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Os caracteres gerais do método eletroforético são apresentados de modo sumário, especialmente aquêles referentes à eletroforese em papel, no sentido de familiarizar o neurologista quanto aos seus aspectos principais e sua utilização no estudo das frações proteicas do liqüido cefalorraquidiano cujos aspectos particulares são discutidos. The main aspects of electrophoresis are summarised, specially those concerning paper electrophoresis, as a practical guide for neurologists, in its appliance to the study of cerebrospinal fluid protein fractions.

In order to analyse the paper strip electrophoresis contribution to the knowledge of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) proteins in cysticercosis of the central nervous system (CNS) 40 patients were studied (identification data in table 1); the clinical forms and diagnostic data of 30 of them, who had CNS cysticercosis (cases 1 to 30) are summarized in the table 2; cysticercosis of the CNS might play a role in the pathologic condition presented by the remaining 10 patients. CSF protein fractions were examined in all the cases (results in tables 4 and 7) and those of blood sera in cases from 1 to 15 (results in table 5) by paper strip electrophoresis under the specifications previously reported54. A second examination of CSF protein fractions was made some time later in 4 cases (results in table 6). CSF samples were analysed also in respect to cytology, total protein content, Pandy and colloidal benzoin reactions and complement fixation tests for syphillis and cysticercosis (results in table 3). The values obtained for CSF protein fractions were compared to norma) values found in 30 control subjects; these normal values were detailed in a prior publication55 and are summarized in table 8. This comparison shows that CNS cysticercosis produces changes in the electrophoretic prophiJe of CSF proteins (table 9); an increased y-globulin fraction was the main change observed, commonly associated to a low j8-globulin relative concentration. An inversion of a1/a2 quocient was found in 4 cases. The contributions to the study of CNS cysticercosis resulting from the electrophoretic analysis of CSF proteins are discussed in three groups: 1 - Informations obtained by paper electrophoresis of CSF proteins are independent from those resulting from the other laboratory aspects studied. Thus, if the protein fractions of blood sera are considered, although the changes found have mean values similar to those found to the CSF protein fractions (table 10), it was observed that there are individual differences in the protein fraction relative concentrations in blood and CSF (table 11), no correlation being found between them. Considering CSF itself, changes in its protein fractions induced by CNS cysticercosis are similar in ventricular and subarachnoid samples (lumbal and cisternal) (table 13); their intensity is related to the intensity of the whole of CSF changes (table 12). Informations obtained by electrophoretic analysis of CSF proteins, however, differ from those resulting from the other examinations conducted in the CSF sample as was shown in the analysis of cytology (tables 14 and 15), total protein content (table 16), colloidal benzoin reaction and positivity of complement fixation test for cysticercosis. 2 - The clinical value of data achieved by CSF proteins electrophoresis is discussed. Results may have an important role in diagnosis, in the knowledge of its clinical forms (table 17) and in the control of evolution if pathogenetic mechanisms involved in disease are considered. Cases 31 to 40 illustrate the clinical aspects of contributions given by CSF electrophoresis. 3 - The CSF protein fractions changes found in CNS cysticercosis justify their classification among those changes commonly observed in subchronic and chronic inflammatory diseases of the CNS and/or its leptomeningeal coverings. It is assumed in the literature that there occurs a local production of globulins, specially the y-globulin fraction, in such pathologic conditions. Concerning CNS cysticercosis, if CSF total protein content and electrophoretic data on its fractions are considered together (table IS and 19; graph. 1), it is possible to evidence that at least two mechanisms participate in the origin of protein changes (tables 20 and 21; graph. 2) : blood-CSF barrier disturbances are able to explain data concerning albumin, a and globulin changes, which are similar; the local production of y-globulin is the hypothesis most reliable to explain the peculiar changes of this fraction. This hypothesis agrees with literature data concerning other chronie inflammatory diseases of the CNS. The probable role of y-globulin in carrying specific antibodies is pointed out through correlative exploration of its concentration in the CSF sample and the corresponding positivity of complement fixation test for cysticercosis.

Partindo dos dados referentes à aplicação da eletroforese em papel de filtro na separação das frações proteicas do LCR, apresentados em publicação anterior, são revistos os dados da literatura sob o ponto de vista do laboratório clínico. Tanto os valores relativos normais referentes a cada uma das reações proteicas, como alterações patológicas mais freqüentemente encontradas em diversos tipos de afecções do sistema nervoso são apresentados, ressaltando-se a importância dos achados frente à fisiopatologia do liqüido cefalorraquidiano e frente à Clínica Neurológica. Data on the use of paper electrophoresis in the study of cerebrospinal fluid proteins are reviewed as to show the importance of this method for the clinical laboratory. The mean of protein fractions concentration as well as the references concerning to pathologic findings are presented and discussed. The main aspects of contributions in this field are discussed, showing the aid brought by the protein electrophoretic studies to the physiopathology of cerebrospinal fluid and to pathogenetic interpretations of some nervous diseases.

Foram analisadas, mediante electroforese em papel, as proteínas do LCR cisternal de 30 pessoas adultas (13 sadias e 17 portadoras de neuroses); as médias encontradas em relação às diversas frações proteicas foram as seguintes: pré-albumina 2,2%; albumina 51,6%; globulinas α1 5,0%, α2 8,7%, β (incluindo os percentuais da fração τ) 21,6% e γ 10,9%. Em relação aos resultados encontrados para as frações proteicas do soro sangüíneo de 30 pessoas adultas (17 normais e 13 portadoras de neuroses) incluindo 7 daquelas cujo LCR foi estudado, o perfil das proteínas do LCR mostrou-se diferente, pois no LCR verifica-se a presença da fração pré-albumina, maior riqueza em globulinas β e pequeno teor de γ-globulina. Cisternal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) protein fractions were studied by paper electrophoresis. Through sub-occipital puncture samples were collected from 30 adults (age range from 15 to 45 years old) : 13 healthy people and 17 psychoneurotic patients, without past history of neurologic disease and/or evidence of organic affection. Syphilis serology was negative in all cases as well as CSF showed any abnormality in respect to pressure, aspect, color, cytology, total protein content, colloidal reactions, syphilis and cysti-cercosis complement fixation tests. Technical details were previously described; protein concentration was achieved by dyalisis against 30% poli-vinylpirrolidone at 4°C. Results are detailed in the table 1; mean values obtained for protein fractions were: pre-albumin 2.2%, albumin 51.6%, globulins: α1 5.0%, α2 8.7%, β 21.6% (including the τ fraction) and γ 10.9%. There was any significative difference between results found in normal people and in psychoneurotic patients. The values found are in agreement with those reported by Mumenthaler and Marki from data published until 1956. For comparison purposes the author's data are presented together with others obtained by several investigators (table 4). The results were compared to those found in sera from 30 adults selected in the same way and analysed by the same technique (table 2). Comparison showed similar results when the means found in respect to all sera and CSF samples were considered or when means found for seven cases in which it was possible to analyse CSF and serum proteins simultaneously were considered (table 3). Albumin (including pre-albumin) and α-globulins have similar relative patterns in both CSF and serum protein profiles, but those of β and y-globulins are disimilar. As far as to the sera, CSF proteins have relatively more jg-globulin (1.5 to twices) and less y-globulin (0.5 approximately).

O presente trabalho é baseado no estudo dos perfis eletroforéticos das proteínas do líquido cefalorraqueano de 300 pacientes normais ou portadores de diversas entidades neurológicas. Analisando êste material, os autores verificaram que a gama-globulina é a fração protêica cuja variação tem grande importância na prática neurológica para o diagnóstico diferencial. A principal conclusão a que chegaram indica que há dois diferentes mecanismos que atuam na alteração do perfil eletroforético das proteínas do líquor: a) alteração da permeabilidade da barreira hêmato-encefálica; b) liberação intratecal de gama-globulina. Portanto, o método eletroforético não permite o diagnóstico de determinada entidade neurológica, mas indica o mecanismo fisiopatológico em atividade. This paper is based on the study of the protein profile of the cerebrospinal fluid of 300 neurological patients. This material was analysed in the same way as that one performed by Matiar and Schmidt (1958) and it was found almost the same results. These findings suggested the great value of the cerebrospinal fluid gamma-globulin concentration in the neurological differential diagnosis. In order to enlarge these studies in our own material, it was tried to find some correlation between albumin and globulin fractions expressed in mg/100 ml. The logarithm of albumin concentration was plotted graphically against the logarithm of globulin concentration; each disease was noted down as different symbols. It was verified linear bilogarithmic correlation between albumin and each globulin fraction. Graphs with albumin/alpha-globulin or with albumin/beta-globulin showed absence of characteristic disease behaviour. On the contrary, the graph with albumin/gamma-globulin showed a typical behaviour for neurolues and brain cysticercosis data. Assuming that the cases of spinal block may very well indicate the condition where the changes of the spinal fluid proteins were due to a modification of permeability of the blood-brain barrier, it was calculated the regression equation for the various gamma-globulin concentrations of these cases. It was found that most of the cases of brain tumors, intracranial hemorrhages, meningitis and polyradiculoneuritis were in perfect agreement with the cases of spinal block, suggesting that in these cases the protein changes were due to a modification of permeability of the blood-brain barrier. On the contrary, the great majority of the cases of neurolues and brain cysticercosis did not follow this pattern, suggesting that there was an increase of the spinal fluid gamma-globulin which must be originated intrathecally. These findings point out to two different mechanisms in the changes of the protein profile of cerebrospinal fluid and, therefore, electrophoresis did not allow the diagnosis of a determined neurological disorder, but it shows the particular physiopathological mechanism involved. Escola Paulista de Medicina Serviço de Neurologia UNIFESP, EPM, Serviço de Neurologia SciELO

In the present paper the behavior of the heterochromoso-mes in the course of the meiotic divisions of the spermatocytes in 15 species of Orthoptera belonging to 6 different families was studied. The species treated and their respective chromosome numbers were: Phaneropteridae: Anaulacomera sp. - 1 - 2n = 30 + X, n +15+ X and 15. Anaulacomera sp. - 2 - 2n - 30 + X, n = 15+ X and 15. Stilpnochlora marginella - 2n = 30 + X, n = 15= X and 15. Scudderia sp. - 2n = 30 + X, n = 15+ X and 15. Posldippus citrifolius - 2n = 24 + X, n = 12+X and 12. Acrididae: Osmilia violacea - 2n = 22+X, n = 11 + X and 11. Tropinotus discoideus - 2n = 22+ X, n = 11 + X and 11. Leptysma dorsalis - 2n = 22 + X, n = 11-J-X and 11. Orphulella punctata - 2n = 22-f X, n = 11 + X and 11. Conocephalidae: Conocephalus sp. - 2n = 32 + X, n = 16 + X and 16. Proscopiidae: Cephalocoema zilkari - 2n = 16 + X, n = 8+ X and 8. Tetanorhynchus mendesi - 2n = 16 + X, n = 8+X and 8. Gryliidae: Gryllus assimilis - 2n = 28 + X, n = 14+X and 14. Gryllodes sp. - 2n = 20 + X, n = 10- + and 10. Phalangopsitidae: Endecous cavernicola - 2n = 18 +X, n = 94-X and 9. It was pointed out by the present writer that in the Orthoptera similarly to what he observed in the Hemiptera the heterochromosome in the heterocinetic division shows in the same individual indifferently precession, synchronism or succession. This lack of specificity is therefore pointed here as constituting the rule and not the exception as formerly beleaved by the students of this problem, since it occurs in all the species referred to in the present paper and probably also m those hitherto investigated. The variability in the behavior of the heterochromosome which can have any position with regard to the autosomes even in the same follicle is attributed to the fact that being rather a stationary body it retains in anaphase the place it had in metaphase. When this place is in the equator of the cell the heterochromosome will be left behind as soon as anaphase begins (succession). When, on the contrary, laying out of this plane as generally happens (precession) it will sooner be reached (synchronism) or passed by the autosomes (succession). Due to the less kinetic activity of the heterochromosome it does not orient itself at metaphase remaining where it stands with the kinetochore looking indifferently to any direction. At the end of anaphase and sometimes earlier the heterochromosome begins to show mitotic activities revealed by the division of its body. Then, responding to the influence of the nearer pole it moves to it being enclosed with the autosomes in the nucleus formed there. The position of the heterochromosome in the cell is explained in the following manner: It is well known that the heterochromosome of the Orthoptera is always at the periphery of the nucleus, just beneath the nuclear membrane. This position may be any in regard of the axis of the dividing cell, so that if one of the poles of the spindle comes to coincide with it, the heterochromosome will appear at this pole in the metaphasic figures. If, on the other hand, the angle formed by the axis of the spindle with the ray reaching the heterochromosome increases the latter will appear in planes farther and farther apart from the nearer pole until it finishes by being in the equatorial plane. In this way it is not difficult to understand precession, synchronism or succession. In the species in which the heterochromosome is very large as it generally happens in the Phaneropteridae, the positions corresponding to precession are much more frequent. This is due to the fact that the probabilities for the heterochromosome taking an intermediary position between the equator and the poles at the time the spindle is set up are much greater than otherwise. Moreover, standing always outside the spindle area it searches for a place exactly where this area is larger, that is, in the vicinity of the poles. If it comes to enter the spindle area, what has very little probability, it would be, in virtue of its size, propelled toward the pole by the nearing anaphasic plate. The cases of succession are justly those in which the heterochromosome taking a position parallelly to the spindle axis it can adjust its large body also in the equator or in its proximity. In the species provided with small heterochromosome (Gryllidae, Conocephalidae, Acrididae) succession is found much more frequently because here as in the Hemiptera (PIZA 1945) the heterochromosome can equally take equatorial or subequatorial positions, and, furthermore, when in the spindle area it does offer no sereous obstacle to the passage of the autosomes. The position of the heterochromosome at the periphery of the nucleus at different stages may be as I suppose, at least in part a question of density. The less colourability and the surface irregularities characteristic of this element may well correspond to a less degree of condensation which may influence passive movements. In one of the species studied here (Anaulacomera sp.- 1) included in the Phaneropteridae it was observed that the plasmosome is left motionless in the spindle as the autosomes move toward the poles. It passes to one of the secondary spermatocytes being not included in its nucleus. In the second division it again passes to one of the cells being cast off when the spermatid is being transformed into spermatozoon. Thus it is regularly found among the tails of the spermatozoa in different stages of development. In the opinion of the present writer, at least in some cases, corpuscles described as Golgi body's remanents are nothing more than discarded plasmosomes.

No gênero Aloë, tôdas as espécies estudadas citològicamente até o presente (cêrca de 90) têm 2n = 14 cromossômios. Em uma forma não classificada, a microsporogênese e a gametogênese foram detalhadamente estudadas. O fato mais interessante constatado é o de se associarem, nos grãos de pólen, os núcleos vegetativo e reprodutivo, sem, contudo, se fundirem. Nos tubos polínicos êles de novo se separam, e o reprodutivo dá formação a dois gâmetas. O número e a morfologia dos cromossômios foram estudados em raízes e em grãos de pólen : o complemento cromossômico é constituído por quatro pares de cromossômios longos, bem identificados, e três pares de cromossômios curtos. Um dos cromossômios longos possui um satélite distal; um dos cromossômios curtos possui um satélite proximal, porém apenas em um dos elementos. Um máximo de três nucléolos nos núcleos somáticos de raízes foi constatado, concordando com a existência de três cromossômios com satélites. O fato de ser esta forma heterozigota, para um dos pares de cromossômios curtos, indica que se deve tratar de um híbrido. O estudo botânico revelou que ela apresenta alguns caraterísticos de A. macracantha e outros de A. saponaria. Da espécie A. macracantha, sabe-se apenas que tem sete pares de cromossômios. A. saponaria, com igual número de cromossômios, é uma das três únicas espécies estudadas que possuem satélites no par de cromossômios curtos. Pode-se, então, deduzir, com relativa segurança, que A. saponaria é uma das espécies que entram na constituição desse híbrido. A outra espécie, muito provàvelmente, será A. macracantha.In this paper the results are presented of a study of microsporogenesis and gamete formation in an unclassified form of Aloë. This form of Aloë was found to have 2n = 14 chromosomes, a condition which is characterestic of all of the species of this genus that have been examined cytologically. The most interesting observation made in the present study was the constant association, but no fusion, of the vegetative and reprodutive nuclei inside the pollen grain. It was also noted that this association disappears when the nuclei enter the pollen tube. The reproductive nucleus in the pollen tube gives rise to two small male gametes. This paper also includes a description of the morphology of the chromosomes as studied in the root tip cells and in pollen grains. In the form of Aloe studied there are 4 pairs of long chromosomes and 3 pairs of short ones. One pair of the long chromosomes was found to be homozygous for a satellite at the distal arm and one pair of short chromosomes was determined to be heterozygous for a satellite at the proximal arm. It was also observed that there was a maximum of three nucleoli in each somatic cell nucleus which agrees with the existence of three satélites. The cytological observations made indicate that the Aloë plant studied is a hybrid. Also a botanical analysis revealed that this form of Aloë has some characters of A. saponaría (one of the few species with satellites in short chromosomes) and some characters similar to those of A. macracantha. On the basis of the present investigations then, it seem highly probable that the form of Aloë studied is a hybrid between the two above mentioned species.

Com a finalidade de caracterizar efetivamente a septicemia na salmonelose prolongada, em 6 pacientes, dos quais 2 com resistência antibiótica e quimioterápica, procedeu-se a hemoculturas seriadas, consecutivas ou não, durante um período que oscilou entre 25 e 113 dias. Em cada paciente, numa média de 7 hemoculturas, foram isoladas, respectivamente, as seguintes salmonelas: S. typhi, S. paratyphi C, S. panamá, S. cholerae-suis var. Kunzendorf e S. paratyphi A. No caso em que se isolou a S. paratyphi A, em uma das hemoculturas isolou-se, também, a S. montevideo. A duração média da septicemia nos 6 pacientes foi de 73 dias. A se considerarem procedentes os informes dos pacientes quanto ao início da doença, a septicemia, com tôda a probabilidade, deve ter tido a duração média de 4 meses. Por outro lado, tomando por base a identidade do quadro clínico e a coincidência fisiopatológica dos casos estudados, é possível admitir-se a ocorrência de septicemias de longa duração nos demais 31 casos pelas seguintes salmonelas: S. newport, S. dublin, S. cholerae-suis, S. typhimurium, S. anatum, S. derby, e Salmonellas sp (não sorològicamente identificadas). Com base nestes achados, o A. acredita não ser possível admitir-se, na salmonelose em estudo, a diferença fundamental entre salmonelas adaptadas ou não à espécie humana, conforme preceitua a Doutrina de Kiel; considera, também, limitadas as restrições preconizadas pela Doutrina de Montevidéu aos conceitos fisiopatogenéticos da escola alemã. De fato, salmonelas do grupo tifiparatifi e outras consideradas adaptadas aos animais têm produzido, indistintamente em crianças e em adultos, quadros clínicos indistinguíveis, nos quais transcende a septicemia de longa duração e tornam-se manifestas a disproteinemia marcante e a hiperplasia do S.R.E. Finalmente, discute-se no trabalho o papel representado por uma série de fatores que podem atuar, acarretando alterações no organismo parasitado e criando condições à multiplicação das salmonelas e à manutenção da infecção. Dentre êles foram ressaltados: a associação parasitária, especialmente a esquistossomose mansoni; a desnutrição crônica; a disproteinemia marcante, seja devida à deficiência de prótides, seja em decorrência ao estado reacional do S.R.E., seletivamente agredido pelas salmonelas; modificações do estado imunitário, quer por inibição da anticorpogênese e da fagocitose, quer devida à inadequada propriedade imunológica das globulinas, extraordinariamente aumentadas na doença. In our previous paper on protracted course Salmonellosis we have tried to demonstrate that Salmonella organisms may be able to produce a reticuloendothelial-like infection with septicemia as one of its most striking characteristics. It has also been stated that this septicemia phase runs a long course and differs from those observed during typhoid fever. This has been affirmed based on the clinical manifestations of the disease. In the present paper it was tried to demonstrate the duration of the salmonellotic septicemia. Several blood cultures from four patients were performed over a period of time from 25 to 52 days before antibiotic therapy was started. Serial blood cultures were obtained of two other cases in which there was no antibiotic and chemotherapeutic response over a longer period of time (58 to 113 days). Table II shows these results. S. typhi was isolated in ali the blood cultures of two patients over a period from 52 to 113 days; S. paratyphi A was isolated in seven blood samples and S. montevideo in one sample from the same patient during 58 days of observation. Positive blood cultures for S. parathyphi C, S. cholerae.suis var. Kunzendorf and S. panama were found in three other patients before chloromycetin was started. The findings obtained from serial blood cultures and from the clinical manifestations of this infection provide the following informations on the involvement of the salmonellae in the protracted salmonellosis syndrome: a) The average duration of salmonellotic septicemia in the six studied cases was 73 days. If we consider the beginning of the disease as related by the patients it is to be supposed that this septicemia runs a longer period of time (about four months). b) These six studied cases have had the same clinical and physiopathological picture as that of 33 other patients from which a single blood culture has shown S. newport, S. dublin, S. choleraesuis, S. typhimurium, S. anatum, S. derby and Salmonella sp (not identified serologically). c) The clinical and physiopathological features of the chronic protracted salmonellosis do not reproduce the classic picture of either typhoid fever or of the so called "acute food poisoning" type. d) Based on the available data it is not possible to support in this Salmonellosis the fundamental differentiation of salmonella organisms in accordance with its capacity of adaptation to man and to other kind of animals as the Kiel doctrine postulates. The fact is that other salmonellae besides S. typhi and S. paratyphi group have been able to produce in adults as well as in children indistinguishable clinical pictures in which protracted septicemia, hyperplasy of reticuloendothelial system and severe dysproteinemia are the prominent features. e) Apart from the virulence of salmonellae other factors are note-worthy for the physiopathogenetic interpretation of this condition and need to be investigated. Some characteristics which may modify the bodily defensive mechanisms, allow condftions for the multiplication of salmonellae and sustains the infection, have to be emphasized, as associated parasitic infections, particularly the constant S. mansoni intercurrent infection, chronic malnutrition, severe dysproteinemia either due to protein deplefron or to a reactirnary staie of the reticuloendotheüal system triggered by the seletive salmonellotic agression, change in the immunological process due to an inhibition of antibody svnthesis and phagocytosis or to an insufficient immunological property of globulins, despite these serum proteins being highly increased in this disease. f) A number of reports have been published giving the proportion of different clinical aspects of typhoid lever with co-existence of S. haematobium and S. japonicum infections. Despite the constant finding of S. mansoni infection in our cases, the available data are not sufficient to evaluate the role it plays in the pathogenesis of protracted course salmonellosis and particularly to explain the possible links between Schistosomiasis and the alteration of human sensitivity to salmonellae adapted to other animals. Finally we would like to emphasize that considerable attention must be direct towards the possibility of a relationship between salmonellotic infection and nutritive states, schistosoma infections and the resistence-susceptibility reaction.

The author has studied the influence of acetylcholine solutions directly applied on the motor cortex of dogs, cats monkeys and rabbits. For this purpose small squares of filter paper were soaked in the acetylcholine solution and soon afterwards laid on the motor cortex. Solutions varying from 0,2 to 10 per cent have been experimented. It has been shown that local application of the solutions on the motor points, previously localized by induction coil, produced motor reactions. It has been found, in the dogs that 10 per cent acetylcholine solutions cause localized muscular twitchings (clonus) in almost all the animals experimented. Generalised epileptiform convulsions were obtained in44,4% of the dogs. Convulsions were also obtained by employing 1 per cent solution of acetylcholine. Definite response has been obtained with 0,2 per cent solution. Failure of motor action, pointed out by other authors, has been related to the use of anesthetics. Convulsions were easily produced by rapid light mechanical stimulations of the skin covering the muscles in conection with the excited motor point, and the application on the motor point of acetylcholine. The results on monkeys can be summarized as follows. Two species of monkeys were experimented: Cebus capucinus and Macaca mulata. In the monkeys C. capucinus generalised convulsive reactions were induced with actylcholine solutions in a concentration as low as 0,5 per cent. Motor reaction or convulsive seizeres were obtained in seven of the eight monkeys used. Three monkeys M. mulata were stimulated with 10 per cent acetylcholine solution but only localized muscular contraction hae been observed. Similar results has been obtained on the motor cortex of cats and rabbits. One of the three cats employed has shown epileptiform convulsions and the remaining only localized muscular contractions. In the rabbits muscular twitchings have been also induced. The sensitizing power of eserine on the action of acetylcholine has been also searched. The results indicate that a previous application of eserine solution on the motor center, potentiates the action of acetylcholine. The intensity of the muscular twitchings is greater than the obtained before the application of the eserine solution. Generalised epileptiform convulsions sometimes appeared following the use of lower concentrations of acetylcholine than those previously employed. Experiments have been carried out by injecting eserine and prostigmine by parenteral route. A dosis dufficient for induce small muscular tremors did not enhance obviously the motor effects produced by the application of the acetylcholine solutions on the motor cortex. From seven dogs experimented, all previously tested for convulsive seiruzes by application of 1 and 10 per cent acetylcholine solution with negative results, only one has shown epileptiform convulsions after the injection of prostigmine. Morphine has also been tested as facilitating substance for convulsions induced by acetylcholine. Six from the nine dogs submitted to the experiments, developed epileptiform seizures after injection of morphine and stimulation of the motor cortex with acetylcholine. (Table IV). In another series of experiments atropine and nicotine have been studied as for to their action on the motor effects of acetylcholine. Nicotine has a strong convulsant action, even when employed in very high concentration. Since a depressant effect has not appeared even by the applications of high concentrations of nicotine in the motor corteõ of dogs, unlike the classical observations for the autonomus nervous system, it was not possible to verify the action of acetylcholine on a motor center paralised by nicotine. It is important to not that the motor phenomena observed after the first aplication of acetylcholine, can desappear by the renewal of the pieces of filter paper soaked in the acetylcholine solution. Atropine, either applied on the motor point in low concentration, or injected in sufficient amount for inhibiting the “muscarinic effects” of acetylcholine on the autonomous nervous system, did not prevent the motor reactions of acetylcholine on the cerebral cortex.

Os autores relatam sua experiência com o hycanthone em 1.000 pacientes de esquistossomose mansônica, até agora tratados no Hospital de Clínicas da Universidade do Estado da Guanabara. São pacientes oriundos de áreas endêmicas do País, especialmente do nordeste e sudeste, 53,9% do sexo masculino e 46,1% do sexo feminino, de idade entre 5 e 63 anos. A forma clínica predominante da parasitose foi a hépato-intestinal (96,8%). O medicamento foi administrado em dose única, na razão de 3 mg/kg de peso corporal, a 33.6% de pacientes internados e a 66 4% em regime de tratamento ambulatorial. Os níveis séricos das transaminases, determinados, para confronto, antes e depois do uso do produto, em 60 dos pacientes internados, não se alteraram, ou apenas sofreram elevações inexpressivas. Não houve efeitos colateriais em 42,3% dos pacientes. Nos demais, esses efeitos foram de pequena e média intentidade, duraram apenas o 19 dia, na maioria das vezes, e consisfram, especialmente, de náuseas e de vômitos. O controle de cura parasitária estabelecido compreendeu 4 exames de fezes - aos 30, 60, 90 e 120 dias do emprego do medicamento, o que já se fez em 330 pacientes (33%), com 99% de cura. Incluída a biópsia retal, sempre que foi possivel, por ocasião do 4º exame de fezes, o esquema funcionou até agora em 97 pacientes (9,7%), dos quais 92 (94%) estão curados, segundo esse critério. O presente trabalho confirma a ação esquistossomicida do hycanthone, bem como sua boa tolerabilidade, inclusive no que se refere ao hepatócito. Os doentes, entretanto, devem ser criteriosamente selecionados, tendo-se em vista as contra-indicações conhecidas, de modo especial em relação ao fígado.The authors report hier experiment with Hycanthone in a thousand patients suffering from schistosomiaasti mansoni, who have been treated in the Clinical Hospital of Guanabara University so far. The patients come from the endemical areas of the country, specially from northeast and southeast, being 53,9% males and 46,1% females, aged between 5 and 63. The prevailing clinicai form of the parasitosis was the hepatic-intestinal (96,%). The medicine has been applied in a single dosage, at the rate of 3 mg/kg of body weight, 33 6% in in-patients and 66,4% at the stage of ambulatorial treatment. The serum leveis of the transaminases determined for comparison before and after the use the produet, in 60 of the in-patients, did not modify, or just suffered inexpressive raising. There were no side-effects in 42,3% of the patients. In . the others, thore effects were of little and medium intemily and lasted only the first day in most cases, and consisted specially of nauseas and vomits. The parasitical cure control was performed through 4 stool examinations, at the end of 30, 60, 90 and 120 days of the medicine employment, and it has been done in 330 patients (33%), with 99% of cure. By including the rectal biopsy whenever, it was possible, by the time of the 4th stool examination, the procedure had worked out well with 97 patiens (9,7%), and among them 92 (94%), are now cured, according to that criter on. This paper confirms the schistosomicidal activity of the Hycanthone, as well as its good tolerance, including regarding the hepatic cells. The patients, however, must be carefully selected, taking into account the known counter-indications, mainly concerning the liver.

O presente trabalho diz respeito a estudos realizados com o objetivo de observar a influência da luz solar sôbre a capacidade germinativa da semente despolpada de café e verificar, portanto, a possibilidade de se efetuar a seca desta semente exclusivamente ao sol. Além de um ensaio preliminar, foram efetuados mais outros dois, compreendendo, ao todo, duas secas ao sol, duas em um secador a baixa temperatura (±28°C), uma a sombra e uma em um secador a alta temperatura (±40°C). Pelas correlações entre as porcentagens de germinação e de umidade, que foram estabelecidas após diferentes períodos de secagem, foram tiradas as duas seguintes conclusões, que são as principais com relação ao objetivo dêstes ensaios : 1) Os raios solares são prejudiciais à capacidade germinativa da semente de café; sua nocividade acha-se, porém, intimamente ligada ao teor de umidade na semente. 2) À vista da conclusão acima, verifica-se que a semente despolpada de café e, muito provavelmente, também a não despolpada, podem ser perfeitamente sêcas a pleno sol sem que haja prejuízo para sua vitalidade, uma vez que sejam recolhidas antes que o seu teor de umidade caia abaixo do ponto crítico de 8% - 9%. In this paper the author deals with the question related to the coffee seed drying, with special attention to the effect of the sun radiations on seed viability. Based on the results obtained, the following conclusions were drawn : (a) The sun rays have no specific influence on the viability of hulled coffee seed ; their effect is indirect and related to loss of moisture by the seed. (b) Coffee seed can be dried in the sunlight without loss of viability if the water content does not drop under 8% to 9%. Below this critical level seed germination falls rapidly. (c) The moisture content of coffee seed dried „in the sun may fall to about 7% in a short time with the consequent injury to viability. (d) Under most conditions in the state of São Paulo, dehydration of coffee seed carried out in the shade is never injurious to viability because the final water content in such seed always remain well above the critical minimum.

São descritas as células glandulares das apófises do metatórax dos machos de alguns hesperidae. As apófises glândulas odoríferas já descritas morfològicamente na primeira parte dêste trabalho. Os orgãos compõem-se de elementos glandulares independentes e unicelulares cuja secreção é excretada de cada célula por uma escama odorifera e evaporada pela superfície da mesma. Os principais componentes das células glandulares são: a) corpo plasmático ativo que apresenta alterações citológicas típicas para as fases de repouso e de secreção, com zona basal de ergastoplasma e uma zona condutora incluindo um reservatório de secreção; b) o núcleo apresenta um aumento da superfície bem como, certas alterações durante as fazes de secreção, condicionadas pelas trocas entre núcleo e protoplasma; c) aparelho condutor de natureza quitinosa formado em tôdas as espécies pela inserção da escama. A respeito do aparelho condutor são descritos dois tipos de células glandulares: 1 - Células grandes com um canal muito prolongado que a atravessa em toda extensão; 2 - Células pequenas com canal condutor curto percorrendo sómente a parte apical da mesma. Ele ocupa uma posição simétrica ou assimétrica. O primeiro tipo encontra-se em espécies possuindo sómente êste aparelho como único órgão odorífero. O segundo tipo aparece em formas que têm, além das glândulas nas apófises, mais uma dobra costal também considerada como aparelho odorífero. Es werden die Druesenzellen der Apophysen des Metathorax der Maennchen einiger brasilianischer Hesperiden dargestellt. Die Apopysen beherbergen Duftdruesen, die im ersten Teil dieser Arbeit (BARTH, 1) erstmalig morphologisch beschrieben wurden. Die Druese ist ein komplexorgan mit einem druesigen Teil in den genannten Apophysen und einem verdunstenden Teil in Form eines Borstenpinsels an der Hintertibie. Die Druesenflaeche einer Apophyse setzt sich aus einzelligen, selbstaend gen Druesenelementen zusammen, die ihr Sekret durch jeweils eine Duftschuppe ausleiten und auf ihr verdunsten lassen. Die Druesenzelle entspricht der trichogenen Zelle der Duftschuppe. Die Hauptteile der Druesenzelle sind: a) sezernierender Plasmakoerper mit typischen cytologischen Veraenderungen waehrend der Ruhe-und Sekretionsphase, mit ergastoplasmatischer Basalzone und einer ebensolchen Ausleitungszone, die einen Sekretsammelraum einschliesst; b) Kern, der entsprechend dem trophischen Wechselspiel zwischen Kern und Protoplasma eine Vergroesserung der Oberflaeche erfahren hat und waehrend der Sekretionsphasen charakteristische Veraenderungen durchlaeuft. Die Kerne sind extrem polymorph; c) Ausleitungsapparat, der in jedem Falle von der Insertion der Schuppe gebildet wird und damit ch t niger Natur ist. In Bezug auf den Ausleitungsapparat werden zwei Druesentypen unterschieden: 1. grosse Zellen mit stark verlaengertem Kanalsystem, das die ganze Zelle durchlaeuft; 2. kleine Zellen mit kuerzerem Ausleitungsapparat, der nur in den apikalen Zellteil eindringt, bezw, nur eine Zellhaelfte der in diesem Falle asymmetrischen Zelle einnimmt. Der erste Typ findet sich bei Arten, die nur diesen Apparat als Duftorgan besitzen, waehrend der zweite Typ bei Formen gefunden wird die ausser den Apophysendruesen noch einen ebenfalls als Duftreinrichtung gedeuteten Constalumschlag tragen. Zur Beschreibung gelangen die Druesen von: Sebaldia busirus, Pellicia bromias und polyctor, Heliopetes arsalte und Hesperia syrichtus. Es werden verschiedene Funktionsstadien der Druesenzellen beschrieben, wobei die Kern-Plasma-Korrelation besonders deutlich in den grosszelligen Druessen von Sebaldia busirus und Pellicia bromias zum Ausdruck kommt. Waehrend der Sekretbildung waechst der Kern bedeutend durch Aufnahme von Fluessigkeit. Das Chromatin wird nicht vermehrt. Waehrend des Sekretausstosses aus dem Zellplasma gibt der Kern bedeutende Mengen fluessiger Substanzen ab, die wahrscheinlich katalysatorartig wirkende Regeneratoren fuer die Wiederherstellung der urspruenglichen Plasmastruktur darstellen. Diese trophische Wechselwirkung zwischen Kern und Plasma ist sowohl an den grosskernigen, wie an den kleinkernigen Zellen zu beobachten. The gland cells of the metathoracic apophyses of some Brazilian Hesperidae are descrived. The apophyses possess scent glands which were firstly descrived in the morphological part of this study (BARTH, 1). The gland represents a complex organ with a glandular part hidden in the mentioned apophyses, and with an evaporating part formed by a brush of bristles on the hand tibia. The gland surface of an apophyse is composed of unicellular and independent gland elements leading out their excretion each by means of a scent scale. The liquid apears on the surface of the scale for evaporation. The gland cells correspond to the trichogenic cells of the scent scales. The principal parts of each gland cell are: a) a secreting protoplasmic body with typical cytological alterations during the inactive and active phases, with an ergastoplasmic basal zone and a conduct apparatus of just the same material including a cavity for storage; b) a nucleus which, corresponding to the trophic correlation between nucleus and protoplasm, suffered an increasing of its surface and which runs through typical alterations during the phase of activity. The nulcei are extremly polymorphic. c) a conduct apparatus which in every case is formed by the insertion socket of the scale and, in consequence, is of cuticular nature. With regard to the conduct apparatus two types of glands are descrived: 1. large cells with a prolongated duct system running through the whole cell; 2. small cells with a shorter duct apparatus entering the apical part of the cell to occupy only one half of it, the cell thus becoming asymmetrical. The first type is found in species which possess only this apparatus as a scent organ, while the second one occurs in species which, in addition to the glands in the apophyses, have one more scent aparatus formed by a costal fold. This paper deals with the following species: Sebaldia busirus, Pellicia bromias, Pellicia polyctor, Heliopetes arsalte and Hesperia syrichtus. Different phases of function of the gland cells are descrived. The correlation between the nucleus and the protoplasm becomes specially distinct in the glands with big cells, in Sebaldia busirus and Pellicia bromias. During the formation of the scent material the nucleus grows considerably by taking up fluid substances, while the chromatic mass does not increase. Simultaneous with the expulsion of the liquid out of the protoplasm of the gland cells the nucleus excretes an important quantity of fluid substances which probably represents regenerators which, reacting like catalysatores, restore the original structure of protoplasm.

Com o fim de produzir o fenômeno de KOCH, os A. A. inocularam em 30 leprosos da Colônia Mirueira (Recife), de várias idades e formas clínicas, emulsões vivas de três culturas de bacilos ácido-álcool resistentes isolados de leprosos pro um dêles (S.A.). As doses inoculadas foram de 0,2 cc., por via intradérmica, em cada doente, das amostras "CII", "E" e "H" e mais da Leprolina S.A. (antígeno morto). No 10º dia da inoculação verificou-se que 24 dos 30 pacientes tiveram reação geral intensa; 2, reação moderada e 4, nenhuma reação geral. 16 dos 30 tiveram reação leprótica, sendo 10 em casos ativos (lepromatosos) e 6 em inativos, e 17 dos 30 tiveram adenopatias inguinais. O inóculo "CII" produziu escaras de 1 x 1 e 2 x 2 cm. de diâmetro, com destruição total da pele, nos 30 pacientes (o total dêles); o inóculo "E" produziu escaras de igual intensidade em 29, o inóculo "H", escaras muitos mais benignas em 23, e a Leprolina em 10, naturalmente por ação concomitante de um dos outros três inóculos. No 10º dia foram semeadas em meio de LOEWENSTEIN secreções das escaras de sete dos 30 doentes, num total de 20 tubos, dos quais 19 produziram retroculuras, a amioria contaminada por fungos ou por bactérias cianófilas. De um doente foi obtido retrocultura cromogênica da escara produzida na intradérmoreação pela "Leprolina S. A.", macro e microscòpricamente indiferencável das amostras "CII" e "E". Aliás, pela extensiva experimentação feita com estas duas amostras, estamos nos inclinando por considerá-las como idênticas. No 18º dia da inoculação foram feitos 30 esfregaços de secreções de lesões experimentais de 13 doentes, com 15 resultados positivos (50%), apesar do exame tardio. As morfologias macro e microscópica das retroculturas obtidas em Recife confirmam os caracteres descritos nas culturas originais. Dêste rápido ensaio se conclui que a maioria dos pacientes apresentou o fenômeno de KOCH parcial ou integral, com as clássicas reações gerais, focais e locais. A falta de recursos de laboratório na Colônia não permitiu melhor aproveitamento de tão precioso material experimental, e por isso êste trabalho apresenta várias lacunas.With the aim to produce the KOCH's phenomenon, the A. A. incoulated 30 lepers of the Colonia Mirueira (Recife), from various ages and clinical types, with alive suspensios of three strains of acid-fast bacilli isolated from lepers. Each volunteer received three intradermical inoculations in his thighs, of 0.2 c.c. each from strains "Chaves II", "Emília", and "Hecke" and in his left forea rom 0.2 c.c. of Leprolina S.A. (killed antigen). At the 10th day of inoculation were verified that 24 out of the 30 volunteers had severe general reaction, 2, moderate ones and 4, nothing. 16 out of the 30 had leprosy reaction, being 10 lepromatous cases and 6 inactive oens. The inoculum "C II" produced craters, of 1 x 1 and 2 x 2 cm. diameter in the 30 patients (total), craters with complete destruction of the skin; the inoculum "E" did the same in 29, of equal severety and the inoculum "H" did only in 23, but lesions of minor severety and the "L" produced craters in ten patients, evidently due to the concomitant action of one of the three inocula. At the same 10th day were inoculated secretions onto 20 tubes of LOEWENSTEIN medium of seven patients. 18 days later were seen developpment of retrocultures in 19 ou 20 tubes, the mojority being contaminated by fungs or cyanophile bacteria. From one patient (nº 16) was recovered a chromogenic culture from his Leprolin-test, macro and microscopically undistinguishable from strain "C II" or "E", which, based on a large experimentation the senior writer is inclined to consider as identical. At the 18 th day were made smears from lesions of 13 patients, 30 in total with 15 positive (50%) for one or another of the inocula. The macro and microscopical morphologies of the recovered cultures (retrocultrues) coincide with the characteristics of the original cultures from which the inocula were made. In conclusion, the majority of the patients showed partial or integral KOCH's prenomenon, with its classical general, local and focal reactions. By lack of laboratory resource, at the leper Colony, the precious material available from this series of experiments were not used, resulting in omissions of various kind in this paper.

Após fazer a revisão de alguns dos principais trabalhos sôbre a auto-esterilidade no gênero Coffea efetuados em Java, foram relatados, de modo resumido, os resultados das pesquisas genéticas e citológicas que estão sendo feitas com os exemplares da espécie C. canephora no Instituto Agronômico de Campinas. Êstes estudos têm por finalidade conhecer o grau e as causas da auto-esterilidade dessas plantas. As autopolinizações realizadas indicaram que êsses cafeeiros são, realmente, auto-estéreis. Dos cruzamentos feitos, cerca de 50% se mostraram compatíveis. Tanto a formação do saco embrionário como a do pólen são normais. Em meio artificial conveniente, o pólen apresenta cêrca de 55% de germinação, o que foi considerado suficiente para promover a fertilização nos cruzamentos feitos. Foram realizadas observações sôbre o crescimento do tubo polínico em estilos de flores polinizadas com pólen estranho, compatível, e polinizadas com o próprio pólen. Nos cruzamentos compatíveis, o crescimento do tubo polínico é normal. No segundo oaso notou-se que, após a germinação, o tubo polínico tem o crescimento paralisado, não ultrapassando a região das papilas estigmáticas. Esta pode ser considerada a explicação da auto-esterilidade nos exemplares de C. canephora estudados. O mecanismo genético que controla o crescimento dos tubos polínicos ainda não pôde ser estabelecido. Entretanto, pesquisas estão em prosseguimento no sentido de se verificar se se trata de um mecanismo genético semelhante ao encontrado no gênero Nicotiana.This paper presents a review of pertinent literature related to studies of self-sterility in the genus Coffea and reports the results of cytological and genetic studies carried out on the species C. canephora at the Instituto Agronômico, Campinas, Brasil. The objetive of the study was to determine the degree and causes of self-sterility in the species C. canephora. In tests involving a large number of self-pollinations in flowers of this species, all were self-sterile and formed, no seed. In tests of cross-pollinations involving C. canephora approximately 50 percent were effective in the formation of seed. Cytological studies showed that the formation of the embryo-sac and pollen grains in C. canephora can be considered normal. Likewise a study of the pollen of this species on artificial media under controlled conditions, showed 55 percent germination and this was considered sufficient to bring about fertilization. In contrast, the cytological investigations of self-pollinated flowers showed that the number of pollen grains that germinated was very small and of those that did germinate, the formed pollen-tube was short and did not extend beyond the stigmatic papillae. Observations on compatible cross-pollinations on C. canephora showed that a large number of pollen grains germinated and that usually there were several pollen-tubes within the style. However, the rate of growth of pollen-tubes in C. canephora was found to be much slower that in C. arabica. The present investigation has shown that in flowers of C. canephora there is a very high degree of self-sterility and this has been related to poor germination of the pollen grains and subsequent limitation in the development of pollen tubes.

In the present paper the behaviour of the chromosomes in the spermatogenesis of the Myriapod Rhinocricus Padbergi Verhoeff, 1938 is studied. The primary spermatocytes are provided with 10 independent bivalents which separate normally giving rise to equivalent secondary spermatocytes. No indication of sex chromosomes has been found. Fusion of two bivalents or of four, two by two, has been observed, giving origin to secondary spermatocytes with 9 and 8 chromosomes respectively, in which fused chromosomes could be discovered. For analysing the facts the chomosomes of both, primary and secondary metaphases were separately counted from a total of 190 celis of four individuals and statistically treted. The X2-test gave insignificant results. Twenty chomosomes were counted in somatic tissues. The heterochròmatic parts of the leptotene threads were usually arranged in the periphery of the nucleus. In resting nuclei chromocenters can be observed in varyng number. Their chromosomal nature is revealed by the fact that when treated by KCÑ or KNOS they begin uncoiling.

Baseando-se na doutrina de Augusto Comte sôbre a fisiologia cerebral, o autor aventa a hipótese de que o córtex cerebelar estaria envolvido na patogenia do câncer. De acôrdo com a doutrina de Comte, o córtex do vérmis cerebelar seria responsável pela regência geral da nutrição, que se exprime no plano subjetivo da personalidade como instinto de conservação individual; o córtex dos hemisférios cerebelares seria preposto à regência do instinto sexual, não só quanto ao plano psicológico mas também quanto ao desenvolvimento do aparelho sexual. Os núcleos hipotalâmicos devem ser considerados como parte dêsse sistema. Sendo o câncer, em última instância, considerado como uma desorganização do crescimento celular, era admissível a presença de desordens cerebelares, tanto clínicas como histológicas, em pacientes de câncer, principalmente do aparelho genital em sentido lato. A revisão da literatura neuro-patológica permite confirmar esta hipótese inicial: a maioria dos autores que relataram achados neuropatológicos associados ao câncer refere a ocorrência de atrofia das células de Purkinje, específica, subaguda e difusa. Não obstante muitos autores considerarem êste processo como secundário ao carcinoma, a possibilidade de que a disfunção cerebelar seja causa da produção do câncer não fica excluída, pois vários pesquisadores têm assinalado que os sinais clínicos das lesões cerebelares aparecem, em muitos casos, antes que se manifestem os sintomas do câncer. Por outro lado, é sabido que, entre os sintomas que chamam a atenção no quadro sintomatológico dos cânceres, figuram a anorexia e a caquexia, ligadas à autoconservação (nutrição); ademais, são referidos o priapismo nos leucêmicos e distúrbios sexuais nos pacientes cancerosos, embora as alterações na esfera sexual não tenham sido consideradas com a devida atenção. O autor da presente nota sugere que: 1) pesquisas sejam orientadas no sentido de verificar se a desorganização cerebelar - manifestada clinicamente em certos casos - é responsável pelo crescimento neoplásico; 2) que o exame clínico dos cancerosos seja completado com exame neurológico minucioso visando especialmente ao despistamento de alterações das funções cerebelares; 3) que na anamnese dos pacientes cancerosos seja investigada a existência de distúrbios ligados à esfera do instinto sexual. Starting from Comte's doctrine on brain physiology, the author advances the views that cerebellar cortex should be involved in the pathogenesis of cancer. According to that theory, the cortex of the vermis provides for the nutrition instinct, while neocerebellar cortex is responsible for the sexual drives. Hypothalamic nuclei are to be regarded as a relay in this system. Since cancer is recognized, in the last instance, as a disorganization of cellular growth, the author anticipated to find out cerebellar disturbances, clinical as well as histological, in cancerous patients; and this especially in cancer of the sexual organs at large. A thorough search into the neuropathological literature has steadily supported this starting viewpoint. Most authors who have reported on neuropathological findings associated with cancer or reviewed the corresponding literature emphasized consistently a specifical "Purkinje's atrophy", subacute and diffuse in type. Even though in many of such papers it is termed a secondary process, with the carcinoma as the causal factor, the correlation is by no means excluded because many authors agree that clinical symptoms of cerebellar failure are present even long before the cancer symptoms may be detected. The present writer calls attention to the mental symptoms pointing out to troubles of selfpreservation (nutritional) and/or sexual drives in the beginning of the clinical features, a fact which have not been stressed enough by the researchers. Chief aims of this preliminary report are to suggest: (a) that researches be directed towards finding out whether cerebellar disorganization - hence its clinical disturbances - are primarily responsible for cancer growth; (b) that clinical examination endeavor to detect fine neurological symptoms of cerebellar regulation; (c) that libido and erotic disturbances of behavior be investigated in the clinical history of cancer patients.

Os Autores estudam as alterações do pericárdio, especialmente do pericárdio visceral na cardiopatia chagásica, confrontando-se com as alterações, observadas em outras cardiopatias (reumáticas e hipertensivas). Analisam as alterações pericárdicas no camundongo experimentalmente infectado e discutem especialmente a natureza e a gênese das lesões, a evolução e a correlação dos vários aspectos morfológicos entre si. The Authors have studied on this paper the pericardic alterations cbserved in the human Chagas' disease and have oompared them with the pericárdio alterations recorded in rheumatic and hypertensive heart diseases. They also analised the pericardial alterations in the experimental Chagas' disease in mice. The pathogenesis and evolution of the lesions are discussed.

Uma moléstia do algodoeiro associada à infestação pelo pulgão Aphis gossypii, é descrita. É proposto que o nome vermelhão fique restrito a essa moléstia e que quando esta designação for usada em associação com outras moléstias, seja qualificada em seu emprêgo. São apontadas algumas diferenças que permitem distinguir o vermelhão do afídio de outras condições em que a coloração das fôlhas do algodoeiro é mais ou menos semelhante. Foi verificado que, quando afídios coletados de plantas com vermelhão eram alimentados em algodoeiros novos por 48 horas apenas, os sintomas da moléstia se manifestavam dentro de 12 a 30 dias. Infestações com um afídio por planta foram suficientes para reproduzir a moléstia em alguns casos ; com cinco afídios por planta conseguiu-se reproduzir a moléstia com maior freqüência ; com 25 afídios, em praticamente todos os casos. Insetos da mesma espécie, coletados de plantas de pepino, não produziram o vermelhão quando colocados sobre algodoeiros. Reprodução de vermelhão foi obtida por enxertia, passando os sintomas a se manifestar nos cavalos ; houve também perpetuação dos sintomas por enxertia em terceira reprodução vegetativa. A evidência obtida nos ensaios de reprodução da moléstia é discutida, sendo apontado que tudo indica ser um vírus a causa primária da moléstia e não toxina do inseto ou deficiência de elementos. Outras hipóteses alternativas são mencionadas. A disease associated with the infestation of cotton plants by the cotton or melon aphid, Aphis gossypii Glov. is described under the name of "vermelhão" or anthocyanosis. Symptoms of the disease resemble those resulting from magnesium deficiency. Aphids collected from diseased plants reproduced the disease when fed on cotton seedlings for 48 hours. Symptoms usually appeared from 12 to 30 days after inoculation, as chlorotic areas or spots that later turned reddish or purplish under strong light conditions. In plants kept in the greenhouse the chlorotic symptoms were more noticeable and very little or no reddening occurred. Reproduction of the disease was obtained with one aphid per plant, but transmission increased when five or 25 insects per plant were employed. The same species of aphid bred'on cucumber did not induce symptoms when fed on cotton seedlings. Reproduction of the disease was also obtained by grafting, the symptoms appearing in the rootstock. Perpetuation of symptoms has been obtained in the third vegetative propagation of a plant originally infected by aphids. The evidence outlined in the paper indicates that this cotton disease is probably caused by a virus and not due to an insect toxin. Alternative hypothesis are discussed.

Neste trabalho são relatadas pesquisas parasitológicas e epiâemiológicas realizadas numa provável fonte de infecção de Histoplasmose da área rural do D. F. - Brasília, onde 14 pessoas contraíram a doença. Os estudos clínico, imunológico e radiológico foram anteriormente descritos. Os autores conseguiram isolar o H. capsulatum do solo da caverna e das vísceras e do sangue de morcegos (Phyllostomus hastatus hastatus, Pallas 1767) que nela habitavam. Resultaram negativas as tentativas de isolamento do fungo de animais sentinelas (cobaios), assim como não se obteve neles a viragem dos testes intradérmicos com histoplasmina. Em impressões de vísceras dos morcegos, constataram-se formas semelhantes as do T. gondii que posteriormente foram isoladas, em camundongos jovens, por inoculação de vísceras maceradas e sangue. Foram encontrados 2 ectoparasitos nos morcegos: Boophilus microplus e um díptero da família Streblidae. O ácaro albergava tripomastigotos do tipo cruzi, não sendo porém conseguido seu isolamento. No tubo digestivo dos quirópteros, foram retirados nematódeos (Histiostrongylus octaeantus) e cestódeos do gênero Mathevotaenia. Foram capturados, em torno da entrada da caverna, 2 exemplares de Cercomys cunicularis apereoide não sendo examinados sob o ponto de vista parasitológico. Testes intradérmicos realizados em 826 habitantes da área resultaram positivos em 184 (22,27%). A gruta, fonte da infecção, está localizada em uma formação calcárea, pertencente à série Bambuí, acreditando-se, pelos aspectos tectônicos, ser da idade siluriana. No Brasil, o isolamento de H. capsulatum de solo, guanos de morcegos e vísceras de roedores já tinham sido realizados; contudo, esta foi a primeira vez que se conseguiu isolá-lo do solo de uma caverna, fonte de infecção, e das vísceras e sangue de morcegos. Os resultados obtidos com os testes intradérmicos com histoplasmina demonstraram a prevalência de histoplasmose na área rural do DF e, conseqüentemente, a possibilidade de ocorrerem outra microepidemia ou aparecimento de casos isolados de histoplasmose-doença.Parasitological and epidemiologlcal studies were done in a rural area on histoplasmosis, in Brasilia, D.F. where 14 persons had the disease. The clinicai, imunological and radiologic studies were reported in a previous paper. The isolation of H. capsulatum from soil of cave, víscera and blood from bats (Phyllostomus hastatus hastatus) were performed. The isolation of fungi from sentinel animais was negative as well the turn-over of intradermic tests of hystoplasmin carried out previously. Similar forms of T. gondii were observed in "printers" of viscera and subsequent isolation was made by inoculation of viscera macerate and blood, in young mice. Two ectoparasites were found in bats: Boophilus microplus and one diptera from the family Streblidae. In the acaro were found trypomastigotes; however this forms was not isolated. Nematodes (Histiostrongylus octacantus) and Cestodes from the Mathevotaenia genus were found in the digestive tract of Chyroptera. Two specimens from Cercomys cunicularis apereoide were captured near of cave but no parasitological studies were done. Intradermic test made in 826 peoples in the area gave 184 positives results (22,27%). The cave where the infection accurred is a calcareous formation Bambui type that seems to be from Silurian period based in tectonics aspects. The isolation of H. capsulatum from soil of Brazil, guanos, bats and viscera of rodents was done before. However this is the first time that the isolation of H. capsulatum was made from a cave-source of infection from viscera and from blood of bats. The intradermic tests with hystoplasmin shows the prevalence of hystoplasmosis infection in rural area of Federal District and we point out the possibility of the occurrence of another micro-epidemy and isolated case of hystoplasmosis disease.

Nesta comunicação o autor considera a anatomia do caule, pecíolo, lâmina foliar e madeira, além dos aspectos morfológicos externo e palinológico, de espécimes de Antonia ovata, ocorrentes na floresta da região do rio Jarí (Estado do Pará) e nos cerrados da Amazônia e do Brasil Central; nomeia os espécimes da mata como sendo uma variedade nova para a ciência: Antonia ovata Pohl var. excelsa Paula. In this paper the author studies extern morphological, palinological and anatomical aspects, aiming to put an end to the doubts in the taxonomic studies of the specimens of Antonia ovata Pohl (or aiming make clear the taxonomy of the specimens of Antonia ovata. Specimens of Antonia ovata from the woods of the region of Jarí river (Amazônia) are considered by the author as a new variety. With its description, the number of varieties of Antonia ovata rose to three: pilosa, ovata and excelsa (new variety). The extern morphological aspect is found among the individuals from three habitats: "cerrados" of Amazônia, Brasil Central and forest of the region Jarí river. The identification of the three varieties is based on the following characteristic. Presence or lack of hairs on the leaves and branches; microscopic structure of wood (see comparative table); height and diameter of the specimens; and finally the habitat. Pollen grains of these two varieties excelsa and ovata present polymorphism. The leaf of that species has structure of a higrophyllous plants. The stem is rich in mucilaginous cells; vascular bundles are bicollateral; the leafknot is bilacunar, and the trace is formed by two vascular bundles.

O trabalho refere as observações feitas em 1947 em um foco de leishmaniose muco-cutânea na Baixada Fluminense (Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil). A existência da moléstia como uma endemia na região foi comprovada pelo encontro de 21 cicatrizes típicas, reagindo positivamente à intradermo-reação com antígeno específico, algumas datando de 5 a 15 anos. Na época dos trabalhos, entretanto, foi constatado um "surto epidêmico", o qual coincidira com uma grande derrubada florestal para fabrico de carvão vegetal. De 306 pessoas examinadas (cêrca de 50% da população local), foram encontradas 39 com lesões leishmanióticas (12,7%). Dentro e fora dos domicílios foram capturados Phlebotomus intermedius. Em 12 cães examinados foi encontrado um com diagnóstico provável da moléstia. Quinze gatos examinados mostraram-se negativos e, do mesmo modo, 28 mamíferos silvestres de pequeno porte. Dos 39 paciente, 4 tinham lesões mucosas (10,3%); 16 apresentavam lesões múltiplas (41,0%); e 19 eram mulheres (48,7%). Havia absoluta predominância das lesões nas partes descobertas do corpo. Cêrca de 1/3 dos casos era em crianças até 10 anos, atestando uma intensa transmissão domiciliária. Existiam casas com 2 a 6 enfermos. Com base nos informes dos pacientes ou responsáveis quanto ao tempo de doença (e admitindo-se um período incubativo médio de 2 meses), conclui-se que, provàvelmente, a grande maioria das infecções se dera entre julho e novembro, coincidindo com a derrubada florestal acima citada. Em 36 casos foi feita a intradermo-reação de Montenegro, obtendo-se respostas duvidosas em 2 e positivas em 34, com intensidade variável. Foram feitas 18 biópsias. Na epiderme havia hiperacantose e, freqüentement, pseudoepiteliomatose com globos córneos e microabcessos; e na derme observaram-se 2 quadros característicos: ou um infiltrado de plasmócitos predominantes, ou uma reação granulomatosa, os quais, às vêzes, se associavam. Em geral, a granulomatose ocorria nos casos mais antigos, isolada ou associada à infiltração, que predominava nos casos mais recentes da enfermidade. A granulomatose traduziria um estado hiperérgico do organismo, uma vez que os indivífuos que a apresentaram tinham maior tempo de doença e reagiam fortemente à intradermo-reação. As leishmanias nunca se mostraram muito numerosas nos cortes estudados. Em 3 paciente foi observada cura espontânea. Foram tratados 26 doentes, sendo 18 com tártaro emético, 4 com "fuadina" e 4 com ambos os remédios. O tártaro mostrou-se tóxico, embora desse resultados tão bons quanto a "fuadina". Dois paciente com lesões da mucosa nasal não se curaram completamente, não obstante terem recebido ambos os remédios. Cinco anos depois dêste inquérito contatou-se pràticamente a extinção dêste foco de leishmaniose. Durante êsse tempo tinham sido feitas aspersões domiciliárias periódicas com o DDT para combate à malária (NERY GUIMARÃES & BUSTAMANTE, 1953).The paper reports a survey made in a focus of muco-cutaneous leishmaniasis in a locality of the lowlands of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (Baixada Fluminense). The existence of the disease as an endemic of the region was confirmed by the finding of 21 cases with typical scars and responding positively to Montenegro's intradermo-reaction with specific antigen and some of them dating back from 5 to 15 years. At the time of the survey, however, an epidemic outbreak was discovered, coincidig with a great felling of trees for the making of charcoal. Out of 306 persons examined (50% of the local population), 39 presented leishmaniotic lesions (12,7%). Both within the houses and outside, adults Phlebotomus intermedius were captured. From 12 houses, 136 specimens were captured (11,3 per house). Out of 23 dogs examined, one was found with a probable diagnosis of elishmaniasis. Fifteen cats were found negative, as well as 28 small wild mammals. From the 39 patients, 4 had mucous lesions (10,3%), 16 presented multiple lesions (41,0%), and 19 were female (48,7%). There was an absolute predominance of lesions on bare parts of the body. About one third of the cases were children of 10 years or less, confirming the intense domiciliary transmission. Some houses had 2 to 6 patients. On basis of informations furnished by the patients of by their relatives as to the time elapsed since the beginning of the infection, and admitting an incubation period of 2 months, it is possible to conclude that the great majority of infections probably occurred between July and December, coinciding with the great felling of trees already referred to. In 36 cases Montenegro's intradermo-reaction was made, with 2 doubtful and 34 positive results of variable intensity. Eighteen biopsies were made, the epidermis presenting hyperacanthosis, and frquently pseudoepitheliomatosis with corneous globules and micro-abscesses. The dermis showed two characteristic pictures: an infiltration with predominance of plasmocytes or a granulomatous lesion with epithelioid and giant cells. In general, granulomatosis occurred in older cases, isolated or associated to infiltration with plasmocytes. It seems that granulomatosis represents a hyperergic condition of the infected organism, as the patients who showed it had the disease for a longer time and reponded strongly to the intradermo-reaction. Leishmaniae were not numerous in sections. Three patients showed spontaneous cure. Twenty six patients were treated, 16 with tartar emetic, 4 with "fuadin" and 4 with both these drugs. Some of the patients treated with tartar showed toxic symptoms, although the results were as good as those obtained with "fuadin". Two patients with nasal mucous lesions were not cured, notwithstanding the use of both these drugs. Five years after this survey, muco-cutaneous leishmaniasis was absent from the region, probably as a consequence of several preiodical DDT house sprayings to combate malaria during the intervening years (NERY GHIMARÃES & BUSTAMANTE, 1953).

In the present paper the difference in yielding ability of two genotypes which differ by only one single gene is compared : Na Na (bourbon) and Na na (murta). 20 plants of each of 14 murta (Na na) progenies were used for comparison after discarding all na na plants which are dwarfed and practically unfruitful; each progeny was made of 10 Na Na and 10 Na na individuals. The individual yields were recorded during 8 years (1939 to 1946) and it was shown that the na allele, besides its well known effect on the morphology of the leaves, has a remarkable influence on the yielding capacity of the Na na plants, reducing it, in average, to only 55,9% as compared with the Na Na genotype. The Bartlett's test of homogeneity of variance when applied to study the variability between the plants of the bourbon and murta groups has shown that both groups are homogeneous, but a significant difference between their variances was found, the bourbon one being larger. The same test when applied to study the variation between the annual yields of the same groups of plants has led to the same conclusion. The Na na plants however were more suceptible to the die-back of the lateral branches after harvest, which even caused the death of several plants. Considering that fruit size and weight of both varieties (bourbon and murta) are practically identical, it is concluded that the lower fruit number of the murta genotype is responsable for its lower yields. As its flowers are normally fertile, pollen being produced in abundance, it is supposed that a lower number of internodes, or a lower number of flowers in the inflorescences or even a lower total number of flowers in each leaf axil is responsable for the decrease in yield of the murta variety. The results of this study are also of practical importance suggesting the elimination of all murta plants in a coffee plantation and their replacement by bourbon.

Os autores, na presente nota, propõem Acanthocolpus brasiliensis sp. n. sendo este gênero pela primeira vez referido no Brasil. A espécie aqui descrita difere das demais do gênero pela ausência de espinhos na vagina e no ducto hermafrodita e pela presença de vitelinos em quase toda extensão da metade posterior do corpo. In this paper the authors propose a new specie under Acanthocolpus Lühe, 1906 also reafirms this genus for the first time in Brasil. Acanthocolpus brasiliensis sp. n. differs from the other species of the genus by presenting folicular vitellaria in almost the hole area of the posterior part of the body, by the absence of spines in vagina and in ejaculatory duct. A. brasiliensis sp. n. is similar to A. orientalis Srivastava, 1939, which differs also by the size of the body, cirrus sac and vagina.

The present paper discusses the data obtained in shade and unshaded coffee plots at Piracicaba, Sao Paulo, Brazil. The results, analysed statistically, can be summarized as follows: a) unshaded plots produced 17% more than shaded ones; b) the percentage of coffee berry borer infestation was higher in shaded plots as compared with unshaded ones; c) the percentage of green (not ripened fruits) depends of the harvest time. When the harvest was retarded, the percentage of green fruits was higher in the shaded plots. When the percentage of green fruits was the same, both in shaded and unshaded plots, the percentage of ripened was higher and the percentage of dried fruits was lesser in the shaded plots as compared with unshaded ones; d) other comparisons as production of dried grains by the field fruits, relation between dried fruits and dried grains and cup-test by expert coffee-taster, did not show differences among shaded and unshaded plots.

This paper deals with data obtained in 1961 and 1962 in shaded and unshaded coffee plots at Piracicaba, Sao Paulo, Brazil. The results can be summarized as follows: a - the production, in shaded and unshaded plots, did not show differences statistically significant; b - the percentage of coffee berry borer infestation was higher in shaded plots as compared with unshaded ones; c - coffee fruits brought from the field in the harvest time yielding up in sunshaded plots as compared with shaded ones.

The present paper presents comparative studies of the salivary gland system (including mandibular gland, hypopharingeal glands and salivary glands proper) of 78 bee species, belonging to the families Colletidae, Andrenidae, Halictidae, Megachilidae, Anthophoridae and Apidae, as well as studies of the wax and scent glands in the social Apidae (Bombini, Meliponini and Apini). The aim of the comparisons, involving situation, histology, morphology and morphogenesis, was to elucidate possible evolutionary relationships among different groups. It was confirmed that the histology of different glands was more or less constant, while localization, morphology and degree of differentiation differed considerably from group to group. Bees considered primitive based upon other criteria, such as habits, external morphology, etc., showed, in general, the simpler and less differentiated glandular organization. The results obtained lead to the conclusion that the evolutionary tendency is, in general, for an increase of secretive surface in each glandular system. Thus the Apidae possess the largest secretive surface among all bee groups examined. The only exception to this general tendency concerns the wax glands, whose secretive surface was larger in the Bombini than in the more specialized Meliponini and Apini. But it is still open to question whether or not the wax glands of Bombus are more efficient than those in the other two tribes. However, it is apparent that in general the comparisons are more illuminating within subfamilies than between them. Nevertheless, an attempt has been made to apply the data to a tentative philogenetic tree of bees so as to show the evolutionary level reached by each species examined in respect of its glandular development. To measure such degrees of development, each glandular system was given a numerical weight between zero and twenty, specialized types receiving higher values. In the phylogenetic tree presented, branching follows Michener (1944), and the sums of the above-mentioned scores (varying from zero to 140) are listed for all examined species.

Foi estudado por eletroforese em papel o proteinograma do LCR de 7 pacientes com polirradiculoneurite; em 5 foi estudado também o proteinograma do sôro pelo mesmo método. As alterações verificadas permitem caracterizar o proteinograma do LCR nesta afecção como sendo de tipo misto, acompanhado de aumento de a-globulinas, segundo a classificação de Bauer. Foi mostrado que as modificações observadas no teor das diversas frações protêicas no LCR podem ser secundárias a alterações verificadas no sôro e que podem decorrer de distúrbios do mecanismo de ultrafiltração das proteínas do sangue para o LCR, por modificações da barreira hêmato-liquó-rica. O comportamento particular da a1globulina é salientado; seu teor estava aumentado no LCR em 6 casos e, em relação ao teor desta globulina no proteinograma do sôro, sua participação no do LCR chegou a ser quase 5 vêzes maior. Para explicar esta observação, além da hipótese anterior, é lembrada a de poderem ocorrer no LCR, nos casos de polirradiculoneurite, modificações estruturais desta globulina e/ou das relações entre ela e as substâncias de que é carreadora, modificando sua reabsorção no sentido de se produzir uma estase relativa. The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) protein fractions were studied in 7 cases of Guillain-Barre syndrome by paper electrophoresis; in 5 of them the serum protein fractions were studied also. The investigation in each case was carried in the first month following the onset of the disease and prior to the beginning of therapeutics. There was a protein-cytologic dissociation in the CSF in all the cases. It is possible to classify the changes found in the CSF proteins as being similar to the "mixed type" pattern ("Mischelektrophoresediagramm", Bauer) with an associated increase in the participation of a-globulins. It was shown that the changes in the CSF protein fractions may be secondary to those that occurred in the serum and that they are dependent on disturbances in the ultrafiltration of blood proteins to the CSF. Such disturbances are possibly caused by the changes brought about by the disease in the blood-CSF barrier. The special behaviour of a1-globulin is shown by its relative content in the CSF. It was increased in 6 cases and its relation to the serum content was always superior to 1 (the maximum value observed was 4.8). The disturbances in the blood-CSF barrier are pointed out in the explanation of these findings, although the occurrence of a relative stagnation of this protein fraction in the CSF may play an important role also. Structural changes in this globulin and/or in the substances which are bound to it may modify the rate of its reabsorption, thus bringing about a relative stagnation.

A chemical test previously described for the diagnosis of pregnancy was applied to the study of the excretion of gonadotropin in the urine during menstrual cycle. The chemical test is based on the selective adsorption by kaolim of the reducing substances biologically related to urinary gonadotropin. The active substance when acidified to pH 4.0 is adsorbed by the kolin and eluated with O.1N sodium hydroxide. The alkaline solution is treated by Somogyi's copper reagent and the excess not reduced is titrated by 0.005 N sodium thiosulfate. Gonadotropin is quantitatively addorbed by kaolin at pH 4.0 and eluated by alkaline solution as previously demonstrated by the A. (1). In the present paper the complete menstrual cycle was studied daily. It was observed that normally there are two distinct maxima of excretion. This study is based on 11 normal cycles (24-30 days) and 34 abnormal ones. Normal cycles showed a intramenstrual estrogens elimination from 200 to 260 mice units determinated by the Allen - Doisy full estrus smear test. The abnormal cycles belonging also to normal women showed much less estrogen excretion (14 to 25 mice units) Table II). In those cases with decreased estrogen excretion no fall in the curve after 14 th. day was observed. The A. suggest that the peaks of gonadotropin excretion is not related to the oculation but possibly due, the first one, to the follicle stimulating hormone and the second to the luteinizing hormone of hormone stimulating of the inerstitial tissue.

Os autores, que vêm fazendo exames eletrencefalográficos sistematizadamente em casos de abscessos cerebrais desde 1951, relatam sua experiência, ressaltando os elementos que o EEG proporciona para o diagnóstico e prognóstico desses processos. O material que apresentam é de 22 casos (20 com EEG pré-operatório, 17 dos quais com seguimento eletrencefalográfico pós-operatório, e 2 nos quais só foi feito EEG pós-operatório) com diagnóstico confirmado pela ar-teriografia e pela intervenção cirúrgica. Todos foram submetidos a trata- mento cirúrgico e antibiótico, sendo o seguimento clínico-eletrencefalográfico a partir do 30º dia após a intervenção cirúrgica. No grupo dos pacientes com EEG pré-operatório foram encontradas alterações difusas do traçado em 20 casos (100%) e alterações focais consistentes em ondas delta 0,5 a 3 c/s, potencial de 400 a 500 mV (19 casos), depressão focal do ritmo de base (11 casos), foco epileptógeno (2 casos). As ondas delta bastante lentas e a depressão focal do ritmo de base constituem elemento de valor para o diagnóstico, particularmente quando interpretados em consonância com a clínica. No grupo de pacientes seguidos com exames clínicos e eletrencefalográficos sistemáticos, por um período que variou de 1 a 60 meses, foram encontrados sinais de foco convulsiógeno ativo em 10 dos 17 pacientes observados. Na opinião dos autores êste índice anormalmente elevado está em consonância com a freqüência de epilepsia pós-abscesso cerebral. O tempo que decorreu entre a operação e o aparecimento do foco ativo variou de 1 até 25 meses. Dêsses 10 pacientes com foco ativo e com epilepsia clìnicamente comprovada, sòmente 2 tinham foco anteriormente ao processo de "cura" do abscesso. Os autores discutem êsse problema e pensam ser os processos de cicatrização - processos crônicos -- os responsáveis por tais manifestações clínico-eletrencefalográficas. Ainda neste grupo chamam atenção para o fato de que em sòmente 4 pacientes o EEG continuou a se manter normal durante todo período de observação, sendo que 2 outros tiveram EEG normal por 5 e 15 meses, respectivamente, e, mais tarde apresentaram foco ativo. Ao lado dêstes focos epileptógenos, em 3 pacientes havia também sinais de sofrimento do parênquima nervoso (ondas delta) 1 a 3 meses depois da intervenção cirúrgica (casos com convulsões reiteradas ou ainda com sinais do abscesso em evolução). Em 6 casos havia certa depressão focai pós-operatória no EEG; em 4 havia alterações frustras do ritmo de base, alterações estas de tipo cicatricial e sem correlação clínica correspondente. Concluem os autores que o EEG constitui excelente método auxiliar no diagnóstico de abscessos cerebrais e, principalmente, elemento muito útil no prognóstico dos casos tratados, quer evidenciando desaparecimento dos sinais agudos de comprometimento cerebral, quer fornecendo precocemente sinais da formação de foco convulsiógeno ativo, possibilitando a instituição precoce de terapêutica anticonvulsiva. The authors have made electroencephalographs studies in cases of cerebral abscess since 1951; these records were always obtained before any neurosurgical treatment and were repeated several times after the surgical approach. The authors call the attention to the important data that the EEG can offer to the diagnosis of cerebral abscess and to the prognosis in patients who were operated on. Twenty-two patients (20 had EEG previously to the surgical treatment, 17 with repeated EEG after the operation and 2 had EEG only after the operation) were clinically and electroencephalographically studied, the diagnosis being confirmed by arteriograms and by the surgical treatment. AH patients were operated on and received antibiotics. In the present paper the EEG changes found during the first month following the surgical treatment were not included. In the group of patients with EEG obtained before the surgical treatment, the authors found difuse changes in the record of the 20 patients (100 per cent), and focal changes consisting mainly by delta waves of 0.5-3 c/s, potential of 400-500 mV (19 cases) focal depression of the basic rhythm (11 cases); epileptogenic focus was found only in 2 cases. The very slow delta waves and focal depression of the basic rhythm represent very important data for the diagnosis, particularly when studied in relation to the clinic data. In the group of patients who had clinical and EEG examinations after the operation, being the EEG records repeated during a period of time from one to 60 months, the authors found signs of active convulsive focus in 10 out of 17 patients. In the opinion of the authors this incidence is very high and it is in accordance with the high frequency of epilepsy following cerebral abscess. The lenght of time between the operation and the onset of the focal activity varied from one to 25 months. Out of the 10 patients with focal activity and with clinical epilepsy, only 2 patients had presented focal activity before to the "healing" of the abscess. The authors discuss this problem and believe that the healing, which is a chronic process, is the responsible for the onset of these clinically and electroencephalographically manifestations. In the same group only 4 patients had normal EEG during all the follow-up; 2 patients had normal EEG during 5 and 15 months, but developed focal activity later on. Other 3 patients had signs of suffering of the nervous tissue (delta waves) from one to 3 months after the operation (patients with convulsive seizures or still with signs of abscess in evolution).. In 6 cases there was slight changes of the basic rhythm, which were due to the healing and with no clinical correlation. The authors conclude that the EEG is a very important auxiliary method for the diagnosis of cerebral abscess and for the prognosis of those cases surgically treated, since it shows disappearance of acute signs of cerebral involvement, or early formation of active convulsive focus, permitting the begining of the anticonvulsive therapy.

Foi feita avaliação do comportamento da globulina beta do LCR em processos inflamatórios do SNC e/ou de seus envoltórios no sentido de verificar até que ponto podem ser úteis para o prognóstico as informações obtidas. Essa avaliação foi baseada no fato de a concentração dessa globulina no LCR estar relacionada ao metabolismo do parênquima nervoso, aumentando em condições que acarretem seu sofrimento. Os proteinogramas do LCR de 45 pacientes com processos inflamatórios do SNC e/ou de seus envoltórios, distribuídos em 6 grupos de casos, foram analisados segundo a possibilidade de o processo inflamatório estar acarretando, ou não, sofrimento do parênquima encefálico. A análise dos resultados mostrou que o estudo da concentração da globulina beta no LCR fornece elementos que permitem avaliar o comprometimento do parênquima encefálico nessas condições, aduzindo dados úteis para a avaliação prognóstica. A intensidade do aumento da concentração dessa globulina no LCR era maior do que a do aumento da concentração de albumina nos casos em que o processo inflamatório determinava comprometimento do parênquima encefálico. The CSF proteins of 45 patients with inflammatory diseases of the CNS were studied in order to evaluate the information that the beta-globulin content may bring about the occurrence of involvement of brain tissue. The material was distributed in 6 groups according to the diagnosis of the cases: 10 patients had spinal cord and/or radicular inflammatory disease, associated or not with leptomeningeal involvement (group 1); 5 had acute leptomeningitis (group 2); in 5 the diagnosis of tuberculous meningo-encephalitis was made (group 3); in 10, of cysticercosis of the CNS (group 4); in 5, of neurosyphilis (group 5); in 10, of encephalitides (group 6). Total protein content was determined by the turbidimetric method of the trichloroacetic acid. The protein fractions were analyzed through paper strip electrophoresis. The results were evaluated in respect to normal values previously reported. The high gamma-globulin content of the CSF in inflammatory processes of the CNS hinders the evaluation of the changes occurring in the content of the other globulins; the interference of such factor is more marked when the inflammatory process is chronic. In such conditions the evaluation of the content of the other globulin fractions is better achieved by comparison with the albumin content, the values reported for each globulin being statistically compared to those obtained for the albumin fraction. By this procedure it was shown that in all 45 cases changes in the alpha-globulin content were not different from that found for the albumin fraction and it was concluded that these data bring no evidences indicating interference of other factors than those related to the blood-CSF barrier for the explanation of the changes in the alpha-globulins content of the samples studied. Significant differences were found in respect to beta and gamma globulins. The changes found in the gamma-globulin support the possibility that the increase of this globulin is conditioned by the local production. Data concerning to beta-globulin in the cases of groups 5 and 6 showed that the increases in the amount of this globulin were more marked than those observed for the albumin. This difference was statistically significant. It brings evidence of participation of a different factor in the explanation of the finding other than those accepted for the albumin fraction. The discussion on the nature of this factor supports the possibility of its relation to the changes in the protein metabolism of the brain, since the damage of the latter was present in the cases of these groups of patients. These data are in agreement to the findings on the changes registered in the content of this globulin in the CSF in degenerative diseases as it is reported in the literature. The changes in the beta-globulin content of the CSF which are more marked than those found in the albumin content bring useful information when the data are analyzed in respect to their respective normal values; they point out to the possibility of brain damage by the inflammatory process. In the basis of such evidence cases of the groups 3 and 4 are considered and it was found that the data obtained did not differ from those resulting from the surgical or necroscopic examination and from the follow-up of the patients.

Soybean varieties cultivated at present in Brazil (Abura and Rio Grande), as well as some other promissing strains (455, Chosen, Georgian, Pereira Barreto, Arksoy, Acadian, etc.) have shown severe attacks by the rootknot nematodes. The study of the parasite showed that two forms are present, attacking the soybean roots, both being closely related to Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White, 1919) Chitwood, 1949. Variety N 46-2652, considered to be resistent in the Southern part of the United States, proved to be susceptible to the mentioned nematodes, according to results of two pot test, discussed in this paper. Palmeto, La 41-1219, N 45-3799 and Otootan varieties were considered resistent to these nematodes, judged by the results of one field trial here reported. The resistence of varieties Palmeto and La 41-1219 was also confirmed by two pot experiments in which artificial infestation by nematodes was produced.

Êste trabalho versa sôbre o diagnóstico específico das causas da oclusão carotídea ou de uma das principais artérias intracranianas. Êle é baseado em 101 casos nos quais uma ou mais artérias acima referidas foram consideradas como ocluídas em conseqüência de causa patológica e 6 casos de estenose arterial de maior ou menor extensão. A fim de sistematizar o estudo do diagnóstico diferencial, foram incluídos casos de oclusões artificiais. São postas em relêvo as dificuldades que podem ocorrer nas diferentes etapas do diagnóstico específico de uma oclusão arterial, bem como os recursos empregados para superá-las. Para maior clareza, os diferentes itens relativos ao diagnóstico angiográfico das oclusões arteriais em aprêço foram esquematizados em: 1) distinção entre obstrução arterial verdadeira e oclusão artificial; 2) distinção entre obstrução orgânica e oclusão funcional da luz arterial; 3) diagnóstico das estenoses arteriais segmentares; 4) distinção entre ausência congênita e oclusão adquirida de uma artéria, particularmente no que se refere às partes constituintes do polígono de Willis. This paper deals with the specific diagnoses of the causes and mechanisms involved in the occlusion of the carotids or one of the major intracranial arteries. It is based on a series of 101 cases in which one or more of the above mentioned arteries were considered as occluded, the occlusion being of a pathologic origin. Artificial occlusion of the carotid and vertebral arteries as well as intracranial ones was also taken into account. Difficulties which may arise in every step of the differential diagnosis of arterial occlusion are pointed out, as are technical resources which help to avoid such difficulties. In order to render the report more practical the items concerned with angiographic diagnosis of occlusion of the intracranial and extracranial arteries of the brain are schematized as follows: 1) distinction between lasting and transitory non-pathologic occlusion; 2) distinction between organic and functional occlusion of an artery; 3) recognition of arterial narrowing; 4) distinction between congenital absence and acquired occlusion of an artery, specially one of the parts of the arterial circle of the base.

This paper deals with two cases of patients suffering from cerebral cysticercosis, who were previously being treated as neuroluetic. The first case was of a patient aged 35 who suffered from epileptic seizures since the age of 12. Due to changes of the cerebrospinal fluid, he was submitted to an antiluetic treatment and also to malaria therapy. In spite of the antisyphilitic treatment the diseasse went slowly on, bearing a psychiatric and neurological syndrome of the frontal lobe and also [...]

Entre os pacientes internados, por traumatismos cranianos, no Pronto Socorro de Neurocirurgia do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de São Paulo, de 1954 a 1957, foram selecionados três, nos quais a evolução ulterior infirmou o diagnóstico inicial de hematoma extra ou subdural. O aparecimento, algum tempo após o traumatismo, de sinais focais e de hipertensão intracraniana sugeriu a existência de hematoma intracraniano provavelmente subdural, sendo então indicada a realização, com urgência, de uma angiografia cerebral por via carotídea. Em todos os casos foram evidenciados desvios da artéria cerebral anterior, não havendo elementos para o diagnóstico da natureza do processo expansivo. Em dois casos foram feitas pneumografias que mostraram desvios do sistema ventricular e electrencefalogramas que mostraram depressão da atividade elétrica no hemisfério homolateral ao traumatismo. Exames radiológicos sucessivos mostraram diminuição progressiva, até a desaparição, dos desvios arteriais; um dos pacientes foi submetido a trepanação exploradora que mostrou apenas edema cerebral. Medicação visando combater o edema cerebral determinou melhora acentuada dos quadros clínicos. A finalidade do trabalho é de apresentar um quadro raramente descrito como complicação de traumatismos crânio-encefálicos e tecer comentários a respeito das dificuldades do diagnóstico diferencial com o hematoma subdural. A review of cases admitted to the "Emergency Service" of the Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo during a period of 4 years (1954 to 1957) was made and among them three cases were considered of interest because of the difficulty of diagnosis as well as its rarity. In those patients the evolution and further investigation invalidated the diagnosis of subdural hematoma with which they were admitted. This diagnosis had been made because of focal symptoms and intracranial hypertension after a period of one to two months after a craniocerebral trauma. Angiograms in the three cases had showed deviations of the anterior cerebral artery without sufficient data to demonstrate the nature of the expansive process. In two cases pneumoventriculographic examination showed a deviation of ventricular system and the electroencephalograms revealed depression of electric activity in the hemisphere ipsilateral to the traumatism. Successive roentgenologic examinations showed progressive reduction and even disappearing of the vascular deviation previously found. In one patient a trepanation was performed revealing nothing but cerebral edema. Conditions of the three patients were greatly improved with conservative measures. The object of this paper is to emphasize the difficulties for differential diagnosis with subdural hematoma.

Os A. A., visando aplicar a bartonelose do rato albino esplenectomizado como teste para o estudo das funções do baço, uma vez que há evidência de um mecanismo de proteção de natureza hormonal, estudam a evolução da anemia nesse animal após a esplenectomia. Discutem aspectos e trabalhos sôbre o assunto. Comparam a anemia da bartonelose à da fenilhidrazina e discutem a influência dos traumatismos inespecíficos sôbre o desencadeiamento dessa infecção. Aproveitam o material para a verificação do efeito terapêutico da penicilina bárica, fabricada no Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, na bartonelose experimental do rato albino. Descrevem os métodos e concluem sôbre a extrema sensibilidade dos animais utilizados e da ineficácia da penicilina, pelo menos na dose empregada.The A. A. intending to use Bartonellosis of splenectomized rats as a test of spleen functions, since there is evidence of an hormonal protective mechanism, study the evolution of anemia in this animal after spelenectomy. They discuss the principal aspects and papers about the subject. They compare the influence of inespecific trauma as regard the appearance of this infection. They profit the material for the verification of the terapeutics effect of barium penicillin produced at the Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, over the experimental Bartonella muris anemia of splenectomized albino rats. They describe the methods and give the results in respect of the extreme sensibility of the animals employed and the ineffectiveness of penicillin at least in the dosage used.

O presente trabalho, visou o estudo de mutantes resistentes à antibióticos na bactéria fitopatogênica Xanthomonas campestris (Pammel) Dowson. Foram obtidos mutantes resistentes à cinco antibióticos: penicilina, estreptomicina, aureomicina, cloranfenicol e éritromicina. O incremento de resistência em relação à linhagem original foi 4 vêzes para a penicilina, 8 para o cloranfenicol, 32 para a aureomicina e pelo menos 16 e 128 vêzes para a éritromicina e estreptomicina respectivamente. Em nenhum dos casos, verificou-se resistência cruzada ou sensibilidade colateral. The present paper deals with study of mutants resistants against five antibiotics in a phytopathogenic bacterium Xanthomonas campestris (Pammel) Dowson. One-step mutants to streptomycin and erythromycin were isolated. For the penicillin, aureomycin and chloranphenicol multiple-step mutants appeared the sensitive populations were grown in gradient plates with antibiotics. The resistance increase was 4 fold for the penicillin, 8 fold for the chloranphenicol, 32 fold for the aureomycin; 16 fold for the erythromycin and 128 fold for the streptomycin. It was not found cross resistance or collateral sensitivity when a certain antibiotic was tested against the others drugs.

In this paper the A. A. report the observations about the general anesthesia by chloral hydrate on the veterinary surgery. The observations were made on emasculation practices of horses, mules and hogs. It was possible to establish the following conclusions: 1) The choral hydrate presents low cost, it harmless, and is of easy application. 2) The more recommendable dosis for equine and swine were : 12-13 g per 100 k of body weight, in destilled water solution at 30 and 20%, respectively. 3) The anaethestic was injected by intravenous way with good results; in horses and mules the applications were made in the jugular; in swine, in the anterior vena cava, as was described by Carle and Dewhirst, because it was impracticable in the ear vein. 4) The dosis applied produced deep narcosis not lasting to long and with no danger to the animal's life. 5) In the case of fattening hogs, it must be made a discount of about 40% on the body weight, to calculate dosis to be employed. 6) The tables A and B show the results, that may be considered as good.

Após caracterizar a importância dos dados de estatística vital em Saúde Pública, quando esta planeja, executa e avalia suas atividades assistenciais e sanitárias, são feitos comentários sôbre êstes dados no município de São Paulo, demonstrando que êsses dados devem ser coletados, apurados e analisados segundo o critério sanitário. Sòmente assim poderão ser integralmente úteis às autoridades sanitárias. Isto não ocorre no município em tela. Portanto, sugere-se que no futuro as autoridades passem a colher esses dados segundo aquêle critério; e, para isso, propõe-se, em virtude das razões apontadas no decorrer do trabalho, que o Serviço de Centros de Saúde da Capital venha a se encarregar desse mister, para o que, aliás, já foram tomadas as primeiras providências.After characterizing the importance of vital statistics in Public Health when this last one plans, performs and estimates its sanitary and assistance activities, he comments these data in the county of São Paulo, Brazil. In his comments he shows that these data showed be collected, tabulated and analyzed according to the sanitary criterion, because only in that way can they be totally useful to sanitary officials. This does not happen in the county of São Paulo. Therefore, he suggests that in the future the health officials collect these data using that criterion and, in order to reach that goal - because of the reasons mentioned on this paper - he suggests that the S. Paulo Health Centers Service showed take charge of this task and - by the way - the first steps have already been taken.

A esterase, aliesterase, foi determinada no sôro de 38 ratos de ambos os sexos, 6 hamsters, 34 cobaias e S coelhos, pela técnica de Huggins e Lapides. Os resultados obtidos para os machos e fêmeas foram tabelados em separado. As fêmeas apresentaram uma esterasemia maior que os machos, com uma média global de 11.6 U/ml ± 4.01 e um erro padrão de 0.83 enquanto que para os machos a média foi de 6.9 U ml ± 0.99 com um erro padrão de 0.26. A significância calculada pclo t foi de 4.4 Isto demonstra a interferência da aliesterase na produção ou no metabolismo dos estrogênios. Os valores médios encontrados para as cobaias foram 4.50 U/ ml ± 0.15, com um êrro padrão de 0.036 para as fêmeas e 4.28 U / ml ± 0.30 com um êrro padrão de 0.073 para os machos, sendo a significância (t) de 2.6. Para os coelhos (machos) a média foi de 4.41 U / ml ± 0.16, com um erro padrão de 0.058 enquanto para os hamsters os valores foram de 4.01 U/l ± 0.085, êrro padrão de 0.049 para os machos e 3.81 U/ml ± 0.227, êrro padrão de 0.133 para as fêmeas. Os animais castrados mostram uma diminuição progressiva da esterase no sôro, enquanto que nos castrados e tratados com estrogênios, êstes valores atingem o teôr normal. Os resultados obtidos nestes casos serão objeto de publicação ulterior. Esterase, "aliesterase" was determined, in blood sera from 38 rats, 6 hamsters, 34 guinea-pig and 8 rabbits by the Huggins & Lapides' method. Normal values for male and female animals were related separately. In female rat, blood aliesterase is higher within a mean value of 11.6 U/ml ± 4.01 and standard error of 0.83. Aliesterase sera values in male are lower than in female. The mean value being 6.9 U/ml ± 0.99, standard error, 0.26. The significance of means (t) for female and male rats was 4.4. This fact reveals that aliesterase concentration in sera is related with estrogen production or metabolism. For guinea-pig the mean values were 4.50 U/ml ± 0.15, standard error 0.036 (female) and 4.28 U/ml ± 0.30, standard error. 0.073 (male), the significance value (t) being 2.6. The rabbits showed a mean value of 4.41 U/ml ± 0.16, standard error, 0.058, while the hamsters presented 4.10 U/ml ± 0.085, standard error. 0.049 for the males and 3.81 U/ml + 0.227, standard error. 0.133 for females. Castrated animals showed a progressive decrease in the serum aliesterase. Results obtained with castrated and estrogens treated animals will be related in a further paper.

Nos últimos 25 anos a genética humana tem assumido importância crescente na medicina geral e particularmente em psiquiatria. E, a nosso ver, a higiene mental só se torna eficiente quando norteada por aquela disciplina. Por ela orientamos nosso Serviço de Higiene Mental no Centro de Saúde de Santana, cujos dados clínicos apresentamos em resumo. Correspondem eles às primeiras 300 matrículas no Serviço, dentre as 317 efetuadas de fevereiro a 15 de julho de 1952¹. Frisamos que, embora tais dados sejam coligidos com critério clínico rigoroso, não foram ainda avaliados estatisticamente quanto ao aspecto heredobiológico; portanto, nossas conclusões devem ser encaradas com as devidas reservas. Todavia, merecem menção algumas ocorrências clínicas aí anotadas. Analisamos hoje apenas o ciclo epileptóide, que se revelou como predominante na linhagem dos consulentes, quer adultos, quer menores. Para os demais ciclos heredológicos ainda não dispomos de dados suficientes. Como indica a tabela 1, as condições clínicas mais freqüentes foram "ausências" psíquicas (32%), irritabilidade (20,6%), enxaqueca (20%), equivalentes comiciais diversos, atípicos (12,6%), hiperemotividade (11%); o diagnóstico de neurose ocorreu 15 vêzes, ou seja em 6,9% dos adultos. Os índices relativos são, porém, mais expressivos: entre as 115 consulentes que ultrapassaram a primeira gravidez anotamos abôrto espontâneo em 27,8%, parto de natimorto em 13%, parto operatório e eclâmpsia, cada qual, em 3,5%. Duas outras condições merecem relêvo neste grupo especial: parto de prematuro em 9,6% e parto de gêmeos também em 9,6%. O total de 11 pares de gêmeos se reporta a uma série de 325 gestações terminadas ², o que perfaz o índice de 3,4%, quando na população média este é de 1,2%. A tabela 2 reúne as manifestações mais freqüentes nos 84 menores, 42 de cada sexo: terror noturno, "ausências" psíquicas, convulsões, hiperatividade, irritabilidade aí predominam. Mas as tabelas 3 e 4 mostram que, no grupo cronológico de 1 ano a 3,5 (22 menores), dominam o terror noturno (71,3%), a hiperatividade (54,5%), as crises de "birra" (54,5%), as convulsões (36,3%); ao passo que, no de 7 a 14 anos, com 39 consulentes, prevalecem as "ausências" psíquicas (43,5%), a irritabilidade (33,37c), a enxaqueca (30,8%), a hiperemotividade (30,8%). A compreensão heredobiológica desses vários elementos clínicos nos tem permitido orientar melhor a psicoterapia e o reajustamento familial, bem como recorrer simultâneamente à medicação necessária. A revisão de 64 menores matriculados até fim de junho de 1952 revelou: 1) a psicoagogia foi eficiente quanto à rebeldia, à timidez, ao desajustamento, em parte à enurese noturna; 2) foi mister associar-lhe a medicação nas crises de "birra", no retardo escolar, na agressividade; 3) a simples medicação foi eficaz nas "ausências", no terror noturno, nas reações de pânico, nas convulsões, na perda de fôlego, nos distúrbios durante o sono. For the last 25 years human genetics has steadily enlarged its place in internal medicine and especially in psychiatry. Mental hygiene, we believe, may only be efficient when oriented by this discipline. That is the line we follow in our Mental Health Service at the Public Health Clinic of Santana district, São Paulo City. This paper summarizes some data concerning the 300 counselees among 317 ³ seen there from February through July 15, 1952. Even though such data were obtained under close clinical criterion, they have not been statistically evaluated as regards heredobiological aspects: therefore, our conclusions must be taken as provisional. However, some of the recorded findings seem to deserve discussion. Table 1 shows that most frequent conditions met with were: petit mal attacks (32 per cent), irritability (20.6 per cent), headache (20 per cent), atypical epileptic equivalents (12.6 per cent), hyperemotivity (11 per cent); neurosis was diagnosed 15 instances, i.e., in 6.9 per cent of the adults. Relative frequency rates are, however, more illustrative: out of 115 women who had completed at least one pregnancy, 27.8 per cent had miscarried, 13 per cent produced stillbirths, 3.5 per cent suffered eclampsia, 3.5 per cent had surgical delivery. Twin maternities were 11 in number, representing 3.4 per cent of a series of 325 confinements 4, as compared to 1.2 per cent in the average population. Table 2 lists clinical entries for the 84 children of this material, 42 of each sex: night terror, petit mal attacks, seizures, hyperactivity, irritability, were the leading ones. As shown in Tables 3 and 4, for the age range 1-3.5 years (with 22 children), we recorded night terror in 71.5 per cent, hyperactivity in 54.5 per cent, temper tantrums in 54.5 per cent, seizures in 36.3 per cent; and for that of 7-14 years, assembling 39 children, chief disturbances were petit mal (43.5 per cent), irritability (33.3 per cent), headache (30.8 per cent), hyperemotivity (30.8 per cent). The heredological meaning of the above clinical data has helped us in the selection for psychoterapy and home adjustment, as well as to institute the proper medication when needed. A follow-up of 64 children enrolled up to June 1952 disclosed that (1) psychological reorientation was efficient for obstinacy, shyness, maladjustment, enuresis; (2) it was needed to supplement it with medication in temper tantrums, retardation in school, aggressivity; (3) medication alone was enough for petit mal, night terror, panicky reactions, seizures, breathholding spells, sleep disturbances.

This paper deals with data obtained in 1959 and 1960 in shaded and unshaded coffee plots at Piracicaba, Sao Paulo, Brazil. The results can be summarized as follows: a) the production, in shaded and unshaded plots, did not show differences statisticaly significant; b) the percentage of coffee berry borer infestation was higher in shaded plots as compared with unshaded ones; c) the percentage of green, ripened and dry fruits depends of the year and of the harvest time. In the same harvest time, both for shaded and for unshaded plots the percentages in the shaded plots were higher for green fruits and lesser for ripened and dry fruits; d) coffee fruits brought from the field in the harvest time yielding up in unshaded plots as compared with shaded ones; e) the relation grains/dry fruits was better in shaded plots.

Os autores relatam o caso de um homem de 38 anos de idade que apresentava uma hemiparesia direita nítida, sem afasia, datando de cerca de um mês. O déficit motor no dimídio direito se iniciara com violenta cefaléia, rebelde ao uso de analgésicos, mas que, pouco a pouco, cedeu completamente. O exame clínico não revelou qualquer causa capaz de explicar a hemiparesia. Liqüido cefaiorraquidiano e exame oftalmoscòpico inteiramente normais. As radiografias simples do crânio mostravam opacificação de consistência compacta no seio frontal e imagem aérea, volumosa, ocupando a maior parte do hemicrânio esquerdo. Os cortes planigráficos sagitais revelaram erosão da parede posterior e do assoalho do seio frontal, sem continuidade com a coleção de ar. Durante a operação foi verificada integridade da dura mater. Dias após a intervenção, a motricidade voluntária do hemicorpo direito já havia melhorado consideravelmente e, um mês após, o exame neurológico foi totalmente negativo. Tratava-se de osteoma ebùrneo. Após estudar os aspectos otorrinolaringológicos dos osteomas dos seios frontais, os autores consideram as suas eventuais complicações. Assim, se o tumor crescer para o lado, poderá invadir a órbita, causando exoftalmo, proptose e diplopia; expandindo-se para trás, poderá erosar a parede posterior do seio frontal, ocasionando pneumatocele extradural, como ocorreu no caso registrado neste trabalho; sucessivamente, poderá também perfurar a dura mater (pneumatocele subdural), invadir o tecido cerebral (pneumatocele intracerebral) e mesmo se comunicar com o ventrículo lateral (pneumatocele ventricular). Essas coleções aéreas intracranianas (pneumocéfalos) são eventualidades excepcionais em doença também rara. De fato, até 1941, haviam sido registrados 321 casos de osteomas, dos quais apenas 8 se complicaram de pneumocéfalo: 2 extradurais, 4 intracerebrais e 2 ventriculares. Por outro lado, essas complicações neurológicas de osteomas podem se agravar pela inflamação do seio paranasal infectado. Comparando os casos de pneumatocele subdural traumático com os determinados por osteomas sinusais, os autores chamam a atenção para a inconstância e a transitoriedade com que, nestes últimos, se evidencia a rinorréia cefalorraquidiana. Para que se forme a coleção aérea intracraniana é necessário que o duto nasofrontal seja permeável; evidentemente, se este houver sido previamente obliterado pela expansão do tumor, o pneumatocele não poderá se constituir. Os autores explicam a hemiparesia apresentada pelo paciente, como o resultado de uma compressão da coleção de ar, através da dura mater e dos planos subjacentes, sobre o hemisfério cerebral esquerdo. The authors present a case of a man, 38 years old, who presented since a month a right hemiparesia, without aphasia. The paresia in the right side began with a violent headache, which would not give way to the analgesics, but little by little, disappeared completely. A careful general examination did not show any cause capable of explaining the hemiparesia. Ophthalmologic and spinal fluid examinations were absolutely normal. The plain radiograms shows a opacity of compact consistency in the frontal sinus and a voluminous image occupying the largest part of the left side of the skull. The sagital tomographic sections revealed erosion of the posterior wall and floor of the frontal sinus in continuity with the air collection. Once the patient was operated on, the integrity of the dura mater was evident. A few days after the intervention, the voluntary movements of right side of the body had already improved considerably, and a month later the neurologic examination was entirely negative. The removed tumor was an osteoma eburneo. After studying the otorhinolaryngologic aspects of the osteoma of the frontal sinus the authors consider its eventual complications. If the tumor grows lateral wards, it may invade the orbit, causing exophtalm, proptosis and diplopia; expanding backwards, it may erode the posterior wall of the frontal sinus causing an extradural pneumatocele, as occurred in the case registered in the present paper; it may also successively perforate the dura mater (sub-dural pneumatocele), invade the brain tissue (intra-cerebral pneumatocele), and even communicate with the lateral ventricle (ventricular pneumatocele). These intracranial collections (pneumocephalus) are exceedingly rare eventualities in a rare illness. As a matter of fact, until 1941, 321 cases of "osteomae" had been registered, of which only 8 had complications of pneumocephalus (2 extra-dural, 4 intra-cerebral and 2 ventricular). Besides, these neurologic complications of "osteomae" may get worse with inflammation brought from the infected paranasal sinus. Comparing the cases of traumatic sub-dural pneumatocele with those determined by sinusal "osteomae" the authors emphasize the inconstancy and transitoriness with which, in the last ones, the rhinorrhea is present. The naso-frontal duct must be permeable to allow the formation of intracranial aerial collection; evidently if this one has been previous obliterated by the expansion of the tumor, the pneumatocele cannot be produced. The authors explain the hemiparesia presented by the patient, as the result of a compression by the air collection, through the dura mater and the subjacent plans, on the left cerebral hemisphere.

Neste trabalho são relatados os resultados obtidos em sete experiências de adubação da batatinha (Solanum tuberosum L.), conduzidas em 1952-53 e 1953-54 em várias localidades do Estado de São Paulo, e nas quais foram comparadas três formas de potássio na presença de nitrogênio e fósforo. O efeito da adubação potássica foi praticamente nulo em três experiências. Em média das outras quatro a produção com NP foi de 6,66 t/ha e os aumentos provocados pela adição de 30, 60 e 90 kg/ha de K(2)0 foram respectivamente de 20, 23 e 27% com sulfato e cloreto de potássio aumentaram um pouco o tamanho dos tubérculos, ao passo que leucíta o diminuiu consideravelmente. A incidência de manchas internas ("chocolate") nos tubérculos não foi modificada pela adubação potássica. This paper presents the results obtained in seven experiments conducted in 1952-53 and 1953-54 at various localities of the State of São Paulo, in which three sources of potassium were tested in the presence of nitrogen and phosphorus. No response to potassium was observed in three of the experiments. Based on the average results from the other four trials the yield with NP was 6.66 tons per hectare and the increases due to additions of 30, 60 and 90 kilograms of K(2)0 per hectare were respectively of 20, 23 and 27% with sulphate of potassium and 12, 17 and 17% with potassium chloride; equal K(2)0 applications in the form of leucite did not modify the yields. While potassium sulphate and chloride incfeased a little the size of the tubers, leucite decreased it considerably. Potassium applications did not modify the incidence of internal brown spots.