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Andrew Chesterman's Reflections on Translation Theory publication consists of a collection of author's articles written over years of academic activity. The title summarizes the content of the works: a reflection on translation theories. In addition to debates on theories, concepts, and methodologies, Chesterman also provides significant contributions to discipline questions and concerns. The result of the fruitful discussions is a series of research work proposals. Thus, the book is an important and constructive debate for the discipline and the researchers.

This paper presents an analysis of the review/replacement process of IFRS 6, taking into account the perspective of various interest groups, expressed in 141 comment letters submitted to public hearing of the Discussion Paper Extractive Activities promoted by the International Accounting Standard Board (IASB). These letters were analyzed following the methodology of content analysis, and the results are supported in institutional theory. The results show that IASB possibly have difficulty implementing its legislative proposal, given its majority rejection by the various interest groups participating in the public hearing, which rely on institutionalized practices based on the methods of successful efforts, total capitalization or area of interest, that conflict with the proposal made by the international body, and it is therefore a scenario where it is believed in maintaining the current status quo.

The paper is a commentary on Christoph Horn’s paper The Concept of Justice. It criticizes Horn’s claim that justice is overrated in contemporary philosophical debate by discussing Horn’s arguments. In doing so, it questions (1) the idea that we can easily distinguish between morally central and peripheral questions, as Horn claims; it points out (2) that this distinction is based on the values held by those who are drawing it; and finally (3) it stresses the centrality of the feeling of outrage provoked by the action whose acceptability is being challenged. Finally, it claims that morality arises from the experience of injustice and, therefore, that questions of justice are not only morally central; they are, rather, essential to morality.

The universities must develop models to reduce, reutilize and recycle the material used in their activity, in order to minimize the impact to environment. The paper is a residue is this type of organization and can be used at the recycling process, but is necessary the existence of the reverse logistics channels to collect this material. This paper aims the proposition of a model to collect the paper generated inside the campus of a federal university of Brazil based on the Graph Theory. An exploratory research was done to get an estimation of the quantity of material generated. After this, a model was proposed to define a route to material collection based in collect points, minimizing the time waste in this process. The model is efficient and reduced thirty percent the time of the collect process. This model can be used to other universities.

The inherent complexity of environmental performance measurement makes it difficult to be gauged, sending it forth to methodologies supported on assessments of the various factors that could influence the overall performance. In association with the environmental performance lies the need to create methods that allows the assessment over the time in order to facilitate comparisons amongst different organizations or operations of a same company. Measurement of environmental performance comes from several sources thus a dominant approach widely recognized and accepted by the academic community and organizations can not be singled out. The purpose of this review is to test a method for assessing environmental performance in a manufacturer organization, performing a case study in the paper industry. The results can be compared with other operations and can be used, cumulatively, in supply chains. The specific objectives are (i) to model the environmental performance of the transaction, (ii) to use the model to measure performance, and (iii) to interpret the results and come to a conclusion. It begins with a review of the environmental performance measurement and then proceeds to the description of the research methodology and the results of its application. The method consists of five constructs, assessed by managers and processes experts according to their potential of environmental performance's improvement: solid waste, wastewater, gas emissions, deployment of natural resources, and legal compliance. The constructs are perceived by qualitative indicators categorically evaluated. The final result is an index of 76.69%, which represents the environmental performance of the operation.

A systematic review of original articles published between 1993 and 2007 and indexed in SciELO (Scientific Electronic Library Online) was carried out to identify the anthropometric indicators used to assess abdominal obesity in different target subgroups, and to provide an overview of available evidence regarding the relationship between these anthropometric indicators and obesity-associated comorbidities. The articles were analyzed and the following data were collected:year of publication, sample size and age, anthropometric measure used to detect abdominal obesity, and main results of the study. The review comprised 47 articles which met all inclusion criteria, most of them published over the last 5 years. Waist-hip ratio and waist circumference were used as indicators of abdominal obesity in 34 and 11 of the articles reviewed, respectively. With respect to age range, the samples were heterogeneous in most of the studies (n=27) and ten included adolescents. Four studies were conducted on elderly subjects and three included children, but none exclusively involved adolescents as the target population. The sample size was larger than 500 in 26 studies. Despite disagreement in terms of the degree of correlation, the studies generally showed that the anthropometric indicators of abdominal obesity were correlated with hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemias, and coronary heart risk. The results of this review suggest that abdominal obesity is associated with metabolic diseases. However, there is a lack of studies involving the adolescent population, suggesting the need for further research in this area.

Neither the gender aspects of racial discrimination nor the racial aspects of gender discrimination are fully comprehended within human rights discourses. Building on the growing recognition that race and gender discrimination are not mutually exclusive phenomena, this background paper forwards a provisional framework to identify various forms of subordination that can be said to reflect the interactive effects of race and gender discrimination. It suggests a provisional protocol to be followed to better identify the occasions in which such interactive discrimination may have occurred, and posits further that the responsibility to address the causes and consequences of such discrimination be shared widely among all human rights institutions.

Strict sense mastership courses in Brazil can be academic or professional, being the latter ones representative of a type focused on the training of professionals. Previous recent articles sought to evaluate the importance of this modality in comparison with academic courses; however, they have not advanced in the discussion on the term papers of professional mastership courses. For this, a guideline was developed, supported by experiential learning theory, applied to students entering the professional master's degree, between 2014 and 2015, from School of Economics, Business and Accounting of the University of São Paulo FEA-USP. The current research, motivated by the perceived need to have a different logic for the preparation of the term paper at professional masters, sought to investigate whether students in their projects are using this guideline. The research took place in two distinct phases: the first aimed to develop the guidelines to be tested and in the second was carried out a documentary research with 37 students’ projects, being these documents analyzed using content analysis. We concluded that the guideline was partially used by students, lacking evolution when concerning the inclusion of creativity, the observation of experiences and the relationship between theory and practice.

Este ensaio pretende ser uma defesa da importância acadêmica do ensaio. Na vida acadêmica atual, vigora sobretudo o pragmatismo da produtividade funcional e da eficiência, expresso, através de um inglês comercial, sobretudo pelo paper. Esse esvaziamento das palavras convida-nos a enfatizar a importância do ensaio. De Montaigne a Steiner, passando por Adorno, o ensaio, gênero da modernidade, torna-se, assim, sobretudo num tempo de crise das grandes narrativas, o modo de captar o eterno naquilo que vivemos e percebemos como destinado a perecer. Constitui-se como escritura do sujeito moderno, e manifestação de suas extraordinárias inquietudes e de suas solidões. O ensaio como artesanato da suspeita, ao invés de ser visto como vitória do amadorismo na vida acadêmica, é o caminho com que se revelarão os limites de toda pretensão universalista e do produtivismo acadêmico hoje imperante.

O artigo faz uma análise dos escritos publicados por Maria Mulher – Organização de Mulheres Negras, tendo em vista atender a sua missão institucional.Inicialmente, é feita uma apresentação da forma como a organização presta informações para as mulheres, em especial, as negras, visando ao combate às discriminações sexista, de raça/etnia e de classe social dentro dos programas que desenvolve. O texto faz também referência à falta de organizações que incentivem a produção intelectual de entidades feministas negras. Finalmente, para aumentar o número de publicações das organizações de mulheres negras, o trabalho aponta para a produção de obras em conjunto, as quais abordarão temas de acordo com a vocação de cada instituição.The paper presents an analysis of the articles published for Maria Mulher Organização de Mulheres Negras, in order of taking care of its institucional mission. Initially it is made a presentation of the form that the organization gives information for the women, in special, for the blacks, in order to combat the discriminations by sex, of race/ethnic and of social class, in the programs that develops. The text also makes reference to the lack of organizations that stimulates the intellectual production of entities black feminists. Finally, the work points to the production of workmanships in order to increase the number of publications from the black women organizations, in accordance with the vocation of each institution.

O objetivo deste artigo é fornecer subsídios para repensar o desafio da educação superior, especialmente o da pós-graduação na área da Administração, a partir da avaliação dos papéis dos atores sociais envolvidos no processo de ensino-aprendizagem e de suas expectativas em relação aos demais: o aluno-cliente, o professor-gerente-educador e a instituição de ensino-mercantil. Durante um ano realizou-se uma pesquisa qualitativa com alunos e professores de uma pós-graduação lato sensu em uma Instituição de Ensino Superior privada. Os dados foram tratados através de análise de conteúdo. Constatou-se que, por parte dos corpos docente e discente, há distorções e falta de clareza quanto aos papéis desempenhados por cada elemento, gerando conflitos de interesses e que os papéis socialmente estabelecidos estão profundamente influenciados pela relação comercial do negócio educação, por vezes chocando-se com objetivos pedagógicos da educação.

This paper examines frictions between bio-scientific and traditional knowledge in three dimensions: (1) traditional healing and caring practices and public health; (2) food heritage and food safety; (3) traditional agricultural systems and conservation policy. Drawing on conflicts observed in processes of recognition of cultural assets as intangible heritage in Brazil, the paper discusses whether epistemic rights can be guaranteed as cultural rights in contexts in which the nature/culture divide is blurred.

Chalmers’s two-dimensional argument against materialism (aka the zombie argument) is arguably the most ingenious attempt to ground a view about fundamental reality on epistemic considerations. From the conceivability of a being that is physically identical to a conscious being but that is deprived of phenomenal consciousness (a zombie), the argument draws on the interplay of the primary and the second intensions of the zombie hypothesis to infer the metaphysical possibility of a zombie world, and thus the falsity of physicalism about phenomenality. By means of a detailed reconstruction of the two-dimensional argument, the paper tries to isolate its most central assumption: that the role played by an epistemic scenario (an intentional object) in the verification of the zombie hypothesis is played by a nonintentionally individuated metaphysical world (the zombie world) considered as actual. The paper argues that no non-viciously circular case for this assumption has been made. Thus, the two-dimensional argument is at best inconclusive.

This paper aims to demonstrate that Critical Whiteness Studies (CWS) may provide useful tools for interpreting epidermalized relations of power in the international system and for challenging the racial dynamics that cut across the teaching, research and extension dimensions in the field of International Relations. This study shows that CWS have potential to support the implementation of Law 11.645/2008, which requires the inclusion, in a cross-curricular manner, of education regarding ethnic-racial relations in higher education curricula in Brazil. In this paper, I provide an introduction to the field of CWS, drawing primarily from the Brazilian afro-feminist contribution in pretuguês of Cida Bento, with her concept of narcissistic pacts of whiteness. Methodologically, this article makes use of a decolonial approach, based on bibliographic and documental research techniques. This paper stresses the importance of naming and historicizing the power of whiteness, to understand how it hegemonizes itself in space and time, and through which means it does so. It is a novel and original study, which innovates by introducing Black epistemologies and stating their applicability as regards teaching, research and extension, opening paths to destabilize the colonial support beams of the IR field.

Grace Darling Wetherbee Coolidge’s 1917 book Teepee Neighbors is a little-known collection of twenty-nine sketches of Indian life on the Wind River Reservation, Wyoming, where she worked as a missionary from 1902 to 1910. Only recently have Coolidge’s personal papers been made publicly available by the Pioneers Museum in Colorado Springs, Colorado, allowing scholars to investigate the true contours of her life for the first time. These primary source materials shed new light on a woman who—though born to great privilege in New York City—rejected a life of leisure and wealth in favor of a subsistence existence on a remote Indian reservation, devoted to charitable acts. This paper offers the first accurate essay-length biographical treatment of Grace Coolidge. It as well analyzes selections of her Teepee Neighbors as an attempt to generate sympathy among white readers for a colonized people, the Arapaho, and to offer a critique of Euro-American society from the standpoint of the communal Indian values she encountered at Wind River. Coolidge’s project, however, is ultimately hampered by her own ethnocentrism and admitted inability to understand Indian cultures.

The subject of this essay is the classical problem of induction, which is sometimes attributed to David Hume and called “the Humean Problem of Induction.” Here, I examine a certain sort of Neo-Aristotelian solution to the problem, which appeals to the concept of natural kinds in its response to the inductive skeptic. This position is most notably represented by Howard Sankey and Marc Lange. The purpose of this paper is partly destructive and partly constructive. I raise two questions. The first is: Are the natural kind solutions to the problem successful? The first thesis of this paper is that they are not, and I will show how and why they fail. And the second question I raise here is: Is there nonetheless some alternative Neo-Aristotelian solution to the problem which is successful and can overcome the shortcomings endemic to the Sankey-Lange account? The second thesis is that there is, and I’ll attempt to sketch one. My stance here may be summarized by saying that, while I agree with Sankey and Lange that the problem of induction can be adequately resolved, and while I am on the whole sympathetic with the Aristotelian spirit of their account(s), I am, for all that, dissatisfied with the letter of them. Nothing short of a more thoroughgoing Aristotelianism about the epistemology of induction will do.

This paper presents an off-line experiment we conducted to investigate the influence of referentiality on relative clause (RC) interpretation in Brazilian Portuguese. RCs associated with complex NPs seem to be preferentially attached to a referential noun. This referentiality effect can be treated in discourse terms (Gilboy, Sopena, Clifton & Frazier, 1995) or in syntacticsemantic terms (Bezerra, 2017; this paper). Our questionnaire tested these approaches using two types of complex NPs (occupational and kinship NPs) and the results showed that the syntactic-semantic structure of these complex NPs can account for the referentiality effect reported in the literature by Gilboy et al. (1995). Based on our results, we argue in favor of the syntactic-semantic approach and show that the discourse-oriented approach lacks explanatory power.

This paper is an update of the systematic review on Active Play published in 2018 by Mendes et al. This systematic review included studies published between 2018 and 2019. The search for potential articles was performed on the following electronic databases: Pubmed/Medline, Web of Science, Bireme, Scielo and Scopus. Initially, 471 papers met the eligibility criteria. However, after deeply analyzed, only two studies remained and were included in the present review. From these articles only one presented individual information on play activity among adolescents age (12-17 years) from Curitiba-PR and it reveals that 77,2% of them were physically active in their free time. The other study included was about the preferences for leisure activities among adolescents from Florianopolis-SC participants in two cross sectional studies in 2001 and 2011. It showed a significant reduction in the preferences for practicing physical activities, while the opposite occurs with sedentary activities like watching TV, playing video games, and using computers. These results along with the inconsistencies in benchmarks of the domain active play among countries involved in the Global Matrix 3.0 made clear the necessity of a standard definition and a proper tool to measure it.

This review updated data on sedentary behavior in Brazilian children and adolescents for the Brazil’s Report Card 4.0. The searching was carried out in eight databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, LILACS, SPORTDiscus, BIREME, Scielo, and Google Scholar), based on the the following criteria: original research; samples including Brazilian children and adolescents; to be a observational survey with the prevalence of at least one component of sedentary behavior. In this updated review were included 118 studies (corresponding to 159 papers), being 71 studies (104 papers) previously reviewed in the Report Card 3.0 and 47 studies (55 papers) found in update from 2018 to 2019. Screen time (34.7%) and TV viewing (28.2%) remains the most investigated components, however, two studies investigated cell phone use, and there was an increase in other types of sedentary behavior such as sitting time (from 9% to 25.6%). We found only four studies involving pre-scholars, but four of them covered almost all age groups. Self-reported questionnaire was the instrument more used; however, increased the studies using accelerometers (from 2 to 8 studies). The cut-off point more frequent was 2 hours/day (47.5%), but the use of other measures doubled. Almost 70% of the studies reported that less than 50% (general range: 9.4% to 97.7%) of individuals had < 2 hours/day of sedentary behavior. The updated review found few studies with prescholars and children; using validated instruments; using accelerometers, with standardization of cutoff points, and prevalences very close to what was observed in the previous review.

In this paper, I try to highlight the reasons behind the threat to a museum related to frevo in Recife -PE, after the recognition of this cultural expression as a Cultural Heritage by IPHAN and UNESCO. Based on an ethnography of some protests and on the recent Brazilian political context analysis, I try to shed light on the challenges regarding the maintenance of cultural equipment and the echoes of the recent crises that we have faced in the heritage field in Brazil at the local levels.

This paper proposes to analyse the insipient links between the development of tourism and the rural population in the northwest of Córdoba. It is argued that, based on a knowledge of the cultural practices of peasant families rooted in the territory, it is possible to consider this activity as a complementary source of income (counter-harvesting) and beneficial for the communities as long as it is supported by the construction of community ties with the logic of cultural conservation and care for the native forest.

In this paper we will briefly explain the context in which the appropriation of 500 children occurred during the most recent Argentinian dictatorship, in order to analyze the political demand of identity restitution of these people. We will describe the phenomenon of restitution that took place thanks to the strategy of Abuelas de Plaza de Mayo, and we will analyze both the role of genetics on the restitution as well as some criticisms to a notion of biological identity considered to emerge from it. We will situate those criticisms in the philosophical debate over personal identity. The main purpose of this paper is to offer two arguments against an alleged genetic notion of personal identity. Firstly, a theoretical argument presents reasons on the basis of contemporary biological knowledge and, secondly, a practical argument refers to the productive role of biotechnologies. Finally, we will discuss some problems that arise from the criticisms themselves in order to give reasons for a defense of the restitution demand.

Nos últimos anos, o campo de estudos sobre movimentos sociais no Brasil tem se revitalizado a partir de novas problemáticas empíricas e teóricas. Diante desse cenário, este artigo propõe as seguintes questões. Quais métodos e técnicas de pesquisa têm sido mobilizados por pesquisadoras de movimentos sociais e como eles têm sido apresentados e discutidos na produção acadêmica sobre esse tema? Quais são os desafios metodológicos para o estudo de movimentos sociais no Brasil contemporâneo? Para responder essas questões, este artigo propõe uma revisão sistemática dos textos apresentados em GTs e STs dedicados a essa temática nos Encontros Anuais da ANPOCS e nos CBS realizados entre 2011 e 2020. Os resultados indicam que os papers analisados tendem a apresentar baixa transparência na exposição de suas escolhas teórico-metodológicas e baixa diversidade metodológica, concentrando-se em estudos qualitativos e priorizando o uso da observação, da pesquisa documental e das entrevistas.

Eucalyptus urophylla S. T. Blake is one of the main eucalyptus species cultivated. However, there are no recommendations for testing its germination pattern. Thus, the objective of this work was to determine the best methodology to conduct seed germination tests for E. urophylla. The study was divided into two steps. In the first, two substrates (on paper and sand) and six temperatures (15, 20, 25, 30, 35ºC, and alternating 20-30ºC, between night and day, respectively) were tested. In the second step, the best substrate was selected based on the first experiment and was tested in two seeds lots and at the six temperatures previously mentioned. Germination, first count, speed index and the average germination time were evaluated. The experiment was in a completely randomized design with four replications and the treatments were arranged in a 2x6 factorial scheme for both steps. When comparing germination between lots, it was observed that lot 1 had a lower performance than lot 2 under extreme temperature conditions. Seed germination tests of E. urophylla should be made at 30 or 35ºC on the paper or sand substrate, with the initial and final counts at four and 10 days after sowing, respectively. Based on this study, more tests should be made with seeds from other lots and populations of E. urophylla to confirm the results.

This review study aimed to analyse the national production on schooling of athletes. From the search for only papers in Portuguese in the Portal Capes Periódicos followed by phases of refinement, seven papers were selected. The results point to the predominance of descriptive studies on the profile of young soccer players and two review studies on the football labor market and legal milestones for student athletes. The main barriers are the time administration between the two careers and the absence of specific regulation in the sports legislation, which are mitigated mainly by the presence of the familiar support in the flexibility of the school formation to the detriment of the dream of the soccer professionalization.

This study posits that Bohr failed to defend the completeness of the quantum mechanical description of physical reality against Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen’s (EPR) paper. Although there are many papers in the literature that focus on Bohr’s argument in his reply to the EPR paper, the purpose of the current paper is not to clarify Bohr’s argument. Instead, I contend that regardless of which interpretation of Bohr’s argument is correct, his defense of the quantum mechanical description of physical reality remained incomplete. For example, a recent trend in studies of Bohr’s work is to suggest he considered the wave-function description to be epistemic. However, such an interpretation cannot be used to defend the completeness of the quantum mechanical description.

This paper aims to analyze the process of recognition and validation of prior learning, a public policy measure meant for the low schooling adults in Portugal. This analysis is the result of a qualitative research based on semi-structured interviews with professionals responsible for implementing the process and on biographical interviews with adults certified through this process. The empirical data collected allowed us to identify some elements of innovation in the process of recognition and validation of prior learning in Portugal. This paper analyzes two elements of innovation: on the one hand, the use of the biographical method and life histories; and, on the other hand, the monitoring provided by the advisor and teachers, recognition and validation. In our point of view, the identified elements of innovation contribute so that the process of recognition and validation of prior learning, oriented, from the political point of view, increases the educational qualification of adults, presents a training potential in the adults involved.

In this paper, we approach audio description (AD) from a Translation Studies point of view. The two first parts are of theoretical interest: AD is defined as a part of the audiovisual text and as a form of intersemiotic translation. Once this is set up, we concentrate on the concept of translation techniques (Molina and Hurtado, 2002) and adapt them to audio description to provide scholars and students with a functional classification of AD techniques (ADT), which can be used for descriptive studies of audio descriptions as well as in training, and is based on a functional classification of translation techniques. The paper ends with detailed examples from a comparative study of several audio descriptions of the film Slumdog Millionaire (2008) using ADTs to illustrate the benefits of the established taxonomy.

This paper argues that the future of capabilities approach lies on the theoretical development of the democratic political structure. For this purpose, we take into account Martha Nussbaum’s late theoretical works. Firstly, we argue that the capability approach can be divided into two main models: the top down and the bottom up. Nussbaum, for example, endorses a top-down model, which it begins from an abstractive theory of partial justice and then draws the issue of institutional implementation. On the other hand, Amartya Sem advocates the bottom-up model, which starts from the immanent demands of justice from public sphere and then up to normative and abstract questions (like his “idea of justice”). In the second part of this paper, we present Nussbaum’s partial theory of justice, arguing that it is mainly composed by four issues: (a) the elaboration of the list of capabilities, (b) the process of normative evaluation, (c) arguments for stability, (d) the implementation of the model. About this last topic, we argue in the third part that the current theoretical advance of the capabilities approach lies on the issue of the democratic political structure. In other words, the future of capabilities approach depends on the interaction between its own theory and a theory of democracy. Finally, in the last section we provide a re-elaboration of Nussbaum’s threshold level of capabilities (the list) in order to make it more adherent with the democratic political structure.

This paper reflects upon the possibilities the public university in Brazil offers to promote actions for the consolidation of an area of emergent studies and practices called Early Childhood Education in Rural Areas (ECERA). The objective here is to discuss experiences in the light of Teaching and Research in the realms of the Federal University of Campina Grande (Universidade Federal de Campina Grande – UFCG), which, via professors-researchers, has contributed for the construction of knowledge and for the strengthening of practices directed to the mentioned area since 2010. The paper also enlightens advancements and situations the University needs to solve in order to consolidate the commitment for knowledge construction and for social transformation. To do so, historical aspects related to the organization of the ECERA are discussed and action regarding ECERA is taken, mainly involving Teaching and Research at UFCG. It is already possible to foresee the presence of ECERA in Teaching and Research carried out especially at Unidade Acadêmica de Educação (UAEd) [Academic Unit of Education], associated with Centro de Humanidades (CH) [Humanities Centre] of UFCG. However, some other actions must be taken in order to reinforce the ongoing action and to advance in different directions relevant to the university, just like the Extension.

Determinism is a doctrine or assumption best defined in the realm of the natural sciences. In this paper I explain in detail the four senses of determinism, from the most fundamental metaphysical sense, to the most complex epistemic (predictive) sense. I take as a starting point the analysis of determinism offered by Stephen Kellert. Each of these senses is then expounded and commented with a view to explore some of the implications of each of them in theoretical physics. The most important of my tasks in this paper is to differentiate between the metaphysical and epistemic consequences of the deterministic assumption. My objective is to show that determinism as an ontological tenet is capable of withstanding criticism, even though predictive determinism is likely to be false.

This paper aims to analyze the translations of zaum poems by the Russian Cubo-futurist poet Velimir Khlebnikov. One of the most influential Russian poets of the first half of the twentieth century, Khlebnikov resorted to and developed across his work a number of experiments with the innovative language found in several manifestos of the Russian avant-garde. The zaum – or transrational – language was first translated and published in the 1968 anthology of poems, Modern Russian Poetry. The re-translation is regarded in this paper as a dialogic process, which we view as a co-translation, by making use of and re-elaborating the material once translated by Augusto and Haroldo de Campos and Boris Schnaiderman to the Portuguese language.

This paper analyzes the process of productive specialization of the work through the implementation of Suzano Papel e Celulose in Imperatriz, Maranhão. It is questioned whether a deepening of the international division of labor would be underway due to the advance of the pulp and paper production chain. In addition to reviewing relevant literature, data on workers with higher education are analyzed from field surveys, cartographic production and analysis of data collected at the bases: RAIS, CAGED, PDET, INEP, IBGE and in educational institutions higher. As a result, the chain of work in the cellulosic segment in Maranhão was mapped and there was a real deepening of the productive specialization, which reinforces the role of the state as exporter of raw material.

The purpose of this paper is to explain the sense in which laws of physics are contingent. It argues, first, that contemporary Humean accounts cannot adequately explain the contingency of physical laws; and second, that Hume’s own arguments against the metaphysical necessity of causal connections are not applicable in this context. The paper concludes by arguing that contingency is an essentially emergent, macroscopic phenomenon: we can understand the contingency of fundamental physical laws only through their relation to the distribution of macroscopic modal properties in the manifest world.