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The present study investigated, through laboratory testing, the physical and mechanical properties of recycled paper used to produce tubes. To do so, we used six types of paper with a weight average of 400 g / m² and once the laboratory tests followed the procedures of the Technical Association of Pulp and Paper Industry. There was significant difference between the roles studied in terms of physical and mechanical characteristics, and the paper type A1 had, in general, the best results, justifying its high price in the market. The A3 has the highest density, the data relevant to industry tubes, since these are usually sold by weight. It is concluded that all of the studied papers are suitable for tube production, being used in accordance with the customer's demands, since the price of the paper is what determines, most of the time, the tube value.

Anadenanthera macrocarpa (Benth.) Brenan is a tree species belonging to the family Leguminosae- Mimosoideae which is popularly known as mimosa-black. It features characteristics of early successional, natural occurrence in Brazil and can form clusters almost homogeneous, with great potentialin the recovery of degraded areas. This study was conducted at the Center for Agricultural Sciences,University Federal of Alagoas state, aiming at the physical and morphological characterization of seeds, describing the various stages of post-seminal development, and to evaluate various conditions of temperature and substrate toperform the test germination. The seeds were manually extracted, then homogenized, where two samplesof 50 seeds were used to determine the initial moisture. Another sample, consisting of eightrepetitions of 100 seeds was used to measure the biometry and the number of seeds per fruit. Themorphological characterization and the seeds were immersed in distilled water to allow the cuts to the observed structure in microscopes. In the post-seminal study, it was observed the daily processes of seedling growth in rolledpaper filter and constant temperature of 30 °C. To assess the germination behavior,theconstant temperatures of 15 °C, 25 °C, 30 °C, 40 °C and 20-30 °C as well as the paper and the sand substrateswere tested and it was evaluated the percentage, the rate of germination, the relative frequencydistribution, and the testsconducted in a randomized design in factorial 5 x 2 (x substrate temperature) with four replicates of 25 seeds,and the averages compared by Duncan 5 % probability. The fruits of black angico show great variation in the seed number per fruit. The embryonic axis occupies part of the central region of the seed with axial andlinear positions. The germination is epigeal and the seedlings are fanerocotylar. The temperature determinesthe 30 °C and the filter paper substrate provided higher average percentage and germination rate.

The objective of this research was to evaluate the use of vermiculite as a substrate for the germination test of ‘barbatimão’ seeds and to establish what would be the best granulometry and the best moisture intensity to germinate ‘barbatimão’ seeds. Four replications of 50 seeds were previously scarified with H2SO4 for 60 minutes. Afterwards, the following germination substrates were evaluated: paper rolls moistened with water equivalent to 2.5 times the weight of the dry paper (control); micron, super thin, thin and average sized vermiculite moistened with 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 times the weight of the dry paper. The germination temperature was 30°C. The percentage of normal seedlings was obtained seven days after sowing (first count) and, then, weekly (up to 28 days). Average time and relative distribution of germination were calculated. It was concluded that the germination of ‘barbatimão’ seeds can be carried out with either fine vermiculite moistened with water equivalent to 2.0 times the weight of the dry paper or average sized substrate moistened with water equivalent to 0.5 to 2.0 times the weight of dry paper. These treatments resulted in higher and faster germination (21 days), similarly to the paper roll method.

A gabiroba de arbusto [Campomanesia pubescens (DC.) O. Berg. (Myrtaceae)], espécie nativa do Cerrado é considerada uma planta com potencial melífero, ornamental e medicinal. Com o objetivo de avaliar a influência de diferentes temperaturas, substratos e condições de luminosidade e da secagem, na qualidade fisiológica de suas sementes foram conduzidos dois experimentos. No primeiro utilizou-se sementes com 13% de teor de água, o qual foi realizado em delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial (4x3x2), composto por quatro temperaturas (15-25, 20-30°C alternadas, 25 e 30°C constantes), três substratos (sobre papel, entre areia e entre vermiculita) e duas condições de luminosidade (claro e escuro) e, o segundo com sementes recém extraídas dos frutos e secas superficialmente, contendo 35% de teor de água e após a secagem em estufa com ventilação forçada de ar a temperatura de 30°C por 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 260, 360, 750 e 810 minutos. Para a avaliação da qualidade fisiológica de sementes de gabiroba de arbusto, a semeadura sobre papel, no escuro e a 30°C possibilita uma melhor expressão do vigor. As sementes de gabiroba de arbusto são intolerantes a secagem, podendo ser classificadas como recalcitrantes.The gabiroba bush [Campomanesia pubescens (DC.) O. Berg. (Myrtaceae)], a native species of the Cerrado is considered a plant with melliferous, ornamental and medicinal potential. Aiming to evaluate the influence of abiotic factors on seed germination, two experiments were conducted. The first was conducted in a completely randomized design in a factorial design(4x3x2), composed of four temperatures (15-25, 20-30°C alternate, 25 and 30°C constant), 3 substrates (paper, sand and vermiculite) and two light conditions (light and dark). The second experiment aimed to evaluate the tolerance to desiccation of fresh seeds dried superficially, with 35% of water, by drying it in oven with forced ventilation of air at 30°C for 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 260, 360, 750 and 810 minutes. To evaluate the physiological quality of seeds gabiroba, shrub planting on paper, in the dark and 30°C, enables a better expression of the force. The seeds of bush gabiroba are intolerant to desiccation and can be classified as recalcitrant.

Hylocereus undatus (Haw.), popularmente conhecida como pitaia vermelha é uma cactácea para a qual se tem registrado um aumento de consumo nos últimos anos e, por ser ainda pouco explorada, vários aspectos referentes à sua propagação ainda são desconhecidos. Até o momento, não existem critérios para a execução de testes de germinação para sementes dessa espécie, publicados nas Regras para Análise de Sementes. Nesse sentido, objetivou-se com este trabalho adequar a metodologia quanto ao substrato, temperatura e tempo de contagem inicial e final para o teste de germinação. Foram testados quatro substratos (rolo de papel, areia, vermiculita e solo) e quatro temperaturas (20, 25, 30 e 20-30°C). O efeito dos substratos no desempenho germinativo das sementes foi avaliado pelo teste de germinação e de primeira contagem instalado com quatro subamostras de 50 sementes. Foram feitas contagens diárias do número de plântulas emergidas até atingirem a estabilidade e, no final do experimento, foram avaliados a porcentagem de germinação das sementes, considerando as plântulas normais, anormais e sementes mortas. Concluiu-se que o teste de germinação de sementes de pitaia vermelha deve ser realizado à temperatura constante de 25°C em rolo de papel, com contagens inicial e final aos cinco e dez dias após a semeadura, respectivamente.Hylocereus undatus (Haw.), popularly known as red pitaya is a cactus for which it has been registered an increase in consumption in recent years and, being as yet little explored, several aspects related to its propagation are still unknown. Yet, there are no criteria for the performance of germination tests for seeds of this species published in Rules for Seed Analysis. Accordingly, the objective of this research was to adapt the methodology to the substrate, temperature and time of initial and final count for the germination test. Four substrates were tested (rolled paper, sand, vermiculite and soil) and four temperatures (20, 25, 30 e 20-30°C).The effect of substrates on the seeds germination performance was evaluated by the germination test and first count installed with four replicates of 50 seeds. The number of seedlings was counted daily until they achieved stability. The percentage of seed germination was evaluated at the end of the experiment, considering the normal and abnormal seedlings and dead seeds. It was concluded that the germination test of red pitaya seeds must be performed at constant temperature of 25°C in rolled paper, with initial and final counts at five and ten days after sowing, respectively.

The term organizational slack is sometimes recognized as the excess resources in an organization. Since this term does not have a clear definition, it has accumulated over the years concepts of various authors through scientific publications. This study aims to examine the approaches to organizational slack in the context of research papers published in international scientific journals. To do so, a theoretical essay was performed based on international publications making reference to the term organizational slack. The antecedents of organizational slack, a total of 43 papers were analyzed according to the classification proposed by Sharfman et al. (1988), three levels of analysis: industry, organization and interest groups. The study results show that research on organizational slack have varied and evolving concepts and that the approaches to innovation and strategy are key points for research related to the topic, as they were the most found in the literature. However, the measurement of these types of resources slack is still an obscure point in the research developed. The studies of Cyert and March (1963), Bourgeois III (1981), Sharfman et al. (1988), Gulati and Nohria (1996) are branching out to other aspects of the organization. Though, it was concluded that research on definition of organizational slack and its relations with organizational environment aspects are evolving and signal further wider discussion in international scientific journals.O termo folga organizacional é reconhecido, algumas vezes, como o excesso de recursos empregados em uma organização. Como esse termo não tem uma definição propriamente dita, vem, ao longo dos anos, agregando conceitos de vários autores através de publicações científicas. Este estudo tem como objetivo analisar as abordagens sobre folga organizacional no contexto das pesquisas publicadas em periódicos científicos internacionais. Para tal, foi realizado um ensaio teórico considerando publicações em âmbito internacional, tendo como referência o termo folga organizacional. Os antecedentes de folga organizacional, num total de 43 artigos identificados, foram analisados segundo a classificação proposta por Sharfman et al. (1988), em três níveis de análise: indústria, organização e grupos de interesse. Os resultados do estudo mostram que as pesquisas sobre folga organizacional apresentam conceitos diversos e evolutivos e que as abordagens sobre inovação e estratégia são pontos-chave para as pesquisas relacionadas ao tema, pois foram as mais encontradas na literatura. Por outro lado, a mensuração desses tipos de folga de recursos ainda são pontos obscuros nas pesquisas desenvolvidas. Estudos como os de Cyert e March (1963), Bourgeois III (1981), Sharfman et al. (1988), Nohria e Gulati (1996) estão se ramificando para outros aspectos da organização. Assim conclui-se que pesquisas sobre definição de folga organizacional e de suas relações com aspectos do ambiente organizacional estão evoluindo e sinalizam discussões mais amplas em periódicos científicos internacionais.

Geoffroea striata M., commonly known as marizeiro in Brazil, is an important tree species, mainly because it is adapted to riparian forest conditions in semi-arid and associated ecosystems. The species occur in large areas of northeastern Brazil and in the São Francisco river valley, always restricted to seasonally flooded environments. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different types of packaging and storage periods, as well the influence of environments on the process of seed germination and vigor of Geoffroea striata. The experiment was carried out at the Laboratory of Plant Ecology - CCA//UFPB, following a completely randomized design. The seeds were distributed among two environments (natural conditions in the laboratory and cold room), packed in two types of packaging (paper bags and plastic bags) for five periods of storage: 0; 15; 30; 60 and 90 days. Water content, the emergence velocity index, dry weight and length of seedlings were evaluated. The data were submitted to a polynomial regression analysis. In plastic packaging and the environment of the cold room there was less reduction of viability and vigor during storage. Seeds packed in paper bags and stored in a laboratory rapidly lost viability and vigor, after 30 days of storage.

Geoffroea spinosa Jacq., commonly known as marizeiro in Brazil, is an important tree species, mainly because it is adapted to riparian forest conditions in semi-arid and associated ecosystems. The species occur in large areas of northeastern Brazil and in the São Francisco river valley, always restricted to seasonally flooded environments. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different types of packaging and storage periods, as well the influence of environments on the process of seed germination and vigor of Geoffroea spinosa. The experiment was carried out at the Laboratory of Plant Ecology - CCA/UFPB, following a completely randomized design. The seeds were distributed among two environments (natural conditions in the laboratory and cold room), packed in two types of packaging (paper bags and plastic bags) for five periods of storage: 0; 15; 30; 60 and 90 days. Water content, the emergence velocity index, dry weight and length of seedlings were evaluated. The data were submitted to a polynomial regression analysis. In plastic packaging and the environment of the cold room there was less reduction of viability and vigor during storage. Seeds packed in paper bags and stored in a laboratory rapidly lost viability and vigor, after 30 days of storage.

The objective of this research was to evaluate the use of vermiculite as a substrate for the germination test of 'barbatimão' seeds and to establish what would be the best granulometry and the best moisture intensity to germinate 'barbatimão' seeds. Four replications of 50 seeds were previously scarified with H2SO4 for 60 minutes. Afterwards, the following germination substrates were evaluated: paper rolls moistened with water equivalent to 2.5 times the weight of the dry paper (control); micron, super thin, thin and average sized vermiculite moistened with 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 times the weight of the dry paper. The germination temperature was 30°C. The percentage of normal seedlings was obtained seven days after sowing (first count) and, then, weekly (up to 28 days). Average time and relative distribution of germination were calculated. It was concluded that the germination of 'barbatimão' seeds can be carried out with either fine vermiculite moistened with water equivalent to 2.0 times the weight of the dry paper or average sized substrate moistened with water equivalent to 0.5 to 2.0 times the weight of dry paper. These treatments resulted in higher and faster germination (21 days), similarly to the paper roll method.

ABSTRACT: Most energy used to operate agricultural machines in the field is generated from fossil fuel combustion. The combustion process emits atmospheric pollutants, increasing the emission of greenhouse gases (GHGs). In this context, this review is to discuss technologies for mitigating diesel engine GHG emissions to advance sustainable development in the agricultural machinery sector. This paper presents strategies and technologies widely adopted by agricultural machinery manufacturers in controlling pollutant emissions during fuel combustion. The findings of this study encompass sustainable alternative technologies, such as selective catalytic reduction, exhaust gas recirculation, diesel particulate filter, and fuels. This study helps reveal the environmental impact of agricultural field operations that generate GHG emissions.

American company Chrysler Corporation due to differences in the organizational cultures involved or due to a so-called ‘clash of culture'. What happens when two successful car producers with different know-how and a different knowledge background, different work processes, different product portfolios and last but not least, completely different corporate cultures decide to merge? Daimler-Benz and Chrysler wanted to strengthen their position during economically difficult times for the car industry by juggling the crisis together and they hoped to be able to combine their strengths. Therefore the two companies decided to fuse in 1998. But not even ten years later Daimler-Benz once again sold all its shares of the Chrysler division. The dream to become the third biggest car producer of the world, behind General Motors and Ford, burst. The expected and wished for synergy effects stayed out. Instead of gaining competitive advantage over their competitors, the merger rushed the two car producers ever deeper into the crisis and did not provide the companies with the necessary tools to overcome the recession. The presented paper deals with the failed merger of the German company Daimler-Benz with the U.S. American company Chrysler Corporation due to differences in the organizational cultures involved or due to a so-called ‘clash of culture'.American company Chrysler Corporation due to differences in the organizational cultures involved or due to a so-called ‘clash of culture’. What happens when two successful car producers with different know-how and a different knowledge background, different work processes, different product portfolios and last but not least, completely different corporate cultures decide to merge? Daimler-Benz and Chrysler wanted to strengthen their position during economically difficult times for the car industry by juggling the crisis together and they hoped to be able to combine their strengths. Therefore the two companies decided to fuse in 1998. But not even ten years later Daimler-Benz once again sold all its shares of the Chrysler division. The dream to become the third biggest car producer of the world, behind General Motors and Ford, burst. The expected and wished for synergy effects stayed out. Instead of gaining competitive advantage over their competitors, the merger rushed the two car producers ever deeper into the crisis and did not provide the companies with the necessary tools to overcome the recession. The presented paper deals with the failed merger of the German company Daimler-Benz with the U.S. American company Chrysler Corporation due to differences in the organizational cultures involved or due to a so-called ‘clash of culture’.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a influência dos fatores embalagem e tempo na alteração da cor e degradação da clorofila, durante armazenamento de erva-mate tipo chimarrão em condições ambientais. Amostras de erva-mate, acondicionadas em embalagem de papel ou laminada, foram colocadas em câmara de armazenagem e analisadas em sete períodos, totalizando 12 semanas. Foram determinadas a concentração de clorofila (a, b e total), cor instrumental (CIELAB), umidade e atividade de água. Verificou-se degradação dos pigmentos clorofílicos nas amostras em embalagem laminada (redução de 59,5% na concentração de clorofila a e de 28,0% na de clorofila b) e resultados controversos para as amostras em embalagem de papel, os quais provavelmente tiveram interferência da reação de Maillard. As alterações de cor durante o período de armazenamento foram: redução no valor de L* para a erva-mate acondicionada em embalagem de papel (de 49,3 para 48,1) e aumento de L* para o produto em embalagem laminada (de 49,3 para 51,5); redução de -a* e redução de b* para o produto de ambas as embalagens, papel (a*=de -13,2 para -5,9; b*=de 29,3 para 28,5) e laminada (a*=de -13,3 para -7,0; b*=de 29,5 para 24,9). Concluiu-se que o tempo de armazenagem e o tipo de embalagem influenciaram significativamente (PThe aim of this research was to evaluate the influence of packaging and time factors in color change and degradation of chlorophyll during storage of mate, mate type, in environmental conditions. Samples of mate, packaged in laminated flexible film or paper, were placed in a storage chamber, and analyzed at seven periods, during 12 weeks. Chlorophyll (a, b and total), instrumental color (CIELAB), moisture and water activity were determined. In the analysis of chlorophyllian pigments, it was verified their degradation in the samples packaged in laminated film (a reduction of 59.5% in chlorophyll a and 28.0% in chlorophyll b), and controversial results were found in the samples on paper package. This result probably suffered the interference of Maillard reaction. The mate color changes during storage were: L* reduction in the samples on paper package (from 49.3 to 48.1) and L* increase in the samples on laminated package (from 49.3 to 51.5); -a* reduction and b* reduction in the product on both packages, paper (a*=from -13.2 to -5.9; b*=from 29.3 to 28.5) and laminated film (a*=from -13.3 to -7.0; b*=from 29.5 to 24.9). It was concluded that the storage time and the kind of package significantly influenced (P

The efficiency of oxygen delignification is very low for pulps of low number kappa and with high concentrations of hexenuronic acids, therefore the oxygen does not react with these acids, so being minimum the elimination of these during the oxygen delignification (pre-O2) in simple or double stage. In this study, the physicalmechanical properties of pulp of kappa number 17 and 14, produced with modified cooks and with the application of AD(EO)D techniques for pulp of kappa 17 and DHT(EPO)DP for pulp of kappa 14 for the bleaching up to 90% ISO, had been investigated. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the physicalmechanical properties in pulps submitted to the bleaching sequences without oxygen in the beginning of the sequence. As references, cooks had been carried until numbers kappa 17 and 14, oxygen delignification and conventional bleaching for sequences A/D(EO)D for pulp of kappa 17 and DHT(EPO)DP for pulp of kappa 14. The alternative bleaching, without pre-O2, resulted in bleached pulps with bigger integrity that of the reference, what it was confirmed by the values significantly higher of bulk, tear index, opacity and air resistance of the pulp weakly refined (for tissue papers). However, the high integrity of the fibers from pulps bleached with alternative processes lowered their conformabilities and collapsibility, with consequent reduction of tensile index of the pulp weakly refined. Therefore, with more intensive beating (for printing and writing papers), the tensile index was recovered. The high integrity of the bleaching pulps without pre-O2 makes beating difficulty. To reach the draining degree of 35°SR with the pulps proceeding from alternative processes of bleaching, it was necessary to apply 30% more energy than the reference.

O aumento da demanda pela avaliação da qualidade da estrutura do solo para o adequado crescimento de plantas tem motivado pesquisadores a desenvolverem técnicas visuais de avaliação, a campo, simples e confiáveis para esse fim. No Brasil, um número reduzido de estudos foi realizado empregando métodos visuais de diagnóstico do estado estrutural de solos no campo. Esse trabalho testou a hipótese de que o método de Avaliação Visual da Qualidade da Estrutura do Solo desenvolvido por BALL et al. (2007) para solos de clima temperado pode ser aplicado na identificação de campo da qualidade estrutural de um Latossolo Vermelho Distroférrico sob diferentes sistemas de uso e manejo. Para isso, foram avaliadas amostras indeformadas coletadas de mata preservada (M), sistema de integração lavoura-pecuária (ILP) e sistema plantio direto (SPD). A avaliação da estrutura apoiou-se na aparência, na resistência e nas características das unidades estruturais de blocos de solo e foi definida por cinco escores visuais de classificação de qualidade. O método empregado permitiu distinguir a qualidade do solo de diferentes sistemas de uso e manejo a partir da avaliação da estrutura da camada estudada.The increasing demand for assessing soil structure for crop growth has motivated researchers to develop simple and reliable visual indicators to assess soil structure at the field. There are a few records in Brazil indicating the use of visual techniques for assessing soil physical quality. This paper tested the hypothesis that the Visual Soil Structure Quality Assessment methodology developed by BALL et al. (2007) is reliable for identifying the structural quality of tropical and subtropical soils under different soil management systems. Therefore, the overall objective of this paper was to visually identify the structural quality of an Oxisol under forest, crop-livestock rotation and no-till system. The structure evaluation was based on appearance, strength and characteristics of structural units from soil blocks, and was defined by five visual scores from the classification quality. The method allows distinguishing soil quality of the different soil use and management systems from the evaluation of the layer sampled.

The objective of this work was to set the adequate amount of sample matter, the substrate type and the ideal temperature to perform the germination test of Eucalyptus dunnii in laboratory. Seeds, from Telêmaco Borba, PR, were purchased at Klabin Paraná Papéis. Two experiments were performed in the Seed Improvement Laboratory of the Pontific Catholic University of Parana (PUCPR). The first experiment was performed to determine the ideal amount of sample matter for the germination test. It had five treatments and four replications. The five treatments were different sample matters (365, 730, 1.095, 1.460 and 1.825 mg) from the lot, which corresponded to 50, 100, 150, 200 and 250 mg of pure seeds. The number of germinated seeds per gram of the samples was evaluated after 14 days. In the second experiment, the influence of paper, sand and vermiculite substrates and temperature (20, 25 or 30ºC) on seed germination was verified. Percent germination (%), average germination time (days), average germination speed (day-1), index of germination speed and entropy (bits) were analyzed. It was concluded that seed germination of Eucalyptus dunnii may be performed with sample matter equivalent to 50 mg of pure seeds. Sand or paper must be used for the germination test. A better performance of the Eucalyptus dunni seed population was observed at 20 ºC.

Os objetivos deste trabalho foram avaliar o suprimento hídrico fornecido por diferentes substratos alternativos e analisar sua eficiência na sanidade e na germinação in vitro de sementes de Pinus taeda L. Sementes foram inoculadas em papel filtro, algodão hidrófilo e meio ágar-água. Foi avaliada a absorção de água pelas sementes por três, seis, nove, 24, 48 e 72 horas. Posteriormente, aos 21 dias de cultivo, foi determinada a contaminação por microrganismos. A absorção de água, com base no aumento percentual que ocorreu na massa das sementes, foi superior em papel filtro e algodão hidrófilo. Os melhores percentuais de germinação foram obtidos com papel filtro e ágar-água. Contudo, este último apresentou as maiores taxas de contaminação. Devido à perda de água no substrato papel filtro no decorrer do tempo, recomenda-se o uso de algodão hidrófilo em função dos baixos índices de contaminação observados.The aim of this study was to assess the water supply provided by different alternative substrates as well as to analyze its efficiency in the sanity and in the in vitro germination of Pinus taeda L. seeds. The seeds were inoculated in filter paper, hydrophile cotton and agar-water medium. Water absorption by seeds was assessed for 3, 6, 9, 24, 48 and 72h and, later, at 21 days of cultivation and contamination by microorganisms was determined. Water absorption, based on the percentage increase which occurred in the weight of seeds, was higher in filter paper and hydrophile cotton. The best germination rates were obtained with filter paper and agar-water. However, agar-water presented the highest contamination rates. Due to water loss in the substrate filter-paper during cultivation, it is suggested the use of cotton because of the low contamination rates observed.

Tabebuia aurea is a native arboreal species that can be used in recomposition programs of degradated areas, as ornamental plant and for production of wood of quality. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of the temperature and substrate on seed germination and initial growth of T. aurea seedlings. The experiment was developed in a completely randomized design in factorial scheme 5 x 5 with temperatures of 25, 30, 35, 20-30 and 20-35ºC; and substrates: paper towels, and into sand, vermiculite, coconut fiber and Tropstrato®, with four replications of 25 seeds each. The following parameters were also analyzed: germination, first germination count, germination speed index, average time of germination, length and dry weight matter of the shoot and the root. The temperatures and substrates influenced the analyzed parameters, except for the final percentage of germination, which varied from 84 to 94%. The optimal temperatures for germination were 30 and 35ºC. The substrates paper towels roll and sand can be recommended to evaluate the physiological quality of T.aurea seeds.

The objective of this work was to set the adequate amount of sample matter, the substrate type and the ideal temperature to perform the germination test of Eucalyptus dunnii in laboratory. Seeds, from Telêmaco Borba, PR, were purchased at Klabin Paraná Papéis. Two experiments were performed in the Seed Improvement Laboratory of the Pontific Catholic University of Parana (PUCPR). The first experiment was performed to determine the ideal amount of sample matter for the germination test. It had five treatments and four replications. The five treatments were different sample matters (365, 730, 1.095, 1.460 and 1.825 mg) from the lot, which corresponded to 50, 100, 150, 200 and 250 mg of pure seeds. The number of germinated seeds per gram of the samples was evaluated after 14 days. In the second experiment, the influence of paper, sand and vermiculite substrates and temperature (20, 25 or 30ºC) on seed germination was verified. Percent germination (%), average germination time (days), average germination speed (day-1), index of germination speed and entropy (bits) were analyzed. It was concluded that seed germination of Eucalyptus dunnii may be performed with sample matter equivalent to 50 mg of pure seeds. Sand or paper must be used for the germination test. A better performance of the Eucalyptus dunni seed population was observed at 20 ºC.

The Information System (IS) field is searching for its consolidation to become a reference subject, in order to that it is necessary a scientific rigor of the researches. Consequently, the interests in the analyses of the methodological rigor of the national and international studies of this field are growing. In this way, the aim of this paper is to present a survey of the methodologies and strategies used in publications of the Information Administration thematic area – Information System of the Socio cultural impacts of the ENANPAD, from 2003 to 2007. In order to get the proposed aim, the descriptive method (a bibliographic research) was adopted in this study. Through the analysis of 52 papers of the area, the predominance of the empirical studies (92%) were found in comparison to theory ones (8%). Furthermore, the qualitative approach represented the preference of the researchers in 50%, and the case study was the most used way of research. In relation to the nature, the descriptive and exploratory researches had the most relevant percentages, and the questionnaire was the instrument of data collect preferentially adopted. It was verified that just few studies had used multimethods in their surveys and that they go deep and complement the study.

A pata-de-vaca (Bauhinia divaricata) é uma espécie arbórea, amplamente distribuída no Brasil, de alto valor ornamental e econômico. Sua propagação ocorre por meio de sementes, cuja germinação tem sido pouco investigada. Dessa forma, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo definir o tipo de substrato e a temperatura mais adequados para avaliar a germinação e o vigor de sementes de Bauhinia divaricata. O experimento foi realizado no Laboratório de Análise de Sementes do CCA-UFPB, em Areia-PB, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com os tratamentos distribuídos em esquema fatorial 3 x 5, com os fatores temperaturas constantes de 25 e 30°C e alternada 20-30°C e substratos entre papel, sobre papel, rolo de papel, entre areia e entre vermiculita, em quatro repetições de 25 sementes, em câmaras tipo BOD, com fotoperíodo de oito horas. Foram analisadas as seguintes variáveis: porcentagem de germinação, primeira contagem e índice de velocidade de germinação e massa seca de plântulas. Concluiu-se que a temperatura de 25°C, juntamente com os substratos entre papel, sobre papel e rolo de papel, é adequada para condução de testes de germinação e vigor com sementes de Bauhinia divaricata. O substrato areia nas três temperaturas (20-30, 25 e 30°C) foi responsável pelas menores porcentagens de germinação e níveis de vigor das sementes.The Bauhinia divaricata is an arboreal species with high ornamental and economical value and distributed throughout Brazil. It is propagated by seeds, from which germination needs more investigation. So, this study was carried out at the Seed Analysis Laboratory pertaining to CCA-UFPB - Areia, in BOD-type chambers with 8h photoperiod in order to determine the most adequate substratum and temperature for evaluating the germination and vigor of the Bauhinia divaricata seeds. The entirely randomized experimental design in the factorial scheme 3 x 5 was used. The factors were constituted by constant temperatures of 25 and 30°C and alternate 20-30°C, as well as substrata between paper, on paper, paper roll, among sand and among vermiculite, in four replicates of 25 seeds. The following variables were analyzed: percent germination, first counting, germination index and dry matter of the plantlets. The 25°C temperature and the substrata between paper, on paper and paper roll showed to be adequate to the test for germination and vigor of the Bauhinia divaricata seeds. The lowest germination percentages and the seed vigor levels occurred in the sand substratum at three temperatures (20-30, 25 and 30°C).

Tabebuia aurea is a native arboreal species that can be used in recomposition programs of degradated areas, as ornamental plant and for production of wood of quality. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of the temperature and substrate on seed germination and initial growth of T. aurea seedlings. The experiment was developed in a completely randomized design in factorial scheme 5 x 5 with temperatures of 25, 30, 35, 20-30 and 20-35ºC; and substrates: paper towels, and into sand, vermiculite, coconut fiber and Tropstrato®, with four replications of 25 seeds each. The following parameters were also analyzed: germination, first germination count, germination speed index, average time of germination, length and dry weight matter of the shoot and the root. The temperatures and substrates influenced the analyzed parameters, except for the final percentage of germination, which varied from 84 to 94%. The optimal temperatures for germination were 30 and 35ºC. The substrates paper towels roll and sand can be recommended to evaluate the physiological quality of T.aurea seeds.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate basic density, chemical composition and fiber dimensions of ten Eucalyptus sp wood samples and to verify the impact of this set of parameters and their combination on the Kraft pulping process yield and on bleached pulp quality. Ten eucalypt woods of different species, with basic densities varying from 365 to 544 kg/m³ and total wood carbohydrate contents varying from 70.0 to 74.5%, were transformed into kraft pulp of kappa number 15,5-16,7 and bleached to 90% ISO brightness by the sequence OD(PO)D. Wood basic density showed stronger correlations with fiber dimensions and pulp quality than did chemical composition. However, pulping yield was strongly affected by chemical composition. Lighter woods resulted in higher pulping yields. However, wood specific consumption was lower for denser woods, even though these demanded more drastic pulping conditions to achieve a given kappa number. The pulp quality results suggest that lower density woods should be directed towards fabrication of refined paper (printing and writing grades) while the denser woods should be directed to the sanitary papers segment (tissue grades).

Este trabalho teve como objetivos verificar se o ensacamento e a retirada das embalagens em diferentes épocas afetam a qualidade dos frutos de diferentes genótipos de macieira. O estudo foi conduzido em pomar orgânico de maçãs, na Epagri/Estação Experimental de Caçador, SC, durante a safra 2005/06, com as cultivares "Fuji Suprema" e "Royal Gala" e com as seleções M-11/00, M-13/00 e MR-11/90. Utilizou-se o delineamento completamente ao acaso, composto por cinco repetições, sendo que cada planta constituiu uma repetição, e desta ensacaram-se todos os frutos. Os tratamentos foram compostos por três épocas de retirada das embalagens (15 e sete dias antes da colheita e na colheita); dois tipos de embalagens (saco de papel manteiga parafinado branco e saco de polipropileno microperfurado transparente); e o controle (frutos não ensacados). Avaliaram-se diâmetro, peso, maturação através da cor de fundo, russeting e queimadura pelo sol. Verificou-se que o ensacamento pode influenciar o tamanho e o peso de frutos em relação aos frutos não ensacados. O tipo de embalagem e o maior tempo de permanência destas nos frutos podem afetar a maturação. Não houve nenhum efeito do ensacamento ou do tipo e época de embalagem sobre a incidência de "russeting". A embalagem de polipropileno microperfurado transparente propiciou em "Fuji Suprema", "Royal Gala" e "MR-11/90" mais queimaduras de frutos em relação à embalagem de papel manteiga parafinado e ao tratamento controle.This study is aimed at evaluating the effect of unbagging during different periods on the quality of the fruits of apple genotypes. The study was carried out in an organic apple orchard, at Epagri/Caçador Experimental Station, SC, during the 2005/06 season, with cv. ‘Fuji Suprema’ and ‘Royal Gala’ and the selections M-11/00, M-13/00 and MR-11/90. The experiment was conducted under completely randomized block design with five repetitions, and each plant constituted a repetition. All the fruits of each repetition were bagged. The treatments were composed by three different periods of unbagging (15 and seven days before harvest and at harvest); two different bag materials (paraffinated butter white paper bags and transparent polypropylene microperfurated bags); and the control (unbagged fruits). They were evaluated in size, weight, maturation through the ground color, russeting and burning by the sun. It was verified that the bagging can influence the size and the weight of the fruits in relation to the unbagged fruits (control). The type of the packing and the longest time of permanence of these packings in the fruits can affect the maturation. It was not observed any effect of the bagging or of the type of the packing and the packing time on the russeting. The transparent polypropylene microperfurated bag propiated in some genotypes more burns of fruits in relation to paraffinated butter white paper bag and the treatment control.

A curva de retenção de água no solo é construída usando-se várias estratégias e metodologias. Para baixas tensões, o uso de "mesa de tensão" tem predominado, apesar de alguns modelos apresentarem restrições (desvantagens e limitações). Este artigo apresenta protótipos e testa o uso de coluna de areia para medir a retenção de água no solo nas tensões de 0 a 100hPa. Um primeiro teste foi realizado em coluna de areia num tubo de PVC com 0,25m de diâmetro e 1,2m de altura, com dispositivos de controle do nível da água e instrumentada com tensiômetros desde a superfície até 1 m, espaçados de 0,1m. A coluna foi saturada e drenada até dada profundidade de lençol freático. A distribuição do potencial total na coluna e a variação da tensão na superfície da coluna da areia indicam que, após o equilíbrio hidrostático, a profundidade do lençol freático regula toda a distribuição do potencial total e que a tensão da água na superfície é igual à profundidade do lençol freático. Colunas de areia (baixo e alto custo) para determinar a retenção de água de amostras de solo foram montadas e testadas. Na superfície da camada de areia, foram acomodados cilindros com amostra saturada com tensiômetro inserido dentro delas, sobre papel de filtro e diretamente sobre o leito da areia. O tensiômetro da superfície da areia e o de dentro da amostra do solo indicaram que a tensão desejada é atingida após 8 a 12 horas, tanto na superfície da areia com na amostra de solo.Soil water retention curve (SWRC) has been built using several strategies and methodologies. For low tension the use of tension tables has predominated. This paper presents prototypes and test the use of sand suction columns to measure soil water retention from 0 to 100hPa tension. An initial test was set up in a sand column instrumented with tensiometers every 0.1m from top to 1.0m depth. The column was set in a plastic tube 0.25m diameter with devices to have water inlet and to allow water table level. The column was filled with sieved sand, saturated and drained till a given water table depth. The total water potential distribution inside of column and water tension variation at sand surface indicated that, after hydrostatic equilibrium, the depth of water table regulates the potential distribution and the water tension at sand surface is equal to depth of water table. Sand column models (low and high cost) were set up and tested. In these columns a tensiometer was installed at sand surface and saturated soil samples in cylinders with tensiometers inside were set on top of sand and on top of filter paper laid on sand. Tensiometers located at sand surface and inside of soil samples indicated that tension targets were achieved from 8 to 12 hours at both, sand surface or inside of soil samples.

ABSTRACT: The improvement of agricultural TFP is critical to promoting the high-quality development of agriculture. This paper described and identified the spatiotemporal differentiation characteristics and spatial correlation of China’s agricultural TFP in 283 prefecture-level cities from 2001 to 2018 using the Metafroniter-Malmquist and Moran index. The results showed that: (1) From 2001 to 2018, China’s agricultural TFP was 6.64%, and its growth was mainly driven by agricultural technological progress. The contribution of agricultural technological efficiency was small. The growth law showed an “inverted U-shaped” growth trend of first rising and then falling. (2) China’s agricultural TFP has significant characteristics of regional unbalanced growth. (3) The growth rate of agricultural TFP in most prefecture-level cities is medium and slow, and most prefecture-level cities relied on agricultural technological progress to promote growth. (4) The agricultural TFP of various cities showed a significant spatial correlation phenomenon of “high-high” or “low-low.” This study has significant theoretical and practical value for maintaining the stable growth of China’s agricultural TFP and promoting the high-quality development of China’s agriculture.

ABSTRACT: Rural depopulation is an inevitable trend due to urbanization and industrial development, and it is a common phenomenon in industrialized countries. The classic theory of induced technological innovation proposed by HAYAMI & RUTTAN (1971) explains the change in agricultural technology during the process of rural depopulation. This paper tests the Hayami-Ruttan induced technological innovation theory from the perspective of agricultural technology choice in the process of rural depopulation. We sort out the influence mechanism of rural depopulation on the choice of agricultural technology from four aspects, namely, factor substitution effect, demand scale effect, conditional bottleneck effect, and agricultural comparative benefit. Using the difference between the rural registered population and the permanent population, we comprehensively compiled the data on the net outflow rate of the rural population from 2005 to 2018 in 313 prefecture-level cities, and reach conclusions through panel regression. The results showed that rural depopulation is not necessarily conducive to labor-saving technological choices, but is conducive to the land-saving technological choice. However, rural depopulation promotes labor-saving technological choices when the population reaches a certain level. The conclusion is not completely consistent with the theory of Hayami-Ruttan, it reflects an idiographic feature of the Chinese environment.

A hidratação é o fator externo mais importante na germinação de sementes. Para simular as condições complexas do solo, soluções com diferentes potenciais osmóticos têm sido usadas para umedecer os substratos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos do estresse hídrico e salino sobre a germinação e o vigor de sementes de feijão. Sementes da cultivar IAPAR 44 foram colocadas a germinar em papel-toalha embebido em soluções de polietileno glicol (PEG) 6000 e cloreto de sódio (NaCl) nos potenciais osmóticos zero; -0,05; -0,10; -0,15; -0,20; -0,25 e -0,30 MPa. O desempenho das sementes foi avaliado por meio do teste de germinação, primeira contagem da germinação, comprimento e matéria seca de plântulas. Concluiu-se que a redução do potencial osmótico, induzido por PEG 6000 ou NaCl, reduz o vigor e, a partir de -0,20 MPa, reduz a germinação de sementes de feijão. O PEG 6000 produz efeitos adversos mais drásticos do que o NaCl na qualidade fisiológica das sementes.Hydration is the most important external factor for seed germination. To simulate the complex soil conditions solutions with different osmotic potentials have been used to soak substrata. The objective of this paper was to evaluate the effects of hydric and saline stress to germination and strength of bean seeds. Seeds of the cultivar IAPAR were germinated in towel-paper soaked in PEG 6000 and NaCl solutions in the zero osmotic potentials; -0.05; -0.10; -0.15; -0.20; -0.25 and 0.30 MPa. Seed performance was evaluated through the germination test, first count of germination, length, and dry seedling weight. In conclusion, osmotic potential reduction, induced by Polyethylene glicol (PEG) 6000 or Sodium chlorine (NaCl), reduces the strength and, from -0.20 to -0.30 MPa, the germination of bean seeds. The PEG 6000 produces more severe and adverse effects than the NaCl in the physiologic quality of been seeds.

In this work, there were analyzed the properties of particleboards produced with two types of recycled paper (newspaper and offset) and slash pine wood particles (Pinus elliottii Engelm.). The paper was introduced into the mattress in two forms: strands and after hammer milling, in different proportions: 0, 20, 40, 60 and 100% of ovendry weight of the particles. The adhesive used was 10% tannin-formaldehyde (100:10 parts by weight). The experiment was set according to a factorial model, with three replications. The tests were conducted following ASTM D1037 (1995). Boards produced both with offset and newspaper strand inclusions showed tendency to blow at press opening. The inclusion of paper caused decrease in the properties, in such degree that boards did not meet commerce standards DIN 68761 (1)-1961, (3)-1971 and ANSI A 208.1 (1987). Water absorption after 24 hours, internal bond and screw whitdraw were the properties most affected. In general, the use of newspaper was more encouraging than offset paper.

Os experimentos envolvendo o uso de acaricidas sintéticos ou naturais, geralmente necessitam da utilização de um solvente. Com a finalidade de verificar a sensibilidade do carrapato bovino Boophilus microplus a diferentes solventes, larvas e fêmeas ingurgitadas deste ectoparasito foram expostas a sete solventes em cinco diferentes concentrações, na ausência e presença de azeite de oliva. Os resultados mostraram que a utilização do azeite de oliva não produz resultados diferentes estatisticamente em testes de larvas com papel impregnado, fato não verificado em testes de imersão de adultos com compostos hidrofílicos. A mortalidade média causada pelos solventes foi menor nos testes com papel impregnado, aumentando nos testes de imersão de larvas e de adultos. Solventes de baixo peso molecular e pouca viscosidade como o álcool metílico e o álcool etílico, não interferiram na mortalidade média em testes biológicos de B. microplus, principalmente em concentrações inferiores a 76%.Experiments carried out with synthetic or natural acaricides usually use a solvent. To investigate the sensitivity of Boophilus microplus cattle tick to different solvents, larvae and engorged female were subjected to seven solvents in five different concentrations. It was done in the presence and absence of olive oil. The results showed that the utilization of olive oil doesn't produce different statistical results in impregnated paper larvae test. It did not happen in adults immersion test with hydrophilic compounds. The mean mortality caused by solvents was small in impregnated paper larvae test, increasing in immersion tests of larvae and adults. Solvents with low molecular weight and viscosity like ethyl alcohol and methyl alcohol did not cause interference in the mortality of B. microplus in biological tests, mainly in concentrations below 76%.

In this work, gypsum bonded particleboards were manufactured using recycled paper (newspaper and offset) and pine wood particles. In all treatments the ratio wood/gypsum was kept in 0.25 (ovendry base) and two water content (w) were employed: 0.4 and 0.8, corresponding to the water/gypsum ratio. The boards were cold pressed in laboratory in a process similar to the conventional particlebo ard fabrication. Then, they were tested in static bending, hardness, screw withdrawal and thickness swelling. In general, the addition of fibers improved the board properties. Significant differences were found for some of the treatments for static bending strength, hardness and screw withdrawal, while the inclusion of paper recycled fibers with w = 0,4 did not show differences for water absorption and thickness swelling, when compared to conventional gypsum boards. The best results were obtained when newspaper type recyclable fibers were introduced, with w = 0,4.

O trabalho foi conduzido no Laboratório Didático e de Pesquisas em Sementes da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito da temperatura e da luz sobre a germinação e vigor das plântulas de alface. Foram utilizados os cultivares Elisa, Regina e Rainha de Maio e submetidos aos tratamentos de temperatura a 20; 25; 30; 35°C e 20-30°C, estabelecendo um experimento bifatorial (3x5), conduzido na presença e ausência de luz. Utilizou-se o substrato sobre papel em caixas plásticas de germinação, sob o delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições de 100 sementes por tratamento. Na presença de luz as sementes foram colocadas em germinador no qual se efetuou o controle fotoperiódico de 8 horas de luz e 16 horas de escuro, para cada dia. Na ausência de luz as sementes foram semeadas e mantidas no escuro, durante todo o teste, cobrindo-se as caixas plásticas de germinação com papel alumínio. As avaliações de tamanho de plântula e primeira contagem de germinação foram efetuadas no quarto dia, e a percentagem final de germinação no sétimo dia. Observou-se que, na ausência de luz, quanto menor a temperatura utilizada maiores foram a germinação e o vigor (determinado pela primeira contagem de germinação). Quando testados com luz, verificou-se, para os cultivares Elisa e Regina, que a germinação e os maiores tamanhos de plântulas não variam com as diferentes temperaturas, exceto para 35ºC, que se mostrou desaconselhável para as sementes de alface, por impedir a germinaç ão. Conclui-se que existe influência do genótipo sobre a qualidade fisioló gica das sementes. A luz é um fator limitante na germinação. Para os cultivares Elisa, Regina e Rainha de Maio, a melhor temperatura, dentre as estudadas, é de 20°C. Na presença de luz, a germinação e o desenvolvimento inicial ocorrem numa faixa ampla de temperatura (20°C a 30°C). A temperatura de 35°C induz à dormência secundária das sementes de alface.The experiment on the different types of lettuce seeds, and the effects of light and temperature occured in the Didactic Laboratory of Researches in Seeds, of Santa Maria Federal University, Brazil. Elisa, Regina and Rainha de Maio, were selected and tested under the tempreatures of 20°C; 25°C; 30°C; 35°C; 20-30°C, for establish a bifactorial experiment separately conducted, with and without light. The substratum was used on paper in gerbox, with four repetitions of 100 seeds for treatment. The selected light conditions were 8 hours of light and 16 hours of darkness, for every day. For the condition without light an aluminum paper was placed over the gerboxes. The evaluations of plant size and first germination were made in the fourth day and the final percentage of germination, in the seventh day. It was observed that without light, the lower the temperature the more plants germanated. When tested with light it was found that with Elisa and Regina, the tempurature had no effect except at 35º, in which germination was impeded. In conclusion, exist influence of lettuce genotypes in physiological quality seeds. The light is a limiter factor in germination. Within the tested temperatures, it was found that 20ºC was the best for the three cultivars. In presence of light, the plants initial development occured within a wide strip of temperature (20°C to 30°C). Temperature of 35°C cause secondary dormancy in lettuce seeds.

A pele da teta é uma das principais fontes de contaminação microbiana do leite cru, além de ser uma fonte de infecção da glândula mamária. Este estudo comparou diferentes métodos de preparação do úbere, incluindo a participação do bezerro para estimular a descida do leite, em relação à contaminação microbiana da pele da teta. Um experimento com 36 vacas ordenhadas mecanicamente foi conduzido para comparar três procedimentos (A, B, C) de preparação do úbere. Duas tetas de cada vaca foram amostradas para contagem total de bactérias (CTB) e de coliformes, antes e após lavagem com água e secagem com papel toalha descartável (A); procedimento A, mais imersão das tetas em solução de iodo (4.000ppm) e secagem com papel toalha descartável (B); higienização com toalha de papel embebida em solução desinfetante contendo clorexidina (C). O segundo experimento incluiu 16 vacas ordenhadas manualmente, na presença do bezerro. Permitiu-se a cada bezerro mamar as quatro tetas por alguns segundos, de acordo com o manejo do rebanho. Amostras para bacteriologia de duas tetas de cada vaca foram coletadas, antes, após a mamada do bezerro, e após higienização semelhante ao procedimento C, citado acima. Os tratamentos foram analisados usando-se o teste não- paramétrico de Kruskal-Wallis, considerando-se os dados de tCTB após o uso de um dos métodos de preparação do úbere ou da mamada do bezerro. Usou-se a transformação das contagens bacterianas para a escala logarítmica em base 10, com a fórmula tCTB=log10(CTB+0,5). Para os grupos A, B e C (primeiro experimento), os valores médios de diminuição de tCTB foram 1,8, 2,2 e 2,4, respectivamente. No segundo experimento, as CTB's aumentaram significativamente (PThe teat skin is one of the main sources of microbial contamination of raw milk as well as a source of mastitis infection. This study assessed the microbial load of the teat skin following the application of the different practices for preparing the udder, including the use of calf suckling to stimulate the letdown of milk. Thirty-six cows milked by machine were included in one experiment. Two teats of each cow were sampled for bacteriology before and after using one of three methods of udder preparation, as follows: rinsing with water and drying with single paper towels (A); method A plus pre-dipping with an iodine teat dip (4,000ppm) and drying with single paper towels (B); wiping teats using a commercial wet non-woven wipe pre-soaked with a solution containing chlorexidine (C). The second experiment included 16 cows milked by hand. The calf of each cow was allowed to suck the four teats for a few seconds, and then two teats per cow were sampled for bacteriology. Samples were collected before, after calf sucking and following teat pre-milking treatment (as for group C, above). Statistical analysis was conducted on transformed (log10) data with tTBC=log10(TBC+0.5) using a Kruskal-Wallis test. Each treatment was analysed considering the difference in tTBC after the use of either method of preparation of the udder or calf sucking. For groups A, B and C (first experiment), tTBC values were reduced 1.8, 2.2 and 2.4, respectively. In the second experiment, tTBC increased significantly (P