Search

Os caracteres gerais do método eletroforético são apresentados de modo sumário, especialmente aquêles referentes à eletroforese em papel, no sentido de familiarizar o neurologista quanto aos seus aspectos principais e sua utilização no estudo das frações proteicas do liqüido cefalorraquidiano cujos aspectos particulares são discutidos. The main aspects of electrophoresis are summarised, specially those concerning paper electrophoresis, as a practical guide for neurologists, in its appliance to the study of cerebrospinal fluid protein fractions.

In order to analyse the paper strip electrophoresis contribution to the knowledge of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) proteins in cysticercosis of the central nervous system (CNS) 40 patients were studied (identification data in table 1); the clinical forms and diagnostic data of 30 of them, who had CNS cysticercosis (cases 1 to 30) are summarized in the table 2; cysticercosis of the CNS might play a role in the pathologic condition presented by the remaining 10 patients. CSF protein fractions were examined in all the cases (results in tables 4 and 7) and those of blood sera in cases from 1 to 15 (results in table 5) by paper strip electrophoresis under the specifications previously reported54. A second examination of CSF protein fractions was made some time later in 4 cases (results in table 6). CSF samples were analysed also in respect to cytology, total protein content, Pandy and colloidal benzoin reactions and complement fixation tests for syphillis and cysticercosis (results in table 3). The values obtained for CSF protein fractions were compared to norma) values found in 30 control subjects; these normal values were detailed in a prior publication55 and are summarized in table 8. This comparison shows that CNS cysticercosis produces changes in the electrophoretic prophiJe of CSF proteins (table 9); an increased y-globulin fraction was the main change observed, commonly associated to a low j8-globulin relative concentration. An inversion of a1/a2 quocient was found in 4 cases. The contributions to the study of CNS cysticercosis resulting from the electrophoretic analysis of CSF proteins are discussed in three groups: 1 - Informations obtained by paper electrophoresis of CSF proteins are independent from those resulting from the other laboratory aspects studied. Thus, if the protein fractions of blood sera are considered, although the changes found have mean values similar to those found to the CSF protein fractions (table 10), it was observed that there are individual differences in the protein fraction relative concentrations in blood and CSF (table 11), no correlation being found between them. Considering CSF itself, changes in its protein fractions induced by CNS cysticercosis are similar in ventricular and subarachnoid samples (lumbal and cisternal) (table 13); their intensity is related to the intensity of the whole of CSF changes (table 12). Informations obtained by electrophoretic analysis of CSF proteins, however, differ from those resulting from the other examinations conducted in the CSF sample as was shown in the analysis of cytology (tables 14 and 15), total protein content (table 16), colloidal benzoin reaction and positivity of complement fixation test for cysticercosis. 2 - The clinical value of data achieved by CSF proteins electrophoresis is discussed. Results may have an important role in diagnosis, in the knowledge of its clinical forms (table 17) and in the control of evolution if pathogenetic mechanisms involved in disease are considered. Cases 31 to 40 illustrate the clinical aspects of contributions given by CSF electrophoresis. 3 - The CSF protein fractions changes found in CNS cysticercosis justify their classification among those changes commonly observed in subchronic and chronic inflammatory diseases of the CNS and/or its leptomeningeal coverings. It is assumed in the literature that there occurs a local production of globulins, specially the y-globulin fraction, in such pathologic conditions. Concerning CNS cysticercosis, if CSF total protein content and electrophoretic data on its fractions are considered together (table IS and 19; graph. 1), it is possible to evidence that at least two mechanisms participate in the origin of protein changes (tables 20 and 21; graph. 2) : blood-CSF barrier disturbances are able to explain data concerning albumin, a and globulin changes, which are similar; the local production of y-globulin is the hypothesis most reliable to explain the peculiar changes of this fraction. This hypothesis agrees with literature data concerning other chronie inflammatory diseases of the CNS. The probable role of y-globulin in carrying specific antibodies is pointed out through correlative exploration of its concentration in the CSF sample and the corresponding positivity of complement fixation test for cysticercosis.

Partindo dos dados referentes à aplicação da eletroforese em papel de filtro na separação das frações proteicas do LCR, apresentados em publicação anterior, são revistos os dados da literatura sob o ponto de vista do laboratório clínico. Tanto os valores relativos normais referentes a cada uma das reações proteicas, como alterações patológicas mais freqüentemente encontradas em diversos tipos de afecções do sistema nervoso são apresentados, ressaltando-se a importância dos achados frente à fisiopatologia do liqüido cefalorraquidiano e frente à Clínica Neurológica. Data on the use of paper electrophoresis in the study of cerebrospinal fluid proteins are reviewed as to show the importance of this method for the clinical laboratory. The mean of protein fractions concentration as well as the references concerning to pathologic findings are presented and discussed. The main aspects of contributions in this field are discussed, showing the aid brought by the protein electrophoretic studies to the physiopathology of cerebrospinal fluid and to pathogenetic interpretations of some nervous diseases.

Foram analisadas, mediante electroforese em papel, as proteínas do LCR cisternal de 30 pessoas adultas (13 sadias e 17 portadoras de neuroses); as médias encontradas em relação às diversas frações proteicas foram as seguintes: pré-albumina 2,2%; albumina 51,6%; globulinas α1 5,0%, α2 8,7%, β (incluindo os percentuais da fração τ) 21,6% e γ 10,9%. Em relação aos resultados encontrados para as frações proteicas do soro sangüíneo de 30 pessoas adultas (17 normais e 13 portadoras de neuroses) incluindo 7 daquelas cujo LCR foi estudado, o perfil das proteínas do LCR mostrou-se diferente, pois no LCR verifica-se a presença da fração pré-albumina, maior riqueza em globulinas β e pequeno teor de γ-globulina. Cisternal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) protein fractions were studied by paper electrophoresis. Through sub-occipital puncture samples were collected from 30 adults (age range from 15 to 45 years old) : 13 healthy people and 17 psychoneurotic patients, without past history of neurologic disease and/or evidence of organic affection. Syphilis serology was negative in all cases as well as CSF showed any abnormality in respect to pressure, aspect, color, cytology, total protein content, colloidal reactions, syphilis and cysti-cercosis complement fixation tests. Technical details were previously described; protein concentration was achieved by dyalisis against 30% poli-vinylpirrolidone at 4°C. Results are detailed in the table 1; mean values obtained for protein fractions were: pre-albumin 2.2%, albumin 51.6%, globulins: α1 5.0%, α2 8.7%, β 21.6% (including the τ fraction) and γ 10.9%. There was any significative difference between results found in normal people and in psychoneurotic patients. The values found are in agreement with those reported by Mumenthaler and Marki from data published until 1956. For comparison purposes the author's data are presented together with others obtained by several investigators (table 4). The results were compared to those found in sera from 30 adults selected in the same way and analysed by the same technique (table 2). Comparison showed similar results when the means found in respect to all sera and CSF samples were considered or when means found for seven cases in which it was possible to analyse CSF and serum proteins simultaneously were considered (table 3). Albumin (including pre-albumin) and α-globulins have similar relative patterns in both CSF and serum protein profiles, but those of β and y-globulins are disimilar. As far as to the sera, CSF proteins have relatively more jg-globulin (1.5 to twices) and less y-globulin (0.5 approximately).

O presente trabalho é baseado no estudo dos perfis eletroforéticos das proteínas do líquido cefalorraqueano de 300 pacientes normais ou portadores de diversas entidades neurológicas. Analisando êste material, os autores verificaram que a gama-globulina é a fração protêica cuja variação tem grande importância na prática neurológica para o diagnóstico diferencial. A principal conclusão a que chegaram indica que há dois diferentes mecanismos que atuam na alteração do perfil eletroforético das proteínas do líquor: a) alteração da permeabilidade da barreira hêmato-encefálica; b) liberação intratecal de gama-globulina. Portanto, o método eletroforético não permite o diagnóstico de determinada entidade neurológica, mas indica o mecanismo fisiopatológico em atividade. This paper is based on the study of the protein profile of the cerebrospinal fluid of 300 neurological patients. This material was analysed in the same way as that one performed by Matiar and Schmidt (1958) and it was found almost the same results. These findings suggested the great value of the cerebrospinal fluid gamma-globulin concentration in the neurological differential diagnosis. In order to enlarge these studies in our own material, it was tried to find some correlation between albumin and globulin fractions expressed in mg/100 ml. The logarithm of albumin concentration was plotted graphically against the logarithm of globulin concentration; each disease was noted down as different symbols. It was verified linear bilogarithmic correlation between albumin and each globulin fraction. Graphs with albumin/alpha-globulin or with albumin/beta-globulin showed absence of characteristic disease behaviour. On the contrary, the graph with albumin/gamma-globulin showed a typical behaviour for neurolues and brain cysticercosis data. Assuming that the cases of spinal block may very well indicate the condition where the changes of the spinal fluid proteins were due to a modification of permeability of the blood-brain barrier, it was calculated the regression equation for the various gamma-globulin concentrations of these cases. It was found that most of the cases of brain tumors, intracranial hemorrhages, meningitis and polyradiculoneuritis were in perfect agreement with the cases of spinal block, suggesting that in these cases the protein changes were due to a modification of permeability of the blood-brain barrier. On the contrary, the great majority of the cases of neurolues and brain cysticercosis did not follow this pattern, suggesting that there was an increase of the spinal fluid gamma-globulin which must be originated intrathecally. These findings point out to two different mechanisms in the changes of the protein profile of cerebrospinal fluid and, therefore, electrophoresis did not allow the diagnosis of a determined neurological disorder, but it shows the particular physiopathological mechanism involved. Escola Paulista de Medicina Serviço de Neurologia UNIFESP, EPM, Serviço de Neurologia SciELO

Quatro espécies de bambu do gênero Dendrocalamus (D. giganteus, D. asper, D. latiflorus e D. strictus) foram testadas, em laboratório, para a produção de pasta para papel, através do processo sulfato. Previamente aos cozimentos, determinaram-se as dimensões e os pesos dos colmos, sua densidade básica e as dimensões das fibras. Os cozimentos, efetuados pelo processo sulfato, determinaram rendimento em pasta celulósica branqueável um pouco inferiores àqueles das principais espécies arbóreas usadas para a mesma finalidade. Dendrocalamus giganteus superou as demais espécies, tanto em rendimento como nas características físico-mecânicas do papel. Four bamboo species of Dendrocalamus (D. asper, D. latiflorus, D. giganteus and D. strictus), were studied to determine their feasibility for pulp and paper production by the sulphate process. Data was taken on culm characteristics, as well as basic density and fiber dimensions on sample basis. Five cookings involving the four species were carried out in electrically heated rotary autoclave of 20 litres capacity at 14% of active alkali as Na2O, 25% of sulfidity 1:4 ratio of material to liquor and maximum temperature of 160 ± 2°C during 60 minutes. Unbleached yield and permanganate number of pulps were determined. Handmade sheets with 60 g/s.m. were conditioned at 65% RH and 21ºC and their strenght properties tested. The results indicated that D. giganteus produced 39.10% of unbleached pulp yield and also superior quality for most of the paper strength properties considered on this research.

Três processos de cozimento - soda, soda-enxôfre e sulfito neutro de sódio - com várias dosagens de reagente, foram estudados para a obtenção de pasta crua para papel, com material de Bambusa tuldoides Munro. Os maiores rendimentos foram obtidos com o sulfito neutro, seguido do soda-enxôfre. O emprego exclusivo da soda, em dosagem igual ou superior a 20% do pêso sêco dos cavacos, trouxe queda no rendimento. Nos testes físico-mecânicos, os papéis se mostraram altamente porosos e resistentes ao rasgo, mostrando-se o material promissor na produção de pasta não branqueada, semelhante a "kraft" de pinheiros. As diferenças, entre os diversos cozimentos, com relação às características do papel foram pouco acentuadas. Para aprodução de celulose branqueada, o processo soda-enxôfre, com 22% de NaOH e 2,2% de S, foi o mais promissor. A comparison was made of three cooking processes - soda, soda-sulfur, and neutral sodium sulfite - using four different amounts of alkalis to extract the pulp from Bambusa tuldoides Munro. Yields superior to 50% were obtained in the majority of cookings; but they decreased when 20% or more of NaOH, in relation to the dry weight of chips, were employed. The highest rate of pulp to raw material was obtained with the neutral sodium-sulfite process. The paper produced was highly porous, very good in the tearing and reasonable in folding, tensile-and bursting strength.

In the present paper the authors deal with the content of ascorbic acid in guavas (Psidium guajava L.) and the methods of sampling used. Ascorbic acid was determined directly in the photoeletric colorimeter (EEL), after extraction with a 4 per cent solution of oxalic acid. Guavas from various parts of State of S.Paulo were used and the general mean found was around 100 mgm of ascorbic acid per 100 gm fresh weight of the material used for extraction. It was found that there is great variation in the ascorbic acid content according to the condition of the fruit: Ascorbic acid Condition content in Mean mgm/100 gm Green and hard 93,36 - 119,54 102,43 Small green 57,34 - 92,30 83,40 Firm ripe 71,28 - 115,98 90,32 Overripe 63,22 - 85,98 77,36 Of the diferent parts of the fruit, the skin has the highest content; the pulp between the skin and the parts containing the seeds, the "inner pulp" contains little and finallw the central parts, formed by the pulp between seeds, the "inter pulp" a engligible amount. The proportion of ascorbic acid found in the skin, inner pulp and inter pulp may be as high as 1.6: 1: 0. Furthermore, the section near the peduncule and the sepals are richer than equatorial crossections. It was proved that the amount and intensity of sun-light is at least one important factant factor determining differences in the ascorbic acid content of the fruit, which is higer in the parts which have received more light. A sharp decrease was found in the vitamin C content of ripe fruite stored in a home refrigerator. The periods of the preservation were 12-24-48-96 hours and the decrease of the ascorbic acid content m per cent was 23.4 - 42.0 - 66.8 - 76.4 of the initial content of 144.28 mgm/100 gm. The following five different methods of sampling in the determination of the amount of vitamin C were tested, with extraction in a Waring blendor: 1) whole fruit; 2,) sample taken form fruits cut into many small pieces; 3) half of a fruit divided by a crossection at equal distance from both ends; 4) half of fruit divided lenghtwise; 5) a transversal slice of about 1 cm. It was found that the two first methods geve the most reliable results.

São apresentados e discutidos os resultados das medições de comprimento e largura das fibras de 27 espécies alienígenas de bambus, compreendendo 12 gêneros, das quais apenas 4 foram anteriormente estudados pelos autores. O material usado nos exames biométricos das fibras de 19 das novas espécies estudadas, foi coletado do "bambusetum" localizado na Estação Experimental de Tatuí, sendo que o dos 4 restantes do base do côlmo de mudos importadas do estrangeiro, mas que não vingaram. Os resultados dos medições mostram que as dimensões das fibras, em comprimento e largura, variaram grandemente segundo as espécies de bambu. O comprimento médio de fibra variou de 1,33 a 2,74 mm, enquanto que a largura variou de 8,39 a 20,90 microns. A relação entre o comprimento e a largura das fibras situou-se entre 63:1 a 264:1. Os resultados encontrados nas medições de comprimento das fibras confirmam, de modo geral, o valor dos bambus como matéria-prima para produção de celulose de fibras longas. This article gives fiber dimensions and derived values obtained for 23 bamboo species, besides similar data for 4 species previously reported by the authors. The average fiber dimensions found for the 27 bamboo species ranged as follows (in milimeters): length, from 1.325 for Bambusa beecheyana to 2.744 for Gigantcchloa apus; width, from 0.00839 for Pleioblastus simoni to 0.02090 for Bambusa beecheyana. The length diameter ratio ranged from 63:1 to 264:1, the shortest ratio being that of Bambusa beecheyana and the highest one of Bambusa vulgaris. The coefficient of variation for fiber length ranged from 26.50% to 42.32% and for fiber width from 17.80% to 60.09%. Considering the ease of bamboo cultivation, the high and rapid production per area, and the quality of the fiber, bamboos areunquestionably the most promising source for cellulose production in the tropical and subtropical regions. As in many other countries where bamboo is being used on a large scale for the pulp and paper industry, it seems likely that in Brazil this plant as a commercial crop will be, in very near future, an important source of long-fibered pulp for blending with short-fibered pulps in papermaking.

This paper gives some preliminary results from determinations of the effect of N, P and K fertilization on the chemical composition of soil and coffee berries, as well in the quality of the beverage there of. The main findings are as follows: a) The use of P arid K caused an increase in the level of the respective element in the soil; no similar effect of N fertilisation was ascertained. b) N content in the bean tuas raised by that of K; P increased N content in the pulp. The application of P failed to raise its level in the fruit; the use of N, however decreased P % in the pulp. The use of KCl increased the level of K in the fruit. c) Fruits collected in treatments where P was omitted gave significantly lower quality beverage. A positive correlation was found between P content in the soil and quality of the beverage; the meaning - if any - of such correlation cannot be evaluated at present. Foram feitas determinações dos teores de N, P e K no solo e nos frutos de cafeeiros submetidos a um ensaio fatotorial 2x2x2. Verificou-se que apenas as aplicações de P e K elevaram os teoresdos elementos no solo. O uso de N e K aumentou o teor dêsses nutrientes no fruto. A qualidade da bebida foi prejudicada pela falta de P na adubação.

Sugars present in some Brazilian varieties of common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) were studied by two-dimension paper chromatography with the following pair of solvente: 1) phenol-water-amonia, 80: 20: 0,5 (w/v/v/ and 2) butanol-acetic acid-water, 40: 10: 5 (v/v). Determinations were made by elution of the spots followed by colorimetry. The sugars identified and measured were raffinose, sucrose, melibiose, glucose and fructose. The more abundant sugars were fructose and glucose. Os acúcares presentes em algumas variedades brasileiras de feijão de mesa (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) foram estudados por cromatografía em papel utilizando-se o seguinte par de solventes: 1) fenol-água-amônia, 80: 20: 0,5 (p/v/v) e butanol-ácido acético-água, 40: 10: 5 (v/v). As determinações quantitativas foram feitas por eluição das manchas dos cromatogramas seguidas de colorimetria. Os açúcares identificados e dosados foram rafinose, sacarose, melibiose, glucose e frutóse. Os açúcares mais abundantes foram: frutóse e glucose.

Publicado também em: CONGRESSO BRASILEIRO DE FLORESTAS TROPICAIS, 1., 1974, Viçosa, MG. Anais... Viçosa, MG: Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 1981. v. 1, p. 208-229.

Foi estudado o comportamento de diversos agentes clarificadores na cologem de vinhos brancos procedentes de variedades de uvas diversas, de três regiões vinícolas diferentes dos Estados de São Paulo e de Minas Gerais. Observou-se que tais agentes comportaram-se de maneira diferente de acôrdo com o vinho a ser clarificado. Para os vinhos brancos testados, verificou-se que a bentonita foi o melhor clarificodor. As observações concordam com resultados obtidos por outros pesquisadores para diferentes vinhos. A laboratory trial was carried out to determine the behavior of different fining agents in samples of white wine obtained from various grape varieties. These tested wines were produced in two regions of the State of São Paulo and one of Minas Gerais. It was observed that these fining agents behaved differently according to the type of wine to be cleared. In our experimental trials bentonita was the best fining agent. These observations agree with those obtoined by others authors in other parts of the world. As a general procedure it is advisable to conduct small-scale fining tests in the laboratory before attempting to clarify the bulk volume of wine in the winery, to determine the efficiency of the fining agent, its effect on the wine, and the quantity necessary to clarify.

Comenta a Ferrater on es publicaran els articles respectius i també que li enviarà el darrer capítol del seu llibre per a que en pugui redactar el pròleg Bryn Mawr París

Dando seqüência ao estudo do bambu como matéria-prima para as indústrias de celulose e papel, foram determinadas as características tecnológicas de quatro espécies tropicais exóticas, com bom desenvolvimento nas condições ecológicas do Estado de São Paulo. Em cozimentos efetuados pelo processo sulfato constataram-se diferenças significativas entre as espécies, tanto em rendimento quanto no grau de deslignificação da celulose. Bambusa tulda foi a espécie com maior rendimento de celulose, ao passo que o menor número de perman-ganato foi obtido com B. stenostachya. Quanto as características físico-mecânicas do papel, esta última espécie foi a que apresentou maior comprimento de auto-ruptura e maior índice de estouro. A celulose obtida de B. nutans foi a mais resistente ao rasgo. Tanto com referência a dimensões de fibras como a rendimento em celulose e as características fisico-mecânicas do papel, B. beecheyana mostrou-se sempre inferior às demais. Culms 2-3 years old of Bambusa nutans, B. tulda, B. stenostachya and B. beecheyana were studied in the production of kraft pulp. All these species proved to grow well in the soil and climate conditions of São Paulo State. Dimensions of the culms, their basic density and the dimension of the fibers are given. Coockings, in number of 5 for each specie, were made by the sulfate process for 60 minutes at 160 ± 2°C, using 13.55% NaOH and 4.4% Na2S. The results showed differences among species, relating to the yield and permanganate number of the pulp. The best yield was 42.35% of umbleached cellulose with 15.7 NP for Bambusa tulda and the worst was 35.27 with 17.24 NP, for Bambusa beecheyana. Handmade sheets, with 60 g/s.m., were submited to the mechanical tests showing effect of species on the quality of pulp.

FAUSTO FILHO, Jose. Stomatopod and decapod crustaceans of the Archipelago of Fernando de Noronha, Northeast Brazil. Arquivos de Ciências do Mar. Fortaleza, v. 14, n.1, p. 1-35, jun. 1974. The Archipelago of Fernando de Noronha is located off the northeast coast of Brazil. These islands have been visited by a number of famous explorers, scientists and expeditions. However, there are relatively few reports and papers available. Those of biological interest are primarily of a taxonomic nature. The purpose of this study is to describe the stomatopod and decapod crustaceans of the Archipelago. This paper is more than just a check list and includes information about the systematic, ecology, bathymetric and geographical distribution of the species included. The bulk of the data was obtained during four expeditions made since 1963, each expedition lasting about one week. The author made two of them, in March 1963 and August 1968. The other two were completed in November 1969 by Dr. José Santiago Lima Verde and in January 1971 by Mr. Henry Ramos Matthews. In addition, other authorities who had identified specimens collected from the Islands were contacted and an exchange of data was accomplished. Also an intense bibliographical search was made for all papers relating to the Islands. This study, then, has been an effort to fill in the existing blanks and to assemble a report on these important groups from observations scattered throughout the literature. The author recognizes that reports such as this can become incomplete as new species are discovered, but at least this report is the first comprehensive study of the stornatopods and decapods of the Archipelago and provides an understanding of the ecology of the Islands and of the zoogeographical affinities of the species studied.

CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO O presente trabalho é inteiramente baseado na teoria de modelagem de series temporais, proposta por BOX & JENKINS em Time Series Analysis: Forecasting and Control. (1970). E dado ênfase ao problema de transformação e estimação de parâmetros, com vistas a previsão de series temporais. O trabalho apresenta um conjunto de programas para aplicação das técnicas desenvolvidas. Em particular é tratado o caso de uma serie hidrológica de vazões do Rio Grande, Brasil, nos últimos 40 anos. The present paper is totally based upon the theory of time series modeling, presented by BOX & JENKINS in Time Series Analysis: Forecasting and Control. (1970). Enphasis is given to the problem of tranformation and estimation of parameters, with the objective to forecast time series. This paper presents a set of programs for pratical applications of the techniques developped. The case of a hidrologic time series of inflows of Rio Grande, Brasil is included.

COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIOR O presente trabalho é inteiramente baseado na teoria de modelagem de Séries Temporais, proposta por BOX & JENKINS em Times Series Analysis, forecasting and control (1970). É dado ênfase ao problema de identificação de modelos e de testes estatísticos, aplicados a modelos com parâmetros estimados, com vista a previsão de uma série temporal. O trabalho apresenta um conjunto de programas para aplicações práticas das técnicas desenvolvidas. Em particular, é tratado o caso de uma série hidrológica de vazões do Rio Grande, Brasil, nos últimos 40 anos. The present paper is totally based upon the theory of Times Series Modeling, presented by BOX & JENKINS in Time Series Analysis , forecasting and Control (1970). Enphasis is given to the problem of model identication and statistical testes applied do models, using estimated parameters, with the objective to forecast in time series. This paper presents a set of programs for practical applications of the techniques developped. The case of a hidrologic time series of inflows of Rio Grande, Brazil, is included.

Biology of Arsenura xanthopus (Walker, 1855) (Lep., Adelocephalidae), a pest of Luehea spp. (Tiliaceae), and notes on its natural enemies. In the beginning of 1950, one of the Authors made some observations about the biology of Arsenura xanthopus (Walker), in Piracicaba, State of S. Paulo, Brazil. From 1951 to 1953, both Authors continued the observations on such an important Adelocephalidae, the caterpillars of which represent a serious pest of Luehea spp. leaves. Actually, in some occasions, the caterpillars can destroy completely the leaves of the trees. The species is efficientely controlled by two natural enemies: an egg parasite (Tetrastichus sp., Hym., Eulophidae) and a fly attacking the last instar caterpillar (Winthemia tricolor (van der Wulp), Dip., Tachinidae). Tetrastichus sp. can destroy 100% of the eggs and the fly, 70 to 100% of the caterpillars. Indeed, facts as such are very interesting because we rarely know of a case of so complete a control of a pest by an insect. A. xanthopus had not yet been mentioned in our literature. Actually neither the systematic bibliography nor the economic one has treated of this species. However, a few other species of Arsenura are already known as living on Luehea spp. According to the Authors' observations, W. tricolor was also unknown by the Brazilian entomological literature. Arsenura xanthopus (Walker, 1855) After giving the sinonimy and a few historical data concerning the species, and its geographical distribution, the Authors discuss its placing in the genus Arsenura Duncan or Rhescyntis Huebner, finishing by considering Arsenura xanthopus as a valid name. The Authors put the species in the family Adelocephalidae, as it has been made by several entomologists. The host plant The species of Tiliaceae plants belonging to the genus Luehea are called "açoita-cavalo" and are well known for the usefulness of their largely utilized wood. The genus comprises exclusively American plants, including about 25 species distributed throughout the Latin America. Luehea divaricata Mart, is the best known species and the most commonly cultivated. Biology of Arsenura xanthopus Our observations show that the species passes by 6 larval stages. Eggs and egg-postures, all the 6 instars of the caterpillars as well as the chrysalid are described. The pupal period is the longest of the cycle, taking from 146 to 256 days. Data on the eclosion and habits of the caterpillars are also presented. A redescription of the adult is also given. Our specimens agreed with BOUVIER's description, except in the dimension between the extremities of the extended wings, which is a little shorter (107 mm according to BOUVlErVs paper against from 80 to 100mm in our individuals). Winthemia tricolor (van der Wulp, 1890) Historical data, geographical distribution and host are first related. W. tricolor had as yet a single known host-; Ar^-senura armida (Cramer). This chapter also contains some observations on the biolcn gy of the fly and on its behaviour when trying to lay eggs on the caterpillars' skin. The female of W. tricolor lays from 1 to 33 eggs on the skin of the last instar caterpillar. The mam region of the body where the eggs are laid are the membranous legs. Eggs are also very numerous oh the ventral surface of the thorax and abdomen. The. preference for such regions is easily cleared up considering the position assumed by the caterpillar when fixed motionless in a branch. In such an occasion, the fly approaches, the victim, puts the ovipositor out and lays the eggs on different parts of the body, mainly on the mentioned regions, which are much more easily reached. The eggs of the fly are firmly attached to the host's skin, being almost impossible to detach them, without having them broken. The minute larvae of the fly enter the body of, the host when it transforms into chrysalid. Chrysalids recentely formed and collected in nature f requentely show a few small larvae walking on its skin and looking for an adequate place to get into the body. A few larvae die by remaining in the skin of the caterpillar which is pushed away to some distance by the active movements of the chrysalid recentely formed. From 1 to 10 larvae completely grown may emerge from the attacked chrysalid about 8 days after their penetrating into the caterpillars' body and soon begin to look for an adequate substratum where they can transform themselves into pupae. In natural conditions, the metamorphosis occurs in the soil. The flies appear within 15 days. Tetrastichus sp. This microhymenoptera is economically the most interesting parasite, being commonly able to destroy the whole pos^ ture of the moth. Indeed, some days after the beginning of the infestation of the trees, it is almost impossible to obtain postures completely free of parasites. The active wasp introduces the ovipositor into the egg of the moth, laying its egg inside, from 80 to 120 seconds after having introduced it. A single adult wasp emerges from each egg. Sarcophaga lambens Wiedemann, 1830 During the observations carried out, the Authors obtained 10 flies from a chysalid that were recognized as belonging to the species above. S. lambens is a widely distributed Sarcophagidae, having a long list of hosts. It is commonly obtained from weak or died invertebrates, having no importance as one of their natural enemies. Sinonimy, list of hosts and distribution are presented in this paper. Control of Arsenura xanthopus A test has been carefully made in the laboratory just to find out the best insecticide for controlling A. xanthopus caterpillars. Four different products were experimented (DDT, Pa-rathion, BHC and Fenatox), the best results having been obtained with DDT at 0,25%. However, the Authors believe in spite of the initial damages of the trees, that the application of an insecticide may be harmful by destroying the natural agents of control. A biological desiquilibrium may in this way take place. The introduction of the parasites studied (Tetrastichus sp. and Winthemia tricolor) seems to be the most desirable measure to fight A. xanthopus.

Sisal (Agave sisalana Perrine) accounts for about one half of the world's production of hard fibers. In spite os its economic importance pratically no research work has been carried out on this plant. Very little is known about the agronomic problems of its cultivation, while the physiological and genetic problems are nearly unknown. This is perhaps due to the fact that A. sisalana is a perennial plant with a life cycle of 5-8 years and the carrying out of field research work requires a great deal of time and is very expensive. This paper, the first of a series to be published on the agronomic problems of sisal cultivation, presents the data obtained from field trials on distance of planting and its relation to weight and number of leaves produced. The experiments were carried out at the Ribeirão Preto and Pindorama Experiment Stations of the Instituto Agronômico de Campinas. Sisal bulbils about one year old were planted in the latter part of 1939 in 4 randomized blocks of 9 plots each where different distances between and within the rows were used. Production data were obtained by cutting the leaves at one year intervals begining 2 ½ years from date of planting in the field. Only those leaves that were attached to the plant at an angle greater than 45.° in relation to the main axis of the plant were cut each year. Only in the trial at Ribeirão Preto the leaves were counted and weighted by plants. In the poling plants all leaves than existing were taken off, even the youngest ones adjacent to the pole (flower stalk). Descorticator machine for fiber extraction was not available, so that reliable data on fiber yield could not be obtained. A "probable" fiber yield was obtained by using 3% of leaf w r eight as a basis for calculations. This percentage is recognised as an average fiber content usually obtained from sisal leaves. From the data obtained from the spacing trials described in this paper the following conclusions can be drawn : 1. The life cycle from date of field planting to poling stage of most of the sisal plants in these trials varied from 5 to 8 years. A very small number of plants however had not poled even after 8 years when the present experiments were ended. 2. The life cycle of the sisal plants showed a close relationship to planting distances. At the greater planting distances the plants tended to pole much earlier than at closer planting distances. 3. It was observed that there was a marked seasonal incidente of poling. The flower stalk of almost all plants have appeared during the period of January to March. 4. A marked effect to the distance os planting on plot yields, as measured by total leaf weight, was observed. The greater the density of plants per unit area the greater the leaf production. 5. Under present leaf cutting practice, e. g., to cut yearly only the leaves at an angle greater than 45.° in relation to the main axis of the plant, the shorter distances between the rows are not recommended. The narrow spacing between rows not only restricts the passage of workers, but also hinders adequate cultivation (weeding and sucker growth control). 6. The planting distances of 2 x 2 meters (2500 plants per hectare) was the worst spacing tried. Besides giving a low plant density per unit area it prevents ingress to the planting from any direction. 7. To increase plant density per unit area the closing up of plants within rows is more indicated than closing up the distance between rows. 8. The advantages of the distances of planting between rows of 2.40 or 3.00 meters and 1.20 meters within rows, under present leaf cutting practice, are many. It facilitates weeding, control of suckers growth, and leaf cutting operations.

As espécies selvagens de amendoim apresentam frutos completamente diferentes dos frutos do amendoim cultivado (Arachis hypogaea L.). Nesta espécie os frutos têm duas a cinco sementes justapostas dentro de uma única loja; externamente são observadas constrições na casca do fruto as quais em alguns casos se acentuam não chegando, entretanto, a produzir unia separação entre as sementes. Nas espécies selvagens os frutos apresentam duas sementes apenas, completamente separadas uma da outra por uma constrição muito profunda ou mesmo por um istmo de comprimento variável. Para êsses frutos foi adotada a denominação de "frutos catenados" e o estudo de seu desenvolvimento foi feito nas espécies Arachis monticola Krapovickas et Rigoni e A. villosa Benth. var. correntina Burk. O ovário, unilocular, tem normalmente dois óvulos. A futura separação das duas sementes se origina num tecido intercalar que se forma em ovários ainda jovens e que separa em duas a cavidade inicial única. Êste tecido tem a estrutura de um "peg" e, como êle, desidrata-se durante o processo de amadurecimento do fruto, tomando-se sêco e quebradiço; por essa razão, ao colhêr os frutos, a maioria dêles se apresenta unisseminado. Em 50% dos casos os óvulos se desenvolvem igualmente, conduzindo à formação de frutos com duas sementes. Quando os dois óvulos não se desenvolvem ao mesmo tempo, é mais freqüente o colapso do óvulo apical, cujo crescimento é paralisado cm diversos estados de desenvolvimento; isto conduz à formação de frutos com apenas uma semente ou com uma semente abortada. Além dessas duas, as seguintes espécies apresentam frutos catenados: Arachis Diogoi Hoehne f. typica Hoehne, A. glabrata Benth., A. pusilla Benth., A. marginata Gardn. (segundo Burkart), A. prostrata Benth. (segundo Burkart), e mais três espécies ainda não identificadas, mas que constam da coleção da Seção de Citologia como V. 44, V. 82 e V. 85. A V. 44 deve sera espécie A. villosulicarpa Hohene (segundo Krapovickas) (¹) e a V. 85 é, provávelmente o A. Diogoi Hoehne subspétie major Hoehne. A ocorrência de dois óvulos por ovário e de frutos catenados em tôdas as espécies selvagens que foram examinadas torna possível concluir que o mesmo processo descrito para Arachis monticola e A. villosa var. correntina explica a formação dos frutos catenados nas espécies selvagens que os possuem. Observations made on the fruit development of wild species of peanut, Arachis monticola and A. villosa var. correntina, received from Argentina, are described in this paper. The ovary is uniloculaled and has two ovules. Fertilization is normal, the embryo and endosperm developing in the same way as in the cultivated peanut, Arachis hypogaea L. In more than 50% of cases both ovules develop normally, nevertheless abortion of the apical ovule is frequent and may occur in any phase of its development. In the firs case the fruits have two normal seeds; in the second, they have only one, the other being small and shrivelled. Fruits of the two species possess the two seeds separated by a sharp constriction or isthmus; this isthmus is anatomically a peg; it is dry in the ripe fruit and may be easily broken when the fruits are picked at harvest, giving then the erroneous impression that these are one-seeded. Burkart (2,3) and Hoehne (6) described a similar type of fruit for the species Arachis villosa Benth. and A. pusilla Benth.; fruits of the same type were also found by Gregory (1,8) in A. glabrata Benth. and A. hypogaea L. In addition to A. monticola and A. villosa var. correntina the writer found catenate fruits on specimens from a collection of wild species, as follows; A. Diogoi Hoehne f. typica Hoehne, A. glabrata Benth., A. pusilla Benth., A. marginata Gardn. (according to Burkart), A. prostrata Benth. (according to Burkart), A. villosulicarpa (according to Krapovickas), Arachis sp. (probably Arachis Diogoi Hoehne sub-species major Hoehne), and Arachis sp. (one unclassified species). Based on the facts that all these species have one uniloculated ovary with two ovules and the same type of catenate fruit, it seems reasonable to assume that fruit development in these wild peanuts is similar to that of Arachis monticola and A. villosa var. correntina as described in this paper.

This paper deals with the estimation of milk production by means of weekly, biweekly, bimonthly observations and also by method known as 6-5-8, where one observation is taken at the 6th week of lactation, another at 5th month and a third one at the 8th month. The data studied were obtained from 72 lactations of the Holstein Friesian breed of the "Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz" (Piracicaba), S. Paulo, Brazil), being 6 calvings on each month of year and also 12 first calvings, 12 second calvings, and so on, up to the sixth. The authors criticize the use of "maximum error" to be found in papers dealing with this subject, and also the use of mean deviation. The former is completely supersed and unadvisable and latter, although equivalent, to a certain extent, to the usual standard deviation, has only 87,6% of its efficiency, according to KENDALL (9, pp. 130-131, 10, pp. 6-7). The data obtained were compared with the actual production, obtained by daily control and the deviations observed were studied. Their means and standard deviations are given on the table IV. Inspite of BOX's recent results (11) showing that with equal numbers in all classes a certain inequality of varinces is not important, the autors separated the methods, before carrying out the analysis of variance, thus avoiding to put together methods with too different standard deviations. We compared the three first methods, to begin with (Table VI). Then we carried out the analysis with the four first methods. (Table VII). Finally we compared the two last methods. (Table VIII). These analysis of variance compare the arithmetic means of the deviations by the methods studied, and this is equivalent to compare their biases. So we conclude tht season of calving and order of calving do not effect the biases, and the methods themselves do not differ from this view point, with the exception of method 6-5-8. Another method of attack, maybe preferrable, would be to compare the estimates of the biases with their expected mean under the null hypothesis (zero) by the t-test. We have: 1) Weekley control: t = x - 0/c(x) = 8,59 - 0/ = 1,56 2) Biweekly control: t = 11,20 - 0/6,21= 1,80 3) Monthly control: t = 7,17 - 0/9,48 = 0,76 4) Bimonthly control: t = - 4,66 - 0/17,56 = -0,26 5) Method 6-5-8 t = 144,89 - 0/22,41 = 6,46*** We denote above by three asterisks, significance the 0,1% level of probability. In this way we should conclude that the weekly, biweekly, monthly and bimonthly methods of control may be assumed to be unbiased. The 6-5-8 method is proved to be positively biased, and here the bias equals 5,9% of the mean milk production. The precision of the methods studied may be judged by their standard deviations, or by intervals covering, with a certain probability (95% for example), the deviation x corresponding to an estimate obtained by cne of the methods studied. Since the difference x - x, where x is the mean of the 72 deviations obtained for each method, has a t distribution with mean zero and estimate of standard deviation. s(x - x) = √1+ 1/72 . s = 1.007. s , and the limit of t for the 5% probability, level with 71 degrees of freedom is 1.99, then the interval to be considered is given by x ± 1.99 x 1.007 s = x ± 2.00. s The intervals thus calculated are given on the table IX.

In 1948-1949, the author studied the Brazilian Engraulidae of the genus Anchoviella, under the supervision of the late Dr. Samuel F. Hildebrand, ichthyologist of the U. S. Fish & Wildlife Service, Washington. It has been found desirable to undertake the identification and redescription of the Brazilian Anchovies from the collections of the Instituto Paulista de Oceanografia (São Paulo Oceanographic Institute). This work is then based in the review of the American anchovies published in 1943 by Dr. Hildebrand and in the paper where the author figure as "junior author": "Notes on sobe Brazilian anchovies (Family Engraulidae) with description of four new species" (1948). Through the courtesy of Dr. Hildebrand, a very extensive collection of the U. S. National Museum was available for comparison and study. The principal collection examined was that of Dr. W. C. Schroeder, of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, especially rich in specimens from Brazil. The sequence of characters used in the redescriptions is fairly uniform that is, the various characteres commonly reported are named in the same order. This uniform sequence was carried out for the convenience of the student who in using the paper should soon learn where to look the redescription of any particular character he may wish to check. The geographical distribution of the specimens here considered is shown on the accompanying Map. Nos anos de 1948-49, o autor teve ocasião de estudar os representantes da família Engraulidae que frequentam a costa brasileira, pesquisa essa supervisionada gentilmente pelo Dr. Samuel F. Hildebrand, ictiólogo do U. S. Fish & Wildlife Service, de Washington. Dessa investigação resultou a conveniência de se identificar e redescrever as espécies que fazem parte das coleções do Instituto Paulista de Oceanografia. O presente trabalho é, pois, baseado na revisão das manjubas americanas publicada pelo Dr. Hildebrand em 1943 e no trabalho em que figurou como co-autor: "Notes on some Brazilian anchovies (Family Engraulidae) with description of four new species" (1948). Graças à gentileza do Dr. Hildebrand, foi examinada uma coleção extensa do Museu Nacional dos Estados Unidos. De inestimável valor foi a manipulação de exemplares constantes da coleção do Dr. W. C. Schroeder, do Museu de Zoologia Comparada, especialmente rica em exemplares do Brasil. O autor muito deve ao Dr. Hildebrand pelo trabalho enorme desenvolvido nesse sentido. No texto, obedeceu-se a seqüência sempre uniforme quanto aos caractéres peculiares a cada espécie, de modo a facilitar o estudo, por parte de outras pessoas interessadas no grupo. A distribuição geográfica dos espécimes aqui considerados figura no Mapa n.º 1.