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This paper aims to analyze mortality among elderly residents in the city of Recife, Pernambuco State, Brazil, and its association with social deprivation (hardship) in the year 2000. An ecological study was performed, and 94 neighborhoods and 5 social strata were analyzed. The independent variable consisted of a composite social deprivation indicator, obtained for each neighborhood and calculated through a scoring technique based on census variables: water supply, sewage, illiteracy, and head-of-household's years of schooling and income. The dependent variables were: mortality rate in individuals > 60 years of age and cause-specific mortality rates. The association was calculated by means of the Pearson correlation coefficient, linear regression, and mortality odds between social deprivation strata formed by grouping of neighborhoods according to the indicator's quintiles. The data show a statistically significant positive correlation between social deprivation and mortality in the elderly from pneumonia, protein-energy malnutrition, tuberculosis, diarrhea/gastroenteritis, and traffic accidents, and a negative correlation with deaths from bronchopulmonary and breast cancers.

Objectives: The goal of this paper is to investigate mortality related to tuberculosis in the state of S o Paulo, southeastern Brazil, according to multiple causes of death and their interrelation with other underlying causes., Methods: The study investigated deaths related to tuberculosis that occurred in the state of S o Paulo in 1998. Data were obtained from the Fundação Sistema Estadual de Análise de Dados (State System for Data Analysis Foundation - SEADE) database. Causes of death by clinical forms of TB were coded in block A15-A19, and by its sequelae in category B90, according to the guidelines proposed by the Tenth Revision of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems. Tabulador de Causas Múltiplas (Multiple Cause Tabulator - TCM) software was used for processing associated causes of death. Statistical analysis included analysis of variance, Student's t -distribution, and chi-squared tests., Results: TB was the underlying cause of 1,644 deaths, a 4.6/100,000 population mortality rate. Main associated causes were respiratory failure (46,9%), pneumonias (16.5%), other specified symptoms and signs involving circulatory and respiratory systems (13.9%), cachexia (12.9%), diseases of the circulatory system (10.3%), conditions due to alcohol use (8.4%), septicemias (7.2%) and malnutrition (7.1%). Tuberculosis occurred as an associated cause in another 1,388 deaths. The mortality rate including TB as a both underlying and associated cause was 8.9/100,000 population, practically twice the classical rate. Deaths whose associated cause was reported as being TB had as underlying causes: AIDS (65.3%), diseases of the circulatory system (8.9%), neoplasms (7.5%), and diseases of the digestive system (4.8%). Clinical forms of nervous system and miliary TB were more frequent as a cause associated with AIDS than with other underlying causes (p<0,001)., Conclusions: Total reports of TB-related death practically doubled its mortality rate as an underlying cause. The increase in TB mortality was demonstrated to be influenced by the AIDS epidemic.

Violence is of major importance in the health profile of Brazilian metropolitan areas and should be treated as a public health problem. Spatial analysis methods can be highly useful for the surveillance and prevention of violence. This paper analyzes the spatial distribution of victims' place of residence in relation to the main causes of violent death in Porto Alegre (1996) in order to identify vulnerable areas. For motor vehicle accidents, homicides, and suicide, the victim's place of residence was pinpointed using the municipal Geographic Information System. The point patterns of health events and population density were analyzed using a Kernel smoother, visually compared. Some areas with higher concentration of events are similar to population distribution but differ from each other in the remaining high concentration areas, thus indicating specific micro-areas at risk. Areas of higher homicide risk are mainly located on the periphery of the more urbanized area, with worse socioeconomic conditions. Motor vehicle accidents are concentrated in areas that are simultaneously commercial and residential and are traversed by streets with heavy traffic. Suicide deaths are more evenly distributed over the territory. Identification of risk areas provides meaningful information for developing preventive and health promotion measures focusing on the events for which health policies may play a central role.

This paper describes the evolution of disease frequency statistics and techniques used to present them. Beginning in the 17th century were the first specific references to causes of death and proceeding practically until the mid-20th century as mortality statistics by causes, the instrument for a methodical description of diseases was classification of causes of death. From the latter half of the 20th century on, in addition to mortality statistics by cause, morbidity statistics became routine, with the adoption of disease classification and no longer only classification by cause of death. More recently, classification has been adapted to medical specialties, resulting in what has been termed "disease family classification", including classification of the consequences of diseases, with statistics on disability. Disease classification, both for mortality and morbidity, fostered the development of various types of epidemiological studies (both descriptive and analytical) that expanded knowledge on health.

The aim of this paper was to evaluate the accuracy of data on death certificates for occupation and main cause of death. Measure of agreement was assessed comparing data from death certificates with those from both medical records and next-of-kin interviews, analyzing information for 552 residents of Botucatu, Southeast Brazil, who died in 1997. Kappa coefficients of 0.31 (95% C.I. 0. 29-0.34) and 0.76 (95% C.I. 0.75-0.76) were obtained for data on occupation and main cause of death, coded by a Brazilian two-digit classification and the three-digit ICD-10 classification, respectively. One can conclude that, although quality of the main cause of death is acceptable for pilot studies, data on occupation taken only from death certificates is not accurate enough to be used in epidemiological research.

This paper discusses the problem of violence and its expression upon mortality due to external causes. A few indicators are offered, which have been worked upon it to emphasise the importance of the theme. In a general way, the study demonstrates violent death has had its magnitude increased along the years, not only throughout Latin America but also in Brazil and in Santa Catarina.

Copyright of Cadernos de Saude Publica is the property of Escola Nacional de Saude Publica Sergio Arouca and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Este artículo examina la incertidumbre presente en una de las mediciones más usada para análisis y toma de decisiones en salud pública. Adapta la medida de entropía de Shannon-Wiener para expresar la incertidumbre contenida en el conteo de las causas de muertes en las estadísticas vitales oficiales de Chile. A partir de los hallazgos, discute los requerimientos metrológicos en salud pública, tan importantes como las mediciones mismas. Considera y argumenta la existencia de una incertidumbre adicional, asociada con las propiedades performativas de las estadísticas. Tanto por la forma de estructurar los datos a la manera de una cierta sintaxis de lo real, como por las exclusiones de aquello que queda más allá de la modelación cuantitativa usada en cada caso. Mediante una aproximación a la herencia del pensamiento pragmático, y usando herramientas conceptuales de la sociología de la traducción, destaca que la incertidumbre puede contribuir en salud pública a un debate acerca de la vinculación entre técnica, democracia y la formación de un público.This paper addresses the issue of uncertainty in the measurements used in public health analysis and decision-making. The Shannon-Wiener entropy measure was adapted to express the uncertainty contained in counting causes of death in official vital statistics from Chile. Based on the findings, the authors conclude that metrological requirements in public health are as important as the measurements themselves. The study also considers and argues for the existence of uncertainty associated with the statistics' performative properties, both by the way the data are structured as a sort of syntax of reality and by exclusion of what remains beyond the quantitative modeling used in each case. Following the legacy of pragmatic thinking and using conceptual tools from the sociology of translation, the authors emphasize that by taking uncertainty into account, public health can contribute to a discussion on the relationship between technology, democracy, and formation of a participatory public.

OBJETIVO: Estudar a mortalidade relacionada à tuberculose no Estado de São Paulo segundo causas múltiplas de morte, e suas inter-relações com outras causas básicas. MÉTODOS: Foram estudados os óbitos ocorridos e no Estado de São Paulo, em 1998, tendo como causa a tuberculose. Os dados foram obtidos na Fundação Sistema Estadual de Análise de Dados (SEADE). As causas de morte pelas formas clínicas da tuberculose foram codificadas no agrupamento A15-A19 e suas seqüelas na categoria B90, segundo as disposições da Décima Revisão da Classificação Estatística Internacional de Doenças e Problemas Relacionados à Saúde. As causas associadas de morte foram processadas pelo Tabulador de Causas Múltiplas (TCM). Para análise estatística, foram usados o teste de variância, o teste t de Student e qui-quadrado. RESULTADOS: A tuberculose foi considerada a causa básica em 1.644 óbitos, correspondendo ao coeficiente de mortalidade de 4,6/100.000 habitantes. As principais causas associadas forami a insuficiência respiratória (46,9%), pneumonias (16,5%), outros sintomas e sinais especificados relativos aos aparelhos circulatório e respiratório (13,9%), caquexia (12,9%), doenças do sistema circulatório (10,3%), afecções devidas ao uso do álcool (8,4%), septicemias (7,2%) e desnutrição (7,1%). Como causa associada, a tuberculose ocorreu em outras 1.388 mortes. O coeficiente de mortalidade, incluindo a tuberculose como causa básica ou associada, foi de 8,9/100.000 habitantes, praticamente o dobro do valor do coeficiente clássico. As mortes em que a tuberculose foi mencionada como causa associada teve como principal causa básica a Aids (65,3%). As formas clínicas de tuberculose do sistema nervoso e miliar foram mais freqüentes como causas associadas de Aids que nos óbitos devido a outras causas básicas de morte (pOBJECTIVES: The goal of this paper is to investigate mortality related to tuberculosis in the state of São Paulo, southeastern Brazil, according to multiple causes of death and their interrelation with other underlying causes. METHODS: The study investigated deaths related to tuberculosis that occurred in the state of São Paulo in 1998. Data were obtained from the Fundação Sistema Estadual de Análise de Dados (State System for Data Analysis Foundation - SEADE) database. Causes of death by clinical forms of TB were coded in block A15-A19, and by its sequelae in category B90, according to the guidelines proposed by the Tenth Revision of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems. Tabulador de Causas Múltiplas (Multiple Cause Tabulator - TCM) software was used for processing associated causes of death. Statistical analysis included analysis of variance, Student's t -distribution, and chi-squared tests. RESULTS: TB was the underlying cause of 1,644 deaths, a 4.6/100,000 population mortality rate. Main associated causes were respiratory failure (46,9%), pneumonias (16.5%), other specified symptoms and signs involving circulatory and respiratory systems (13.9%), cachexia (12.9%), diseases of the circulatory system (10.3%), conditions due to alcohol use (8.4%), septicemias (7.2%) and malnutrition (7.1%). Tuberculosis occurred as an associated cause in another 1,388 deaths. The mortality rate including TB as a both underlying and associated cause was 8.9/100,000 population, practically twice the classical rate. Deaths whose associated cause was reported as being TB had as underlying causes: AIDS (65.3%), diseases of the circulatory system (8.9%), neoplasms (7.5%), and diseases of the digestive system (4.8%). Clinical forms of nervous system and miliary TB were more frequent as a cause associated with AIDS than with other underlying causes (p