectomizado como teste para o estudo das funções do baço, uma vez que há evidência de um mecanismo de proteção de natureza hormonal, estudam a evolução da anemia nesse animal após a esplenectomia. Discutem aspectos e trabalhos sôbre o assunto. Comparam a anemia da bartonelose à da fenilhidrazina e discutem a influência dos traumatismos inespecíficos sôbre o desencadeiamento dessa infecção. Aproveitam o material para a verificação do efeito terapêutico da penicilina bárica, fabricada no Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, na bartonelose experimental do rato albino. Descrevem os métodos e concluem sôbre a extrema sensibilidade dos animais utilizados e da ineficácia da penicilina, pelo menos na dose empregada.The A. A. intending to use Bartonellosis of splenectomized rats as a test of spleen functions, since there is evidence of an hormonal protective mechanism, study the evolution of anemia in this animal after spelenectomy. They discuss the principal aspects and papers about the subject. They compare the influence of inespecific trauma as regard the appearance of this infection. They profit the material for the verification of the terapeutics effect of barium penicillin produced at the Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, over the experimental Bartonella muris anemia of splenectomized albino rats. They describe the methods and give the results in respect of the extreme sensibility of the animals employed and the ineffectiveness of penicillin at least in the dosage used.

In the present paper the A. A. reviewed the more fundamental problems in the ethiopathogenic process of bacterial endocardits and report the bacte¬riological observations done by them in 20 cases of the disecase observed at the Section of Pathological Anatomy and Bacteriology of the Hospital S. Francisco de Assis in charge of the Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. The A.A. isolated Pneumococcus from 10 out the 20 cases, Gonococcus from 2, Staphylococcus from 2, Streptococcus from 5 and Friedlaender bacil¬lus from 1 . The A.A. mainly lay stress on the necessity of the bacteriological exa¬minations being made by a specialist, owing to the difficulties sometimes met with and to the consequences of a detailed examination of the isolated germ. Expomos e analisamos, no presente trabalho, as principais idéias emitidas acerca das endocardites sépticas. De grande importância foram as de Schottmueller sôbre o caráter autônomo da endocardite lenta, assim a especificidade do seu agente etiológico. Observações posteriores trouxeram restrições à teoria desse autor e as nossas se encontram nesse número, conforme se poderá ver no capitulo anterior. Além do Streptococcus viridans muitas outras bactérias têm ocasionado casos clínicos típicos de endocardite lenta ou sub-aguda. Outro ponto para o qual se têm dirigido os pesquisadores é o que trata da mutação do Streptococcus haemohjticus em Streptococcus viridans, o pri¬meiro dado como mais freqüente nas endocardites agudas. A tendência dos modernos autores é nesse sentido e nós temos observado, não raro, mutações dessa natureza. Há mesmo autores que admitem uma só espécie de estrepto-coco não passando de acidentes ocasionados por diferentes fatores físicos, químicos e biológicos as características descritas pelos que admitem várias espécies. As hemoculturas nem sempre foram positivas nos nossos casos, o que têm acontecido a todos os autores que estudaram o assunto. Em primeiro lugar concordamos que é de grande importância o meio de cultura a empregar, assim como os cuidados técnicos auxiliares. Mesmo assim a percentagem de negatividade é elevada. Nem sempre o sôro possui anticorpos que impeçam a proliferação do germe causador, conforme tivemos ocasião de observar em 1 caso. E' mais razoável aceitar, quando tal ocorre, que o germe circule intermitentemente. Lesões do endocárdio em conseqüência de doenças anteriores, principalmente o reumatismo articular agudo, facilitam o desenvolver da endocardite séptica. Em elevada percentagem verifica-se essa ocorrência e, em nossos casos, os que forneceram informações seguras, doenças cardíacas anteriores puderam ser apuradas. Segundo referem alguns autores, o depósito de fibrinas e plaquetas nas lesões antigas, quando novamente atacadas, viria facilitar o desenvolvimento da bactéria que entrou em circulação. As nossas observações microscópicas verificaram a presença desses elementos. Concordando com o que se têm observado os germes do grupo dos cocos predominaram de maneira quase absoluta (95%). Contudo, a verificação do pneumococo em 50% dos casos constitui uma exceção às estatísticas melhor elaboradas. Antes de finalizar desejamos agradecer ao Diretor e Chefes de Serviço do Hospital S. Francisco de Assis e aos Drs. Magarinos Torres e Pena de Azevedo o grande auxílio que nos prestaram durante a execução deste trabalho; ao Sr. J. Pinto pela execução das fotografias e microfotografias.

1 - Os A.A. referem, no presente trabalho, um caso de endocardite e septicemia com isolamento de uma bactéria difteróide do sangue, sangue, durante a vida e das lesões endocárdicas, sangue, baço e rins, post mortem. 2 - A referida bactéria apresenta caracteres especiais e é descrita com o nome de Corynebacterium haemolyticum n. sp. em vista da propriedade hemolítica que apresenta nos meios com sangue. 3 - No caso descrito não é possível atribui-se a outra causa, que não a êsse germe, a origem da doença, pois que nenhum outro foi isolado ou observado no seu decurso ou em material colhido do cadáver. 4 - Consultando a literatura médica, verificamos que os casos semelhantes, acompanhados de comprovação bacteriológica segura, são extremamente raros, podendo-se contar dois em que se isolou difteróide do sangue do doente e lesões cadavéricas do mesmo, figurando o nosso em 3.° lugar, desde 1893. Dois outros são referidos com isolamento das lesões do cadáver. Em maior número são os casos em que o difteróide aparece associado. 1. In the present paper the AA. report a case of endocarditis and septicemia along with the isolation of a diphtheroid bacterium from the blood in vita, as well as from the endocardic changes, blood, spleen and kidneys post mortem. 2. The mentioned bacterium presents special features and, owing to the hemolytic property it presents in blood media, is described under the name of Corynebacterium haemolyticum n. sp. 3. In the present case the origin of the disease cannot be ascribed to another cause but to this germ, as no other one was isolated or observed either in the course of the illness or in the material collected form the corpse. 4. Consulting the medical literature, we have found that similar cases accompanied by a secure bacteriological proof are extremely rare, as only two case are found in which a diphthroid bacterium was isolated from the patients' blood and from the corpse changes of the same, our case appearing in the 3rd place, since 1893. Two other cases are reported with isolation from corpse changes. The cases in which the diphtheroid appears associated with other germs are of a larger number.

In the present paper the behavior of the heterochromoso-mes in the course of the meiotic divisions of the spermatocytes in 15 species of Orthoptera belonging to 6 different families was studied. The species treated and their respective chromosome numbers were: Phaneropteridae: Anaulacomera sp. - 1 - 2n = 30 + X, n +15+ X and 15. Anaulacomera sp. - 2 - 2n - 30 + X, n = 15+ X and 15. Stilpnochlora marginella - 2n = 30 + X, n = 15= X and 15. Scudderia sp. - 2n = 30 + X, n = 15+ X and 15. Posldippus citrifolius - 2n = 24 + X, n = 12+X and 12. Acrididae: Osmilia violacea - 2n = 22+X, n = 11 + X and 11. Tropinotus discoideus - 2n = 22+ X, n = 11 + X and 11. Leptysma dorsalis - 2n = 22 + X, n = 11-J-X and 11. Orphulella punctata - 2n = 22-f X, n = 11 + X and 11. Conocephalidae: Conocephalus sp. - 2n = 32 + X, n = 16 + X and 16. Proscopiidae: Cephalocoema zilkari - 2n = 16 + X, n = 8+ X and 8. Tetanorhynchus mendesi - 2n = 16 + X, n = 8+X and 8. Gryliidae: Gryllus assimilis - 2n = 28 + X, n = 14+X and 14. Gryllodes sp. - 2n = 20 + X, n = 10- + and 10. Phalangopsitidae: Endecous cavernicola - 2n = 18 +X, n = 94-X and 9. It was pointed out by the present writer that in the Orthoptera similarly to what he observed in the Hemiptera the heterochromosome in the heterocinetic division shows in the same individual indifferently precession, synchronism or succession. This lack of specificity is therefore pointed here as constituting the rule and not the exception as formerly beleaved by the students of this problem, since it occurs in all the species referred to in the present paper and probably also m those hitherto investigated. The variability in the behavior of the heterochromosome which can have any position with regard to the autosomes even in the same follicle is attributed to the fact that being rather a stationary body it retains in anaphase the place it had in metaphase. When this place is in the equator of the cell the heterochromosome will be left behind as soon as anaphase begins (succession). When, on the contrary, laying out of this plane as generally happens (precession) it will sooner be reached (synchronism) or passed by the autosomes (succession). Due to the less kinetic activity of the heterochromosome it does not orient itself at metaphase remaining where it stands with the kinetochore looking indifferently to any direction. At the end of anaphase and sometimes earlier the heterochromosome begins to show mitotic activities revealed by the division of its body. Then, responding to the influence of the nearer pole it moves to it being enclosed with the autosomes in the nucleus formed there. The position of the heterochromosome in the cell is explained in the following manner: It is well known that the heterochromosome of the Orthoptera is always at the periphery of the nucleus, just beneath the nuclear membrane. This position may be any in regard of the axis of the dividing cell, so that if one of the poles of the spindle comes to coincide with it, the heterochromosome will appear at this pole in the metaphasic figures. If, on the other hand, the angle formed by the axis of the spindle with the ray reaching the heterochromosome increases the latter will appear in planes farther and farther apart from the nearer pole until it finishes by being in the equatorial plane. In this way it is not difficult to understand precession, synchronism or succession. In the species in which the heterochromosome is very large as it generally happens in the Phaneropteridae, the positions corresponding to precession are much more frequent. This is due to the fact that the probabilities for the heterochromosome taking an intermediary position between the equator and the poles at the time the spindle is set up are much greater than otherwise. Moreover, standing always outside the spindle area it searches for a place exactly where this area is larger, that is, in the vicinity of the poles. If it comes to enter the spindle area, what has very little probability, it would be, in virtue of its size, propelled toward the pole by the nearing anaphasic plate. The cases of succession are justly those in which the heterochromosome taking a position parallelly to the spindle axis it can adjust its large body also in the equator or in its proximity. In the species provided with small heterochromosome (Gryllidae, Conocephalidae, Acrididae) succession is found much more frequently because here as in the Hemiptera (PIZA 1945) the heterochromosome can equally take equatorial or subequatorial positions, and, furthermore, when in the spindle area it does offer no sereous obstacle to the passage of the autosomes. The position of the heterochromosome at the periphery of the nucleus at different stages may be as I suppose, at least in part a question of density. The less colourability and the surface irregularities characteristic of this element may well correspond to a less degree of condensation which may influence passive movements. In one of the species studied here (Anaulacomera sp.- 1) included in the Phaneropteridae it was observed that the plasmosome is left motionless in the spindle as the autosomes move toward the poles. It passes to one of the secondary spermatocytes being not included in its nucleus. In the second division it again passes to one of the cells being cast off when the spermatid is being transformed into spermatozoon. Thus it is regularly found among the tails of the spermatozoa in different stages of development. In the opinion of the present writer, at least in some cases, corpuscles described as Golgi body's remanents are nothing more than discarded plasmosomes.

A more or less detailed study of the spermatogenesis in six species of Hemiptera belonging to the Coreid Family is made in the present paper. The species studied and their respective chromosome numbers were: 1) Diactor bilineatus (Fabr.) : spermatogonia with 20 + X, primary spermatocytes with 10 + X, X dividing equationaliv in the first division and passing undivided to one pole in the second. 2) Lcptoglossus gonagra (Fabr.) : spermatogonia with 20 + X, primary spermatocytes with 10 + X, X dividing equationally in the first division and passing undivided to one pole in the second. 3) Phthia picta (Drury) : spermatogonia with 20 + X, primary spermatocytes with 10 + X, X dividing equationally in the first division and passing undivided to one pole in the second. 4) Anisocelis foliacea Fabr. : spermatogonia with 26 + X fthe highest mumber hitherto known in the Family), primary .spermatocytes with 13 + X, X dividing equationally in the first division an passing undivided to one pole in the second. 5) Pachylis pharaonis (Herbtst) : spermatogonia with 16 + X, primary sp

1) The present paper deals with variations in the structure of the inflorescences of the Maydeae Americanae, especially of the ear of Zea Mays, which came under observation during our genetical studies during the last 10 years. Care was tauken to include only such structures which were observed frequently and had in general an aspect which could not be described as a pathological abnormality, but rather as a reversion to a phylogenetically primitive type or as a new form. The aberrations may be summarized as follows: a) Individual flowers. Eeversion to the hermaphrodite state of the usually unisexual flowers in Maydeae were described. Such flowers are however already so well known that no details need to be given. b) Many flowered spikelets. The spikelet in all the American Maydeae are normally two flowered. In forms of tunicata, obtained by selection, spikelets were obtained with up to three perfect flowers, all producing well developed kernels (Fig. 4-6), with a maximum of five flowers. The structure of three-flowered spikelets is explained in the diagrams Fig. 2 and 3. Owing to the organization of the flowers, the embryos of the first and third are turned towards the base of the inflorescence and the embryo of the second flower towards its tip. The embryos in two-flowered epike-lets are normally turned to the base (first flower) and to the tip (second flower). (Cutler, 10). Cases were observed of three flowered spikelets with one abortive flower, both the remaining embryos, produced by the first and third flower, turned towards the base of the inflorescence. c) Number of spikelets per alveolus. In maize and in the male parts of the inflorescences of Euchlaena and Tripsacum two spikelets are formed per alveolus, while in the female parts of the latter genera one spikelet is present, though occasionally exceptions are found. Collins (8) explained the appearance of the double spikelet as remainder of a small spikelet branch which has been lost during evolution. The normal structure and that of a spikelet branch is shown schematically in Fig. 3, e-f. In the tassels of several tunicata plants small and regular branches of spikelets appeared in the alveoli, their form depending upon three factors: a) number of spikelets, b) length of the internodes of the spikelet branch, c) length of the individual pedicel of each epikelet, as may be seen in the fotos of Fig. 4-5. An increase in the number of spikelets¹ per alveolus in the ear has been observed frequently in material of two sources: deeendants of the hybrid maize x teosinte and Paulista Pointed Pop Corn. The descendants of the cross Zea x Euchlaena have very frequently only two rows of alveoli, well separated from each other. This separation is accentuated still further by the development of a scaly outgrowth from the rachis, as in Euchlaena, which limits each alveolus at its base and on both sides. The segregates may have these scales not only well developed, but they are also frequently colored, as is the eases representad, with black dots. Thus the identification of each alveolus is very easy and fig. 7 shows an ear with two rows of well defined alveoli, each with three spikelets or three mature kernels each. The ears of Paulista Pointed Pop Corn offer excellent material since here the rows of alveoli are very clearly defined and separated by deep ridges, the double rows of kernels being very salient. The kernels correspond always, in the ears used, to single spikelets as shown by their glumes, well developed in this variety, and the position of their embryos. In Fig. 9, a, the deep ridge separating the rows of alveoli on the left and right is clearly seen as a series of black deep shadowns in the centre of the photo . In Fig. 9,b we have the same ear photographed from another angle. One row of alveoli is seen in the centre, in clear contrast against two strips of black paper inserted in the two lateral ridges. This row of alveoli contains very clearly two rows of kernels or spikelets in its upper part and many irregular rows in the lower half showing the increase of spikelet number. Fig. 9 c-f represents another ear with five rows of alveoli, which are very distinct in the upper part of the ear. The ear was broken into three parts and the cross, sections' phographed. The upper two thirds with a regular row arrangement (Fig. 9 c-d) show clearly the five rows of alveoli and the 10 rows of kernels. The lower part (Fig. 9, e) shows still the pentagonal form of the raehis and the five rows of alveoli may still be distinguished. But the increased number of spikelets, which vary from 2 to 4, do not permit a regular arrangement of rows of kernels within the regular rows of alveoli. The appearance of small branches in the alveoli of mutants of maize is not anything really new, but as far as I know an increase of the number of sessile spikelets in the ear from two to three which was observed in several descendants of the Zea-Euchlaena cross and its increase to three or four in the basal region of ordinary corn ears has not been registered before. The explication for this form of increase is easily to be drawn from an inspection of the photos in Figs. 4 and 5. where we find various stages in the reduction of branches with many spikelets to two, three or four sessile spikelets. d) Number of rows of alveoli. There can be little doubt that the basic number of rows in the- Maydeae Americanc is always two as shown by all inflorescences is Tripsacum and Euchlaena and by the tassel branches in maize and the branches in Zea "ramosa". The increase of rows in the ear and the central spike of maize has been the object of a very extensive literature. Mangelsdorf and Beeves, (15), gave a very detailed review), and I explained this increase as a simple interpolation of new rows, such as occurs in succulent plants and can be easily seen for instance in different species of Cereus. The correctness of this interpretation can be shown directly in ears of maize which have two rowd at the tip and more numerous rows at the botton and which appeared in my material of Brazilian Early and Brazilian Sweet Corn, extracted from multiple crosses between Brazilian, European and North American corn, and with much more frequency among the descendants of the maize-teosinte cross. Three such cases are reproduced in Fig. 10. . The situation is represented schematically in Fig. 11. The diagram Fig. 11a represents the primitive from with two rows of alveoli, each with two rows of kernels. The interpolation of two new rows (Fig. 11b) causes a disturbance of the equilibrium which forces the two original rows to become dislocated, as shown in Fig. lid, thus resulting finally the normal ear with four rows of alveoli or eight rows of kernels, all equally spaced. The interpolation of a single row of alveoli causes a similar disturbance (Fig. 11c) which causes distortions untill all rows are equidistant (Fig. 11e). For some reasons, still unknown, the ears remain twisted in the latter case with three rows, while in the former a twisting occurs only in the transition zone. These drawings however are not abstractions, but represent the situation actually observed and represented by the Fig. 10, a-b e Fig. 10, c-d, with in increase from two to four rows and by the Fig. 10, e-f with an increase from two to three rows. The two first ears, photographed each from two different angles, show clearly that the two rows of the top region become neighbours at the botton, while the new rows are interpolated on the opposite side of the rachis. The last ear shows the permanent twist ra the lower third of the ear, and it may be added that all ears, wich I have observed so far, with three rows of alveoli are always twisted over their whole length. I postulated furthermore that originally the alveoli followed an alternating spiral arrangement or a phyllotaxy of 1/2, while the interpolation of new rows abolished this spiral and substituded a. longitudinal row arrangement, again as in Cactaceae and other succulent forms. The fotos in Fig. 10 show that this is actually the case. The arrangement of the alveoli in the two-rowed part of the ear follows the spiral (½), while the spiral is completely lost in the many rowed region. The rows may be twisted in ears with an uneven row number, but this twist has nothing to do with the original spiral of the alveoli, as may be seen clearly in Fig. 10, e and f. It may be mentioned that the situation in the latter ear is still more complicated by the fact that the alveoli contain frequently three, instead of two spikelets. e) Asymmetry of the inflorescence. In the male inflorescences of all the Maydeae Americanae a pronounced asymmetry of the rows may be observed which are not localised on the sides of the rachis but are pushed towards its ventral surface. In the female parts of Tripsacum and Euchlaena on the other side, the spikelets are alway on oposite sides, while nothing can be said with regards to the many rowed corn ear and the central spike of the tassel. I have no doubt that the original type of maize with only two rows of alveoli was asymmetrical, which seems to be very clear when inspectionig two rowed ears or too rowed parts of ears of mutants. It is very interesting to note that there is a segregation in the descendants of the Zea-EucMaena cross with two rowed ears, which may be symmetrical (Fig. 8, c-d) or asymmetrical (Fig. 7, Fig. 8, a-b). The symmetry is independent from the number of rows of kernels which may be either one or two per alveolus. Besides this asymmetrical arrangement of the rows of alveolus, there may appaer in maize on asymmetry between the rows of spikelets: a regular combination of one row of sessile female and pedicelled male spikelets. Such a situation in the tassel branches of tunicata and tassel seed is shown in Fig. 13, a and b, and that of an ear with 4 rows of alveoli in Fig. 13, c e d. f) A detailed and comparative study of the ramification of inflorescences in the three genera of Maydeae Americanae showed an extreme degree of uniformity, which apparently has not been noticed to this extent before. The terminal inflorescence, of main shoot or branches, has essentially the same structure: there is always a central or main spike which may be branched at its base. In Tripsacum, these branches follow an alternate spiral arrangement while in the tassel of maize and teosinte and in branched maize ears they form one or more whorls. The alveoli, even in many-rowed maize, are always arranged in two rows on all these branches. Below the inflorescence and again in all three genera there are several sterile leafs which may be more or less transformed into husks and which only very excepcionally produce branches in their axils. The branches, produced by the lower leafs, terminate again in an inflorescence which may be branched or not, followed first by sterile leafs or husks and than by fertile leafs bearing again branches of higher order. In Tripsacum australe all branches of any order are essentially alike, except for a progressive reduction of the branching of the inflorescence. Branches of third or fourth order bear simple terminal spikes. In Zea and Euchlaena the lateral branches of main stalks form a compound which we may call with Goebel (11) an anthocladiun. Its structure is explained by the two fotos in Fig. 14 which were token from two descendants of the teross Zea x Euchlaena. These authocladiums have a terminal inflorescence which may be a simple ear (Fig. 15b), a slighty (Fig. 14) or an extremely branched inflorescence, carrying male and female spikelets on its four rowed branches (Fig. 16) or which may finally be a normal tassel (Fig. 15a). There follow a few sterile leafs, forming the individual husks of the terminal inflorescence and than fertile leafs or husks which are protecting the rest of the anthoeladia. In their axils there are again branches (n+2) with terminal inflorescences, always represented by an ear, protected by their individual and sterile husks, followed by other husks which protect both the branch (n + 2) and its higher derivatives. The authocladium of Fig. 15 carries branches up to those of order (n + 4). The difference of Zea and Euchlaena is only of quantitative nature. In Zea generally there is developed only the terminal ear of the lateral branch of order (n-f-1) and only rarely some ears, terminal of the order (n+2) which may be called also lateral to the branch (n+1), as shown by Brieger (6). All leafs are transformed generally into husks. In Euchlaena, on the other side, the terminal inflorescence of order (n+1) is generally a tassel and this branch carries almost normal leafs. Those of the lower nodes produce in their axils the antoeladia, with the branches (n+2), (n+3), etc. which together form the cluster of ears. Every ear as a terminal inflorescence of its branch is protected by individual husks, besides the basal husks, as described above, which protect each branch and all its laterals of hingher order. In the descendants of the Zea-Euchlaena corn an interesting detail was found, and the following three types were established: a) maize type derivatives where all inflorescences had a high number of rows of alveoli, b) teosinte-type derivative® where all inflorescences had only two rows of alveoli, and c) intermediate derivatives where only the main terminal inflorescence of order (n + 1) was many rowed and some-timep also inflorescences of order (n + 2), especially the prophyllary branch, all other inflorescences beeing two-rowed. These complicated relations obscure frequently the rule established by Langham (14) about the correlation between row number in the lateral ear and the central spike of the tassel. These observations lead to a revision of the old hypothesis of Ascherson (2) about the origin of the many-rowed ear by a fusion of the ear clusters in Euchlaena. Weatherwax (20) has given already one very decisive argument against this hypothesis, explaining that a fusion must result in the forming of an ear where the number of kernel rows should be a multiple of four and that of alveoli a multiple of 2. Another difficulty is that the original hypothesis would require a complete disappearance of all individual husks, and no signe of this has ever been observed. Langham (14) who tried to revive the hypothesis was probably mistaken, interpreting as a fusion, structures which were only branched terrninal ears, which its branches forced almost into the main spike by the pressure of the involving glumes. 2) After describing these deviations form the normal type of maize ears and inflorescences, its genetical basis was discussed. First it was thought that definite genes were involved, such a the ramosa-gen, the dwarf-factors which frequently cause the appearance of perfect bisexual flowers, the tassel seed factors, etc, and finally the tunicat factor which has the most¹ extreme range of phaenotypie effects as shown in several previous publications (Brieger, 4, 5, 6, 7). Buth thei studies of tunicata maize had already shown that the modifier gens are at least as important as the main determing gen. By selection I succeded to increase to a extreme degree their effects on the tassel. Crossing these derivations of Paulista Pod Corn to Euchlaena a complete change of the situation was brought about. The effects on the tassel disappeared immediately in the Fl with Guatemala teosinte while in those with Mexico teosinte the glumes in the tassel remained shighthy enlarged. On the other side, changes oecured in the ear structure unknown to pure maize, as illustratad by Brieger (6). The descendants of these crosses showed that the specific determiner genes of maize are dispensable and that a recombination of Zea and Euchlaene modifiers a is completely sufficient. I described in the present paper only variations in the structure of inflorescence which appeared both in descendants of the hybrids and in pure maize. No similar vairiations have been observed in Euchaena or in Tripsacum, the third species of the group. We may thus conclude that these variations were all inherent to corn, hypostatic recessive to the many gens accumulated during domestication and reappearing again after the substitution of these genes of domestication by the wild type modifiers derived from Euchaena. 3) The final conclusions of the preceding chapter leads us to a reconsideration of our concepts about the structure of the wild ancector. I discussed the problem in several previous publications (4, 6) and shall repeat the main conclusions without entering into a detailed discussion. Cultivated maize is derived from a wild grass which had simple ears with two rows of alveoli, grains protected by large, pointed and horny glumes, due to the presence of the gene Tu, and an abscission layer at the base of each spikelet. Thus the grains fell off when mature with their protective glumes, separated from the rachis which was thin, flexible and not brittle. This grass happened to cross with some form of Tripsacum whith its grains mainly protected by special scales, having relatively small glumes due to the presence of the gen tu The rachis of this species is always horny, brittle and breaks on maturity into parts at each node. In natural descendants of these hybrids segregates appeared which weTe homozygous tutu and thus had small glumes, while maize factors suppresed the development of the scales. Both abscissions layers were mutually supressed, that at the base of the spikelet from maize and the other, from Tripsacum at each node of the rachis. We now may add more informations about the probable structure of the original inflorescences. The lateral inflorescences were asymmetrical and contained in each of the two rows of alveoli one row of sessile female or hemaphroditic spikelets and another row of pedicelled male spikelets. The very pronounced protogyny of flowers in the same inflorescence permitted that the inflorescences remained within the husks or within the isheaths of only slightly altered leaves during the female phase, emitting only the silks. During the following male phase, the inflorescences! were pushed out of the glumes by the lengthening of the internodes, thus permitting the shedding of the pollen, white at the same time the glumes of the already fertilized female flowers had becone already big and horny, protecting the kernels in the milkystage. The terminal inflorescences may have been branched with one or more whorls of branches at its base, and the number of branches was less in the lateral inflorescences of higher order. There may have been already some more pronounced differentiation of terminal and lateral inflorescences with a predominance in the former of male spikelets. There exists a possibility that the spikelets were many flowered and thus this wild grass did not really belong to the Andropogoneae, as already supposed by Harshberger. It seems now possible to make a drawing of this hypothetical wild type, but I think it even possible to find eventually among the descendants of the maize-teosinte cross most of these characters in combination, thus permitting to take a photograph. 4) The results described opened the way for drawing still more general conclusions about the mechanism of evolution, by combining two sets of facts with the new results obtained. In the first place, we may mention the conclusions at which Agnes Arber (1) arrived in her detailed study on the evolution of the order Gramineae. She stated that there exists a) "inherent phylogenetical trend" for reduction and sterility in inflorescence and flowers, and b) a large measure of repetition and of parallel evolution in different systematic groups. In the second place I may refer to the general hypothesis about the role of a modifier shift in evolution which I have developed (Brieger, 6). My observations started in 1929 when I observed in the cross Nicotiana Sanderae x N. Longiflora that a gene, without effect in the latter species, acquired a semilethal effect in the Fl hybrid. An identical case was reported a year later by Hollingshead. In subsequent studies, I have been able to show experimentally the importance which a shift or rearrangement of the modifier complexes may have, and which may not only affset the dominance of certain characters, a fact áÍLTeady very well konw by many authors, but may cause the appearence of completely new phaenotypes. Such a change in the modifier complex may be brought about by selection, artificial or natural, following a gen mutation which opens new phaenotipic possibilities or simply after a change in the direction of selection in material sufficiently heterozygous. In the present paper I have shown that there exists in cultivated maize an enormous amount of "inherent possibilities" which may become reality after changing the composition of the modifier complexes. Thus a "parallel evolution" may become started, or even a "reversion of evolution". It may be sufficient to cite the appearance of plants with two rows of three spikelets each, such as in Hordeum, or of many flowered spikelets as in the Paniceae. Thus the facts reported here offer more support for the hypothesis on the importance of the modifier shift in evolution which seems to me a very efficient corollary to the mutation theory and helps to overcome at least one serious difficulty of the latter. Itis extremely difficult to believe that the accumulation and selection of disorderly chance mutations may cause an orderly evolution, Besides, the mutation theory is incompatible with such concepts as that of "inherent trends". But since the latter undoubtedly exist and since evolution is not disorderly, as shown by a very large number of comparative studies of larger taxonomical groups, an explanation for this orderliness must be found. I believ that the hypothesis of the modifier shift offers the necessary explanation, which is well in accordance whith experimental evidence, and with our concepts of physiological genetcs.