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The present paper had the general objective of exposing and analyzing the context of the general averages of the National High School Examination (ENEM) by area of knowledge, through data collected from the website of the National Institute of Educational Studies and Research Anísio Teixeira (INEP), over 10 years (2009-2018). It presents a brief analysis of the trajectory of secondary education in Brazil, as well as the idealization, implementation and reformulation of ENEM and the way in which the evaluation of this exam occurs. We started from the quantitative approach using descriptive statistics as a method of analysis of the collected data and carried out an exploratory research about the survey of the following areas of knowledge, namely: Languages and Codes and their Technologies, Mathematics and their Technologies, Human Sciences and their Technologies and Natural Sciences and its Technologies. For the collection, we performed a critical analysis of the data, using the technological tool Microsoft Excel 2013, employing some descriptive measures through the arithmetic mean, variance and standard deviation. The data reveal a discreet movement in relation to the average grades in all areas of knowledge, with a noticeable gap in the four areas of knowledge between the minimum, average and maximum grades, which allows us to conclude that there is a data alignment, ie, little progress in education in quantitative terms during such period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the reflections and analysis of the work developed through the discipline of Supervised Internship II - School of Mathematics, Federal University of Rio Grande - FURG. The action was conducted with 30 students in a class of 1st year of high school in a public school education in the municipality of Rio Grande / RS in the second quarter of the academic year 2010, which underwent a different proposal from the current actions taken by their teachers, how to work through the creation of problem situations and the use of blogs to help any doubts arising from process. The text is a brief introduction to the action, context and process of integration in the school environment, the possibilities of using new tools for teaching mathematics, the teaching strategies adopted, the curriculum content and considerations work e the process of teaching and learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the importance of including string literature as an auxiliary tool in the teaching-learning process. This analysis has reference to the Parâmetros Curriculares Nacionais (National Curriculum Parameters) - PCN, a guidelines organized by the federal government to guide the pedagogical action in elementary and high Brazilian schools. From this perspective, we show how the inclusion of the string literature in classrooms allows the teacher to work on new skills and new knowledge close to the students, including the overcoming of linguistic and cultural prejudices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Resolution number 3 of the Câmara de Educação Básica (CEB)/Conselho Nacional de Educação (CNE), published in 1998, June 26 (BRASIL, 1998), which established the National Curriculum Guidelines for High School Education, emphasizes the interdisciplinarity, in its 8th Article. However, almost fourteen years later, the reality in most of our schools is the adoption of a merely disciplinary methodology, vis-à-vis the difficulty related to educational planning activities of this kind. In this paper, we present a proposal of an interdisciplinary experimental activity that addresses the concept of surface tension, connecting physicists and chemists. The idea is that students determine the alcohol content of "cachaça" and discuss the concepts of surface tension forces between equal molecules, similar and different. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with the professional technical education in Brazil and its interface with the high school level preliminary education, which prepares students for higher education (in Brazil called secondary, second degree or middle education). The study also analyzes its space in the Brazilian scenery, generally showing its relation with preliminary education since 1930, when the educational system was instated, to the current days. For that purpose, a survey was done both on the legislation concerning general education and the professional one, as well as the analysis rated by experts from that field. The survey shows that the professional technical education takes upon different forms and functions in the national scenery, according to the political phases, configuring itself as independent and distinctive from the preliminary education of high school level, sometimes sharing the function of preparation for the continuity of the studies and sometimes even taking over both possibilities. At the current context, the professional technical education has varied roles, i.e., it can take over the integrated model with the preliminary education of secondary level, regarding professional qualification functions and formation for the continuity of the studies. On the other hand, it can also accomplish itself at a distinct course, concomitant or sequentially, focusing on professional technical formation. It was verified the absence of the consensus about the outline of the professional technical education in the Brazilian educational legislation, even during a same government, developing models that are repeated independently of the management, which makes difficult the delimitation of the professional secondary education in the Brazilian educational system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, we discussed the reform of secondary education within Ceara State, northeastern Brazil. We saw that, starting in the 1990s, education policies have been characterized by the attempt to transform government actions into broad societal consensuses. In the process of data collection, specifically during the interviews with teachers regarding the reform, we detected a mismatch between what the reform consisted of and what teachers described as its main features. Teachers, through their reports, suggest the imposition of official agencies conditioning the school curriculum. The interviewees reveal the gap between the events in the classroom and the hegemonic discourse of the public sector. Thus, our paper discusses, on one hand, that the discourse of consensus, the clamor for reforms in society, has no support when taken within the walls of the school and into the classroom; on the other hand, that reforms are presented without the necessary elements for their implementation. Teachers establish a path between the norm and reality, a shortcut to the critique of public discourse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper is to discuss the relationship between academic training of Physics teachers in High School and some subjective variables. These variables are related to the concepts of Personal Efficacy Beliefs of Physics Teachers and the General Efficacy Beliefs in Physics Teaching, inspired by Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory (2005) and in theorizations by followers (WOOLFOLK; ROY, 1990; RIGGS; ENOCHS, 1990). The data were collected during the years 2006 and 2007 through a closed questions questionnaire applied to 136 teachers from public and private schools in Brazil. For data analysis we used a quantitative methodology, specifically the Kruskal-Wallis test, in an attempt to relate some factors that constitute the above mentioned beliefs and academic training of Physics teachers in High School. The results demonstrate the specific training of Physics teacher as a positive condition for the variables studied. In this sense, the academic training of the Physics teacher is highlighted as an important factor in offering a motivating teaching environment. This is a great challenge in our country, where we have a large deficit of graduates in this discipline (GOBARA; GARCIA, 2007). In parallel to the offer of appropriate training for Physics teachers, it is necessary to focus on providing conditions and incentives for these professionals to stay in the profession, especially in public schools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work we present an analysis on the types of question from the first ten tests of the Brazilian Olympics of Astronomy and Astronautics (OBA). This paper examines the formulation of unique answer questions in the Astronomy issues, trying to point out elements for the elaboration of questions based on the rationalization of the answers, i.e. the linking of knowledge and not the simple placement of data to be substituted in previously memorized equations. The questions were classified according to closed problems or unique answer questions criteria, which are the basic skills necessary for students to use the time to resolve them. The ways to get the right result, the questions were classified as: direct knowledge (type 1), calculation (type 2), reasoning and knowledge (type 3), understanding (type 4) and questions of Science technology and society (type 5). It is observed through the editions of OBA that the types of questions tend to appear in all level tests. In each level the type 3 and type 4 questions, claims the same percentage, however, there is a percentage reduction on type 1. The number of questions that use the simple memorization of responses in High School has decreased over time as well. For example, in the I OBA questions of simple memorization there was a 32.4% and 53.3% in II OBA, but in the test of the IX OBA the percentage was 10% and there is still a reduction of 2.9% from the IX to the X OBA. The classification and the detailed of the results are presented showing that the questions of OBA, wherever possible, have converged to more questions of the 3 and 4 types and less on questions of type 1. In the initial series of tests, the percentage of simple memorization questions, or type 1 decreased from 77.8% in VII OBA to 35.7% in the X OBA. The largest difference in percentage occurred in the 5th to 8th series (eight years scheme) or 6th to 9th series (9 years scheme) of Elementary School, where the percentage reduced from 35.7% to 5.6%, since the VII to the X OBA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The following paper presents a study about the student familiarity with analogue situations. In order to do this, it was determined to what extent analogue situations presented to students in teaching activities can be considered familiar as well as their justifications given to evaluate the familiarity. Then, firstly were used some questionnaires that were applied to 112 second and third grade students of four High Schools in Candelária, Nova Palma and Santa Maria in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. After that, some individual interviews with a sample of 06 students from one of the schools involved in the study was done. The answer analysis showed that: a) the students considered familiar just the situations effectively lived; b) some students created new analogies, comparing them to the ones already presented, just changing from student to student the analogy elaborated; c) the analogues that seem appropriated to scientists and teachers sometimes were not presented in the same way to the students, once they rejected them; d) the need for justifying the analogues familiarity enabled the students to explore their personal experiences in order to find out other analogues that could justify the first ones; e) the justifications to the familiarity came from different foundations while some students recurred to lived situations and/or professional experiences, others appeal to the knowledge classified in the school contents; f) the students showed scientific knowledge and information which were learned in and out of the school as well as they used these knowledge and informations to produce their answers; g) the analogues came from a conceptual topic of a specific scientific domain, always face the risk of being little familiar; h) in some regions, some analogue situations showed not familiar to students and familiar to others; i) the socio-cultural aspects from the region where the students live tend to condition the knowledge they use to demonstrate upon the analogues. Finally, it is suggested that teachers verify which analogues should be used in a given context. Besides that, it is advisable, during the analogy teaching, to give preference to analogues present in the students everyday life or suggested by them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]