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Quatro espécies de bambu do gênero Dendrocalamus (D. giganteus, D. asper, D. latiflorus e D. strictus) foram testadas, em laboratório, para a produção de pasta para papel, através do processo sulfato. Previamente aos cozimentos, determinaram-se as dimensões e os pesos dos colmos, sua densidade básica e as dimensões das fibras. Os cozimentos, efetuados pelo processo sulfato, determinaram rendimento em pasta celulósica branqueável um pouco inferiores àqueles das principais espécies arbóreas usadas para a mesma finalidade. Dendrocalamus giganteus superou as demais espécies, tanto em rendimento como nas características físico-mecânicas do papel. Four bamboo species of Dendrocalamus (D. asper, D. latiflorus, D. giganteus and D. strictus), were studied to determine their feasibility for pulp and paper production by the sulphate process. Data was taken on culm characteristics, as well as basic density and fiber dimensions on sample basis. Five cookings involving the four species were carried out in electrically heated rotary autoclave of 20 litres capacity at 14% of active alkali as Na2O, 25% of sulfidity 1:4 ratio of material to liquor and maximum temperature of 160 ± 2°C during 60 minutes. Unbleached yield and permanganate number of pulps were determined. Handmade sheets with 60 g/s.m. were conditioned at 65% RH and 21ºC and their strenght properties tested. The results indicated that D. giganteus produced 39.10% of unbleached pulp yield and also superior quality for most of the paper strength properties considered on this research.

Três processos de cozimento - soda, soda-enxôfre e sulfito neutro de sódio - com várias dosagens de reagente, foram estudados para a obtenção de pasta crua para papel, com material de Bambusa tuldoides Munro. Os maiores rendimentos foram obtidos com o sulfito neutro, seguido do soda-enxôfre. O emprego exclusivo da soda, em dosagem igual ou superior a 20% do pêso sêco dos cavacos, trouxe queda no rendimento. Nos testes físico-mecânicos, os papéis se mostraram altamente porosos e resistentes ao rasgo, mostrando-se o material promissor na produção de pasta não branqueada, semelhante a "kraft" de pinheiros. As diferenças, entre os diversos cozimentos, com relação às características do papel foram pouco acentuadas. Para aprodução de celulose branqueada, o processo soda-enxôfre, com 22% de NaOH e 2,2% de S, foi o mais promissor. A comparison was made of three cooking processes - soda, soda-sulfur, and neutral sodium sulfite - using four different amounts of alkalis to extract the pulp from Bambusa tuldoides Munro. Yields superior to 50% were obtained in the majority of cookings; but they decreased when 20% or more of NaOH, in relation to the dry weight of chips, were employed. The highest rate of pulp to raw material was obtained with the neutral sodium-sulfite process. The paper produced was highly porous, very good in the tearing and reasonable in folding, tensile-and bursting strength.

São apresentados e discutidos os resultados das medições de comprimento e largura das fibras de 27 espécies alienígenas de bambus, compreendendo 12 gêneros, das quais apenas 4 foram anteriormente estudados pelos autores. O material usado nos exames biométricos das fibras de 19 das novas espécies estudadas, foi coletado do "bambusetum" localizado na Estação Experimental de Tatuí, sendo que o dos 4 restantes do base do côlmo de mudos importadas do estrangeiro, mas que não vingaram. Os resultados dos medições mostram que as dimensões das fibras, em comprimento e largura, variaram grandemente segundo as espécies de bambu. O comprimento médio de fibra variou de 1,33 a 2,74 mm, enquanto que a largura variou de 8,39 a 20,90 microns. A relação entre o comprimento e a largura das fibras situou-se entre 63:1 a 264:1. Os resultados encontrados nas medições de comprimento das fibras confirmam, de modo geral, o valor dos bambus como matéria-prima para produção de celulose de fibras longas. This article gives fiber dimensions and derived values obtained for 23 bamboo species, besides similar data for 4 species previously reported by the authors. The average fiber dimensions found for the 27 bamboo species ranged as follows (in milimeters): length, from 1.325 for Bambusa beecheyana to 2.744 for Gigantcchloa apus; width, from 0.00839 for Pleioblastus simoni to 0.02090 for Bambusa beecheyana. The length diameter ratio ranged from 63:1 to 264:1, the shortest ratio being that of Bambusa beecheyana and the highest one of Bambusa vulgaris. The coefficient of variation for fiber length ranged from 26.50% to 42.32% and for fiber width from 17.80% to 60.09%. Considering the ease of bamboo cultivation, the high and rapid production per area, and the quality of the fiber, bamboos areunquestionably the most promising source for cellulose production in the tropical and subtropical regions. As in many other countries where bamboo is being used on a large scale for the pulp and paper industry, it seems likely that in Brazil this plant as a commercial crop will be, in very near future, an important source of long-fibered pulp for blending with short-fibered pulps in papermaking.

Foi estudado o comportamento de diversos agentes clarificadores na cologem de vinhos brancos procedentes de variedades de uvas diversas, de três regiões vinícolas diferentes dos Estados de São Paulo e de Minas Gerais. Observou-se que tais agentes comportaram-se de maneira diferente de acôrdo com o vinho a ser clarificado. Para os vinhos brancos testados, verificou-se que a bentonita foi o melhor clarificodor. As observações concordam com resultados obtidos por outros pesquisadores para diferentes vinhos. A laboratory trial was carried out to determine the behavior of different fining agents in samples of white wine obtained from various grape varieties. These tested wines were produced in two regions of the State of São Paulo and one of Minas Gerais. It was observed that these fining agents behaved differently according to the type of wine to be cleared. In our experimental trials bentonita was the best fining agent. These observations agree with those obtoined by others authors in other parts of the world. As a general procedure it is advisable to conduct small-scale fining tests in the laboratory before attempting to clarify the bulk volume of wine in the winery, to determine the efficiency of the fining agent, its effect on the wine, and the quantity necessary to clarify.

Dando seqüência ao estudo do bambu como matéria-prima para as indústrias de celulose e papel, foram determinadas as características tecnológicas de quatro espécies tropicais exóticas, com bom desenvolvimento nas condições ecológicas do Estado de São Paulo. Em cozimentos efetuados pelo processo sulfato constataram-se diferenças significativas entre as espécies, tanto em rendimento quanto no grau de deslignificação da celulose. Bambusa tulda foi a espécie com maior rendimento de celulose, ao passo que o menor número de perman-ganato foi obtido com B. stenostachya. Quanto as características físico-mecânicas do papel, esta última espécie foi a que apresentou maior comprimento de auto-ruptura e maior índice de estouro. A celulose obtida de B. nutans foi a mais resistente ao rasgo. Tanto com referência a dimensões de fibras como a rendimento em celulose e as características fisico-mecânicas do papel, B. beecheyana mostrou-se sempre inferior às demais. Culms 2-3 years old of Bambusa nutans, B. tulda, B. stenostachya and B. beecheyana were studied in the production of kraft pulp. All these species proved to grow well in the soil and climate conditions of São Paulo State. Dimensions of the culms, their basic density and the dimension of the fibers are given. Coockings, in number of 5 for each specie, were made by the sulfate process for 60 minutes at 160 ± 2°C, using 13.55% NaOH and 4.4% Na2S. The results showed differences among species, relating to the yield and permanganate number of the pulp. The best yield was 42.35% of umbleached cellulose with 15.7 NP for Bambusa tulda and the worst was 35.27 with 17.24 NP, for Bambusa beecheyana. Handmade sheets, with 60 g/s.m., were submited to the mechanical tests showing effect of species on the quality of pulp.

Sisal (Agave sisalana Perrine) accounts for about one half of the world's production of hard fibers. In spite os its economic importance pratically no research work has been carried out on this plant. Very little is known about the agronomic problems of its cultivation, while the physiological and genetic problems are nearly unknown. This is perhaps due to the fact that A. sisalana is a perennial plant with a life cycle of 5-8 years and the carrying out of field research work requires a great deal of time and is very expensive. This paper, the first of a series to be published on the agronomic problems of sisal cultivation, presents the data obtained from field trials on distance of planting and its relation to weight and number of leaves produced. The experiments were carried out at the Ribeirão Preto and Pindorama Experiment Stations of the Instituto Agronômico de Campinas. Sisal bulbils about one year old were planted in the latter part of 1939 in 4 randomized blocks of 9 plots each where different distances between and within the rows were used. Production data were obtained by cutting the leaves at one year intervals begining 2 ½ years from date of planting in the field. Only those leaves that were attached to the plant at an angle greater than 45.° in relation to the main axis of the plant were cut each year. Only in the trial at Ribeirão Preto the leaves were counted and weighted by plants. In the poling plants all leaves than existing were taken off, even the youngest ones adjacent to the pole (flower stalk). Descorticator machine for fiber extraction was not available, so that reliable data on fiber yield could not be obtained. A "probable" fiber yield was obtained by using 3% of leaf w r eight as a basis for calculations. This percentage is recognised as an average fiber content usually obtained from sisal leaves. From the data obtained from the spacing trials described in this paper the following conclusions can be drawn : 1. The life cycle from date of field planting to poling stage of most of the sisal plants in these trials varied from 5 to 8 years. A very small number of plants however had not poled even after 8 years when the present experiments were ended. 2. The life cycle of the sisal plants showed a close relationship to planting distances. At the greater planting distances the plants tended to pole much earlier than at closer planting distances. 3. It was observed that there was a marked seasonal incidente of poling. The flower stalk of almost all plants have appeared during the period of January to March. 4. A marked effect to the distance os planting on plot yields, as measured by total leaf weight, was observed. The greater the density of plants per unit area the greater the leaf production. 5. Under present leaf cutting practice, e. g., to cut yearly only the leaves at an angle greater than 45.° in relation to the main axis of the plant, the shorter distances between the rows are not recommended. The narrow spacing between rows not only restricts the passage of workers, but also hinders adequate cultivation (weeding and sucker growth control). 6. The planting distances of 2 x 2 meters (2500 plants per hectare) was the worst spacing tried. Besides giving a low plant density per unit area it prevents ingress to the planting from any direction. 7. To increase plant density per unit area the closing up of plants within rows is more indicated than closing up the distance between rows. 8. The advantages of the distances of planting between rows of 2.40 or 3.00 meters and 1.20 meters within rows, under present leaf cutting practice, are many. It facilitates weeding, control of suckers growth, and leaf cutting operations.

No presente artigo os autores apresentam os resultados da análise genética referentes à hereditariedade das cores verde, bronze claro e bronze escuro das folhas novas de Coffea arabica L. Baseados em extensos dados de autofecundação, hibridação (F1 e F2) e back-crosses conclue-se que apenas um par de fatores alelomorfos Br-br é responsável pelo aparecimento daquelas cores, br br constituindo o tipo verde, Br br o bronze claro e Br Br o bronze escuro; a coloração bronze escuro é, pois, incompletamente dominante sobre o verde, o Fi entre estes tipos se apresentando de uma tonalidade bronze-clara. No grupo dos bronze-escuros (homozigotos) existe certa variabilidade na expressão máxima da coloração o que, em parte, é atribuido à presença de fatores genéticos modificadores, que intensificam ou diluem esta coloração. À luz dos resultados obtidos, discutem-se os trabalhos de Stoffels (8) e Narasimha Swamy (7) que versam sobre o mesmo assunto.In the present paper the authors are publishing the results of the genetical analysis of three color types occurring in young leaves of Coffea arabica L : green ; dark bronze and light bronze. Based on extensive data obtained from progenies, Fi and F2 hybrids and back-crosses, it is concluded that only one pair of allelomorphic genes control these colors for which the symbols Br-br are proposed : br br, the double recessive, constitutes the green type, Br br, the heterozygote, the light bronze one and Br Br, the double dominant, the dark bronze one. The dark bronze colour is therefore incompletely dominant over green, the Fi between the two being light bronze. In the group of homozygote dark bronze plants a certain variability of the maximum intensity of the bronze colour is noticed, which is most probably due to modifyers which intensify or dilute the expression of this character. Two papers, respectively by Stoffels (8) and Narasimha Swamy (7) dealing with the same subject are critically discussed.

Neste trabalho apresentamos o método de análise de agregados estáveis de solos, pela peneiragem lenta, em água. Em tal método seleciona-se do massa do solo uma subamostra de 25 gramas, que é empregada na determinação dos agregados do solo. Obtém-se, dêsse modo, uma distribuição de agregados estáveis em água, em várias classes de tamanhos. Como prétratamento usou-se o umedecimento lento do amostra, por meio de um atomizador, e repouso de 24 horas antes de se proceder à análise. Êste prétratamento aumentou a estabilidade dos agregados. Os resultados da agregação são apresentados como porcentagem dos agregados maiores que uma classe de tamanho tomada como base. A representação da agregação a partir do diâmetro médio compensado é um ótimo índice da agregação do solo. Vários métodos podem ser usados para representar a agregação de um solo, a partir dos resultados obtidos pela peneiragem em água. Dentre êstes, os mais recomendáveis são aquêles que se utilizam de um simples número para sua representação. Dois tipos de solos com usos variáveis foram estudados: massapê e terra-roxa-legítima. The wet-sieving method as a measure of the size distribution of water-stable aggregates, is presented. Two types of soils are studied. Twenty five grs of a sub-sample of the total mass of soil was taken. The aggregate analysis reported in this paper were made on soil samples that were dry-sieved to pass through a 7 mm sieve and be retained on a 4 mm sieve. The pretreatment of the sample showed an increase in water-stable aggregates. The samples were moisted by a fine spray with an atomizer. The results of aggregation ore presented by the selection of one single size class for comparative studies. Procedures which utilize all size fractions to express aggregation are the best method to express the results. The fraction greater than 2.000 mm of the soil studied in this paper showed a very high aggregation when in grassland or woodland, and low aggregation when the soil was intensively plowed.

1) The present paper deals with variations in the structure of the inflorescences of the Maydeae Americanae, especially of the ear of Zea Mays, which came under observation during our genetical studies during the last 10 years. Care was tauken to include only such structures which were observed frequently and had in general an aspect which could not be described as a pathological abnormality, but rather as a reversion to a phylogenetically primitive type or as a new form. The aberrations may be summarized as follows: a) Individual flowers. Eeversion to the hermaphrodite state of the usually unisexual flowers in Maydeae were described. Such flowers are however already so well known that no details need to be given. b) Many flowered spikelets. The spikelet in all the American Maydeae are normally two flowered. In forms of tunicata, obtained by selection, spikelets were obtained with up to three perfect flowers, all producing well developed kernels (Fig. 4-6), with a maximum of five flowers. The structure of three-flowered spikelets is explained in the diagrams Fig. 2 and 3. Owing to the organization of the flowers, the embryos of the first and third are turned towards the base of the inflorescence and the embryo of the second flower towards its tip. The embryos in two-flowered epike-lets are normally turned to the base (first flower) and to the tip (second flower). (Cutler, 10). Cases were observed of three flowered spikelets with one abortive flower, both the remaining embryos, produced by the first and third flower, turned towards the base of the inflorescence. c) Number of spikelets per alveolus. In maize and in the male parts of the inflorescences of Euchlaena and Tripsacum two spikelets are formed per alveolus, while in the female parts of the latter genera one spikelet is present, though occasionally exceptions are found. Collins (8) explained the appearance of the double spikelet as remainder of a small spikelet branch which has been lost during evolution. The normal structure and that of a spikelet branch is shown schematically in Fig. 3, e-f. In the tassels of several tunicata plants small and regular branches of spikelets appeared in the alveoli, their form depending upon three factors: a) number of spikelets, b) length of the internodes of the spikelet branch, c) length of the individual pedicel of each epikelet, as may be seen in the fotos of Fig. 4-5. An increase in the number of spikelets¹ per alveolus in the ear has been observed frequently in material of two sources: deeendants of the hybrid maize x teosinte and Paulista Pointed Pop Corn. The descendants of the cross Zea x Euchlaena have very frequently only two rows of alveoli, well separated from each other. This separation is accentuated still further by the development of a scaly outgrowth from the rachis, as in Euchlaena, which limits each alveolus at its base and on both sides. The segregates may have these scales not only well developed, but they are also frequently colored, as is the eases representad, with black dots. Thus the identification of each alveolus is very easy and fig. 7 shows an ear with two rows of well defined alveoli, each with three spikelets or three mature kernels each. The ears of Paulista Pointed Pop Corn offer excellent material since here the rows of alveoli are very clearly defined and separated by deep ridges, the double rows of kernels being very salient. The kernels correspond always, in the ears used, to single spikelets as shown by their glumes, well developed in this variety, and the position of their embryos. In Fig. 9, a, the deep ridge separating the rows of alveoli on the left and right is clearly seen as a series of black deep shadowns in the centre of the photo . In Fig. 9,b we have the same ear photographed from another angle. One row of alveoli is seen in the centre, in clear contrast against two strips of black paper inserted in the two lateral ridges. This row of alveoli contains very clearly two rows of kernels or spikelets in its upper part and many irregular rows in the lower half showing the increase of spikelet number. Fig. 9 c-f represents another ear with five rows of alveoli, which are very distinct in the upper part of the ear. The ear was broken into three parts and the cross, sections' phographed. The upper two thirds with a regular row arrangement (Fig. 9 c-d) show clearly the five rows of alveoli and the 10 rows of kernels. The lower part (Fig. 9, e) shows still the pentagonal form of the raehis and the five rows of alveoli may still be distinguished. But the increased number of spikelets, which vary from 2 to 4, do not permit a regular arrangement of rows of kernels within the regular rows of alveoli. The appearance of small branches in the alveoli of mutants of maize is not anything really new, but as far as I know an increase of the number of sessile spikelets in the ear from two to three which was observed in several descendants of the Zea-Euchlaena cross and its increase to three or four in the basal region of ordinary corn ears has not been registered before. The explication for this form of increase is easily to be drawn from an inspection of the photos in Figs. 4 and 5. where we find various stages in the reduction of branches with many spikelets to two, three or four sessile spikelets. d) Number of rows of alveoli. There can be little doubt that the basic number of rows in the- Maydeae Americanc is always two as shown by all inflorescences is Tripsacum and Euchlaena and by the tassel branches in maize and the branches in Zea "ramosa". The increase of rows in the ear and the central spike of maize has been the object of a very extensive literature. Mangelsdorf and Beeves, (15), gave a very detailed review), and I explained this increase as a simple interpolation of new rows, such as occurs in succulent plants and can be easily seen for instance in different species of Cereus. The correctness of this interpretation can be shown directly in ears of maize which have two rowd at the tip and more numerous rows at the botton and which appeared in my material of Brazilian Early and Brazilian Sweet Corn, extracted from multiple crosses between Brazilian, European and North American corn, and with much more frequency among the descendants of the maize-teosinte cross. Three such cases are reproduced in Fig. 10. . The situation is represented schematically in Fig. 11. The diagram Fig. 11a represents the primitive from with two rows of alveoli, each with two rows of kernels. The interpolation of two new rows (Fig. 11b) causes a disturbance of the equilibrium which forces the two original rows to become dislocated, as shown in Fig. lid, thus resulting finally the normal ear with four rows of alveoli or eight rows of kernels, all equally spaced. The interpolation of a single row of alveoli causes a similar disturbance (Fig. 11c) which causes distortions untill all rows are equidistant (Fig. 11e). For some reasons, still unknown, the ears remain twisted in the latter case with three rows, while in the former a twisting occurs only in the transition zone. These drawings however are not abstractions, but represent the situation actually observed and represented by the Fig. 10, a-b e Fig. 10, c-d, with in increase from two to four rows and by the Fig. 10, e-f with an increase from two to three rows. The two first ears, photographed each from two different angles, show clearly that the two rows of the top region become neighbours at the botton, while the new rows are interpolated on the opposite side of the rachis. The last ear shows the permanent twist ra the lower third of the ear, and it may be added that all ears, wich I have observed so far, with three rows of alveoli are always twisted over their whole length. I postulated furthermore that originally the alveoli followed an alternating spiral arrangement or a phyllotaxy of 1/2, while the interpolation of new rows abolished this spiral and substituded a. longitudinal row arrangement, again as in Cactaceae and other succulent forms. The fotos in Fig. 10 show that this is actually the case. The arrangement of the alveoli in the two-rowed part of the ear follows the spiral (½), while the spiral is completely lost in the many rowed region. The rows may be twisted in ears with an uneven row number, but this twist has nothing to do with the original spiral of the alveoli, as may be seen clearly in Fig. 10, e and f. It may be mentioned that the situation in the latter ear is still more complicated by the fact that the alveoli contain frequently three, instead of two spikelets. e) Asymmetry of the inflorescence. In the male inflorescences of all the Maydeae Americanae a pronounced asymmetry of the rows may be observed which are not localised on the sides of the rachis but are pushed towards its ventral surface. In the female parts of Tripsacum and Euchlaena on the other side, the spikelets are alway on oposite sides, while nothing can be said with regards to the many rowed corn ear and the central spike of the tassel. I have no doubt that the original type of maize with only two rows of alveoli was asymmetrical, which seems to be very clear when inspectionig two rowed ears or too rowed parts of ears of mutants. It is very interesting to note that there is a segregation in the descendants of the Zea-EucMaena cross with two rowed ears, which may be symmetrical (Fig. 8, c-d) or asymmetrical (Fig. 7, Fig. 8, a-b). The symmetry is independent from the number of rows of kernels which may be either one or two per alveolus. Besides this asymmetrical arrangement of the rows of alveolus, there may appaer in maize on asymmetry between the rows of spikelets: a regular combination of one row of sessile female and pedicelled male spikelets. Such a situation in the tassel branches of tunicata and tassel seed is shown in Fig. 13, a and b, and that of an ear with 4 rows of alveoli in Fig. 13, c e d. f) A detailed and comparative study of the ramification of inflorescences in the three genera of Maydeae Americanae showed an extreme degree of uniformity, which apparently has not been noticed to this extent before. The terminal inflorescence, of main shoot or branches, has essentially the same structure: there is always a central or main spike which may be branched at its base. In Tripsacum, these branches follow an alternate spiral arrangement while in the tassel of maize and teosinte and in branched maize ears they form one or more whorls. The alveoli, even in many-rowed maize, are always arranged in two rows on all these branches. Below the inflorescence and again in all three genera there are several sterile leafs which may be more or less transformed into husks and which only very excepcionally produce branches in their axils. The branches, produced by the lower leafs, terminate again in an inflorescence which may be branched or not, followed first by sterile leafs or husks and than by fertile leafs bearing again branches of higher order. In Tripsacum australe all branches of any order are essentially alike, except for a progressive reduction of the branching of the inflorescence. Branches of third or fourth order bear simple terminal spikes. In Zea and Euchlaena the lateral branches of main stalks form a compound which we may call with Goebel (11) an anthocladiun. Its structure is explained by the two fotos in Fig. 14 which were token from two descendants of the teross Zea x Euchlaena. These authocladiums have a terminal inflorescence which may be a simple ear (Fig. 15b), a slighty (Fig. 14) or an extremely branched inflorescence, carrying male and female spikelets on its four rowed branches (Fig. 16) or which may finally be a normal tassel (Fig. 15a). There follow a few sterile leafs, forming the individual husks of the terminal inflorescence and than fertile leafs or husks which are protecting the rest of the anthoeladia. In their axils there are again branches (n+2) with terminal inflorescences, always represented by an ear, protected by their individual and sterile husks, followed by other husks which protect both the branch (n + 2) and its higher derivatives. The authocladium of Fig. 15 carries branches up to those of order (n + 4). The difference of Zea and Euchlaena is only of quantitative nature. In Zea generally there is developed only the terminal ear of the lateral branch of order (n-f-1) and only rarely some ears, terminal of the order (n+2) which may be called also lateral to the branch (n+1), as shown by Brieger (6). All leafs are transformed generally into husks. In Euchlaena, on the other side, the terminal inflorescence of order (n+1) is generally a tassel and this branch carries almost normal leafs. Those of the lower nodes produce in their axils the antoeladia, with the branches (n+2), (n+3), etc. which together form the cluster of ears. Every ear as a terminal inflorescence of its branch is protected by individual husks, besides the basal husks, as described above, which protect each branch and all its laterals of hingher order. In the descendants of the Zea-Euchlaena corn an interesting detail was found, and the following three types were established: a) maize type derivatives where all inflorescences had a high number of rows of alveoli, b) teosinte-type derivative® where all inflorescences had only two rows of alveoli, and c) intermediate derivatives where only the main terminal inflorescence of order (n + 1) was many rowed and some-timep also inflorescences of order (n + 2), especially the prophyllary branch, all other inflorescences beeing two-rowed. These complicated relations obscure frequently the rule established by Langham (14) about the correlation between row number in the lateral ear and the central spike of the tassel. These observations lead to a revision of the old hypothesis of Ascherson (2) about the origin of the many-rowed ear by a fusion of the ear clusters in Euchlaena. Weatherwax (20) has given already one very decisive argument against this hypothesis, explaining that a fusion must result in the forming of an ear where the number of kernel rows should be a multiple of four and that of alveoli a multiple of 2. Another difficulty is that the original hypothesis would require a complete disappearance of all individual husks, and no signe of this has ever been observed. Langham (14) who tried to revive the hypothesis was probably mistaken, interpreting as a fusion, structures which were only branched terrninal ears, which its branches forced almost into the main spike by the pressure of the involving glumes. 2) After describing these deviations form the normal type of maize ears and inflorescences, its genetical basis was discussed. First it was thought that definite genes were involved, such a the ramosa-gen, the dwarf-factors which frequently cause the appearance of perfect bisexual flowers, the tassel seed factors, etc, and finally the tunicat factor which has the most¹ extreme range of phaenotypie effects as shown in several previous publications (Brieger, 4, 5, 6, 7). Buth thei studies of tunicata maize had already shown that the modifier gens are at least as important as the main determing gen. By selection I succeded to increase to a extreme degree their effects on the tassel. Crossing these derivations of Paulista Pod Corn to Euchlaena a complete change of the situation was brought about. The effects on the tassel disappeared immediately in the Fl with Guatemala teosinte while in those with Mexico teosinte the glumes in the tassel remained shighthy enlarged. On the other side, changes oecured in the ear structure unknown to pure maize, as illustratad by Brieger (6). The descendants of these crosses showed that the specific determiner genes of maize are dispensable and that a recombination of Zea and Euchlaene modifiers a is completely sufficient. I described in the present paper only variations in the structure of inflorescence which appeared both in descendants of the hybrids and in pure maize. No similar vairiations have been observed in Euchaena or in Tripsacum, the third species of the group. We may thus conclude that these variations were all inherent to corn, hypostatic recessive to the many gens accumulated during domestication and reappearing again after the substitution of these genes of domestication by the wild type modifiers derived from Euchaena. 3) The final conclusions of the preceding chapter leads us to a reconsideration of our concepts about the structure of the wild ancector. I discussed the problem in several previous publications (4, 6) and shall repeat the main conclusions without entering into a detailed discussion. Cultivated maize is derived from a wild grass which had simple ears with two rows of alveoli, grains protected by large, pointed and horny glumes, due to the presence of the gene Tu, and an abscission layer at the base of each spikelet. Thus the grains fell off when mature with their protective glumes, separated from the rachis which was thin, flexible and not brittle. This grass happened to cross with some form of Tripsacum whith its grains mainly protected by special scales, having relatively small glumes due to the presence of the gen tu The rachis of this species is always horny, brittle and breaks on maturity into parts at each node. In natural descendants of these hybrids segregates appeared which weTe homozygous tutu and thus had small glumes, while maize factors suppresed the development of the scales. Both abscissions layers were mutually supressed, that at the base of the spikelet from maize and the other, from Tripsacum at each node of the rachis. We now may add more informations about the probable structure of the original inflorescences. The lateral inflorescences were asymmetrical and contained in each of the two rows of alveoli one row of sessile female or hemaphroditic spikelets and another row of pedicelled male spikelets. The very pronounced protogyny of flowers in the same inflorescence permitted that the inflorescences remained within the husks or within the isheaths of only slightly altered leaves during the female phase, emitting only the silks. During the following male phase, the inflorescences! were pushed out of the glumes by the lengthening of the internodes, thus permitting the shedding of the pollen, white at the same time the glumes of the already fertilized female flowers had becone already big and horny, protecting the kernels in the milkystage. The terminal inflorescences may have been branched with one or more whorls of branches at its base, and the number of branches was less in the lateral inflorescences of higher order. There may have been already some more pronounced differentiation of terminal and lateral inflorescences with a predominance in the former of male spikelets. There exists a possibility that the spikelets were many flowered and thus this wild grass did not really belong to the Andropogoneae, as already supposed by Harshberger. It seems now possible to make a drawing of this hypothetical wild type, but I think it even possible to find eventually among the descendants of the maize-teosinte cross most of these characters in combination, thus permitting to take a photograph. 4) The results described opened the way for drawing still more general conclusions about the mechanism of evolution, by combining two sets of facts with the new results obtained. In the first place, we may mention the conclusions at which Agnes Arber (1) arrived in her detailed study on the evolution of the order Gramineae. She stated that there exists a) "inherent phylogenetical trend" for reduction and sterility in inflorescence and flowers, and b) a large measure of repetition and of parallel evolution in different systematic groups. In the second place I may refer to the general hypothesis about the role of a modifier shift in evolution which I have developed (Brieger, 6). My observations started in 1929 when I observed in the cross Nicotiana Sanderae x N. Longiflora that a gene, without effect in the latter species, acquired a semilethal effect in the Fl hybrid. An identical case was reported a year later by Hollingshead. In subsequent studies, I have been able to show experimentally the importance which a shift or rearrangement of the modifier complexes may have, and which may not only affset the dominance of certain characters, a fact áÍLTeady very well konw by many authors, but may cause the appearence of completely new phaenotypes. Such a change in the modifier complex may be brought about by selection, artificial or natural, following a gen mutation which opens new phaenotipic possibilities or simply after a change in the direction of selection in material sufficiently heterozygous. In the present paper I have shown that there exists in cultivated maize an enormous amount of "inherent possibilities" which may become reality after changing the composition of the modifier complexes. Thus a "parallel evolution" may become started, or even a "reversion of evolution". It may be sufficient to cite the appearance of plants with two rows of three spikelets each, such as in Hordeum, or of many flowered spikelets as in the Paniceae. Thus the facts reported here offer more support for the hypothesis on the importance of the modifier shift in evolution which seems to me a very efficient corollary to the mutation theory and helps to overcome at least one serious difficulty of the latter. Itis extremely difficult to believe that the accumulation and selection of disorderly chance mutations may cause an orderly evolution, Besides, the mutation theory is incompatible with such concepts as that of "inherent trends". But since the latter undoubtedly exist and since evolution is not disorderly, as shown by a very large number of comparative studies of larger taxonomical groups, an explanation for this orderliness must be found. I believ that the hypothesis of the modifier shift offers the necessary explanation, which is well in accordance whith experimental evidence, and with our concepts of physiological genetcs.

No gênero Aloë, tôdas as espécies estudadas citològicamente até o presente (cêrca de 90) têm 2n = 14 cromossômios. Em uma forma não classificada, a microsporogênese e a gametogênese foram detalhadamente estudadas. O fato mais interessante constatado é o de se associarem, nos grãos de pólen, os núcleos vegetativo e reprodutivo, sem, contudo, se fundirem. Nos tubos polínicos êles de novo se separam, e o reprodutivo dá formação a dois gâmetas. O número e a morfologia dos cromossômios foram estudados em raízes e em grãos de pólen : o complemento cromossômico é constituído por quatro pares de cromossômios longos, bem identificados, e três pares de cromossômios curtos. Um dos cromossômios longos possui um satélite distal; um dos cromossômios curtos possui um satélite proximal, porém apenas em um dos elementos. Um máximo de três nucléolos nos núcleos somáticos de raízes foi constatado, concordando com a existência de três cromossômios com satélites. O fato de ser esta forma heterozigota, para um dos pares de cromossômios curtos, indica que se deve tratar de um híbrido. O estudo botânico revelou que ela apresenta alguns caraterísticos de A. macracantha e outros de A. saponaria. Da espécie A. macracantha, sabe-se apenas que tem sete pares de cromossômios. A. saponaria, com igual número de cromossômios, é uma das três únicas espécies estudadas que possuem satélites no par de cromossômios curtos. Pode-se, então, deduzir, com relativa segurança, que A. saponaria é uma das espécies que entram na constituição desse híbrido. A outra espécie, muito provàvelmente, será A. macracantha.In this paper the results are presented of a study of microsporogenesis and gamete formation in an unclassified form of Aloë. This form of Aloë was found to have 2n = 14 chromosomes, a condition which is characterestic of all of the species of this genus that have been examined cytologically. The most interesting observation made in the present study was the constant association, but no fusion, of the vegetative and reprodutive nuclei inside the pollen grain. It was also noted that this association disappears when the nuclei enter the pollen tube. The reproductive nucleus in the pollen tube gives rise to two small male gametes. This paper also includes a description of the morphology of the chromosomes as studied in the root tip cells and in pollen grains. In the form of Aloe studied there are 4 pairs of long chromosomes and 3 pairs of short ones. One pair of the long chromosomes was found to be homozygous for a satellite at the distal arm and one pair of short chromosomes was determined to be heterozygous for a satellite at the proximal arm. It was also observed that there was a maximum of three nucleoli in each somatic cell nucleus which agrees with the existence of three satélites. The cytological observations made indicate that the Aloë plant studied is a hybrid. Also a botanical analysis revealed that this form of Aloë has some characters of A. saponaría (one of the few species with satellites in short chromosomes) and some characters similar to those of A. macracantha. On the basis of the present investigations then, it seem highly probable that the form of Aloë studied is a hybrid between the two above mentioned species.

Neste artigo os autores relatam os resultados obtidos em 10 ensaios, instalados em sete diferentes localidades e abrangendo os principais tipos de solo do Estado de São Paulo. Esses ensaios foram realizados entre 1949-50 e 1953-54 e, excetuando-se um, foram conduzidos por dois ou três anos nos mesmos canteiros, fornecendo, ao todo, 22 resultados anuais. O objetivo em mira foi estudar a melhor época para a aplicação do azôto e do potássio, sendo estes nutrientes, assim como o fósforo, empregados sozinhos ou em diversas combinações. O azôto foi usado na forma de salitre do Chile e, conforme o ensaio, nas doses de 20 ou 30 kg/ha de N; o fósforo como superfosfato, na dose de 60 kg/ha de P2O5; o potássio como cloreto, nas doses de 30 ou 40 kg/ha de K2O. Em média dos ensaios, o efeito do azôto aplicado em cobertura 30-40 dias após a emergência das plantas foi muito superior ao do empregado por ocasião do plantio, nos sulcos destinados às sementes, sendo também maior que o da aplicação em cobertura feita 60-80 dias após a emergência. O fracionamento da dose de azôto em duas porções iguais - estudado em quatro ensaios, compreendendo oito resultados anuais - mostrou-se ainda superior à aplicação da dose total 30-40 dias após a emergência. Quando as duas porções- foram aplicadas em cobertura o efeito do azôto foi bem maior que nas combinações de épocas em que uma das porções foi empregada por ocasião do plantio. Um exame retrospectivo, baseado nos presentes ensaios e nos relatados em artigo anterior, perfazendo 30 resultados anuais, confirmou integralmente as conclusões acima, mostrando que é inútil tentar-se avaliar o efeito dos adubos azotados solúveis empregando-os nos sulcos de plantio, conforme o hábito arraigado em nosso meio, e que a aplicação em cobertura, pouco antes ou logo que aparecerem no algodoal os primeiros botões florais, geralmente dá bons resultados. Nos ensaios em que se pôde determinar a influência das épocas de aplicação sobre o efeito do potássio, as aplicações em cobertura se mostraram inferiores ao emprego nos sulcos de plantio. Neste caso, porém, os resultados só foram satisfatórios quando choveu nos dias imediatos à semeação. Aplicado em cobertura, aparentemente o potássio não penetrou no solo em tempo útil para o algodoeiro; aplicado nos sulcos, êle ficou em posição acessível às raízes, mas, quando correu sêco o período que se seguiu ao plantio, prejudicou o "stand" e a produção. Sendo geralmente pequeno o risco de lixiviação imediata do potássio, sugere-se que êle seja aplicado antes ou por ocasião do plantio, em posição de fácil acesso às raízes, mas não em contato com as sementes. In this paper are reported the results obtained in 10 experiments located at seven different sites comprising the main soil types of the State of São Paulo. Such experiments were carried out from 1949-50 to 1953-54 and, with exception of one, were conducted on the same plots for two or three consecutive years, giving a total of 22 annual results. The rates of application were 60 kilograms of P2O5 per hectare and, according to the experiment, 20 or 30 kilograms of N and 30 or 40 kilograms of K2O per hectare, these nutrients being applied alone or in several combinations. Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium were used respectively as Chilean nitrate, superphosphate and potassium chloride. Phosphorus was always applied at planting time, whereas nitrogen and potassium were applied at three different times: at planting, 30-40 and 60-80 days after the emergence of the plants. The fertilizers applied at planting time were, as usually, added to the furrows opened for the seed and slightly mixed with the soil just before planting; the applications after the emergence were done as top-dressing. The response.to nitrogen was generally much greater when it was top-dressed 30-40 days after emergence than when the application was done at planting time; the former also gave better results than the delayed top-dressing (60-80 days after emergence). The division of the dose of nitrogen in two equal portions - studied in four experiments, comprising eight annual results - gave still better results than a single application 30-40 days after emergence. When the two portions were top-dressed the response was fairly greater than in the combinations in which one portion was applied at planting time in contact with the seed. A retrospective study based on the present experiments and in others reported in a previous paper, involving 30 annual results, confirmed entirely the above conclusions. In the experiments permitting the comparison of the effect of potassium applied at different times, top-dressing showed to be inferior to the application in the planting furrows. In this case, however, the results were satisfactory only when it rained during the period immediately after planting. Otherwise, germination and stand were impaired. Apparently the top-dressed potassium did not move into the root zone quick enough to benefit the cotton plants when they needed it most; this explains the poor results of that method of application. As the risk of immediate leaching of potassium is generally low, it should be applied before or at planting time in a position easily accessible to the roots, but not in contact with the seed.

São apresentados e discutidos os resultados de vários experimentos de campo realizados na Estação Experimental de Tatuí, do Instituto Agronômico, com a Crotalaria juncea L. como planta produtora de celulose para papel. Êsses resultados permitem fazer recomendações úteis sôbre o melhoramento técnico da cultura e da produção, no concernente às questões de variedades, espaçamento, densidade de semeação, época de semeação e época de colheita dos caules. This paper reports the results obtained in sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea L.) field trials carried out at the Tatui Experiment Station, São Paulo State. The trials were designed to study the effect of varieties, spacing x rate of seeding, time of sowing and time of harvesting on sunn hemp fiber production as a raw material for paper pulp. From the results achieved in these trials, the following recommendations can be made for growing sunn hemp as a fiber plant for paper pulp in the State of São Paulo. VARIETY: to use the common variety that is normally sowed for green manuring. TIME OF SOWING: to sow the seeds during october. RATE OF SEED SOWING AND SPACING: to sow the seeds at the rate of 100 lbs/ acre in rows spaced 8 inches apart. TIME OF HARVESTING: to harvest the stalks for mechanical fiber extraction when the seed pods are in the mature stage.

As Lecitidáceas Corythophora rimosa W. Rodr., Cariniana pauciramosa W. Rodr., Couratari longipedicellata W. Rodr. e Couratari prancei W. Rodr. são descritas como novas e Corythophora alta R. Knuth, Couratari multiflora (J. E. Smith) Eyma, C. stellata A. C. Smith, C. oligantha Sandwith e C. duckei R. Knuth são discutidas como espécies pouco conhecidas da Amazônia. In this paper Corythophora rimosa W. Rodr. Cariniana pauciramosa W. Rodr., Couratari longipedicellata W. Rodr. and Couratari prancei W. Rodr. are described as new and Corythophora alta R. Knuth, Couratari multiflora (J. E. Smith) Eyma, Couratari stelluta A. C. Smith, C. oligantha Sandwith and C. duckei R. Knuth are discussed here as little known Lecythidaceae from Amazonia.

Comprova-se por análise cromatográfica (CCD) e espectrometrias no infravermelho (IV) e no ultravioleta (UV) o duplo emprego da casca de Virola theiodora (Spruce ex Benth.) Warb. (Myristicaceae) no preparo de rapé alucinogênico e envenenamento de flechas, pelos índios Yomanê, da região do rio Tototobi, Território Federal de Roraima. In this paper it is confirmed by thin layer chromatography analysis (TLC) and infrared (IR) and ultraviolet (UV) spectroscopy the double use of the bark from the myristicaceous Virola theiodora (Spruce ex Benth.) Warb. in the hallucinogenic snuff and arrow poison prepared by indians called Yomanê from Tototobi river at the Brazilian Territory of Roraima.

Preliminary results are presented in this paper of an experiment with Morus albaL. designed for the purpose of leaf production and laid out as a factorial 33 experiment (Cochran - 2 replications), in which were studied three common varieties of mulberry trees : Calabreza, Fernao Dias and Lopes Lins, same being grown and shaped through the "cepo" system and planted in the three spacings 1.5 by 1.0, 1.5 by 1.5 and 1.5 by 2.0 meters, the pruning time having been in three different seasons, i. e., June 10, June 30 and July 20. The first crop year (1964/1965) proved that this trial, installed at the Experiment Station of Pindorama, of the Instituto Agronomico, showed the best production of leaves obtained with the variety Calabreza, when using the 1.5 X 1.0 m spacing and the latest pruning season, namely July 20.

O presente trabalho diz respeito a estudos realizados com o objetivo de observar a influência da luz solar sôbre a capacidade germinativa da semente despolpada de café e verificar, portanto, a possibilidade de se efetuar a seca desta semente exclusivamente ao sol. Além de um ensaio preliminar, foram efetuados mais outros dois, compreendendo, ao todo, duas secas ao sol, duas em um secador a baixa temperatura (±28°C), uma a sombra e uma em um secador a alta temperatura (±40°C). Pelas correlações entre as porcentagens de germinação e de umidade, que foram estabelecidas após diferentes períodos de secagem, foram tiradas as duas seguintes conclusões, que são as principais com relação ao objetivo dêstes ensaios : 1) Os raios solares são prejudiciais à capacidade germinativa da semente de café; sua nocividade acha-se, porém, intimamente ligada ao teor de umidade na semente. 2) À vista da conclusão acima, verifica-se que a semente despolpada de café e, muito provavelmente, também a não despolpada, podem ser perfeitamente sêcas a pleno sol sem que haja prejuízo para sua vitalidade, uma vez que sejam recolhidas antes que o seu teor de umidade caia abaixo do ponto crítico de 8% - 9%. In this paper the author deals with the question related to the coffee seed drying, with special attention to the effect of the sun radiations on seed viability. Based on the results obtained, the following conclusions were drawn : (a) The sun rays have no specific influence on the viability of hulled coffee seed ; their effect is indirect and related to loss of moisture by the seed. (b) Coffee seed can be dried in the sunlight without loss of viability if the water content does not drop under 8% to 9%. Below this critical level seed germination falls rapidly. (c) The moisture content of coffee seed dried „in the sun may fall to about 7% in a short time with the consequent injury to viability. (d) Under most conditions in the state of São Paulo, dehydration of coffee seed carried out in the shade is never injurious to viability because the final water content in such seed always remain well above the critical minimum.

Nêste trabalho são apresentados os resultados de três ensaios realizados entre 1937-38 e 1941-42 nas Estações Experimentais de Mococa (em solo massapê), Tietê (em solo argiloso) e Tatuí (em terra-roxa-misturada), nos quais canteiros adubados com fósforo e potássio foram comparados com outros que receberam esses nutrientes e mais azoto. O azôto, nas formas de salitre do Chile e de Calnitro IG (mistura de nitrato de amônio e carbonato de cálcio), foi aplicado pelo método usual - nos sulcos destinados às sementes, no momento do plantio - ou em cobertura, ao achar-se o algodoeiro em pleno desenvolvimento. O fósforo e o potássio foram sempre empregados nos sulcos de plantio. Em Mococa e Tietê os ensaios foram conduzidos, nos mesmos canteiros, por três anos; em Tatuí, por dois. Os dois adubos azotados deram o mesmo resultado. Em Mococa eles aumentaram apreciavelmente a produção, não se notando diferença entre os dois métodos de aplicação, mas em Tietê e Tatuí o azôto empregado nos sulcos de plantio em regra pouco aumentou ou mesmo deprimiu a produção, ao passo que a elevou consideravelmente quando aplicado em cobertura. • Em Mococa, tendo chovido nos dias imediatos ao plantio, os adubos azotados não prejudicaram o "stand"; por outro lado, as chuvas caídas não foram suficientes para lixiviar o azôto do massapê utilizado para o ensaio. Em Tietê o motivo principal da inferioridade da aplicação dos adubos azotados nos sulcos de plantio foi o prejuízo que eles causaram às sementes em germinação, devido à elevada concentração local de sais. Num dos dois anos de ensaio em Tatuí ficou patente que o azôto empregado nos sulcos foi arrastado antes de o algodoeiro o ter podido absorver, enquanto o aplicado em cobertura não sofreu esse inconveniente. O arrastamento do azôto, que se dá sobretudo quando êle é empregado por ocasião do plantio, não teve grande influência nos presentes ensaios, porque os solos usados para dois deles (Mococa e Tietê) eram argilosos e as chuvas caídas durante sua execução foram relativamente moderadas. Em terras leves, como são em grande parte as utilizadas para a cultura do algodoeiro, tanto esse fator como o excesso de concentração de sais teriam assumido muito maior importância, e, com isso, a superioridade da aplicação em cobertura se tornaria ainda mais pronunciada. This paper reports the results obtained in three experiments conducted in the Mococa, Tietê and Tatui experiment stations comparing the usual method of application of nitrogen with its application as top-dressing. The former consists in the addition of the fertilizers (nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium) to the furrows just before planting, slightly mixing them with the soil. Nitrogen was used as Chilean nitrate and Calnitro IG. The experiments were carried out from 1937-38 to 1941-42, those at Mococa and Tietê during three and that at Tatui during two consecutive years. Calnitro and Chilean nitrate gave similar results throughout the three experiments. The two methods of application gave also equal results at Mococa, but at Tietê and Tatui nitrogen when applied by the usual method very little increased or even depressed the yield, whereas increased it appreciably when top-dressed. In Mococa the after sowing weather was humid, and no leaching rain occurred during the growing seasons. The poor results obtained with the usual method in Tietê were ascribed principally to the injury caused by the nitrogenous fertilizers to the sprouting seed; in one year of the Tatui experiment the fertilizers were leached before the plants had reached the stage of active nitrogen uptake, while the delayed application as top-dressing escaped the leaching rains. Leaching of nitrogen, which is more frequent when applied at planting time, was not of great influence in the reported experiments, probably because two of them (Mococa and Tietê) were conducted on heavy soils and the rains were relatively moderate. In lighter soils, as those used for cotton in large areas of the State of São Paulo, leaching as well as injury due to excessive salt concentration would have been of much greater importance and therefore the advantage of top-dressing over the usual method of application would have been still more pronounced.

A comparison has been made between faced hoes manufactured in Brazil and those manufactured in Great Britain. The Brazilian hoes lack uniformity in the raw materials employed in subsequent heat treatments and in the finishing processes. The British hoes were used as a standard for all comparison. Differences between Brazilian and British hoes were due in part to the differences in raw material employed and in part to the different methods of fabrication. In the author's opinion, the Brazilian hoes are of poorer quality because the raw material are very heterogeneous. They come from several sources and there is no process for selection of raw materials. In this regard it is suggested in this paper that the Brazilian factories should buy the raw material at the same source and that this material should be more carefully selected. The British hoes are more uniform and it is assumed that they are made by more modern mechanical processes and that the operations are controlled more rigorously than in Brazil. The author gives tentavite specifications for selection of raw material for the manufacture of faced hoes in Brazil. These specifications cover the chemical composition of the raw material to be employed and the width and height of the facing as well as the heat treatment to which the hoes should be submitted.

Tem sido observada ocasionalmente uma lesão no colo de cafeeiros novos ao nível do solo. .Estudos dc laboratório mostraram que o caule de cafeeiros novos foram danificados quando ao redor dêle se fêz circular água aquecida às temperaturas de 45 o 50ºC. O aquecimento da superfície do solo, compreendendo o colo de cafeeiro vegetando em laminados, com o auxílio de uma lâmpada de raios infravermelhos, resultou em lesão semelhante àquela observada nas culturas. Essa lesão apareceu em tratamentos cujas temperaturas estiveram entre 44 e 51°C. O fato dessas temperaturas serem freqüentemente observadas em solos expostos ao sol, sugere que a lesão do caule do cafeeiro, observada freqüentemente em cafèzais novos, seja conseqüência do aquecimento excessivo da superfície do solo pelos raios solares. A collar injury of young, field coffee plants at the soil level has been observed occasionally in the summer. The location of the abnormality and the season when it appears .suggested that excessive heating of the soil surface by the sun rays could be its cause. Two experiments were then conducted in the laboratory to investigate this bypothesis. The first experiment consisted in circulating water at the desired temperature around the stem ofyoung coffee plants, using the same apparatus described in a previous paper. In a second experiment the base of the stem and the soil around it was heated by means of a G. E. 250 watts infrared industrial reflector. By changing the distance between the heat source and the plant, different temperatures at the soil surface could be obtained. The results of the first experiment showed that 4 plants out of o that were treated at 45ºC showed injury; the other 2 plants survived without damage. From 5 plants that were treated at 50ºC, 2 showed injury and 3 died shortly after the treatment. All plants subjected to the temperature treatments at 35°C and 40ºC survived without damage, while those treated at 55ºC and 60ºC, died. In the second experiment, 5 plants out of 18 that were treated at temperatures ranging from 45ºC to 51ºC showed injury similar to that observed in the field. All plants treated at temperatures below 45ºC survived without damage with the exception of one treated al 44°C which died. All treatments above 51°C resulted in the death of the plants. It has been observed in the summer that the soil surface temperatures in the field frequently reaches the 45ºC - 51ºC range or sometimes even exceeds it. The results of the present experiments strongly suggest that coffee collar injury at the soil level as observed in the field is caused by excessive sun heating of the soil surface and stem base.

Neste trabalho é apresentado, em detalhes, o projeto para à construção de uma barragem de terra, na qual foi empregada, com bons resultados, a impermeabilização do núcleo central por meio do hidróxido de sódio em solução a 3%. A impermeabilidade foi determinada durante a fase da construção, em amostras de solo de estrutura não deformada. Após a conclusão da reprêsa êsse efeito foi avaliado determinando-se a posição assumida pela linha de saturação, no interior do atêrro. Acham-se descritas, também, as técnicas usadas para a impermeabilização do núcleo e para a determinação da linha de saturação. The purpose of this paper is to present a detailed project that may be helpful to others undertaking the building of an earth dam. Results obtained in an impermeable earth dam are presented; the impermeability was attained by sodium hydroxide treatment of its central core; the effect on the impermeability of the dam was determined from undisturbed samples collected during and after the construction period. The position reached by the saturation line in the external slope was determined in order to evaluate the effect of the treatment on the impermeability of the dam.

Êste trabalho faz parte do estudo do melhoramento genético das mirtáceas frutíferas, que vem sendo realizado pela Seção de Frutas Tropicais do Instituto Agronômiso e pela Seção de Genética da Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", em Piracicaba. Colaboraram na parte analítica a Seção Técnica "Química Agrícola" e a Cadeira de Química, da "Luiz de Queiroz''. A extração de vitamina C foi feita num liqüidificador durante dois minutos, utilizando-se o ácido oxálico a quatro por mil como solução protetora. A determinação se fez no "EEL. portable colorimeter". A determinação do conteúdo de vitamina C no fruto integral de plantas expostas ao pleno sol revelou o seguinte : planta 1, 2147 mg/100 g ; planta 2, 2389 mg/100 g ; planta 3, 2322 mg/100 g de fruto (vêr figura 1-A). Os teores de ácido ascórbico encontrados nos graus de maturação foram : fruto verde, 2716 mg/100 g ; fruto de vez, 2391 mg/100 g; fruto maduro, 2417 mg/100 g. O fruto verde tem o teor mais alto, enquanto o de vez e o maduro não diferem entre si. Também foram analisadas as diversas partes do fruto maduro, encontrando-se na casca 2482 mg/100 g e na polpa 3018 mg/100 g. Isto quer dizer que na "cabeludinha" a riqueza em ácido ascórbico aumenta da periferia para o centro. Tal fato é de suma importância, uma vez que só é aproveitada a polpa, portanto, a parte mais rica do fruto. Determinou-se também o conteúdo de vitamina C no fruto integral e maduro, de plantas sombreadas, encontrando-se na planta 1, 717, 28 mg/100 g; na planta 2, 838,66 mg/100 g ; na planta 3, 560,83 mg/100 g ; na planta 4, 713, 28 mg/100 g. Êstes resultados indicam, provavelmente, que as plantas localizadas à sombra são bem mais pobres em ácido ascórbico que aquelas crescendo ao sol; indicam ainda, que entre as plantas sombreadas há diferenças significativas, talvez de origem genética. As figuras dos gráficos 3 e 4 mostram, respectivamente, que a "cabeludinha" é a fonte mais rica de vitamina C entre as mirtáceas nacionais e de tôdas as frutas brasileiras. Comparando-se a "cabeludinha" com outras frutas exóticas, ricas em ácido ascórbico, nota-se que somente a cereja das Antilhas (Malpighia spp.) lhe leva vantagem. The studies on the vitamin C content in fruits of Myrciaria glomerata Berg, reported in this paper were complementary to the breeding work on fruit plantas of Myrtacex, carried out cooperatively by the Seção de Frutas Tropicais, Instituto Agronômico, Campinas, and Seção de Genética, E.S.A. "Luiz de Queiroz", Piracicaba. The ascorbic acid content was determined in the blend obtained by running the pitted fruits in a blendor for 2 minutes in presence of a 0.4 per cent oxalic acid protecting solution. The quantitative determinations were made with an EEL portable colorimeter. The total vitamin C content in fresh fruits from trees exposed to full sunlight were as follows (in mg/100 g) : tree n.° 1, 2,417 ; tree n.° 2, 2,389 ; tree n.° 3, 2,322. Assays made with fruits at different stages of maturity gave the following results : green fruits, 2,716 ; full developed fruits, 2,391 ; ripe fruits, 2,417. Green fruits had thus a higher vitamin C content than either partially or completely ripe fruits ; the difference between the last two types was not significant. Different parts of the fruit that were assayed separately had the following vitamin C content (mg/100 g) : peel, 2,482 ; pulp (without seed), 3,018. The pulp which is the edible part of the fruit is thus richer than the peel. Vitamin C determinations in ripe fresh fruits from four shaded trees gave the following results (mg/100 g) : tree n.° 1, 717.28 ; tree n.° 2, 838.66 ; tree n.° 3, 560.83 ; tree n.° 4, 713.38. Fruits produced on shaded trees are therefore poorer in ascorbic acid than those from trees exposed to full sunlight. The variations between trees in the shaded group may be ascribed to genetic origin. Myrciaria glomerata fruits have the highest vitamin C content found among edibln fruits of Myrtacex (see table 3) ; it is also one of the tropical fruits richest in this vitamin, ranking third to the cynorrodum of will roses and fruits of Malpighia spp.

Neste trabalho são relatados os resultados obtidos em experiência de irrigação por aspersão e os métodos de cultivo em cultura de café. O estudo foi realizado em área da Estação Experimental de Ribeirão Preto. O controle do ensaio na parte referente à irrigação foi feito mediante amostragem de solo retirado de todos os canteiros, nas profundidades de 0-25, 25-50, 50-75, 75-100, 100-125, 125-150 centímetros. Com auxílio dos dados de umidade, foram organizados gráficos para prever a ocorrência da fase crítica da irrigação e estimar a época em que essa prática deveria ser efetuada. Com relação à irrigação, a análise estatística revelou resultados altamente significativos para os anos de 1962, 1964 e 1966, e significativos para o ano de 1965. Analisando, porém, as produções de dois anos consecutivos, verifica-se que o resultado estatístico é não significativo. Esse fato se deve à própria fisiologia do cafeeiro, que produz bem em anos alternados, sendo que a produção do café irrigado é melhor nos anos em que o não irrigado normalmente produz pouco. Os resultados da experiência levam a concluir que além da água algum outro fator deve estar interferindo na produção de café. This paper reports and discusses the first results from a field experiment designed to determine the effects of irrigation and other soil management practices on coffee yield. The soil type was a Latosol Roxo, at Experiment Station in Ribeirão Preto. Soil samples for moisture determination were taken from every plot at approximately two weeks intervals at the depths of 0-25, 25-50, 50-75, 75-100, 100-125 and 125-150 cm. Since most of the coffee tree roots are located in the upper 50-100 cm layer, it was observed that sprinkler irrigation should be carried out when 70% of available water in the range had been used by evapotranspiration, which corresponds to volume of 70 mm of water stored in the above mentioned layers. Except for some years the analysis of variance showed significant differences in coffee yields for the irrigated treatments under the previously mentioned conditions as compared to those for the control treatments. Similar effects were observed in plots tested with plowed-in legumes and with barn manure at rate of 15/kg/hill/year (one hill = 3 - 4 plants).

No presente artigo são relatados os resultados obtidos em seis ensaios realizados entre 1944 e 1955 no Estado de São Paulo, com o fim de estudar o efeito fertilizante da mucuna preta (Stizolobium sp.) intercalada na cultura do milho. Os tratamentos comparados foram: sem adubo; calcário; fósforo e potássio; calcário, fósforo e potássio; mucuna; calcário e mucuna; fósforo, potássio e mucuna; calcário, fósforo, potássio e mucuna. Esta foi semeada entre as linhas do milho, após o início do florescimento deste, sendo incorporada ao solo, de mistura com a palhaça do cereal, algumas semanas depois da colheita das espigas. A adubação com fósforo mais potássio aumentou significativamente a produção do milho em quatro localidades. Em regra a presença do calcário não modificou o efeito dessa adubação, mas a da mucana o tornou mais pronunciado. Em média do período que durou cada ensaio o calcário praticamente não aumentou a produção. Notou-se, porém, que nos ensaios mais prolongados seu efeito tendeu a melhorar com o decorrer dos anos. O efeito da mucuna foi significativo e positivo em Tatuí, Capão Bonito e Pindorama, mas foi nulo em Limeira e ligeiramente negativo em Engenheiro Hermilo. Em Pindamonhangaba, cujo ensaio só durou um ano, ela não poderia ter efeito fertilizante. No início dos ensaios a resposta à mucuna pouco se modificou com a presença do calcário ou da adubação com fósforo mais potássio; nos últimos anos, porém, ela se tornou mais pronunciada na presença dessa adubação ou daquele corretivo. O modo de aplicação do corretivo e dos adubos parece ter retardado consideravelmente sua influência sobre o efeito da leguminosa. Os resultados obtidos indicam que em regra o efeito da inter-calação da mucuna é excelente em solos repetidamente cultivados, mas variável, por vezes muito pequeno, nus que permaneceram incultos por vários ano. This paper reports the results obtained in gix trials conducted in different zones of the State of São Paulo and designed to study mainly the effect of under-sowing the com crop, grown without rotation, with velvet beans (Stizolobium sp.). While one of the trials, at Piadamonhangaba, was interrupted after the first crop, the others, located at Capão Bonito, Pindorama. Tatuí, Limeira, and Engenheiro Hermilo, were conducted respectively for 10, 10, 9, 5 and 3 years. The treatments compared were the following: none; ground limestone; phosphorus and potassium; limestone, phosphorus and potassium; velvet beans; limestone and velvet beans; phosphorus, potassium and velvet beans; limestone, phosphoruB, potassium and velvet beans. The phosphorus and potassium fertilizers were applied annually in the furrows opened for the corn seed; the limestone was applied also annually and in the mentioned furrows, except in the last three years of the trials of Capão Bonito, Pindorama and Tatuí, when it was broadcast. The velvet beans were sown in a row between each pair of corn rows, after the beginning of the taaseling stage, and were turned under with the stovers few weeks after the harvest of the corn ears. In most of the experiments the corn yields were fairly to highly increased by the application of phosphorus plus potassium. The response to limestone was generally very small when judged by the averages of the whole period of each trial; it was observed, however, that in the longer trials it tended to grow better as the years passed, mainly in the presence of velvet beans. Excluding Pindamonhangaba, whose trial was conducted for only one season, the under-sowing of velvet beans increased significantly the corn yields at Tatuí, Capão Bonito and Pindorama, but not at Limeira and Engenheiro Hermilo. In the general averages of each of the experiments of Tatuí, Capão Bonito and Pindorama the response to the addition of velvet beans was practically the same in the absence or presence of either limestone or phosphorus plus potassium; during the last years, however, it was fairly better in the presence of both the amendment or the fertilizers. The application of these near the corn but far from the velvet bean plants seems to have delayed considerably their favorable influence on the effect of the leguminous. At Engenheiro Hermilo the velvet beans failed to grow, apparently because the soil was poor, the leguminous was not directly fertilized and the experiment was of short duration. The velvet beans grew fairly well at Limeira; but this trials was located on a pasture and it seems that the soil was well supplied with nitrogen. The results obtained indicate that the effect of under-sowing velvet beans is generally excellent in soils repeatedly cropped in the previous years, but doubtful in areas that have been fallow for some time.

O presente trabalho relaciona as gramíneas que ocorrem no município de Campinas, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil, e representa uma contribuição ao conhecimento da flora agrostológica brasileira. Devido à falta absoluta de chaves para a classificação das gramíneas brasileiras, a identificação das espécies é sempre tarefa trabalhosa, obrigando o investigador, na maioria dos casos, à leitura de uma série interminável de diagnoses. Neste trabalho, cêrca de 120 espécies, distribuidas por 55 gêneros (incluindo as gramíneas cultivadas), foram relacionadas e colocadas em chaves artificiais para classificação, o que muito vem facilitar a identificação de uma dada gramínea. Em tôdas as chaves propostas foram usados os critérios morfológicos adotados pela maioria dos investigadores, principalmente os que Hitchcock (2) utilizou nos seus estudos sôbre as gramíneas norte-americanas. Foi observada a grande dominância das chamadas gramíneas tropicais sôbre as de clima temperado, o que está perfeitamente de acôrdo com a situação geográfica ocupada pelo município de Campinas. Dêste modo, salientam-se em número, os gêneros e as espécies pertencentes às tribos Panicex, Andropogonex, Chloridex, etc, sendo bem limitado o número de representantes das tribos Festucex, Agrostidex, Phalaridex, Avenex, etc. O hábito, perene ou anual, de cada espécie, é indicado, bem como o seu período de florescimento. Duas espécies são dignas de especial menção pela sua rara ocorrência: Paspalum doellii Chase, que é o novo taxon para Paspalum neesii Kunth var. monochyrium Doell, e Paspalum verrucosum Hack., que até então havia sido assinalada apenas para a flora do Paraguai. In the present paper a list of about 120 species of the grass flora of Campinas County, State of São Paulo, Brazil, is given, and an attempt is made to indicate the annual or perennial habit of each species, as well as its flowering period. A dichotomous key for species identification is included. A predominance of the so-called tropical grasses was found in the Campinas area, since the number of representatives of Panicex, Andropogonex, Chloridex, etc. tribes is significantly larger than that of representatives of Festucex, Agrostidex, Hordese, Phala-ridex, etc.. This fact is in accordance with the climatic conditions prevailing in the Campinas County, which is located in the tropical zone of the Southern Hemisphere. Two species, Paspalum doellii Chase, and P. verrucosum Hack., are extremely rare in Brazil; the former is the new taxon for P. neesii Kunth var. monochryrium Doell, and the latter had been up to now reported only from Paraguay.

Neste trabalho são apresentados os resultados obtidos em estudos preliminares sôbre a determinação da intensidade e evolução do fenômeno de amonificação e nitrificação em diversos fertilizantes nitrogenados, empregando-se terra roxa-misturada e os seguintes fertilizantes: sulfato de amônio, uréia, torta de mamona, farinha de sangue, farinha de chifres e cascos e calciocianamida. Os resultados obtidos permitem concluir que a calciocianamida foi o fertilizante que se amonificou mais intensamente, vindo a seguir a uréia, a torta de mamona, a farinha de sangue e, finalmente, a farinha de chifres e cascos. Já para o fenômeno de nitrificação, os resultados indicam a seguinte ordem decrescente: torta de mamona, uréia, farinha de chifres e cascos, farinha de sangue e sulfato de amônio. A calciocianamida, dosada no seu teor em nitrogênio nítrico, apresentou sempre traços, mostrando que foi praticamente nula a sua nitrificação no prazo de 40 dias de duração do ensaio. In this paper results obtained with the phenomenon of ammonification and nitrification in several nitrogen fertilizers are presented. The objective was the determination of the intensity and evolution of these phenomena. For this purpose an experiment was set up including the following nitrogenous fertilizers: ammonium sulfate, urea, castor bean cake, blood meal, horn and hoof meal and calciumcyanamide. The experiment was conducted during 40 days; after each ten days period, samples of the different treatments were taken and ammoniacal and nitric nitrogen were determined. The results obtained show that the calciumcyanamide fertilizer ammonified more intensively, being followed by urea, castor bean cake, blood meal and finally horn and hoof meal. On the other hand concerning the phenomenon of nitrification, the results indicate that the castor bean cake nitrified the most, being followed in descrescent order by urea, horn and hoof meal, blood meal and ammonium sulfate. Results of calciumcyanamide analyses always presented traces of nitric nitrogen, showing that practically no nitrification ocurred during the 40 days of the experiment.

Iniciando a publicação dos ensaios destinados a determinar a eficiência relativa de diversos fosfatos na adubação do algodoeiro, os autores apresentam os resultados obtidos nos que foram começados antes de 1941. Na presente série figuram seis ensaios, dos quais sòmente cinco foram aproveitados para verificar o efeito sôbre a produção. Conforme o ensaio, as doses de P2O5 variaram entre 60 e 90 kg/ha e foram sempre empregadas na presença de azôto e potássio. Êsses ensaios foram instalados em terra-roxa-raisturada ou massapê-salmourão e conduzidos por três ou mais anos nos mesmos canteiros. Com exceção de Rofosfato e Cibrafosfato, que se mostraram um pouco inferiores, os demais adubos estudados - superfosfato em pó ou granulado, fosfato precipitado, Renâniafosfato, Germâniafosfato, Serranafosfato, escórias de Thomas, farinha de ossos crus ou degelatinados - deram resultados praticamente iguais. Todavia, o pequeno número de ensaios deste grupo e as condições em que êles foram realizados não permitem tirar conclusões definitivas sôbre o assunto. Em quatro ensaios foram incluídos canteiros adubados sòmente com azôto e potássio, podendo-se verificar que o efeito médio do fósforo sôbre a produção foi muito bom em dois e verdadeiramente espetacular nos outros dois. Nestes últimos, o efeito sôbre o pêso e a altura das plantas também foi grande, embora bem menor que na produção. Quando a primeira colheita foi efetuada cedo, pôde-se observar que a marcha da frutificação foi muito mais acelerada nas plantas que receberam fósforo. Êste nutriente também aumentou consideràvelmente o pêso dos capulhos, mas praticamente não modificou a porcentagem de fibra e o comprimento desta. The relative efficiency of various phosphorus fertilizers for cotton has been tested by the Instituto Agrônomico since many years. In this paper the authors report the results obtained in the first series consisting in six experiments started before 1941, five of which can be utilized to show the effects on the yields. The latter were conducted in the same plots for three or more seasons. The yearly applications of P2O5 varied according to the experiment from 60 to 90 kilograms per hectare and were always used in the presence of nitrogen and potash. The various phosphates tested, including ordinary and granulated superphosphate, precipitated phosphate, Rhenaniaphosphate, Thomas slag, and bone meal, gave practically the same results. The authors warn, however, that the small number of experiments and the conditions under which they were conducted do not as yet permit to draw definite conclusions on the subject. In four trials, which included plots fertilized only with nitrogen and potash, the mean effect of phosphorus on the yield of seed cotton varied from fair to very high. The latter offered an excellent opportunity for verifying the influence of phosphorus on some characteristics of the cotton plant and its fruits. Phosphorus increased also the weight and height of the plants, but not so much as the yield of seed cotton. When the first picking was made early, it was observed that phosphorus hastened the fruiting march. Phosphorus increased the weight of the bolls, but did not practically affect the lint percentage and length. The residual effect of phosphorus was determined in two of the experiments. Although they were conducted on the "terra-roxa-misturada" type of soil, that effect was high and no difference was observed between that of superphosphate and the relatively insoluble phosphates.

Os resultados do ensaio de seleções regionais de progênies de café, plantado em Jaú, em 1951, são apresentados e confrontados com os dados de um ensaio semelhante, plantado em Campinas, nessa mesma época. Os 64 itens do ensaio de Jaú compreendem progênies dos cultivares 'Mundo Nôvo', 'Bourbon Amarelo', 'Bourbon Vermelho', 'Caturra Amarelo' e 'Caturra Vermelho', além de testemunhas desses cultivares, sem seleção, e do 'Típica', testemunha geral do ensaio. Os resultados obtidos mostram que as progênies de café 'Mundo Nôvo' são as mais vigorosas e produtivas; apresentam sementes de maior diâmetro e mais pesadas e maior ocorrência de grãos chatos, do tipo normal. Produzem, em média, 35 por-cento a mais do que as progênies selecionadas do 'Bourbon Amarelo', 84, 178 e 232 por-cento a mais do que as do 'Bourbon Vermelho', 'Caturra' e 'Típica', respectivamente. Além disto, produziram 77 por-cento a mais do que o 'Mundo Nôvo' sem seleção. Dentre as progênies do 'Mundo Nôvo', destacou-se a de prefixo MP 376-4, em tôdas as características analisadas. As progênies selecionadas do 'Bourbon Amarelo' deram 38 por-cento a mais do que as de 'Bourbon Vermelho' e de 146 por-cento a mais do que o 'Típica'. O exame do comportamento das melhores progênies dos cultivares 'Mundo Nôvo', 'Bourbon Amarelo' e 'Bourbon Vermelho', em confronto com os dados obtidos em Campinas, indicam que as do 'Mundo Nôvo' e 'Bourbon Vermelho' têm maior capacidade de adaptação, no sentido de que se comportam igualmente bem nessas duas localidades. Os dados obtidos cnníirmam os diferentes níveis de produção do 'Mundo Nôvo', 'Bourbon Amarelo' e 'Bourbon Vermelho', já observados em outros ensaios de café e indicam que as progênies do 'Mundo Nôvo' MP 376-4, CP 379-19, JP 381-3 e CP 387-17 se adaptam bem às condições locais, devendo, por êsse motivo, ser preferidas para plantio em larga escala. Five coffee regional selection trials were established in 1951 in five localities representative of the main coffee producing regions of São Paulo. These trials included selected strains of the cultivars 'Mundo Nôvo', 'Bourbon Amarelo', 'Bourbon Vermelho', 'Caturra Amarelo', 'Caturra Vermelho' and 'Sumatra' and they will furnish information about the most adapted progenies for each locality. Data obtained in the experiment station of the Instituto Agronômico located at Jaú, in the central plateau of the State, are discussed in the present paper. Besides selected progenies this trial comprises a population without selection of each one of the cultivars and also of the tester 'Típica' in order to have information about the effectiveness of the pedigree method for coffee breeding. The data point out the 'Mundo Nôvo' progenies are more vigorous and more productive than any other selection. Their seeds are larger and heavier and the percentage of normal flat beans is also higher. The 'Mundo Nôvo' strains produce on the average 35, 84, 178 and 232 per cent more clean coffee than those of 'Bourbon Amarelo', 'Bourbon Vermelho', 'Caturra' and 'Típica', respectively. They rank also 77 per cent higher than the tester 'Mundo Novo' without selection. The best 'Mundo Nôvo' progenies in this trial are the same that had given the highest yields in the Campinas trial indicating their broad adaptation to different ecological conditions. The 'Mundo Nôvo' progenies MP 376-4, CP 379-19, JP 381-3 and CP 387-17 are already being used for replanting the old coffee areas in the vicinity of Jaú. These results confirm those previously obtained about the different yielding levels of the cultivars 'Mundo Nôvo', 'Bourbon Amarelo', 'Bourbon Vermelho' and 'Caturra'.

São relatados os dados de ensaio de competição entre 16 cultivares de alho-porro (Allium porrum L.) procedentes da Europa e dos Estados Unidos da América do Norte, instalado em Campinas, em solo de formação glacial. O objetivo do experimento foi verificar o comportamento das variedades para o consumo in natura e para a indústria. Destacaram-se pela produção para consumo in natura as variedades I-3346 (Monstrueux D'Elbeuf) e I-3353 (Long de Nice), respectivamente com 3,8 e 3,3 kg/m², seguindo-se I-3351 (Monstrueux de Carentan), I-3460 (Doubouchet), I-3458 (Dubouchet de outra procedência) e I-3418 (Large American Flag) com 2,9 kg/m². Para indústrias, destacaram-se pelos maiores rendimentos as variedades I-3350 (Gros Long D'Été), com 12,9%, I-3353 (Long de Nice), com 12,2%, seguindo-se I-3351 (Monstrueux de Carentan), I-3458 (Dubouchet), I-3355 (Longo de Talos Grossos) e I-3349 (Bleu de Solaise). Não foi encontrada relação entre a produtividade (pêso do material in natura) e o rendimento em pó. Varieties of leek (Allium porrum L.), have already been sudied by the Seção de Olericultura of the Instituto Agronômico, using seeds imported from countries other than Brazil in view of leek not producing under our climatic conditions. Up to 1961, leek was cultivated in the State of São Paulo, only for fresh market because of the small demand. During the last years, its culture is growing more and more on account of the compensating prices reached on the market, the demand being high from important industries which devote themselves to the preparation of dry soups and flavours. In this paper data are given which were obtained from an experiment of competition with 16 varieties proceeding from Europe and the United States. It was installed in 1963 at the Central Experiment Station, in Campinas, on an area where the soil is of Glacial formation. The purpose of this trial was to determine which varieties are best for fresh market or for the industry. Among the 16 varieties were best for fresh market: Monstrueux D'Elbeuf (I-3346, yielding 3.8 kg per square meter, I-3353, Long de Nice with 3.3 kg/sq.m., seeds imported from Vilmorin-Andrieux S. A., France. Followed by - Monstrueux de Carentan I-3351, Dubouchet I-3460, wiht 3.0 kg/sq.m., from the same Seed Company, Dubouchet I-3458, supplied by the Companhia Industrial e Comercial Brasileira de Produtos Alimentares, and Large American Flag I-3418 from the Asgrow Seed Company yielding 2.9 kg/sq.m. For the industry purpose the following were best: Gros Long D'Eté I-3350, with 12.9% of dry matter, Long de Nice I-3353 with 12.2%, the two from the Vilmorin-Andrieux S. A. Followed by Monstrueux de Carentan I-3351, 11.9% from that same Seed Company, Dubouchet I-3458, 11.5% supplied by Companhia Industrial e Comercial Brasileira de Produtos Alimentares, Longo de Talos Grossos I-3353, from Casa Corradini de Sementes, São Paulo, 11.4% and Bleu de Solaise I-3349 from France, 11.2%. Considering the studies carried out, there was no relation found between the productivity-weight of the vegetable for fresh market and the percentage of dry matter.

Uma vez beneficiado e armazenado, o café se torna, normalmente, sujeito a um fenômeno de descoloração ou branqueamento dos grãos, perdendo, assim, considerávelmente, o seu valor comercial. No presente trabalho - primeiro a ser publicado sôbre o assunto - são apresentados os resultados de vários ensaios realizados no Laboratório de Sementes da Seção de Botânica, com o objetivo de investigar a causo responsável pelo referido fenômeno e estudar, ao mesmo tempo, a influencio de alguns fatôres sôbre a rapidez e intensidade de sua manifestação. Os resultados mostram que as machucaduras dos grãos, tais como as normalmente ocasionadas pelo beneficiamento mecânico, são a cousa indireta do branqueomento do café. Dentre os fatôres extrínsecos estudados, a umidade relativa do ar foi o que mais influência teve sôbre o fenômeno. Quanto mais elevada, principalmente em níveis superiores a 80%, mais rápida e intensa foi o descoloração dos grãos. Same time after being milled and stored, green coffee becomes normally subject to a phenomenon of discoloration or whitishness of the grains, which causes a considerable loss of its commercial value. In the present paper, which is the first to be published on this question, are reported the results of various experiments carried out in order to investigate the cause of this phenomenon and the influence of some factors on its manifestation. According to these results it may be clearly concluded that the injuries to the grains, such as those which normally result from their mechanical milling, are the indirect cause of the coffee discoloration. Among the studied extrinsic factors, the relative Humidity of air showed to be the most effective of them. The higher the air humidiry, especially on levels above 80%, the more rapid and intense was the manifestation of the phenomenon.

No presente trabalho são relatadas experiências com 16 variedades de amendoim (Arachis hypogaea, L.), recebidas dos Estados Unidos da América do Norte, do Congo Belga e de várias regiões do Brasil. Essas experiências, em número de oito, das quais três pertencentes à décima série (ano agrícola de 1953/54) e cinco compreendendo a décima-primeira série (ano agrícola de 1954/55), foram executadas nas localidades de Campinas, Ribeirão Prêto, Pindorama, Presidente Prudente e Tatuí, no Estado de São Paulo. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que, para as condições em que foram realizados os ensaios, as variedades Paulista-269, Bandeirante-263, Brasília-265, Centenário-264 e Tatuí-76, sobressairam-se das demais, notadamente a primeira, que, de um modo geral, foi bem classificada em todas as localidades, não só em relação à produção como pelo alto teor em óleo, nos frutos. A variedade Tatu-53 (testemunha), ainda bastante cultivada no Estado, classificou-se entre as piores. As maiores produções foram obtidas em terra arenosa. Nas terras roxa e roxa-misturada, também se conseguiram boas produções. Já na região representada pela terra massapê as produções foram fracas, confirmando os resultados dos anos anteriores. This paper reports the results obtained from field tests with sexteen peanut varieties received from the United States of America, Belgium Congo and several Brazilian regions. Eight experiments were conducted in the following counties of the State of São Paulo: Campinas, Ribeirão Preto, Pindorama, Presidente Prudente and Tatuí. Yield data showed the varieties Paulista-269, Bandeirante-263, Brasilia-265, Centenário-264 and Tatui-76 to prove better, particularly the first one, that ranked good classification in every locality as far as seed production and oil content of the seeds are concerned. Variety Tatu-53 which still widespreads all over the State, was one of the least yielders. The highest yields were obtained on sandy soils. On "terra-roxa" or "terra-roxa-misturada" soils, high production levels were also obtained; on the "massapé" soil the harvest was poor, thus ratifying prior results.

São apresentados resultados de determinações do desenvolvimento do sistema radicular do cafeeiro, variedades Bourbon Amarelo e Mundo Nôvo, em solo tipo terra-roxa-legítima. Os sistemas radiculares atingiram as profundidades médias de 3,70 m e 3,10 m, respectivamente, para Bourbon Amarelo e Mundo Nôvo. Em ambos os casos, cêrca de 90% das raízes foram encontradas na primeira camada de 50 cm de profundidade. Maior densidade de raízes finas foi encontrada nas proximidades dos troncos, dentro de um círculo de raio de 75 cm. This paper presents the results obtained from a comparative study of the root system of two coffee varieties, i.e. Bourbon Amarelo and Mundo Novo cultivated in "terra-roxa-legítima" soil and receiving only mineral fertilizers. The root systems of the two varieties reached respectively the depths of 3.7 and 3.1 meters. Down to a depth of 2 meters both of them showed considerable amounts of roots, but about 90% of the total was present in the upper layer of 50 centimeters. The fine roots appeared in great density near the stems in a circle oE 75 centimeters of radius in the layer of 50 centimeters of depth.

São relatados os resultados de um ensaio instalado em "terra de cerrado", na Estação Experimental Central de Campinas, para o estudo dos efeitos do calcário e de adubos fosfatados, aplicados isoladamente e em combinação, na produção de forragem de soja perene. A adubação fosfatada e a calagem provocaram grandes aumentos na produção, e os efeitos residuais foram observados durante os sete anos em que durou o ensaio. A calagem elevou consideràvelmente o índice pH, ao mesmo tempo que reduziu o teor de A1+ + + trocável do solo. In this paper are discussed the effects of the use of liming and phosphate fertilizers which were applied independently or in combination with each other. The experiment was installed in a poor type of soil known as "Cerrado". Liming and phosphate fertilizers increased the production of forage of "Soja perene" (Glycine javanica L.). The chemical soil analysis showed an increase in thepH value, whereas the phosphates utilized did not increase the phosphorus content of soil. With the exception of natural phosphates the effect of phosphorous fertilizers was better than that of liming.

Quatro distâncias entre as mudas na mesma cova foram estudadas, com a finalidade de determinar quais as mais indicadas para a plantação de um cafèzal em terra anteriormente ocupada por culturas diversas. O presente ensaio foi instalado em solo tipo terra-roxa-misturada, na Estação Experimental Central em Campinas e compreende as distâncias de 10, 20, 30 e 40 cm entre as quatro mudas plantadas numa mesma cova. Os resultados obtidos dizem respeito às quatro primeiras colheitas. Diferentes observações foram feitas, dando as seguintes indicações: 1) quanto ao desenvolvimento das plantas, indicou a análise estatística das alturas correspondentes à terceira medição: a) haver diferenças entre as alturas médias das plantas nas covas, dentro dos canteiros, as quais são da mesma ordem para os diferentes tratamentos; b )os cafeeiros plantados a 10 e 20 cm nas covas, apresentam, em média, plantas mais altas, e os plantados a 30 e a 40 cm, mais baixas; a diferença entre os dois grupos é significativa e de ordem menor que 10%; 2) as produções estudadas mostram um aumento linear de acordo com o aumento do espaçamento entre as plantas na cova, estatisticamente significativo: 3) as diferenças entre as peneiras médias dos diferentes tratamentos são pequenas, indicando, portanto, não haver influência das distâncias no tamanho das sementes. Coffee plantations in Brazil are usually made with four seeddlings per hill. To study the problem of spacing the seedlings in the hill, an experiment is being carried out at the Estação Experimental Central of the Instituto Agronômico in Campinas in the "terra-roxa-misturada" type of soil. Four square spaciugs between the seedlings were compared: 10, 20, 30 and ±0 cm. Yield data and other observations reported in this paper refer to the first four harvests. The following results have been so far recorded: 1. Measurements of the seedlings made at three different times indicated that there was a significant statistical difference between plants in the same hill, and that seedlings set 10 or 20 cm apart were higher than those planted at 30 or 40 cm. 2. The statistical analysis of yield data showed a significant linear increase related to the increase in spacing between seedlings in the hill. 3. Variations in the spacing between seedlings in the hill did not affect the size of the coffee seeds.

Neste artigo são relatados quatro grupos de ensaios, compreendendo 32 resultados anuais, nos quais o desbaste, na cultura do algodoeiro, foi efetuado desde 15 até 80 dias após a emergência das plantas. Na maioria dêsses ensaios, que foram conduzidos entre 1927-28 e 1943-44 em diversas localidades do Estado de São Paulo, à medida que se retardou o desbaste as produções de algodão em caroço decresceram consideràvelmente, apesar de terem os «stands» melhorado um pouco; a precocidade e o tamanho dos capulhos diminuiram apreciàvelmente, ao passo que a porcentagem de fibra e o comprimento desta sofreram apenas reduções muito pequenas. Em alguns ensaios também foram estudadas outras características das plantas e da produção. Do presente estudo os autores concluíram que, na cultura em apreço, o desbaste deve ser efetuado 20 a 30 dias após o nascimento das plantas. In this paper the authors study four groups of experiments, comprising a total of 32 annual results, in which the time of thinning cotton varied from 15 up to 80 days after the emergence of the plants. The experiments were conducted between 1927-28 and 1943-44 and located at several places of the State of São Paulo. On the average, as thinning was delayed the stands became a little better, but the yields of seed cotton decreased considerably; while the lint percentage and length diminished slightly, the bolls' size and the contribution of the first picking to the final yields suffered appreciable reductions. The authors conclude that cotton should be thinned 20 to 30 days after the emergence of the plants.

This paper reports a study of three cultivars of rice (Oryza sativa,L.), namely cv IAC-435, cv IAC-120, and cv IAC-68 cultivated as main crops in the lowland conditions of the State of Sao Paulo, Brazil. Observations on these cultivars were made in 1969/70 and 1970/71 fiscal years at the Campinas, Mococa and Pindamonhangaba Experiment Stations of the Instituto Agronomico of the State of Sao Paulo. The results obtained in this study permit a correct identification of the cultivars, and also establish proper procedures to study other cultivars of rice, with special emphasis to their morphological characteristics related with seed production.

Os autores estudam a bacia hidrográfica da barragem "Monjolinho". notadamente a velocidade de assoreamento. São descritas as características físicas da bacia, baseadas no levantamento planialtimétrico da área. Descrevem também, o tipo de solo e a cobertura vegetal encontrados no local, bem como as alterações ocorridas na bacia de inundação e no talude de montante do atêrro, após período de 7 anos de funcionamento do açude. In this paper the authors present the study of the "Monjolinho" earth dam watershed with particular reference of its silting problem. The physical characteristics of the watershed, based on a plane - altimetric survey, are presented. A description of the soil type, vegetative cover, as well as of the changes that took place in the reservoir flood and in the upstream side slope after 7 years of use is given.

SUMMARY 1) The present paper represents a continuation and complement to a previous publication (Brieger 4) in which I explained the mathematical relations between the four most important types of chance distributions. While carrying out a large number of statistical analysis, of genetical and agricultural experiments, I came to the conclusion that the existing tables for the limits of chance distributions (Fisher and Yates, 7, Snedecor, 8, Brieger 2) are not satisfactory in three repects. a) The tables of Fisher and Yates and of Snedecor give the limits of the t-test and of the z or F-test with different systems of ordinates ; b) there are only tables for bilateral limits of t (Student) and for unilateral limits of z (Fisher), F (Snedecor) or theta (Brieger) ; c) the tables contain only values for a limited number of degrees of freedom without an auxiliary table for interpolation. The tables, included here, are calculated in such a way as to avoid these objections. 2) The basic value for all of the new tables is the relative deviate ,which may be either simple or compound : A simple relative deviate is the quotient of a difference between a variate and its ideal value which generally is the mean divided by the respective standard error. When comparing several deviates simultaneously, we unite them in one balanced mean estimate which is the square root of the mean square deviate (the sum of the squares of deviates divided by their degree of freedom). This value divided by the best estimate of the respective standard error is the compound relative deviate. The four main types of chance distributions may be defined mathematically in such a form that the relative deviates form the abscissa and their frequencies the ordinates, as shown in the preceding publications (Brieger 4). Simple relative deviates follow Students' distribution when the degree of freedom of the divisor is small (t-test) and the Gaussean distribution (delta-test) when the degree of freedom is infinitely large, accepting as a reasonable aproximation to infinity a value bigger than 100. Relative compound deviates, on the other side, follow either Fisher's or Pearson's distribution, when the degree of freedom of the dividend is bigger than one and that of the divisor is either a limited or unlimited value (theta-test). 3) I explained (4) in

Neste trabalho são apresentados os resultados de nove experiências de adubação da batatinha (Solanum tuberosum L.), com doses crescentes de nitrogênio (20, 40, 60, 80, 120 e 160 kg/ha) na presença de fósforo e potássio. Essas experiências foram conduzidas no período de 1943 a 1947, sendo duas em vasos, na Estação Experimental Central, Campinas, e sete no campo, em diferentes áreas de três localidades do Estado de São Paulo. Em média de tôdas as doses a resposta ao nitrogênio foi de +44% nas experiências em vasos e variou entre +81 e -29% nas conduzidas no campo. Na média destas o efeito aumentou até quando se usou a dose de 60 kg/ha de N, alcançando, então, +31%; daí por diante foi diminuindo até chegar a +2%, com a dose maior. Não foi possível grupar as experiências segundo os tipos de solo ou os localidades. Como na maioria delas os "stands" foram prejudicados, a separação de acôrdo com os prejuízos observados mostrou que, naquelas em que estes foram nitidamente provocados pelo adubo nitrogenado, seu efeito máximo, de + 11%, foi atingido entre as doses de 20 e 40 kg/ha de N, baixando rapidamente até -49% com 160 kg/ha; em média das experiências não prejudicadas a resposta máxima ao nitrogênio, de + 71 %, foi obtida com a dose de 60 kg/ha, permanecendo no mesmo nível com as doses maiores. As reduções sofridas pelos "stands" são atribuídas ao método de aplicação de adubos tradicionalmente usado em nosso meio, nos sulcos de plantio, no momento da distribuição dos batatas-semente. This paper reports the results obtained in two pot trials and seven field experiments with potatoes, which were conducted from 1943 to 1947 and designed to study the effect of increasing rates of ammonium sulphate (20, 40, 60, 80, 120 and 160 kilograms of N per hectare) in the presence of PK (superphosphate and sulphate of potassium). The pot trials were carried out in the Central Experiment Station at Campinas and the field experiments were located on different areas of three sites of the State of São Paulo. Averaging the results obtained with all the doses the response to nitrogen corresponded to + 44% in the pot tests and varied from + 81 to - 29% in the field experiments. In the average of the latter the effect of nitrogen increased up to + 31 % when its rate of application was raised up to 60 kilograms, but decreased with the higher doses, falling down to + 2% with 160 kilograms. It was not possible to separate the experiments according to the soil types or locations. As the stands of most of them were damaged, the grouping according to the degree of injury showed that in those experiments whose stands were clearly impaired by the nitrogen applications, the highest response, about + 11%, was reached with 20-40 kilograms, the following doses depressing the yields so rapidly that the 160-kilogram rate caused a reduction of 49%; in the average of the experiments whose stands suffered no appreciable damage the highest response to nitrogen, +71%, was obtained with the 60-kilogram level, and the yields kept unchanged with further increments of the dose. The injury to the stands, as well os burning of the sprout and delaying in their emergence, were attributed to the usual method of application, which consists in the addition of the fertilizers (nitrogen, phosphorus and potash) to the furrows just before planting and slightly mixing them with the soil.

São apresentados os resultados de experiência realizada em 1969, no Centro Experimental de Campinas, em Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo, série Barão, sobre o efeito da cobertura do solo na produção de morangueiro (Fragaria híbridos). Estudaram-se a produção total do ano, de junho a dezembro, e a parcial dos primeiros meses de colheita, junho a julho, quando é maior o valor do produto. A variedade utilizada foi a Campinas IAC-2712, a mais cultivada no Estado de São Paulo. O delineamento do ensaio foi o de blocos ao acaso, com oito tratamentos e cinco repetições. As coberturas do solo foram as seguintes: plástico preto, com 0,0762 mm de espessura, e cobertura morta, da qual experimentaram-se as seguintes: casca de arroz, restos de plantas de arroz picados, capim-favorito (Rhynchelitrum roseum) picado e seco, bagaço de cana-de-açúcar picado, restos de madeira de marcenaria picados. Foram estudados mais dois tratamentos, sem cobertura do solo: a) com escarificação do solo até cerca de dois centímetros de profundidade, cada 14 dias, para facilitar a penetração de água de irrigação; b) sem escarificação do solo. A cobertura do solo aumentou sensivelmente a produção total, além de evitar que os frutos se sujassem de terra. Considerando a produção total, os tratamentos com cobertura morta não diferiram entre si; o tratamento com plástico preto e aquele sem cobertura do solo, porém escarificado cada 14 dias, não diferiram entre si, mas foram inferiores a todos os outros tipos de cobertura morta (Tukey 5%). O tratamento com plástico preto foi superior somente ao tratamento sem cobertura do solo e sem escarificação (Tukey 5%). Quanto à produção parcial, precoce, os tratamentos com qualquer tipo de cobertura do solo não diferiram entre si, mas essa diferença foi altamente significativa sobre os tratamentos sem cobertura do solo (Tukey 1%) . This paper presents the results obtained in 1969 at the Centro Experimental de Campinas in a soil covering trial for strawberry (variety Campinas IAC-2712) grown on a Red Yellow Latosol. Six materials were compared as soil coverings, with bare soil as control. The total yield of June to December and also the partial one of June-July, when the prices of strawberry are the highest, because harvest begins and the fruits are bigger, were measured. Total yield on covered soil was increased in all treatments. The materials used were the following: rice plant straw, rice rind, dry grass (Rhynchelitrum roseum), sugar-cane residual, wood residual of joinery, and black plastic of 76 microns thickness. Statistical analysis of the data showed the following results: concerning total yield, the treatments with dead plant materials (with no differences among them) were superior to black plastic and bare soil. The black plastic covering was superior to the bare soil treatment. Concerning the partial production all covering treatments (with no differences among them) were superior to the bare soil treatment.

No presente trabalho, são apresentados os resultados de levantamentos sôbre a cultura cafeeira no município de Campinas, feitos através da fotointerpretação. Estimou-se o número total de pés de café, sua distribuição por tipo de solo, idade e forma de plantio e a área por êles ocupada. Foram utilizadas fotografias aéreas tomadas em junho de 1962 com escala aproximada de 1:25.000. Os resultados mostraram um total de 1.953.000 pés de café, dos quais 65% com até quinze anos de idade. A área ocupada atinge 1697 ha. This paper reports the results of some studies made by means of photointerpretation about coffee plantations located in the county of Campinas. The number of plants was estimated and their distribution by type of soils, age and practice of planting. For this purpose aerial photographs were used, taken in June of 1962 with an approximate scale of 1:25.000. The results obtained showed a total of 1,953,000 coffee plants occupying an area of 1,697 ha.

Após fazer a revisão de alguns dos principais trabalhos sôbre a auto-esterilidade no gênero Coffea efetuados em Java, foram relatados, de modo resumido, os resultados das pesquisas genéticas e citológicas que estão sendo feitas com os exemplares da espécie C. canephora no Instituto Agronômico de Campinas. Êstes estudos têm por finalidade conhecer o grau e as causas da auto-esterilidade dessas plantas. As autopolinizações realizadas indicaram que êsses cafeeiros são, realmente, auto-estéreis. Dos cruzamentos feitos, cerca de 50% se mostraram compatíveis. Tanto a formação do saco embrionário como a do pólen são normais. Em meio artificial conveniente, o pólen apresenta cêrca de 55% de germinação, o que foi considerado suficiente para promover a fertilização nos cruzamentos feitos. Foram realizadas observações sôbre o crescimento do tubo polínico em estilos de flores polinizadas com pólen estranho, compatível, e polinizadas com o próprio pólen. Nos cruzamentos compatíveis, o crescimento do tubo polínico é normal. No segundo oaso notou-se que, após a germinação, o tubo polínico tem o crescimento paralisado, não ultrapassando a região das papilas estigmáticas. Esta pode ser considerada a explicação da auto-esterilidade nos exemplares de C. canephora estudados. O mecanismo genético que controla o crescimento dos tubos polínicos ainda não pôde ser estabelecido. Entretanto, pesquisas estão em prosseguimento no sentido de se verificar se se trata de um mecanismo genético semelhante ao encontrado no gênero Nicotiana.This paper presents a review of pertinent literature related to studies of self-sterility in the genus Coffea and reports the results of cytological and genetic studies carried out on the species C. canephora at the Instituto Agronômico, Campinas, Brasil. The objetive of the study was to determine the degree and causes of self-sterility in the species C. canephora. In tests involving a large number of self-pollinations in flowers of this species, all were self-sterile and formed, no seed. In tests of cross-pollinations involving C. canephora approximately 50 percent were effective in the formation of seed. Cytological studies showed that the formation of the embryo-sac and pollen grains in C. canephora can be considered normal. Likewise a study of the pollen of this species on artificial media under controlled conditions, showed 55 percent germination and this was considered sufficient to bring about fertilization. In contrast, the cytological investigations of self-pollinated flowers showed that the number of pollen grains that germinated was very small and of those that did germinate, the formed pollen-tube was short and did not extend beyond the stigmatic papillae. Observations on compatible cross-pollinations on C. canephora showed that a large number of pollen grains germinated and that usually there were several pollen-tubes within the style. However, the rate of growth of pollen-tubes in C. canephora was found to be much slower that in C. arabica. The present investigation has shown that in flowers of C. canephora there is a very high degree of self-sterility and this has been related to poor germination of the pollen grains and subsequent limitation in the development of pollen tubes.

Dados já publicados sobre produção de frutos e rendimento em sementes, de progênies do café Mundo Novo, foram reclassificados com base na existência de duas classes distintas de plantas : a) aquelas heterozigotas (Dd), em que há ocorrência de endosperma discóide e conseqüente formação de maior quantidade de frutos chochos ; e b) aquelas homozigotas (DD) em que o endosperma é normal e por conseguinte os frutos são normais. Verificou-se que o peso da produção em frutos das plantas Dd é, em média, maior que o das plantas DD. A ocorrência do endosperma discóide, no entanto, acarreta um rendimento menor em sementes, para igual peso de frutos. O resultado final em peso de sementes chega a pender em favor das plantas DD, sem, no entanto, haver uma diferença estatisticamente significativa. A existência de plantas Dd nos cafezais é, portanto, prejudicial, uma vez que, para produzir mais frutos elas retiram maior quantidade de elementos minerais do solo ; a maior produção exige maior mão de obra na colheita ; e o pêso do produto final, café beneficiado, não é compensador, pois não é superior ao das plantas DD. As fontes de sementes são várias, atualmente ; se o fornecedor não faz qualquer seleção, as plantas com o defeito tendem a diminuir ; se o fornecedor, imaginando que faz seleção, escolhe as plantas aparentemente mais produtivas, o defeito aumentará na nova plantação ; se o fornecedor das sementes leva em consideração a produtividade e ao mesmo tempo a não ocorrência de frutos chochos, a nova plantação estará pràticamente isenta do defeito. Sómente as sementes certificadas pelo Instituto Agronômico apresentam a garantia de produzir exclusivamente plantas DD. Evidence presented in previous papers indicated that two classes of plants are present in ordinary populations of Mundo Novo coffee (Coffea arabica L.) : a) heterozygotes (Dd) in which the occurrence of "discoid endosperm" is responsible for the increased number of empty fruit locules ; b) homozygotes (DD) in which this abnormal type of endosperm doesn't occur and which only rarely form empty fruit locules. Fruit and seed yields, and percentage of empty locules of various progenies of Mundo Novo coffee were reported by others. These data were regrouped by the authors so as to permit a comparison of the fruit and seed yields of the two above-mentioned genetical classes of plants. The mean yield of fruits produced by Dd plants was higher than that given by DD plants. Since, however, those plants had a higher percentage of empty locule, seed yield was reduced and there was actually no statistically significant difference in the net weight of seeds produced by the two groups. The presence of Dd trees in coffee plantings is undesirable because they have to bear more fruit to produce the same amount of seed given by DD plants, thus increasing labor in harvesting and processing. There has been a great demand for Mundo Novo seed in recent years, and many coffee growers have established small plantings to produce seed. In lots planted with random unselected seed there is usually a tendency for reduction in number of plants with high percentage of empty locules (Dd) because of the usual increase in homozygosity of the populations. If, however, seed for the plantings is picked from plants that produced high yields of fruits, the frequency of plants with the defect in the plantings made with such seed will be increased. When fruit and seed yields are taken into account, and seeds from heterozygous plants are discarded, the planting for seed will be practically free of trees bearing fruits with empty locules. The examination of a small number of fruits per tree to detect presence or absence of empty locules with discoid endosperm provides a quick test for heterozygous (Dd) plants. At present only seeds from plantings certified by the Instituto Agronômico de Campinas are guaranteed to be reasonably free from possessing the factors (Dd) responsible for empty locules.

Com o objetivo de conhecer a quantidade de nitrogênio do ar fixado simbiòticamente pelas bactérias que vivem associadas às raízes da soja foi instalado o presente experimento, em vasos de Mitscherlich contendo terra-roxa-misturada, sendo os seguintes os tratamentos empregados: 1) testemunha; 2) NPK; 3) NPK + calcário; 4) NPK + inoculante; 5) NPK + calcário + inoculante; 6) PK + calcário + inoculante; 7) PK + calcário. O ensaio foi conduzido até a época do florescimento das plantas, quando então foram colhidas a parte aérea e a subterrânea, sêcas e analisadas em seu teor de nitrogênio. Os resultados obtidos permitem concluir que a soja não apresentou, neste experimento, grande capacidade fixadora de nitrogênio do ar atmosférico. The experiment reported in this paper was carried out to determine the amount of nitrogen fixed from the air by nodule bacteria associated with soybean roots. The soybean plants were sown in Mitscherlich pots filled with the "terra-roxa-misturada" type of soil that had received the following treatments: 1) check; 2) NPK; 3) NPK 4- limestone; 4) NPK + inoculant; 5) NPK + limestone + + inoculant; 6) PK + limestone + inoculant; and 7) PK + limestone. When the plants started to blossom, both the aerial part, as well as the roots were collected separately, dried, and analysed for their nitrogen content. The soil was also analysed prior to planting and after the plants had been harvested. The results indicated that under the conditions of the experiment the symbiotic association - nodule bacteria plus soybean - did not show, a great capacity for fixing nitrogen from the air.

Com o objetivo de estudar a adubação do arroz de sequeiro, foram instalados cinco ensaios na variação Lins dos Solos Podzolizados de Lins e Marília, escolhendo-se os locais de acôrdo com o teor de fósforo. Utilizou-se ocultivar 'Pratão' e o delineamento fatorial 3³ para N, P e K, acrescentando-se um tratamento extra com microelementos. Sòmente em uma localidade houve reação ao nitrogênio. Houve forte reação à adubação fosfatada, mostrando-se a aplicação de 60 kg/ha de P2O5 suficiente para atingir o máximo de produção. Os locais em que o teor de PO4-³ solúvel em H2SO4 0,05 N no solo era igual ou maior que 0,08 e.mg por 100 g de terra, não mostraram efeitos benéficos da adubação com fósforo. O potássio induziu aumentos de produção em apenas uma localidade. A mistura de microelementos não proporcionou acréscimos de produção em quaisquer dos ensaios. Upland rice is one of the principal cultures in the State of São Paulo. However, there is no doubt that the productivity of this crop is low. Among the problems that are responsible for this low productivity is the lack or deficient use of fertilizers. The N, P, K and microelements were then considered. The present paper shows the results of five fertilizer experiments with upland rice, in which the cultivar 'Pratão' was used. The scheme was a factorial 3x3x3 with an extra treatment for microelements and the experiments were installed on Podzolized Soils on Calcareous Sendstone Lins variation. Through chemical analysis of a great number of soils, the places were chosen. For this purpose special consideration was given to the e.mg PO4-³ per 100 f of soil content. Nitrogen only affected the production in one place, in which the plant residues of corn were incorporated in the soil. Under 0.08 e.mg PO4-5 per 100 g of soil, phosphorus affected the production of rice. The use of 60 kg/ha of P2O5 was sufficient for the higher yields. The use of potassium was efficient in only one place. No beneficial effect was noted with the use of microelements.

Com a finalidade de verificar as transformações por que passam os tubérculos de batatinha durante o período de conservação, quer sob condições normais de armazém, quer em câmaras frigoríficas, estudos foram feitos no que diz respeito aos teores de matéria sêca, acidez, fécula, açúcares e proteínas, bem como sôbre a brotação. Três variedades de batatinhas foram empregadas - Tedria, Bintje e Konst 48-51. Os resultados revelaram diferenças altamente significativas para variedades e tratamentos, quanto aos teores de matéria sêca, enquanto para fécula, açúcares, acidez e proteína, apenas entre tratamentos. Foram encontradas correlações significativas-negativas entre fécula X acidez, e significativas-positivas entre açúcares X acidez, acidez X matéria sêca e acidez X proteína. Não foram obtidas correlações significativas entre proteína x fécula, açúcares X proteína, matéria sêca X proteína e açúcares X matéria sêca. Quanto à brotação, ficou evidenciado que um período inicial de 20 dias de frio contribui para encurtar o período de dormência das variedades, principalmente das mais tardias de brotação, como foi o caso da Konst 48-51. In this paper an attempt was made to study the possible transformations which the potato tubers go through during the storage period both under normal storage conditions and under refrigerated-chamber conditions as well as with the consertvation alternating and varying under each of these conditions. Records were made of the analyses of the tubers concerning their contents of dry matter, acidity, starch, sugars and protein. Likewise sprouting was recorded. Three varieties were used in these tests : Tedria, Bintje and Konst 48-51. The results obtained revealed highly significant differences for varieties and for treatments, with regard to contents of dry matter, whereas, on the ether hand, these differences were for starch, sugars, acidity and protein among treatments only. Negative significant correlations were found between starch and acidity, positive significant ones between sugars and acidity, acidity and dry matter, and acidity and protein. Regarding sprouting, it was made evident that an initial period of 20 days of cold weather contributes to the effect of shortening the period of dormancy of the varieties mainly of the most belated in sprouting as was the case with Konst 48-51.

Dando prosseguimento ao Estudo da Cultura Canavieira na região de Piracicaba, são apresentadas, com base no estudo de fotografias aéreas, as principais características dessa cultura no ano de 1962. Considerando-se os municípios de Rio das Pedras, Mombuca, Capivari e Rafard, foram determinados os dados de áreas cultivadas, localização das culturas e usinas, aspectos das culturas e dos terrenos empregados. Pursuing research work about sugarcane cultures in the region of Piracicaba, their main characteristics were studied in this paper, for the year 1962, based on aerial photographs. Taking into consideration such districts as Rio das Pedras, Mombuca, Capivari and Rafard, a large number of data was determined, of areas under cultivation, localization of cultures and factories, aspects of cultures and of lands used for this crop.

Como o milho é freqüentemente cultivado em solo anteriormente ocupado pela cultura algodoeira, achou-se conveniente verificar se o BHC empregado nesta última cultura poderia permanecer no solo e prejudicar aquela planta. Com êste objetivo fêz-se um ensaio em vasos de Mitscherlich, no qual diferentes doses de BHC foram incorporadas à terra. As doses de BHC empregadas foram correspondentes àquelas recebidas pelo solo no fim de 1, 2, 3, 4 e 5 anos de cultura algodoeira, tratada com a quantidade oficialmente recomendada daquele inseticida (108,5 kg/ha/ano, de BHC contendo 2% de isômero-gama). Nos vasos, onde as condições eram as mais favoráveis para o manifestação dos efeitos tóxicas do BHC, a decomposição dêste inseticida na terra foi suficientemente rápida para que os efeitos tóxicos de uma dose três vezes mais forte do que a oficialmente recomendada desaparecessem completamente no fim de dois anos. Nas condições de cultura os efeitos tóxicos do inseticida devem ser ainda bem menos intensos. Não são de se esperar, pois, prejuízos à cultura do milho, causados pelo acúmulo de BHC no solo, quando aquela fôr feita em terreno anteriormente ocupado pela cultura algodoeira, desde que nesta a quantidade empregada do inseticida, não tenho sido muito diferente daquela oficialmente recomendada. Corn is frequently cultivated on soil previously used for cotton. Cotton plantings usually receive heavy applications of BHC for insect control, what might lead to an accumulation of the insecticide in the soil. An attempt was made to verify whether varying amounts of BHC added to a sandy soil in Mitscherlich pots would injury corn plants. The amounts added were calculated on an area basis to correspond to those received by the land at the end of 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 years of cotton cultivation when BHC is applied at the yearly rate of 108 kg per hectare. Other types of soil were not used in this experiment because the toxic effects of this insecticide seem to be more serious on sandy soils. Other techniques employed in this work were exactly the same described in a previous paper (1). The experiment was terminated one month after sowing and the weights of the plant tops and roots were determined. The soil from the pots was passed through a sieve after harvesting, returned to the pots and left undisturbed for one year. Corn was then planted a second time on the same soil. In the first planting, dose 1 had no injurious effect on plant growth, but the heavier doses depressed it severely. In the second planting only doses 4 and 5 showed injurious effects, but injury was less severe than that in the first planting. The results seem to indicate that there is practically no risk that residual BHC in the soil from a previous cotton planting that received standard applications of the insecticide will injury corn plants raised on the same land the following year.

O dimorfismo dos ramos tem sido observado em vários gêneros de plantas, tais como Gossypium, Theobroma, Hedera, Musa, Araucária, Castilla, bem como em Coffea. Tal fenômeno se carateriza por uma diferenciação somática, que, na maioria dos casos, é permanente, podendo-se propagar as diferentes formas pela reprodução vegetativa. Como acontece nos representantes de Coffea, tal dimorfismo se carateriza por diferenças no hábito de crescimento, isto é, na direção dos ramos. Assim, a extremidade de um ramo ponteiro (ortotrópico) reproduz, quando enxertada, uma planta normal, ao passo que a de um ramo lateral (plagiotrópico) somente dará origem a ramos laterais. Em se tratando de um fenômeno tanto de interesse teórico como de importância prática (para a propagação vegetativa), resolveu-se fazer uma série de investigações em tôrno dêsse assunto, cujos primeiros resultados os autores relatam no presente trabalho. Apresentaram-se, em primeiro lugar, as observações feitas com referência à natureza das gemas existentes nas axilas das fôlhas de plantas novas, tanto na haste principal, como nos ramos laterais. Verificou-se que: a) no eixo hipocotiledonar não há indícios da existência de gemas ; b) na axila das fôlhas cotiledonares há um grupo de gemas dormentes, que são despertadas, dando origem a ramos ortotrópicos, quando o eixo epicotiledonar é cortado abaixo do primeiro par de fôlhas primárias; c) o aparecimento de gemas, que dão ramos laterais (plagiotrópicos), só ocorre pela primeira vez, nas axilas do oitavo ao décimo primeiro par de folhas ; observou-se que certas estruturas genéticas impedem a formação de ramos plagiotrópicos mesmo até o trigésimo terceiro par de fôlhas ; d) nas axilas da haste principal, possuidoras de gemas que dão origem a ramos plagiotrópicos, ocorrem também duas e, mais raramente, três outras, que produzem ramos ortotrópicos, e que se desenvolvem quando se suprime o eixo principal da planta ; (às vêzes também aí ocorrem gemas de um terceiro tipo, que dão origem a inflorescências); e) as axilas das fôlhas dos ramos plagiotrópicos sòmente encerram gemas que dão nascimento a ramos plagiotrópicos ou a inflorescências, mas nunca a ramos ortotrópicos ; em algumas combinações genéticas, as gemas de inflorescências não se desenvolvem, sendo intensa a produção de ramos laterais secundários na época normal de florescimento do cafeeiro. Foram feitas várias combinações de enxertos, verificando-se que não há mudanças no hábito de crescimento dos ramos. A diferenciação dos ramos plagiotrópicos revelou ser permanente e imutável. O mesmo fenômeno se verifica em estacas enraizadas. Depois de se mencionar a variabilidade do ângulo que os ramos laterais formam com a haste principal, fêz-se referência especial à variedade erecta de Coffea arabica, que constitui uma mutação dominante em relação ao tipo normal, caraterizando-se por possuir ramos laterais verticais. As experiências de enxertia revelaram que, mesmo nesta variação, persiste o dimorfismo, pois as plantas obtidas pela enxertia de ramos laterais só formam arbustos baixos, apesar de os ramos crescerem em sentido vertical. Também aqui, para se obter uma planta enxertada erecta normal, é preciso enxertar a extremidade de um ramo ponteiro. Foram citadas algumas hipóteses que talvez expliquem êsse fenômeno. Chamou-se a atenção para o fato de a diferenciação já se processar nas gemas, apesar de os dois tipos de gemas vegetativas coexistirem, como acontece nas axilas das fôlhas, ao longo da haste principal.Dimorphism has been noted to occur in the branches of various plant genera such as Gossypium, Theobroma, Hedera, Musa, Araucária, Castilla and also in Coffea. This phenomenon is characterised by a somatic differentiation, which is usually of a permanent nature and can be propagated vegetatively . With Coffea, this dimorphism is characterised by differences in growth direction of the branches. When the tip of an upright growing (orthotropic) branch, is grafted on a seedling, a normal plant is obtained, but when the growing tip of a lateral (plagiotropic) branch, is grafted in a similiar manner, an abnormal plant is produced having only lateral branches. As this phenomenon is of both theoretical and practical value a series of investigations were carried out, the preliminary results of which are presented in this paper. The nature of the buds found in the leaf axils on the main stem and lateral branches were studied and it was found that : a) on the axis beneath the cotyledons no buds were found or none were developed following cutting of the main stem below the cotyledons. b) in the axils of the cotyledons a group of dormant buds exist which can develop into orthotropic branches, when the main axis is cut below the first pair of permanent leaves. c) buds which develop into lateral (plagiotropic) branches, ordinarilly first appear in the axils of the eighth to eleventh pair of leaves. It was observed that in plants with certain genetic constitution the formation of plagiotropic branches first occurred in the 33rd pair of leaves. d) in the leaf axils on the main stem, which produce buds giving origin to a plagio" tropic branch, there also occur two or sometimes three other buds, which may develop into orthotropic branches when the main axis of the plant is eliminated. Rarely also a third type of buds occurs there which may produce flowers. e) the leaf axils of plagiotropic branches contain flower buds and buds which give origin to plagiotropic branches only and never to orthotropic branches. On coffee plants with certain genetic constitution, the flower buds do not develop but an abundant secondary branching at the time of flowering takes place. By means of several graft combinations it was possible to show that no modifications of the original growth direction of the scion branch occur. The differentation into plagiotropic branches was found to be permanent and irreversible. The same irreversible condition was observed to be true of rooted stem cuttings of plagiotropic branches. A special study was made of Coffea arabica var. erecta, a dominant mutant, which has upright growing lateral branches. Experiments revealed that even in this coffee genotype dimorphism exists, as grafts obtained from lateral branches only formed low shrubs, in spite of the fact their branches grew upright. Even with this specific genotype it was found necessary to use the tips of orthotropic branches in order to obtain normal plant development. Several hypothesis are presented which might explain this phenomenon. Attention is called to the fact that the buds which exist close together in the leaf axils of the main stem have already differentiated into either the orthotropic or plagiotropic form and that their subsequent growth will be governed by this prior differentation.

São apresentados os resultados de um ensaio de variedades de morangueiro (Fragariahíbridos). Estudaram-se a produção total do ano e a parcial dos dois primeiros meses de colheita, quando é maior o valor do produto. As maiores produções totais foram obtidas com as seguintes variedades: Híbrido IAC-3976, Híbrido IAC-2529, Monte Alegre IAC-3113, Campinas IAC-2712 e Híbrido IAC-2748. Dessas variedades apenas Campinas IAC-2712 e Monte Alegre IAC-3113 deram boas produções precoces. Com relação às características comerciais do produto, como precoci-dade, tamanho, paladar, coloração e firmeza dos frutos, destacaram-se as variedades: Campinas IAC-2712 e Monte Alegre IAC-3113. In Brazil the strawberry plant has been grown on a domestic scale in kitchen gardens for quite a number of years. As a commercial crop, however, it is of fairly recent date. In the State of São Paulo this crop has already attained a decisive level of importance. At the Central Experiment Station "Theodureto de Camargo", in Campinas, since 1941, and at the Experiment Station Monte Alegre, as from 1952 onward, not less than 54 varieties and 2,600 seedlings were studied, the latter being hybrids obtained locally or introduced from other States or from other countries. In this paper the results obtained in 1967 at the Experiment Station of Monte Alegre do Sul of a strawberry variety are presented. The variety "Dr. Morère", also known as "Comum", formerly the most cultivated in the State of São Paulo, was used as check plant. Nine varieties were studied. The total production from June to December and also the partial one of June-July was studied, when the prices of strawberry are the highest, because harvest is beginning and also because fruits are bigger. The statistical analysis of data obtained showed the following results: a) concerning the total production, the varieties: Hybrid IAC-3976, H IAC-2529, Monte Alegre IAC-3113 and Campinas IAC-2712 without differing among themselves, were superior to Hydrid IAC-3432 and "Dr. Morère" I-699 or "Comum" to the level of 1%; b) considering the partial production, variety Campinas IAC-2712 was superior to all the others to the level of 1% and variety Monte Alegre IAC-3113, without differing from variety Campinas IAC-2712, was superior to all the others to the level of 1%. Among the varieties studied the following have shown the best qualities: Campinas IAC-2712 and Monte Alegre IAC-3113.

São relatados resultados de três anos de estudos em ensaio de campo para verificar o uso consuntivo da água pela cana-de-açúcar em solo do tipo roxa-legítima. O ensaio foi instalado em talhão de cana da Estação Experimental de Ribeirão Preto. De 14 em 14 dias foram colhidas amostras de solo, entre fileiras de cana, às profundidades de 0-25, 25-50, 50-75 e 75-100 cm, e determinados, em estufa, os teores de umidade. Foram organizados gráficos para indicar as quantidades de água disponível, perdida ou evaporada, bem como para prever a ocorrência da fase crítica de necessidade de irrigação e estimar os períodos e quantidades de água a serem aplicadas. Tais gráficos mostram que, em geral, a irrigação seria necessária nos meses de julho a outubro, no local onde o experimento foi instalado. This paper reports and discusses results referring to a field trial set up to determine the water needs of the sugar cane. Soil samples were taken from five locations at approximately two-week intervals and at the depths of 0-25, 25-50, 50-75 and 75-10 cm for soil moisture determination. The wilting point and moisture equivalent values used in the experiment were the same as determined for coffee plant experiments. Most of the roots of the sugar cane are found in the upper 50 cm of the soil. If we assume an average of 52 mm stored in the root zone as available to the crops and one plans to irrigate when seventy per cent of available moisture is used up in order to allow for unevenness in root and water distribution in the soil, the irrigation should be scheduled when the crop has used 36 mm of the soil moisture storage. With an average use of 3.0 mm per day during the dry season, irrigation is required about every twelve days unless moisture is replenished by rainfall. For the required replenishment of 36 mm of moisture it is necessary to apply about 60 mm, if the irrigation efficiency is calculated at a 60 per cent level.