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In this paper the author describes a new subspecies of a perciform fish - Neopercis atlanticus meridionalis - from the southeast region of Brazil (Cabo Frio - 23º lat. S). In 1950 the author received a collection of fishes gathered during the voyage made by the Instituto Oceanográfico to the Trindade Island (20º30' lat. S - 29º22' Long. W) . Most of the material has already been studied (Carvalho 1950, p. 97-133), and a few remaining specimens were not determined at the time owing to lack of the necessary bibliography. In the above mentioned paper, when Neopercis sp. is referred to, through a printing error, it was said that the specimens had "93 or 94 scales along the lateral line", instead of "73 or 74 scales". Thus, the author takes the opportunity to correct that misprinting and to describe a new subspecies which differs from N. atlanticus (Vaillant) and N. multifasciata (Dõderlein), on account of its greater number of scales along the lateral line. The geographic isolation of this new subspecies has been considered and it seems that it does not reach the habitual geographic dispersion of the typical species. Neste trabalho, descreve-se Neopercis atlanticus meridionalis n. subsp., da região leste meridional do Brasil. Em 1950, o autor recebeu para estudo uma coleção de peixes capturados durante a excursão efetuada à Ilha da Trindade, pelos barcos "Vega e "Baependi". A maior parte desse material já foi estudada (Carvalho 1950, p. 97-133), restando alguns exemplares cuja determinação não poude ser feita, na ocasião, por falta da necessária bibliografia. Além disso, no trabalho acima citado, ao ser feita referência a Neopercis sp., devido a um erro tipográfico que passou desapercebido, foi dito que o exemplar possuía "93 ou 94 escamas ao longo da linha lateral", quando se deveria ter dito "73 ou 74 escamas". Aproveita, assim, o autor, a oportunidade que se lhe oferece para corrigir o engano e descreve a nova subespécie que se distingue tanto de N. atlanticus como de N. multifasciata, por possuir maior número de acúleos e raios flexíveis na nadadeira dorsal e por ter também maior quantidade de escamas ao longo da linha lateral. Além disso, foi levado em consideração o isolamento geográfico da nova subespécie (23º de lat. S), parecendo ao autor não ser ela capaz de atingir o limite de dispersão geográfica da espécie típica.

In this paper the author defines some statistical terms used, describes the sampling techniques adopted in the study of some fish, and quotes some problems concerning the determination of the composition of the stocks. The commercial fleet was utilized to sample the stocks of fish, in the assumption that the catch as landed on the fish market reflects the composition of the stocks in the sea. The paper is restricted to the evaluation of the length distribution of Sardine landed and for that purpose the Author examined 143 samples taken at random from August 1958 to December 1959. The analysis of those samples are shown in Table II and were plotted in Figure 3. The reliable sample size limit for Sardine was established as 300, with the acceptance of an error of 0.1 cm, considering the catch per boat as a population.

A list of diatoms found on the higher algae Centroceras sp., collected at Itanhaém, State of São Paulo, Brazil, and Ectocarpus sp. and Caulerpa racemosa from Ubatuba, also in the State of São Paulo, Brazil, is given in this paper. Only onq species Licmophora abbreviate Agardh is typically epiphitic. Nine different species and the genus Auricula, are here recorded for the first time for Brazil. A new species Navicula melchersi is described. The difference of the surrounding conditions, calm waters at Ubatuba and breakers at Itanhaém, probably accounts for the species composition of the communities from the two places.

A fishery research programme requires an accurate picture of the length distribution of the fish caught and landed. Each boat is considered a sampling unit. It is therefore necessary to know how to draw a sample from the fish landed in such a way as to give an accurate assessment of the length distribution of the boat's landing. This is the purpose of the present paper, which refers to the sampling of "pescada-foguete" (Macrodon ancylodon) caught by parejas of "Sociedade de Pesca Taiyo Ltda.", and landed on the fish market of Santos, State of São Paulo, Brazil. By courtesy of that firm two voyages were made during which observations on the length distribution of the fish caught were carried out. Independently, samples were taken of the fish landed from these voyages, after landing. In this way an evaluation of the sampling techniques used on the fish market was obtained. Due to the selection of the nets used, there is no rejection of "pescada-foguete" at sea and therefore the fish measured represent a boat's catch. Methods: 1 - Samples from the hauls were taken on board, at random, during two voyages, to find out if there is a significant difference in the length distributions between hauls on the same voyage. 2 - At the fish market three boxes of each size category: large - G, medium - M, and small - P, were measured: one (1) series at the beginning, the second (2) at the middle, and the third (3) at the end of the landing operation. The purpose was to see if there is a significant difference between the length distributions of each size category or if the same length distribution occurred in a given category during the entire process of landing. 3 - The grand mean, calculated according to the procedure and example given in Table VIII, for the sample quoted in item 2 above, was compared with that taken from the same vessel at sea. This shows whether the market sampling for length distribution differs significantly from that estimated from non-selected samples on the boat. The results were as follows: 1 - In the first voyage seven samples (Table I) were obtained from seven different hauls, and the means of the samples are plotted in Figure 2; the means of the second voyage (fifteen samples) drawn at random on the following trip, are plotted in Figure 3. The t test was applied for the comparison between the means and the results are shown in Tables II and III. The first three means show (Figure 2) a significant difference because at the beginning of the fishing operation several hauls were made at random to locate the shoals (Figure 1). The other four show no significant difference. The means of the second trip do not show, in general, a significant difference, probably due to the fact that the fishing was done at the same distance from the coast during the whole trip. For estimation of the variability of all samples together, analysis of variance was used (Table IV). The value of F is high in the first voyage, but not very high in the second. 2 - The difference between the mean length of the same size category taken at the beginning (1), at the middle (2), and at the end (3) of the landing was not highly significant (Tables V and VI). 3 - Table IX shows the comparison between the grand mean (see how it was computed in Table VIII) and the mean resulting from the gathering of samples obtained aboard the ship, in the first and in the second voyage. Those concerning the first trip do not show a significant difference; the same is true of two [(1) and (2)] from the second trip. The other (3) shows a significant difference because at the end of the landing some fish of bigger size than those normally considered as small were placed in the box of small fish measured. A percentage length frequency distribution of the raised market data and the boat samples (Figs. 4 and 5) shows practically no difference. Also, there is no significant difference between the samples obtained on board and those obtained on the fish market (grand mean for the two stratified samples of the first voyage, and for the three samples of the second one), as shown in Table X, i.e., the mean of two stratified samples taken at the fish market at the return from the first trip, when compared with the one obtained aboard, showed no significant difference. The same is evident with the three stratified samples obtained at the return from the second trip. The size distribution within a category is not the same for every landing (Tables VII and VIII). Therefore, from every landing a stratified sample must be drawn. Table V shows that two general means present no significant difference, but this is not so when compared with the third one. This suggests that more than one box is necessary to represent the catch of a pareja belonging to "Sociedade de Pesca Taiyo Ltda.". Table XI I shows, however, that the measurements of half a box of 25 kg, and the counting of the other half (to raise the total number of fish landed at each size category) are sufficient enough to represent the box. The most important conclusion is that a better representative sampling can be achieved by reducing the number of fish measured from each box, and increasing the number of boxes measured for fish. Thus the variance between boxes will be reduced and it will fall nearer to the variance within each box.

Four species of Sagitta found in Brazilian waters are redescribed in this paper. Sagitta friderici - Numerous sensory hairs and areas are regularly distributed over the epidermis. Clearly defined collarette. Formula of the buccal armature:. Caudal to total length ratio: 25.8-29.1. Seminal vesicles almost reach posterior fins and are in contact with caudal fin; with anterior spherical swelling. Elongated ovary with eggs arranged in several rows. Sagitta hispida - Head very wide in relation to body and large collarette. Formula of buccal armature: . Caudal to total length ratio: 25.0-28.5. Seminal vesicles touch posterior fins and are separated from caudal fin. Long ovary with several rows of eggs. Sagitta minima - Has a typical body shape, small head, body widened posteriorly, tail segment thin. Collarette absent. Formula of buccal armature:. As the specimens grow, the caudal to total length ratio gradually shifts from 22.7-16.6. Seminal vesicles are separated from posterior fins and touch caudal fin. Ovary short with few eggs. Sagitta tenuis - A small species, similar to Sagitta friderici but smaller. Similarly to S. friderici it has sensory hairs and areas on the body surface. Collarette small. Formula of buccal armature:. Caudal to total length ratio: 25.0-31.8. Seminal vesicles almost touch posterior fins and touch caudal fin: anterior portion of vesicles swollen. Ovary short with few large eggs, this being its principal differential character from S. friderici. The variation indicated in the formulae of the buccal armature and of caudal to total length ratio refer to specimens of different sizes. Este trabalho contém a descrição de quatro espécies de Sagitta coletadas em águas brasileiras. Sagitta friderici - A epiderme apresenta numerosas manchas e cerdas sensoriais distribuídas regularmente. Colarinho nítido. Fórmula da armadura bucal:. Comprimento da cauda em relação ao comprimento total: 25,8 a 29,1%. A nadadeira posterior quase toca a vesícula seminal e a caudal inicia-se no fim desta; a vesícula seminal possui uma saliência esférica anterior. O ovário é alongado e possui várias fileiras de óvulos. Sagitta hispida - Possui cabeça muito larga em relação ao tronco e colarinho grande. Fórmula da armadura bucal:. Comprimento da cauda em relação ao comprimento total: 25,0 a 28,5%. A nadadeira posterior toca a vesícula seminal e a caudal é separada desta por um pequeno espaço. O ovário é alongado e possui várias fileiras de óvulos. Sagitta minima - Caracterizada pela forma do corpo: cabeça pequena, corpo alargado posteriormente e a cauda fina. Colarinho ausente. Fórmula da armadura bucal: . O comprimento da cauda em relação ao comprimento total varia, com o crescimento, de 22,7 e 16,6%. A vesícula seminal é separada da nadadeira posterior mas toca a nadadeira caudal. O ovário é curto e possui poucos óvulos. Sagitta tenuis - Espécie muito pequena, semelhante à Sagitta friderici, cujos indivíduos são maiores. Tem, como Sagitta friderici, manchas e cerdas sensoriais na superfície do corpo. O colarinho é pequeno. Fórmula da armadura bucal:. O comprimento da cauda em relação ao comprimento total: 25,0 a 31,8%. A nadadeira posterior quase toca a vesícula seminal e a caudal inicia-se no fim desta. A vesícula seminal possui uma saliência esférica anterior. O ovário é curto e tem poucos e grandes óvulos, principal caráter que a distingue de Sagitta friderici. A variação da armadura bucal e do comprimento da cauda em relação ao comprimento total é relativa aos indivíduos de vários tamanhos.

A new species of rhizostomatous medusa first noticed May 1955 along the coast of São Paulo, Brazil, is described in this paper. The present species belongs to the genus Mastigias. The species was named Mastigias scintillae to honour my colleague Miss M. Scintila Amaral de Almeida Prado, and as a reminder to the numerous highly refringent exumbrellar spots. Mastigias scintillae has a convex umbrella up to 60 cm in diameter. Exumbrellar surface covered with warts and bespecked with white refringent dots lying in an irregular polygonal rust coloured field. Eight marginal lappets plus two rhopalar ones, between adjacent rhopalia. Usually eight rhopalia, exceptionally 10 or more may be present. Oral disk quadratic slightly longer than umbrella radius. Long central filament present on disk. Subgenital ostia twice as large as the pillars between them. Subgenital porticus single. Radial subumbrellar musculature absent. Ring musculature divided in two fields, the inner one being interrupted by the eight rhopalar canals. Eigh oral arms about as long as umbrellar radius. The proximal portion of each arm bears an axial wing, shorter than its distal portion; the oral arms bear three wings on their distal portion. Club-shaped appendices and filaments present, among the mouth openings on the axial wing. Filaments absent on abaxial wings where club-shaped appendices are alone present. A long appendix at the distal end of each oral arm. Terminal filament, oral filaments and club-shaped appendices bear a terminal orifice. Central cruciform stomach, eight rhopalar canals, circular canal present. Fifteen to 18 interrhopalar canals leave the stomach in each octant and become anastomosed thus originating a rather wide meshed net continuous with and internal to the ring canal. Externally to the ring canal there is a finer meshed net which becomes progressively finer distally and is continuous terminally with the rhopalar canals. The four perradial canals are wider and usually do not branch before they reach the ring-canal; the four interradial ones are narrower and more branched. The gastrovascular net of the oral arms and of the terminal club is fairly constant (Figs. 2-3). Gastric filaments present on all internal contour of the stomach. General colour rust .with white dots, terminal clubs blue to violet distally. Specimens 12 to 15 mm diameter have 5 to 7 marginal lappets, continous ring muscular field, the central filaments on oral disk are as long as the umbrella is wide. There are four central mouths arranged in a cruciform manner. Single subgenital porticus. The species was first observed May 1955 at Cananéia, later the same year it spread as far north as Rio de Janeiro. During subsequent years the known area of dispersion has remained the same but the numbers of animals has greatly increased. A discussion of Mayer's, Stiasny's and Uchida's systems follows. The latter author's is here followed in including the genus Versura in the family Mastigiadidae, thus disposing of the family Versuridae. Stiasny's definition of the family Mastigiadidae and of the genus Mastigias are here followed. The new species is then compared with the previously known ones and the differential characters pointed out. The distribution of the species of the genus is briefly summarized. A revision of the genus is highly desirable. The analysis of the stomach content shows that this species feeds on plankton and the large number of sperm cells present suggests that the gonads rupture through the stomach wall and not in the subgenital porticus. Young and adults are found together. The gonads of 286 specimens were studied and all were males. Symbiotic Zooxanthellae present in mesogloea, epiderm and gastrodermis. Three species of crustaceans, namely Periclhnenes (Periclimenes) longicaudatus, Libinia ferreirae and an isopod (Cymothoidae) were frequently found under the subumbrella; also fishes belonging to the genus Hemicaranx and Choloroscombrus. Other fishes were seen nibbling at the umbrella but the medusa has a very high regenerating power and specimens with regenerated parts are frequently found. Terminal clubs are easily lost. The species was always seen between January and July. Neste trabalho é descrita uma nova espécie de Rhizostomeae, encontrada pela primeira vez em maio de 1955, ao longo da costa do Estado de São Paulo. A presente espécie pertence ao gênero Mastigias. Mastigias scintillae foi o nome dado a esta nova espécie. Mastigias scintillae tem umbrela convexa, com aproximadamente 60 cm de diâmetro. Superfície exumbrelar com verrugas carregadas de cnidocistos, espalhadas uniformemente e possuindo uma rede irregular de polígonos côr de ferrugem com uma pequena mancha branca no centro. Oito lobos marginais e dois ropalares. Oito ropálios. Disco oral quadrático com um filamento central. Óstios subgenitais duas vezes tão largos quanto os pilares entre eles existentes. Pórtico subgenital único. Musculatura circular dividida em dois campos, o interno interrompido pelos oito canais ropalares. Os braços orais são tão longos quanto o raio da umbrela. A porção proximal com uma asa axial, mais curta que a sua porção distal, com três asas. Vesículas em forma de maça e filamentos entre as bocas na margem da asa axial. Filamento terminal nos braços orais. Filamentos, vesículas em forma de maça e filamentos terminais com orifício terminal. Estômago central cruciforme. Oito canais ropalares. Canal circular. Quinze a dezoito canais interropalares. Cirros gástricos presentes no contorno interno do estômago. Espécimes com 12 a 15 mm têm 5 a 7 lobos marginais e musculatura circular contínua. O filamento central do disco oral é tão longo quanto o diâmetro da umbrela. Há 4 bocas centrais, dispostas em cruz no disco oral. A área de dispersão até agora conhecida com exatidão é a representada pelo litoral do Estado de São Paulo e do Rio de Janeiro, desde Paranaguá até Cabo Frio. Uma discussão sobre os sistemas de Mayer, Stiasny e Uchida vem em seguida. Uchida inclui os gêneros Mastigias e Versura numa única família, o que parece mais aconselhável. A definição de Stiasny da família Mastigiadidae e do gênero Mastigias é aceita. A nova espécie é então comparada com as conhecidas e os caracteres diferentes apontados. A distribuição das espécies do gênero é brevemente sumarizada. Sugere-se uma revisão do gênero devido à insuficiência da descrição das espécies e por persistir a dúvida de se tratar de poucas espécies muito variáveis ou de várias espécies estreitamente relacionadas. A análise do conteúdo estomacal mostra que esta espécie se alimenta de plâncton e o grande número de espermatozóides presentes sugere que a ruptura das gônadas se dá na cavidade gastrovascular. Jovens e adultos são encontrados na mesma época. Gônadas de 286 indivíduos foram estudadas, sendo todos machos. Zooxanthellae simbiônticas foram encontradas na mesogléa, epiderme e gastroderme. Sob a umbrela foram encontrados pequenos peixes: Hemicaranx amblyrhynchus (Valenciennes) e Chloroscombrus chrysurus (Linneus). Também pequenos Crustácea, como Periclimenes (Periclimenes) longicaudatus, Libinia ferreirae e um Isopoda da família Cymothoidae. Esta espécie tem sido sempre observada de janeiro a julho, sendo que os seus representantes aparecem primeiro na região de Paranaguá e Cananéia e, somente nos meses de junho e julho, em Ubatuba e Angra dos Reis.

This paper is a complement to the "Monografia da Tribo Ibidionini" (Martins, 1967-1971), The material herein included enlarges distributional data and adds to notes and descriptions; lectotype designations are made for Lacordaire's species. New species described: Neocompsa magnifica from Guatemala; N. thelgema from Costa Rica; Compsibidion paradoxum and Heterachthes vauriae from Colombia; Gnomidolon picticorne and Minibidion craspedum from Equador; Perissomerus flammeus from Venezuela; Gnomidolon tomentosum, Tropidion lepidum, Compsibidion tuberosum, C. muricatum and Heterachthes hystricosus from Brazil; Gnomidolon fuchsi from Bolivia; Heterachthes spilotus from Argentina; Tropidion aurulentum from Brazil and Paraguay; Microibidion mimicum from Bolivia and Argentina. New combinations: Epacroplon armatipes (Martins, 1962), Neocompsa cylindricollis (Fabricius, 1798), Achryson quadrimaculatus (Fabricius, 1792).

Gathering regular samples of "Peixe-rei" from the southern coast of the State of S.Paulo (Brazil), the author examined 374 specimens distributed as follows: 805 specimens caught monthly from March 20, 1952, to February 19, 1963; 39 caught in December 18, 1961, all at the same place and 30 collected at the mouth of the Santo Amaro River, in Santos. Sohultz (1949, p. 107) referring to specimens from Venezuela, in consequence of the enormous variation and small series of specimens at his disposal, had written: "...it is not possible to separate the Lago de Maracaibo population from that of the Gulf of Venezuela or of Brazil. Perhaps when an adequate number of specimens has been studied throughout the range of this species, it may be possible to break it up into subspecies. " This is the problem that the author has been trying to solve. Receiving regular samples of different age groups the author studied them carefully and concluded that he was dealing with the same species described by Quoy & Gaimard under the name of Atherina brasiliens is and, at present, included by Schultz in the genus Xenomelaniris. A comparison with 30 specimens from Santos, an harbour located in the central portion of the State coast, was made. Beginning his paper with a few considerations about the research made in relation to the South American representatives of the family Atherinidae, the author follows with an analysis of the biometrioal data obtained from the specimens collected. These data were confronted with the ones given by other authors and only slight differences in relation to number of scales and vertebrae were observed. For the time being the author believes in the existence of a mixture of genotypioal and phenotypioal characters interfering with the perfect distinction between the population of Lago de Maracaibo, Gulf of Venezuela and Brazil. Due to the difficulties of interpretation and the small differences observed in the confrontation of data, the author sees no convenience, at least for the moment, in separating the population of the State of S.Paulo into a new subspeoifioal unit. The information available concerning this species being rather poor, the author thought it useful to give the diagnosis of the specimen studied and presents a photo for illustration. A few complementary considerations are also made pointing out small osteological divergences between the material studied by the author and some diagrammatic drawings from Schultz (1948, p. 35). TheBe divergences may be attributed to the scarcity of material with which the North American author had worked. Summing up his work the author makes a reference to the presence of teeth of substitution in the maxila and mandibula of the Peixe-rei, and mentions some of the frequent anomalies found in the branchial lamelae or gill rakers of the specimen examined.

This paper presents results obtained in analysis of the data on catch and effort, for croaker (Micropogon furnieri) caught along the southern coast of Brazil, between 23o50'S and 35oS, in a band of approximately 30 nautical miles, and landed at Santos from January 1959 to December 1962. The unweighted and weighted indexes of density and the concentration index were computed according to gear and to fishing area (I - from 23o50'S to 26oS, and II - from 26oS to 35oS) and the data were grouped by quarters. The results suggest the following conclusions: 1) The croaker catch, to some extent, has been done without directive thus the fishing fleet has operated in the areas with density lower than average. 2) The level of unit-effort production differ largely between areas, suggesting the presence of two separate croaker populations. 3) The decrease in production per unit-effort year after year in the two areas, suggests a decrease in the relative abundance along the studied fishing area.

The Foraminifera of the present paper were collected on the Brazilian continental shelf. Elphidium bugrum sp. n. (Figs. 14, 15), from the coast of São Paulo, southern-middle Brazil, differs from E. incertum (Williamson 1858) by having small pores on the apertural region which are arranged irregularly.

This paper contains: (i) a general discussion of gekkonid systematics; (ii) a key to the South American genera; (iii) diagnoses of South American genera; (iv) a check list of continental South American species, with bibliographical indications helpful to identification; (v) a systematic account of species known from or expected to occur in Brasil.

This paper presents the results of a series of investigations made on plankton samples (Table I) taken from October to December 1960 in the "Enseada do Mar Virado" (State of São Paulo, Brazil) (Fig. 1). The samples were studied under their general aspect. Four stations were occupied along a line at four different occasions. At each, samples were taken by means of vertical hauls with two similar plankton nets 25 cm wide at the mouth, one called "phytoplankton mesh" (1 mm wide apertures) and the other "zooplankton mesh" (3 mm wide apertures). First, a study on the quantitative composition of the plankton was carried out. A relationship was established between the amount of plankton and the oceanographic station (Fig. 2), date of hauls, water masses and other environmental conditions. The following results were obtained: the amount of plankton seems to be greater in Station I than in Station II, III and IV, which means that the amount of plankton was greater in coastal than in shelf waters. Phytoplankton on the contrary, was always more abundant in shelf waters (Figs. 3, 4). A comparative analysis was made of the samples taken with phytoplankton and zooplankton meshes. It was verified that the phytoplankton mesh really selects only small animals and that larger organisms are not retained by any of them (Figs. 5-12). Finally a study on the relationship between the planktonic animals (Table II) and the habitat, especially in what concerns the zooplankton, revealed that the latter is essencially neritic. O presente trabalho é um estudo do plancton da enseada do Mar Virado (Fig. 1) sob seus aspectos mais gerais. O plancton foi coletado quatro vezes em quatro estações dispostas em linha reta, nos meses de outubro, novembro e dezembro de 1960 (Tabela I). Foram feitas coletas verticais com duas redes de fito e zooplâncton, ambas das mesmas dimensões. Primeiramente, fizemos o estudo da composição quantitativa do plâncton. Relacionamos a quantidade de plâncton com as estações oceanográficas (Fig. 2), datas de coleta, massas de água e outras condições do meio ambiente. Obtivemos os seguintes resultados: a quantidade de plancton parece ser maior na Estação I e diminuir nas II, III e IV, isto é, maior em água costeira e menor em água de plataforma. Para o fitoplâncton obtivemos um resultado oposto, isto é, foi sempre mais abundante na presença de água de plataforma (Figs. 3-4). Em seguida, fizemos uma análise comparativa das amostras coletadas com rede de fitoplâncton e de zooplâncton. Baseados nesta análise, verificamos que a rede de fitoplâncton seleciona positivamente apenas os animais de pequeno porte, e que os organismos maiores não sofrem seleção nem pela rede de fitoplâncton nem pela de zooplâncton (Figs. 5-12). Finalmente, fizemos um estudo das relações dos organismos planctônicos (Tabela II) com o meio ambiente, especialmente no que diz respeito ao zooplâncton e concluimos que este é essencialmente nerítico.

This paper presents an application of a technique of simulation with a digital computer in the analysis of the spatial distribution of populations. It is shown that this method is useful: 1) in the determination of the distributional pattern, 2) in testing the applicability of analytical models and indices of dispersion (aggregation), and 3) in the elaboration of the experimental design.

A rich colony of the cladohepatic nudibranchiate mollusk Embletonia mediterranea was studied from the lagoon region of Cananéia, from March to July (end of summer through winter). To the author's knowledge this species is here redescribed for the first time since its description by Costa (1866), fulfilling some omissions present in the original paper. A comparison is here made with 4 out of the remaining 8 species of the genus. All the species are closely allied, two of the species which were not compared for lack of the necessary bibliography, are probably only a variety of E. pallida which is known to the authors. These are: E. juscata and E. remigata. E. minuta, also not compared, may be a synonim of E. pulchra. The fourth uncompared species: E. pygmex is the only one totally unknown to the authors. The colony became well established in aquaria in S. Paulo where the animals reproduced freely. The whole individual cycle was observed from spawning of a generation to spawning of the following one. The egg masses are lump-shaped, they contain an average of 11 eggs; each full-size animal lays about 16 to 17 eggs in 24 hours. Spawning begins in animals about one third full length. The whole development, from spawning to hatching takes from 48 h to 60 h in temperatures from 20º C to 25º C. Few days after hatching the veligers settle to the bottom and after 24 h to 48 h the young ones abandon the nautiloid shell yet with no cerata neither rhinophores and with reduced cephalic expansions. A comparison is made with the development of E. pallida, described and wonderfully portrayed by Rasmussen (1944). This species is closely associated to Bougainvillia on which were always found numerous egg-masses and adults and on which the animals feed. On the athecate hydroid, are usually found several cauli of Obelia bidentata. Animals reared out of reach of living hydroids had cerata entirely devoid of cnidocysts. In spite of its natural association to the mentioned hydroids, the species is euryphagous since it thrives well in captivity feeding on detritus and perhaps diatoms, small ciliates and suctorians. There is no annual cycle, the species having been found active continuously from summer through the coldest months. No migrations have been recorded and the population seems to be stationary the year round. Finally it was pointed out that this species seems to be a suitable material to study the problems of the relation between the internal medium and the external osmotic pressure. 1) - Foram estabelecidas em S. Paulo algumas colónias de E. mediterranea proveniente das águas salobras da região de Cananéia afim de completar as observações realisadas in loco. 2) - São apresentadas tanto a descrição como a classificação, incluindo uma rápida comparação com quase todas as outras espécies desse gênero que foram até hoje descritas. 3) - Descreve-se o ciclo completo desde a desova até a postura da geração seguinte. Não foi feito o estudo embriológico detalhado. 4) - Foram anotados o habitat e a alimentação, e verificada a ausência de cnidocistos em animais não alimentados com hidrozoários. 5) - Foram estabelecidas as temperaturas letais e a duração das principais fases do desenvolvimento em temperaturas diferentes. 6) - Foi feita a comparação com o ciclo de E. pallida, otimamente descrito e figurado por Rasmussen (1944). 7) - Foi verificada in loco a ausência de migrações. 8) - Considera-se essa espécie, sem dúvida eurihalina, um ótimo material para o estudo das relações entre o meio interno e a pressão osmótica externa.

In this paper are given distributional records of species already known to frequent brazilian waters. Full description and figures are given of speoies not hitherto known from this coast. Of the mentioned 2O speoies of hydroids, 5 are new for brazilian waters (Eudendrium carneun, E.capillare. Campanularia laevis, Amphisbet ia pulchella, Aglaura hemistoma); 3 are known only from the ooast south of Cabo Frio (Eudendrium carneun, Campanular ia laevis, Ob*lis commit sura 1 it. O.griffini, Thaumant ias raridentata, Orthopyxia crenata = O. lennoxent it, Geminella tubtilit, Amphisbetia pulchella); 7 are found both to the north and south of Cabo Frio (Pennaria fragil is, Clytia cylindrica = C.attenuate, Hebella scandens, Dynamena crisiodes f. typica, Sertularia marginata f. typica, Schisotricha billardi, Aglaophenia rigide); 4 species have a wide distribution (Eudendrium capillare, Obelia bicuspidata = Gonothyrea bicuspidata, Macrorhynchia philippina, Aglaura hemistoma) and finally of one species the known area of distribution was extended further south than Cabo Frio: Hebel la scandens. Cabo Frio has been tentatively considered as a natural zoogeographical frontier. The name Pennaria is used instead of Halocordyle, beoause the first described species certainly belonging to this genus was Sertolara pennara of Cavolini, later redescribed by Goldfuss in 1820 as Pennaria disticha. Stechow's opinion that considers oorreot the name Halocordyle is abandoned and the author now follows Bedot's view according to which the correct name for this genus is Pennaria. The speoies described for the Brazilian coast must therefore be called Pennaria fragilis (Van.). Eudendrium carneum was kept alive in sea-water aquaria. The by dran the have a well developed pseudohydrotheoa, they feed voraciously on small animals, mainly copepods and require thoroughly oxygenated water. They are rather difficult to raise in aquaria, and frequently the heads fall off or are resorbed. In these instances, the gonophores development proceeds at the expenses of the remainder portions of the coenosaro. The gonophores are produced around hydrants which become totally resorbed during their development, quiokly so in the male colonies, muoh more slowly in the female ones. Only one planula is produced in each female gonophore. The larvae emerge by rotating slowly using the orifice as fulcrum and so unscrewing themselves, so to speak, out of the gonangia. The pianolas locomotion is partly due to their oiliary covering and to a greater extent to gliding and active contraction and distension of their body. They are bright orange red and have a strong positive phototaxis. They become attached and from 60 to 66 hours after eclosion (water temperature from 23 to 84o C), the first polyp is completely formed. Eudendrium capillare was found in an aquarium and is here recorded for the first time for this coast. Campanularia laevis previously known only from cold sub antartic waters, was now found in the region of Cabo Frio at 67m depth. The hypothesis has been presented earlier of the existence of upwelling in this region (Vannucci 1951). A short description and figures are given of this species, which seems to be a cold water species. The gonothecae of Obelia bicuspidsta of these waters are here recorded for the first time. An extensive sinonimy of this species is presented, based principally on the work of Hummelinck. The finding of Orthopyxis billardi nom. nov., described by Billard as Eucopella crenata has made it possible to determine the sinonimy of Orthopyxis crenata and O.lennoxensis and clear the confusion until now existing for what concerns this species. Orthopyxis billard i has an interesting type of articulation by means of soft peridermic portions connecting successive hard segments of the peduncle. This articulation must confer to the peduncle a high flexibility associated with high resistance. Amphisbetia pulchella new for Brazil, was collected at Rio de Janeiro, a large, dead colony. Aglaura hemistoma, as was to be expected since it is a circumtrepical planctonic Trachynemid, was found to be abundant at 5-10m depth about 20o lat. S - 36o long. W, Jaseur Bank. Four species of Scyphoxoa are recorded, none of them is new. The first was described primarily by Fritz Muller from Sta.Catarina; it is the common Chiropsalmus quadrumanus, a voracious carnivore it is a very common species and is usually entangled in the fishermens nets, specially during summer. Chrysaora hysoscella was already known from Brazil, and was now collected in the low salinity waters of the region of Cananeia (southern part of the coast of the State of S.Paulo). Stomolophus meleagris and Lychnorhisa lucerna are two very common, even if not very abundant, species.

The purpose of this paper is to give a preliminary qualitative assessment of the soft bottom macrofauna of the Bay of Santos and adjacent areas. Sixty-three samples were taken by the 'Emilia' with grab and otter trawl gears. 149 different species of benthic animals were collected, of which 52 were polychaets, 26 lamellibranchs, 20 echinoderms, 17 crustaceans, 14 gastropods, 4 cnidarians and 16 belonging to other taxonomic categories. The most frequent species were the polychaets Audouinia tentaculata, Poecilochaetus australis, Onuphis quadricuspis, Owenia fusiformis, Telepus setosus and Telepsavus costarum. The gastropod Littoridina australis var. nana occurred in high densities in the samples collected in the inner part of the Santos channel. Ophiactis lymani was found to be the most widely distributed ophiuran in this region. The lamellibranchs Mesodesma inactroides, Tivela mactroides, Donax hanleyanus and the thalassinid Callianassa major are common in the sand beaches of the bay. In the mangrove region numerous decapods occurred of the following genera: Uca, Ucides, Aratus, Metasesarma, the "Maria mulata", crab Goniopsis cruentata, etc. Five different station groups and two more areas may be recognized in the region of the Bay of Santos and the homonimous channel.

This paper deals with some aspects of faunistic diversification and refers to part of the distribution area of a sciaenid fish Micropogon furnieri (Desmarest, 1822) Jordan & Evermann 1884, widely distributed. Such species is characteristic of the tropical area and occurs along the Brazilian coast with highest abundance south of Cabo Frio. The analysis of variations of six meristic characters and eight body proportions and of some reproduction and growth features has shown that along the coast between latitudes 23ºS and 33ºS diversifi cation occurs within the species; such diversification implies in the existence of two populations, one occupying the area between 23ºS and 29ºS (area I) and the other between 29ºS and 33ºS (area II). The eco logical differences between the two mentioned areas according to our point of view is the reason for the species diversification in the whole area under observation. The differences recorded as the characteristics studied were suf ficient enough to illustrate the existence of two populations reproductively isolated suggesting that some gene exchange, if any, between both populations occurs in a very low rate. Our results show that abundance estimates of M. furnieri in this area must be made for each population as a whole until further studies on genetic characters are developed which may confirm the existence of gene exchange and if so, the gene flow rate. As the present study does not cover the total area of occurrence of Micropogon furnieri no hypothesis is extended to the general pattern of diversification (eventual presence of sub-species) and no systematic "status" and names are given to the populations identified.

The present paper has as its main objective an improvement of the statistics fishery in Brazil. The writers deal only with marine Sciaenidae whose geographical distribution includes part or the totality of Brazilian shore waters in a tentative to promote a collection of uniform statistc data for every species. A list of the species is given together with a simple key for identification as well as a general survey of the popular nomenclature for them. As the latter has many gaps and no value for a rigorous separation of the species, the writers decided to propose to the government offices responsible for the fishery statistics a list of "official popular names" which, given the opportunity of being put into practice, will permit the accomplishment of their objectives.

This paper presents the taxonomic results regarding the Chaetognatha collected during a voyage to the oceanic island of Trindade made in 1950. Collects were done at different stations around the island and in the waters above banks between the island and the continent. Seven different species were collected, 5 of which belong to the genus Sagitta: 8. bipunctata, 8. enflata, 8. friderici, 8. hexaptera, 8. serratodentata, one is recognized as a new species of the genus Pterosagitta: Pt. besnardi, and finally the last is Krohnitta subtilis. Descriptions and drawings are presented of the species, as well as records of what is known of their habits and of the environments which they select. The new species, Pterosagitta besnardi, the second known of this genus, is as a whole similar to its elder: Pt. draco; but differs from it in some essential points. Pt. besnardi is shorter, its caudal segment is proportionately shorter, it has a smaller number of teeth and hooks, the hook's sheath has no crest, it has intestinal diverticula, its receptacula are extremely large and have a clavate shape and, finally its vesiculae are short and oval. This work was done aiming at a better knowledge of the Chaetognathous fauna of the western south Atlantic and for this purpose more work is being prepared dealing with the coastal species. Random informations are being pieced together in the hope of gathering in the near future enough material to establish some useful indicator among the species of this group that might be efficiently used for practical purposes.

The present paper presents comparative studies of the salivary gland system (including mandibular gland, hypopharingeal glands and salivary glands proper) of 78 bee species, belonging to the families Colletidae, Andrenidae, Halictidae, Megachilidae, Anthophoridae and Apidae, as well as studies of the wax and scent glands in the social Apidae (Bombini, Meliponini and Apini). The aim of the comparisons, involving situation, histology, morphology and morphogenesis, was to elucidate possible evolutionary relationships among different groups. It was confirmed that the histology of different glands was more or less constant, while localization, morphology and degree of differentiation differed considerably from group to group. Bees considered primitive based upon other criteria, such as habits, external morphology, etc., showed, in general, the simpler and less differentiated glandular organization. The results obtained lead to the conclusion that the evolutionary tendency is, in general, for an increase of secretive surface in each glandular system. Thus the Apidae possess the largest secretive surface among all bee groups examined. The only exception to this general tendency concerns the wax glands, whose secretive surface was larger in the Bombini than in the more specialized Meliponini and Apini. But it is still open to question whether or not the wax glands of Bombus are more efficient than those in the other two tribes. However, it is apparent that in general the comparisons are more illuminating within subfamilies than between them. Nevertheless, an attempt has been made to apply the data to a tentative philogenetic tree of bees so as to show the evolutionary level reached by each species examined in respect of its glandular development. To measure such degrees of development, each glandular system was given a numerical weight between zero and twenty, specialized types receiving higher values. In the phylogenetic tree presented, branching follows Michener (1944), and the sums of the above-mentioned scores (varying from zero to 140) are listed for all examined species.

This paper deals with the occurrence of Copepods in the Bay of Santos (State of Sao Paulo, Brazil) and its surroundings. During 1934-1945 the author collected plankton samples from that region not only to study its various components but especially to test its distribution in the contents of fish's stomachs. Thus, 1.136 samples were gathered, mostly from surface waters, since only 18.6% from intermediary and 8.8% from deep waters. According to the available literature, up to 1939, no important account had been given on the Copepoda from the coast of Sao Paulo and few works deal with this order from the Brazilian coast in general. Among them Van Douwe (1911; 1912), Wright (1927; 1935; 1936; 1936a; 1937), Kiefer (1935; 1936a; 1936&;) Chappuis (1936), Marsh (1933) and Schubart (1938-1942) who referred to some specimens from the north of Brazil. However, in all these works only brackish and fresh water specimens were considered. Later on, Oliveira (1945-1947) while carrying out researches on the micro crustacea from Guanabara Bay, presented interesting studies on marine species. A list is given of the commonest species collected and the author arrived to the following conclusions: a) excepting the genus Oithona, Paracalanus, Euterpina, Corycaeus and in certain months Acartia that, generally were found throughout the year, there was a great variation of species in the region investigated. b) In a general way, the author could not find that strict subdivision proposed by some authors who proved the existance of an absolute characteristical fauna on the surface, another intermediary one and still a bathipelagial one. This was due, perhaps, to the irregular catches and to the methods employed which could only be improved after 1947. c) Bright light did not cause the accumulation of organisms on the surface, excepting, obviously, the night catches; quite rich catches were made in misty days. d) Winds of high and medium speed had no great effect on the distribution of macroplankton while the rain seemed to help the concentration of Copepods on the surface, at least during the day; strong winds as well heavy rains drawn the plankton deeper down. e) The temperature influentiated the occurrence of material though slight changes had no great effect. f) As it was expected the zooplankton from the Bay of Santos presented the same characteristics as that from the open sea, though it proved to be poorer in quality and concerning some species, reacher in quantity. Some general considerations are made regarding the impure and contaminated water of a large city like Santos. While studying the research methods, the author gives slight references to the migration observed and to geographical distribution of some species.

O presente trabalho constitui parte de um projeto a longo prazo que visa o estudo ecológico da fauna íctica da baía de Santos (23º58'S a 24º02'S 45º19'W a 46º24"W). Foi iniciado pelo levantamento da ictiofauna da região (etapa I) sendo que esta série tem a finalidade de possibilitar uma identificação rápida dos exemplares durante trabalhos de campo. Iniciamos essa série pelos Sciaenidae, por ser esta a família que possui o maior número de espécies representadas na região. Foram organizadas chaves para os gêneros e espécies, descrições sucintas das espécies, notas ecológicas sôbre as espécies em nossas águas, desenho e fotografia. Dos quinze gêneros de Sciaenidae marinhos que ocorrem no Brasil, nove gêneros foram registrados na baía de Santos; êsses nove gêneros encontram-se representados no Brasil por 21 espécies, tendo sido verificada a ocorrência de 12, na baía. Considering the great extension and the diversity of environmental conditions of the Brazilian coast, the study of the fauna of well-delimited regions seems to be advisable, as is the case of the region under study, namely the Bay of Santos, São Paulo, Brazil (from 23º58'S to 24º02'S; from 45º19'W to 46º24'W). This paper comprises part of a long-term program aiming at the ecological study of the ichthyological fauna of the Bay of Santos, which was initiated by the ichthyofauna of the region (1st part). The present series begins with the Scianidae since this is the family with a greater number of species represented in the region. As many as 21 species of 15 Sciaenidae genus recorded for the Brazilian waters, 9 occur in the Bay of Santos, represented by 12 species. Keys are given for the genus and species and also a brief description of the species, ecological notes for those recorded in Brazilian waters, drawings and photos.

In this paper are recorded 27 different species of Foraminifera collected along the coast of the State of São Paulo. The specimens were collected mainly at six points: "Rabo Azedo" beach in the Island of São Sebastião; "Flexeiras" beach, on the continent, near to the town of São Sebastião; beaches of "Ponta da Praia" and "Boqueirão" in the Bay of Santos; "Itararé" beach at São Vicente and "Praia de Fora", the beach of the "Ilha Comprida" (Long Island) at Cananéia. Collects were also effected in the channel of São Sebastião and at places near Caraguatatuba and Ubatuba, at spots located at the entrance of the bar of Cananéia and near the islands "Bom Abrigo", "Vitória" and 'Anchieta". Dredgings were done at depths varying from 0.80 to 12 meters. Of the 27 species recorded until now, 21 are from the northern coast of the State, 3 of which are present also in the central region (Santos and São Vicente) ; 6 species are from the southern coast of the State. The richest collects were from the northern litoral, especially so at the beach of "Flexeira'. The beach of Itararé although poorer in abundance produced a varied and most interesting material. In what concerns the genera represented by the greater number of species, are in first place Quinqueloculina and Discorbis, followed by Bolivina. Next comes Lagena with up to now only two species. The remaining 14 genera are represented by only one species. The authors studied the group only under an entirely taxonomic point of view to know which are the commonest species that occur on the coast of the State; they intend later to pursue biological and ecological researches in the group. Researches are being effected to study the occurence of certain forms in the different seasons, their distribution, both in the planctonic and sessil stage, on the beaches and bottom deposits, aiming at discovering their penetration and distribution in brackish and fresh waters of the littoral region of the State. Neste trabalho, estudam-se 27 espécies de foraminiferos colecionados ao longo da costa do E. de São Paulo. Para tanto, operaram os autores em seis praias principais, como sejam: Praia do Rabo Azedo, na Ilha de São Sebastião, praia das Flexeiras, situada no continente, próximo à cidade de São Sebastião, Ponta da Praia e Boqueirão, em Santos, praia de Itararé, em São Vicente e Praia de Fora, na Ilha Comprida, em Cananéia. Efetuaram-se coletas no canal de São Sebastião bem como èm regiões próximas a Caraguatatuba e Ubatuba, além de pontos situados na entrada da barra de Cananéia e adjacências das ilhas de Bom Abrigo, Vitória e Anchieta. Os trabalhos de dragagem foram efetuados era profundidades que oscilaram entre 0m80 e 12 metros. Das 27 espécies relacionadas até o presente, 21 são provenientes do litoral norte, das quais 3 ocorrem também no centro do litoral do Estado (Santos e São Vicente). Seis são da região sul da costa bandeirante (Cananéia). Dentre as praias visitadas, as do litoral norte revelaram-se mais produtivas, salientando-se, entre todas, a Praia das Flexeiras. Embora menos rica, a Praia de Itararé forneceu material variado e interessantíssimo. Em relação aos gêneros representados pelo maior número de espécies, figuram, em primeiro lugar: Quinqueloculina e Discorbis, vindo a seguir o gênero Bolivina. Embora fazendo-se representar por pequeníssimo número de exemplares, o gênero Lagena segue aos acima referidos posto que até agora, tenha sido representado somente por duas espécies. Os demais 14 figuraram, cada um, com uma só espécie. Os autores investigaram, preliminarmente, o grupo sob o prisma puramente taxonómico para conhecimento das principais espécies ocorrentes no litoral do E. de São Paulo, tencionando prosseguir, em maior profundidade, na pesquisa biológica e, sobretudo, ecológica. Assim, investigam a ocorrência de determinadas formas nas diversas estações do ano, acompanhando a sua distribuição, tanto no estado planctónico como no sessil, quer nas praias, como nos sedimentos dos fundos, com o objetivo de conhecer a sua penetração e distribuição nos ambientes de águas salobras e doces do litoral paulista.

This paper aims at the determination of (1) period and area of spawning, (2) length and age at first spawning and (3) sex ratio of the 'pescada-foguete' (Macrodon ancylodon) from the southern coast of Brazil. The results obtained show that spawning occurs during October-May with a partial spawning in December and in March-April; the area of spawning was found to be between latitude 32oS and longitude 51oW and 52oW. The first maturation occurs when the fish reach 25 cm long, being complete in about six months. The sex ratio found was 48% females for 52% males.

In this paper the author studies some sand samples from the coastal plain and beaches of south Brazil. He modifies the former opinion about the origin of the hard and brown layers of sand, before named by him mangrovito. He suggests the action of the underground water rich in organic matter as being responsible for the hardening of the ancient shore sands.

The author concludes his investigations concerning the modifications occurring at the bar and entrance of the lagoon region of Cananéa (State of S.Paulo, Brazil). In the first part of the paper data gathered in the last year (1954) are presented and by means of two graphs and a sketch the progress of the phenomena of erosion and accretion are demonstrated. In the second part a description, in various phases, of the development of a "restinga" (spit or bar of sand) is given, documented by sketches and several photos. In the third part considerations are made about the variation of the bar secondary channels and an interpretation of the process is given. Neste trabalho, o autor conclúe investigações relativas às modificações ocorridas na barra de Cananéia e regiões circunvizinhas. Na primeira parte apresenta dados colhidos, neste ultimo ano, sobre modificações verificadas na costa, demonstrando com a apresentação de dois gráficos e um esquena, o desenvolvimento dos fenômenos de ero são ou acumulação. Na segunda parte é feita a descrição da gênese de urna restinga e de uma lagoa, em varias fases, documentadas por "croquis", fotografias locais e aéreas. Na terceira parte tecem-se considerações sobre a variação dos canais secundários da barra, ilustrando esse desenvolvimento por meio de "croquis".

The development of programs of research on marine fisheries begun in 1958 by the Santos group have drawn attention to the necessity of improvement of methods of collecting fishery statistics; although the collections were originally started in 1950, the early years' work were not a high standard, partially due to the high cost of personnel and means. Now, the research is becoming more exacting in its statistical requirements. It may be seen, from the analysis of data presented in this paper, that the São Paulo fishery has been evolving slowly, depending mostly on its own resources. Beginning in 1958, there was a "revolution", the result of adding to the fleet larger vessels, both Brazilian and foreign, which have raised the fishing activities to a level never before achieved. The general tendencies are for fishing in more distant and more productive waters both to the north with long-lines and along the coast to the south with trawls, and the effects of these tendencies have been increases in both the volume and quality of the fishery products landed. O desenvolvimento das pesquisas sôbre a pesca iniciados em 1958 pelo Grupo de Pesquisas de Santos, veio encarecer a necessidade de aperfeiçoamento dos métodos de coleta de dados estatísticos existentes; isto porque, os levantamentos iniciados em 1950 não permitiam uma estatística detalhada, devido a carência de material e pessoal especializado, que comprometiam a sua continuidade. Atualmente, melhor assistidas e orientadas, as pesquisas atingiram setores mais avançados, motivo pelo qual, a tarefa de obtenção de dados com informações precisas, capazes de garantir a autenticidade dos resultados, adquiriu maior responsabilidade. Pela análise e apreciação dos dados coligidos no presente trabalho, verificou-se que a indústria pesqueira no Estado, vem evoluindo lentamente, desde 1944, através de seus próprios recursos (Braga & Moraes, 1952). A partir de 1958, sofreu uma favorável transformação, resultante do recrutamento de embarcações nacionais e estrangeiras, de maior porte e raio de ação, cujas características de funcionamento e produtividade, proporcionaram-lhe, sem dúvida, uma fase de desenvolvimento nunca dantes alcançadas. As tendências reveladas indicam um progressivo afastamento das capturas para áreas distantes e mais produtivas; na direção norte, mar a dentro, com linha e espinhei ("long-line") e no rumo sul, mais junto à costa, com redes tipo "trawl". Tais operações, tiveram significativa participação na melhoria do volume e qualidade dos desembarques.

Sardine (Sardinella aurita, Rafinesque) and Manjuba {Anchoviella hubbsi, Hildebrand) are the two species of fish most commonly salted at the coast of São Paulo. As there exists a general incertainity about the curing time, it was found interesting to carry out some experiments in order to clarify this question. The present paper gives an account for the work and the results obtained up to now in the Technical Laboratory of the Institute. When Sardine is salted round with about 30% salt calculated on the fresh fish weight, may incorporate about 18% NaCl on the salted fish weight basis. This salt content is reached practically in about 15 days. Considering the variability of thickness and fat content of the fish and the unequal distribution of salt, which may occur in the industrial procedure of salting, the curing period of about 15 days must be taken as the minimum necessary to ensure a perfect cure. The table II shows the rate of salt penetration, salt-water ratio and salt-dry material ratio. In the case of manjuba, whose production is almost entirely destinated to salting and drying, the salt penetration proceeds rapidly during the first day, when the salt content stabilizes at the level of about 14-15%. The maximum concentration eventually attainable is about 18%, if the fish is maintained in saturated brine for a long time. Provided that the manjuba is kept in saturated brine and properly cured, it may be preserved in good conditions for more than one year. The table III gives the rate of salt penetration observed in manjuba salted with 30, 25 and 20% of salt on fresh fish weight basis. 1) A sardinha verdadeira (Sardinella aurita, Rafinesque), quando salgada sem ser aberta, com cerca de 30% de sal em relação ao seu peso, pode incorporar ca. 18% de NaCl, em relação ao seu peso depois de salgada, e esse teor pode ser alcançado em ca. 15 dias de salga. Esse período de salga deve ser considerado como o mínimo necessário para efeito de segurança, tendo em vista a variação do tamanho, do teor de gordura e a imperfeição na distribuição do sal. 2) Quanto à manjuba (Anchoviella hubbsi, Hildebrand), cuja produção é quase totalmente destinada à salga e secagem, a penetração do sal se processa rapidamente em 24 horas de salga, sendo atingido o teor de 14-15% de NaCl. A concentração máxima de NaCl que pode ser incorporado à carne é da ordem de 18%, tendo sido observado esse teor num lote conservado na salmoura por um período superior a um ano e em perfeito estado de conservação.

The aim of this paper is to evaluate the apparent abundance of the croaker (Micropogon furnieri) along the central and southern coast of Brazil (from 23º50'S to 35ºS). The data on catch and effort of the fish taken in the same area and at the same time, with different gear, are analysed from January 1959 to December 1962. The different gears used were reduced to the same level of efficiency, and the apparent abundance was estimated according to the fishing area (area I - from 23º50'S to 26ºS, and area II - from 26ºS to 35ºS), by quarters and by year. The results allow us to draw the following conclusions: 1 - There is a tendency of increase of the apparent abundance from the beginning to the end of each year and of decrease in following years, in both areas. The decrease is greater in area II. 2 - The levels of apparent abundance, in both areas, was very different. The level in area II is higher. 3 - Variations in the availability during the year, were observed. Data suggest that they are determined in area I by extrinsic factors, and in area II by intrinsic factors. 4 - Different responses of the stock, in both areas, to fishing intensity was verified, supporting the hypothesis of occurrence of two different croaker stocks. The stock of area I probably has reached a state of equilibrium with the fishery while in area II the stock has not yet reached this stage.

A list of diatoms found in the region of Cananéia is given in this paper. A description is given of the diatoms recorded for the first time in Brazilian waters (Eunotia major (W. Sm.) Rabh., Eunotia praerupta var. bidens Grun., Eunotia sudetica O. Muller, Nitzschia ançrularis W. Sm., Nitzschia fluminensis Grun., Nitzschia macilenta Greg., Nitzschia sigma (Kütz.) W. Sm. var. intercedens Grun., Surirella guatimalensis Ehr., Surirella kittoni A. S., Synedra acus Kütz. var. angustissima Grun., Triceratium uncinatum A. S., Tropidoneis seriata Cleve) as well of those of some interest due to their geographic distribution. The species studied are cosmopolitan and tropical and only one is a characteristic species of cold water (Chaetoceros tortissimus Gran.), the presence of which could not be explained based on the physical data obtained (temperature and salinity). The basic factor that influences the nature and horizontal distribution of the phytoplankton was found to be salinity.

This is the first report of a series on Foraminifera of Brazil. The animals were collected on the Brazilian continental shelf and only the Miliolidae, Peneroplidae and Alveolinellidae were taken into consideration in this paper. Forty one species were described, belonging to the following genera: Quinqueloculina D'Orbigny, Articulina D'Orbigny, Massilina Schlumberger, Pyrgo Defrance, Pyrgoella Cushman & White, Biloculinella Wiesner, Spiroloculina d'Orbigny, Sigmoilina Schlumberger. Ilauerina d'Orbigny, Flintia Schubert, Triloculina d'Orbigny, Peneroplis Montfort, Archaias Montfort, Sorites Ehrenberg, Borelis Montfort. Two regions were established from the observation of the distribution of the Miliolidae, Peneroplidae and Alveolinellidae. The animals collected from 23o S northwards were captured in warm tropical waters and those found on Banco S. Tome, Barra de S. Joao, and Trindade Island are the same which occur in the West Indies. According to Ekman (1953, p. 4) the coral regions are not always formed by animals. They may also be formed by algae belonging to the genus lAtliothamnion. The samples I, II, and III were collected in such coral formations. The following species occurred from this southern limit northwards : Articulina multilocularis, A. sagra, A. sulcata, Hauerina bradyi, H. ornatissima, Quinqueloculina funafutiensis, O. tricarinata, Miliolinella oblonga, Massilina crenata, Spiroloculina antillarum, S. caduca, Triloculina planciana, Peneroplis bradyi, P. carinatus, P. pertusus, P. proteus, Archaias angulatus, Sorites marginalis and Borelis pulchra.