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1,3-propanediol is a high-value specialty chemical which has many industrial applications. Its main use is the production of the polymer polypropylene terephthalate, a thermoplastic used in the textile and automobile industries. The interest in 1,3-propanediol production from glycerol bio-conversion has increased after the employment of biodiesel by various countries, being produced by chemical synthesis from petroleum intermediates or biotechnologically by microbial fermentation. Glycerol is an abundant low-cost byproduct from biodiesel refineries, and it is the only substrate that can be naturally or enzymatically converted to 1,3-propanediol by microbial fermentation. In this review, information on 1,3-propanediol's importance, production and purification are presented, along with results from recent research on glycerol microbial conversion to 1,3-propanediol. The bio-production of this intermediate compound from glycerol is very attractive both economically and environmentally, since it allows the replacement of fossil fuels by renewable resources.

O artigo não contém resumo em português. The sugarcane industry has huge potential for biorefinery concept application, given its development in recent years. In this context, cane sugar straw has become an attractive raw material for biofuel production. This study aims to investigate the chemical composition of cane sugar straw from different regions of Brazil, and to optimize a hydrothermal pretreatment stage for cellulosic ethanol production. Results of chemical characterization of the cane sugar straw for the regions assessed indicated little influence of place on straw chemical composition. Hydrothermal pretreatment showed high efficiency in hemicellulose removal. Hydrothermal pretreatments operating with temperatures of 190 and 210 oC presented satisfactory results, reaching values close to 100% hydrolysis.

The growth of biodiesel market and the implementation of regulations related to biodiesel production and biodiesel/diesel blending has encouraged the development of appropriate analytical methods to control the composition of this type of mixture. In this study, an evaluation of the potential of GC×GC for the characterization of samples of beef tallow biodiesel and the composition of blends of biodiesel/ diesel is presented. The methodology was applied to beef tallow biodiesel and its mixtures with petrodiesel, ranging from B2 to B50. Results allowed not only the identification and quantification of the biodiesel esters, but also the biodiesel percentage in biodiesel/ diesel blends.

An evaluation was made of the properties of sugarcane bagasse during the storage process for subsequent burning in a boiler. Samples of bagasse were collected over a period of 150 days from the Caeté sugar mill (MG) at various points of the stockpile soon after the sugarcane was pressed to extract its juice, as well as from natural bagasse, dry and damp. Thermal analyses of the samples were carried out and the results indicated that, during the storage of bagasse, dry or damp, the biomass loses up to 32% of its calorific power, due to decomposition of the hemicellulose.

MECHANISMS INVOLVED IN THE BIODEGRADATION OF LIGNOCELLULOSIC MATERIALS AND RELATED TECHNOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS. The biodegradation of lignocellulosic materials is an important natural process because it is responsible for the carbon recycling. When induced under controlled conditions, this process can be used for technological applications such as biopulping, biobleaching of cellulosic pulps, pre-treatment for subsequent saccharification and cellulosic-ethanol production, and increase of the digestibility in agroindustrial residues used for animal feed. In the present work, the enzymatic and non-enzymatic mechanisms involved in the biodegradation of lignocellulosic materials by fungi were reviewed. Furthermore, the technological applications of these extracellular metabolites are presented and discussed.

A biofuel was prepared from acid aqueous fraction (pH = 2) of bio-oil produced by fast pyrolysis (Bioware Technology) of lignocellulosic biomass (sugar cane residue) and tested in blends (2, 5, 10 e 20% v/v) with gasoline type C (common) marketed in Brazil. The specification tests made in the Refinery President Getúlio Vargas (PETROBRAS) showed increasing in the octane number (MON) and antiknock index (AKI) with reduction in the residue generation during the combustion. The physicochemical characteristics of the biofuel were similar that combustible alcohol allowing its use as gasoline additive.

In recent years, several studies have been developed in Brazil to produce biodegradable materials. A particular family of bacterial polymers, the polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA), has received special attention. PHAs are thermoplastic, biodegradable, biocompatible, are synthesised from renewable resources and can substitute petrochemical plastics in some applications. Different aspects have been focused to increase productivity and to reduce the cost of PHA production: bacterial improvement, use of industrial by-products as raw material, bioreactor design, process operation strategies, downstream process, mathematical modelling, polymer characterisation, application and biodegradability of blends. A production process was transferred to industry and studies to produce new PHA by controlling monomer composition are in progress. All these aspects are presented in this review.

The tanning process in the leather industry generates very high quantities of chromium-containing solid waste ("wet blue" leather). Environmental concerns and escalating landfill-costs are becoming increasingly serious problems for the leather industry and an alternative disposal is needed. In this work, we are presenting a novel application for this solid waste, which is the removal of organic contaminants from aqueous-solution. The adsorption isotherm of "wet blue" leather waste from the AUREA tanning company in Erechim-RS (Brazil) showed that this material presents high adsorption capacities of the reactive textile dyes.

Textile effluents, when not correctly treated, cause a high impact to the environment. The main recalcitrant compounds present in textile effluent are represented by the synthetic dyes, used during the fibber dying process. Among others, the azo dyes are considered the most harmful due to its mutagenic and carcinogenic character. In the present work we reported a revision study on the new tendencies for remediation of textile effluents, mainly to degrade the recalcitrant compounds. For this purpose, chemical, physical, photochemical, biological and combined processes were investigated.

This paper presents a technology roadmap applied to renewable raw materials as a basis for public policy and strategies in Brazil. The roadmap, developed by Braskem professionals and academic experts, intends to be a basis of discussion and common language creation regarding the possible utilization of renewable raw materials for biofuel and chemical production in Brazil. Following this perspective, the roadmap is presented to public debate and contribution from the stakeholders. The paper describes the roadmap construction and presents the main implications for policy and strategy goals. An analysis of the innovation dynamics in renewable raw materials is developed as an outcome of the roadmap.

The Brazilian Chemical Society - SBQ has made substantial contributions to the formation of qualified human resources at all levels since its foundation in 1977. Several papers addressing this subject have been published in Quimica Nova by different authors over the last years. In this paper, we discuss the present need for "Curriculum Guidelines" for undergraduate education in Chemistry with actions to be taken in accord with the Principles of Green Chemistry and Sustainability.

Submitted by Guilherme Lemeszenski (guilherme@nead.unesp.br) on 2013-08-22T18:48:36Z No. of bitstreams: 1 S0100-40422006000400029.pdf: 397753 bytes, checksum: e13d8bb60d26e46499de9d88c2d354b9 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2013-08-22T18:48:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 S0100-40422006000400029.pdf: 397753 bytes, checksum: e13d8bb60d26e46499de9d88c2d354b9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-07-01 Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-30T19:38:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S0100-40422006000400029.pdf: 397753 bytes, checksum: e13d8bb60d26e46499de9d88c2d354b9 (MD5) S0100-40422006000400029.pdf.txt: 52572 bytes, checksum: cae5bc9c63614b84ca727f8d962cbcea (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-07-01 Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-20T15:10:21Z No. of bitstreams: 2 S0100-40422006000400029.pdf: 397753 bytes, checksum: e13d8bb60d26e46499de9d88c2d354b9 (MD5) S0100-40422006000400029.pdf.txt: 52572 bytes, checksum: cae5bc9c63614b84ca727f8d962cbcea (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-20T15:10:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S0100-40422006000400029.pdf: 397753 bytes, checksum: e13d8bb60d26e46499de9d88c2d354b9 (MD5) S0100-40422006000400029.pdf.txt: 52572 bytes, checksum: cae5bc9c63614b84ca727f8d962cbcea (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-07-01 Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) This paper discusses different aspects related to the application of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) in the study of heterogeneous electrochemical reactions occurring on Dimensionally Stable anodes (DSA®). The most relevant aspects of the semiconductor/electrolyte interface, the application of the EIS classical equivalent circuit approach and the ac porous model in DSA are presented. The paper shows that DSA type electrodes can be consistently investigated by using the ac porous model and an analysis is presented showing the advantage of applying this kind of approach to study heterogeneous reactions on DSA electrodes. Furthermore, some preliminary results on Ti/Ru0,3Ti(0,7-x)Sn x O2 based electrodes are presented to exemplify the use of the ac porous model analysis. Universidade de São Paulo Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto Departamento de Química Universidade Estadual Paulista Instituto de Química Universidade Estadual Paulista Instituto de Química

The paper traces a panorama of the development of new drugs and hopes to contribute for Brazil to become a player in the discovery of new drugs. Brazil is the sixth world market retail consumer of medicines prone to expansion, has a pharmaceutical industry focused on the production of generics and a very large number of undergraduate courses in Pharmacy. The national industry has grown over the last decade after the Generics Act 9787/99. Despite these positive aspects, a number of bottlenecks prevent Brazilian pharmaceutical industry to invest in the development of new drugs. There are, however, a number of initiatives to reduce the dependence on imported generic drugs. It is a very good start for the development of new pharmaceutical drugs.

Coal, oil, natural gas, and shale gas are biomass that is formed millions of years ago. These are non-renewable and depleting, even considering the recent discovery of new sources of oil in the presalt and new technologies for the exploitation of shale deposits. Currently, these raw materials are used as a source of energy production and are also important for the production of fine chemicals. Since these materials are finite and their (oil) price is increasing, it is clear that there will be a progressive increase in the chemical industry to use renewable raw materials as a source of energy, an inevitable necessity for humanity. The major challenge for the society in the twenty first century is to unite governments, universities, research centers, and corporations to jointly act in all areas of science with one goal of finding a solution to global problems, such as conversion of biomass into compounds for the fine chemical industry.Non-renewable raw materials are used in the preparation of fuels, chemical intermediates, and derivatives for the fine chemical industry. However, their stock in nature has a finite duration, and their price is high and will likely increase with their depletion. In this scenario, the alternative is to use renewable biomass as a replacement for petrochemicals in the production of fine chemicals. As the production of biomass-based carbohydrates is the most abundant in nature, it is judicious to develop technologies for the generation of chain products (fuels, chemical intermediates, and derivatives for the fine chemicals industry) using this raw material. This paper presents some aspects and opportunities in the area of carbohydrate chemistry toward the generation of compounds for the fine chemical industry.

The development of analytical procedures to evaluate transesterification process is still a challenge in biodiesel production. Then, this paper shows an electroanalytical methodology to transesterification process assessment, proposing the application of nanostructured TiO2 electrodes. The results showed, for sunflower oil - methanol reaction catalyzed by KOH, a reduction peak in - 1050 mV and the gradual appearance of a second peak at - 1160 mV. This peak was observed as originated by the transesterification process and is probably related to intermediates. By measuring the intensity of this peak a kinetic profile was determined, showing that the conversion is almost finished in 2 h.

The main objective of this paper is to start and stimulate reflection, discussion and proposing actions that allow Chemistry in Brazil contribute to a prosperous, safer and better future for the nation.

This paper describes the use of a simple experiment of electroflocculation for classroom in Chemistry. Parameters such as electrode material, current density and temperature direct influence the process efficiency. Due to the process low cost and efficient color removal, the methodology proposed has shown good potential for use in wastewater treatment. In addition, the proposed experiment allows discussion about environmental electrochemistry, introduction to concepts of water contamination by industry and university, and also about different alternatives in wastewater treatment used nowadays. Finally, the very easy operation make possible to easy adapt this experiment for high school and elementary school.

The literature on the challenges of teacher education in undergraduate chemistry teaching is limited. In the present study, the application of didactic proposals elaborated by two authors of this paper, graduate students and teaching assistants of the teaching improvement program at University of Sao Paulo, was investigated in terms of their contribution to the teaching assistants' education and undergraduate students' receptivity toward them. Such proposals were based on the jigsaw cooperative learning strategy and applied in two undergraduate courses. The results indicate students' good receptivity and suggest their importance to teaching assistants' education.

The year of 2010 marks the 20th anniversary of the development of Sequential Injection Analysis (SIA) by Ruzicka and Marshall. Considered the second generation of the flow injection methods, this article briefly describes the history, the basic principles of the technique and reviews all papers developed by Brazilian scientists aiming the divulgation of this automation technique in Analytical Chemistry.

CARBONATED SOFT DRINK CLASSIFICATION BASED ON IMAGE ANALYSIS AND PCA. This paper describes an approach for the colour-based classification of RGB (red-green-blue) images, acquired using a common scanner, of commercial carbonated soft drinks. Mean histograms of image colour channels were evaluated for the PCA classification of 29 brands of Guarana, Cola, and orange flavors. Loadings for principal component axes resulted in different patterns for sample grouping on score plots according to RGB histograms. pH, sorbic acid and sucrose measurements were also correlated to the analyzed brands through PCA score plots of the digitalized images.

This paper presents the alkaline battery (MnO2/Zn) as a useful device in the teaching of chemistry. The preparation of the battery, the materials used in the preparation of the MnO2 electrode, the mechanism of energy storage and the parameters often used in the understanding of general batteries are discussed in detail. In addition, a schedule and a questionnaire that can be applied in an experimental class have been developed, which allow the assembly of an alkaline battery, its discharge using a galvanostatic or a load-resistance procedure, and the elaboration of a report based on the main text. This experimental class has been offered in the chemistry course of FFCLRP.

Fundamental aspects of the conception and applications of ecomaterials, in particular porous materials in the perspective of green chemistry are discussed in this paper. General recommendations for description and classification of porous materials are reviewed briefly. By way of illustration, some case studies of materials design and applications in pollution detection and remediation are described. It is shown here how different materials developed by our groups, such as porous glasses, ecomaterials from biomass and anionic clays were programmed to perform specific functions. A discussion of the present and future of ecomaterials in green chemistry is presented along with important key goals.

Submitted by Lívia Oliveira (livia.oliveira2@hotmail.com) on 2012-02-14T14:05:19Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2007_Caixeiro.pdf: 1900305 bytes, checksum: 1863e7e3692d16ffc15cf1d4864eaaa1 (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by Catarina Soares(cfsoares@inmetro.gov.br) on 2012-04-24T13:35:26Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2007_Caixeiro.pdf: 1900305 bytes, checksum: 1863e7e3692d16ffc15cf1d4864eaaa1 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2012-04-24T13:35:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2007_Caixeiro.pdf: 1900305 bytes, checksum: 1863e7e3692d16ffc15cf1d4864eaaa1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 This paper is a review of the history, synthesis and application of organophosphorus compounds, especially of those of pentavalent phosphorus, such as phosphoramidates, phosphorothioates, phosphonates and phosphonic acids with insecticide and anticancer activities. The organophosphorus compounds with agrochemical applications show great structural variety, They include not only insecticides, but also fungicides, herbicides, and others. The large variety of commercially available organophosphorus pesticides is remarkable. Even more interesting is the high efficiency of some organophosphorus compounds as anticancer agents such as cyclophosphamide and its derivatives. 12 p. : il.

Das diferentes concepções sobre ciência e letramento tecnológico (STL) e reflexões sobre a globalização e a inclusão social, este trabalho ressalta a responsabilidade da químicos em ações sociais por suas associações para apoiar ações políticas para a melhoria da qualidade de vida e a proteção ambiental pelo desenvolvimento sustentável para mudar a sociedade moderna. Apoiar idéias de equidade dentro da sociedade entre as Nações e dando exemplos de se aproximar das questões sociocientificas no livro "Química e sociedade", ele demonstrou o papel dos professores e os profissionais de química para realizar o STL do povo na perspectiva planetária. From the different conceptions on scientific and technology literacy (STL), and reflections on globalization and social inclusion, this paper points out the responsibility of the chemists in social actions by their associations for supporting political actions to improving the quality of life, and to protecting the environment by sustainable development for changing the modern society. Supporting ideas for equity within the society between the nations, and giving examples from approaching of socioscientific issues of the textbook “Chemistry and Society”, it demonstrated the role of the teachers and the chemistry professionals to realize the STL of the people in the planetary perspective.

The development of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometric (LC-MS) techniques in the last few decades has made possible the analysis of trace amounts of analytes from complex matrices. With LC, the analytes of interest can be separated from each other as well as from the interfering matrix, after which they can be reliably identified thanks to the sensitivity and specificity of MS. LC-MS has become an irreplaceable tool for many applications, ranging from the analysis of proteins or pharmaceuticals in biological fluids to the analysis of toxic substances in environmental samples. In different segments of Brazilian Industry mass spectrometry has an important role, e.g. in the pharmaceutical industry in the development of generic formulations, contributing to the growth of Industry and social inclusion. However, the Brazilian chemists until this moment don't have an effective role in this new segment of the analytical chemistry in Brazil. The present paper shows the actual scenario for mass spectrometry in the pharmaceutical industry, emphasizing the need of a revision of graduation courses to attend the needs of this growing market.

This paper aims to discuss and reflect about the use of computers in the teaching of Quantum Chemistry. A course on Computational Quantum Chemistry concentrating on Medicinal Chemistry projects was developed for undergraduate and graduate students. The results showed that students got more motivated and involved when there is an articulation between theory and practice. This work presents an alternative way to teach Theoretical Chemistry using projects.

Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-27T11:20:28Z No. of bitstreams: 0Bitstream added on 2014-05-27T14:44:57Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 2-s2.0-0036657231.pdf: 110044 bytes, checksum: ba26763c5e7c595a27f18d19366fba17 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-27T11:20:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2002-07-01 This paper supplies a compact revision on the herbicide glyphosate physic-chemistry characteristic mains, including toxicity and valid Brazilian legislation for its use. Departamento de Tecnologia Química Universidade Federal do Maranhão, Av. dos Portugueses, s/n, 65080-040 São Luís - MA Instituto de Química Universidade Estadual Paulista, Rua Prof. Francisco Degni, s/n, 14800-900 Araraquara - SP Instituto de Química Universidade Estadual Paulista, Rua Prof. Francisco Degni, s/n, 14800-900 Araraquara - SP

Propolis is a multifunctional material used by bees in the construction and maintenance of their hives. The chemical composition and pharmacological properties have been studied for centuries. Today they represent an important raw material for many health products and constitute a new interdisciplinary area for research. Among others they show important antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities and various pharmacological properties. This paper presents an overview of the scientific literature and patents concerning propolis.

The microwave oven became a common domestic equipment, due mainly to the short time spent to heat foods. One of the most interesting characteristics of the microwave oven is the selective heating. Different from the conventional oven, where the heating is not selective, the heating by microwave depends on the chemical nature of the matter. Many Students of Chemistry have no knowledge of the principles involved in this selective heating, in spite of the daily microwave oven use. The heating by microwave is feasible for chemistry courses. In discussions about the microwave absorption by the matter it is possible to explore chemical properties like: heat capacity, chemical bound, molecular structure, dipole moments, polarization and dielectric constant. This paper presents the basic principles involved in the microwave heating. It is proposed a simple and inexpensive experiment that could be developed in general chemistry courses, to illustrate the relationship between heating and the chemical properties of some solvents. Experiments to check the power of the microwave oven are also proposed.

This paper is the first part of an article aimed to present theoretical basis as well as some applications of two infrared reflection techniques: specular reflection and reflection-absorption. It is emphasyzed how the Kramers-Krönig analysis of reflection data can be useful in both retrieving optical constants and making spectral analysis possible. Examples of vitreous, powdered and liquid samples are given.

In this paper we describe three computer programs in Basic language about the Fourier transform (FFT) which are available in the Internet site http://artemis.ffclrp.usp.br/SoftwareE.htm (in English) or http://artemis.ffclrp.usp.br/softwareP.htm (in Portuguese) since October 1998. Those are addresses to the Web Page of our Laboratory of Organic Synthesis. The programs can be downloaded and used by anyone who is interested on the subject. The texts, menus and captions in the programs are written in English.

Submitted by Guilherme Lemeszenski (guilherme@nead.unesp.br) on 2013-08-22T18:48:26Z No. of bitstreams: 1 S0100-40422000000200017.pdf: 117508 bytes, checksum: e4f5f8ae95d5b772d1c3199ab4664d9f (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2013-08-22T18:48:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 S0100-40422000000200017.pdf: 117508 bytes, checksum: e4f5f8ae95d5b772d1c3199ab4664d9f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2000-04-01 Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-30T19:38:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S0100-40422000000200017.pdf: 117508 bytes, checksum: e4f5f8ae95d5b772d1c3199ab4664d9f (MD5) S0100-40422000000200017.pdf.txt: 28206 bytes, checksum: 7b3fb8cfd8d6bf8f993692addab330a4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2000-04-01 Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-20T15:10:17Z No. of bitstreams: 2 S0100-40422000000200017.pdf: 117508 bytes, checksum: e4f5f8ae95d5b772d1c3199ab4664d9f (MD5) S0100-40422000000200017.pdf.txt: 28206 bytes, checksum: 7b3fb8cfd8d6bf8f993692addab330a4 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-20T15:10:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S0100-40422000000200017.pdf: 117508 bytes, checksum: e4f5f8ae95d5b772d1c3199ab4664d9f (MD5) S0100-40422000000200017.pdf.txt: 28206 bytes, checksum: 7b3fb8cfd8d6bf8f993692addab330a4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2000-04-01 Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) Unusual chemical phenomenon associated with ultrasound is on account of cavitation effect. The ultrasound increase the rate and yield of chemical reaction on account of its ability to emulsify liquids. When the ultrasound is used in metallic catalyst reaction the activity of catalyst is increased because the ultrasound clean the surface of catalyst. Sonogels have a fine porosity and large specific surface improving different properties. This paper deals with ultrasound phenomenon and gives some examples of reactions and properties where this radiation takes an important role. Universidade Estadual Paulista Instituto de Química Universidade Estadual Paulista Instituto de Química

This paper deals mainly with the synthesis of praziquantel, a powerful anti-helminthic used against schistosomiasis, an endemic disease which infest millions of people around the world.