Search

Twelve species of the genus Archytas Jennicke, 1867, eight of which described as new are studied and figured in detail. Definitions of the species are based mainly on characters of male genitalia. The male genital characters are the most significant for separation of the species and most demonstrative of their affinities. By examining a long series of species of this genus we came to the conclusion that the presence of one pair of median marginal bristles on the third abdominal tergite seems to be characteristic of the genus. This caracter apparently so important, is not however considered fundamental. The most significant example is found in Archytas lenkoi sp. n. and Archytas vexor Curran, 1928. In A. lenkoi we can find one or two pairs or thay may, less frquently, be absent. In A. vexor these bristles are lacking. The shape of the male copulatory apparatus of Jurinia nitidiventris Curran, 1928 refered to by CURRAN in his "Revision of Archytas", is not characteristic of any species of the group and so, is not considered in this paper. To help in the identification, the species studied here are divided into groups. The analis group" includes: A. apicifer (Walker, 1894), A. californiae (Walker, 1856), A. nivalis Curran, 1928, a. giacomellii (Blanchard, 1941), A. basifulvus (Walker, 1849), A. incasanus Townsend, 1912 and A. cirphis Curran, 1927. The identification of members of these group is extremely difficult owing both to their similarity in colour pattern and to their variability. They all have black testaceous or dark brown abdomen, the last segment pale or brownish pollinose; second segment without bristles; third with a pair of strong marginals, fourth and fifth with two rows of discals on apical third. The final determination often rests upon the structure of the male copulatory apparatus. Fortunately in this group, many of the forcipes superiores and palpi genitalium are strikingly different from one another. The "zikani group" includes: A. zikani sp. n., A seabrai sp. n., A. duckei sp. n. and A. vernalis Curran, 1928. This group may be characterized as follows: forcipes interiores absent; forcipes superiores strongly chitinized an dilated at anex. Within this group, the forcipes of. A. seabrai sp. n. do not present an aberrant form. The "dissimilis group" will be studied in forthcoming papers. The limits of the genus Archyta Jaen. are not as yet sharply difined, the evaluation of the significance of each character used in the definition remaining as most difficult problem. The distinction between Archytas and other related genera is very difficult, chiefly because it is based on variable characters. In this paper we place the genera Parafabricia Towsend, 1931, Itachytas Blanchard, 1940, Archynemochaeta Blanchard, 1941, Proarchytoides Blanchard, 1941 and Archytodejeania Blanchard, 1941 in the synonymy of Archytas Jaen. The detailed examination of the characters used in their definition, proved them to be fundamentally proposed on basis of chaetotasy, these characters alone being precarious, because of the considerabel intraspecifical variation. The type of the new species are in the Oswaldo Cruz Institute collection. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and paratypes in the collections of the followings institutions: Departamento de Zoologia da Secretaria de Agricultura do Estado de São Paulo; Instituto de Ecologia e Experimemtação Agrícolas; Departamento de Defesa Sanitária Vegetal; Campos Seabra collection; and Barbiellini collection.

In a rpevious paper it was shown that the ecolocogical succession phenomenon is correlated with the phylogenetic progression. Also, in "indifferent genera", following well stablished evolutionary trends, it was found that the species of generalized morphology pertain to the pioneer's habitants, while the more differentiated species are confined to more stabilized habitats (DIRECT METHOD). Among the "characteristic genera", it was also found that the monotopics occur with higher relative frequency in the final stages of the succession, while those genera with a dispersion area covering more than one biogeographical realm have a higher relative frequency in the pioneer stages. Taking the monotopic genera, with exepcion of the occasional very rare relics, as modern ones, and the polytopics as the older genera, the above mentioned correlation is again indicated. (INDIRECT METHOD). In the present paper the use of the "indirect method" as applied to plant populations has been demonstrated.

Foram examinadas 38 amostras de germens do grupo pullorumgallinarum, de origem européa, americana ou isoladas no Brasil, acompanhadas bacteriologicamente durante 3 annos, na fixidez de suas propriedades ou na possibilidade de sua transformação dum typo em outro. a) Distinguiram-se no estudo das propriedades cinco typos de germens no grupo pullorumgallinarum - 1) pullorum gazogeno, 2) pullorum não gazogeno, 3) intermedius, 4) gallinarum ou intermedius? gazogeno, 5) gallinarum não gazogeno. Os 2 primeiros e o 5º já bem cinhecidos e acceitos; o 4º admittido por Beck & Eber, em 1929, o 3º evidenciado por nós em 1935. b) O typo gallinarum gazogeno deve ser mais propriamente talvez considerado como typo intermedius gazogeno a vista de sua acção sobre sorbita e a xylose e sobre o meio de Jordan. c) O quadro final resume as caracteristicas mais importantes destes cinco typos, baseando-se a differenciação principalmente na alteração do vermelho neutro, na produção de H²S, na fermentação de glycerina, rhamnose, xylose, dulcita, sorbita e maltose, na acção sobre o tartaro, na producção de gaz e no aspecto das colonias na superficie de certos meios de cultura. d) Outras propriedades biologicas examinadas - acção sobre o leite, sôro de leite, dextrina, etc, admitidos por varios pesquizadores na differenciação, parecem distituidas de valor. e) As amostras mantiveram fixas as suas propriedades durante todo o tempo em que foram acompanhadas. A hypothese de uma possivel transformação de um typo em outro não foi confirmada em nenhuma das amostras estudadas, justificando a entidade dos varios typos admittidos. f) Discrepancias observadas na fermentação da maltose, referidas por varios pesquizadores com germens desse grupo, não foram confirmadas no presente trabalho. g) Encontrou-se no sôro sanguineo um factor capaz de transformar a maltose em glycose, tornando aquelle assucar fermentescivel. Essa substancia é thermo-estavel e resiste á acção de substancias antidiastasicas. h) A analyse sôrologica das amostras estudadas não permittiu differenciar os typos entre si. Thirty eight strains of microorganisms of the pullorum-gallinarum group, of European, American or Brazilian origin were investigated bacteriologically in order to ascertain as to the fixity of their properties and the possibility of transforming a strain in another. a) Five types could be distinguished in our strains: 1 - gasogenic pullorum; 2 - non-gasogenic pullorum; 3 - intermedius; 4 - gasogenic gallinarum?; 5 - non-gasogenic gallinarum. The first, two and fifth types are well known and recognized by specialists; the fourth group has been recognized by Beck & Eber, in 1920; the third group was recognized by ourselves, in 1935. b) The table found in this paper summarizes the most important characteristics of these five types. The changes produced on neutral red, H²S production, fermentation of glycerol, isodulcitol, xylose, dulcite, sorbitol and maltose, the activity upon Seignette salt, gas production and appearance of the colonies, are among the characteristics on which the distinction of these five types is founded. c) The gasogenic gallinarum type, on account of its action on sorbitol and xylose, and also on Jordan's medium, must be rather considered as a gasogenic intermedius type. d) Other biological characteristics, such as activity upon milk, milk-whey, dextrin, etc., accepted by several specialists, appeared as of no practical value to the distinction of the different types of our strains. e) The strains kept their properties invariable during all the time of our investigations. The hypothesis of a possible transformation of one type into another has not been confirmed in any of the studied strains and this justifies the idea of independence of each one of the accepted types. f) Some discrepances in fermentation of maltose as found by several authors in microorganisms of this group, have been not confirmed in this paper. g) In blood horse serum a factor capable of transforming maltose was found making it fermentative. This substance is thermostable and resistent to some antidiastatic substances. h) The serological analysis of the studied strains did not allow a antigenic distinction among the different types of the bacterial group.

No presente trabalho estudamos o comportamento de alguns ciliados do genero Balantidium nas culturas em meios artificiaes. Utilisamos de preferencia nesses estudos o meio para ameba de Dobell e Laidlaw, enriquecidos com amido de arroz. As especies com que trabalhamos foram: B. coli isolado do homem; Balantidium sp. do porco e B. simile do Macaca mulatta. A especie originaria do homem, foi por nós cultivada com grande facilidade durante um tempo bastante longo, fazendo-se os repiques com o espaço de 24 e 48 horas. Observamos com grande constancia nessa especie o apparecimento do phenomeno de conjugação nas culturas de 24 horas (cultura original ou repiques). Os pares eram constituidos por fórmas pequenas medindo em média 38,6 X 32,1 micra ao contrario das fórmas neutras que mediam em média 75,5 X 57,8 micra, sendo de notar que fórmas pequenas eram tambem encontradas em grande numero isoladas (preconjugantes). Essas fórmas se caracterisavam nos preparados corados, não só pelo seu tamanho como tambem pela grande dimensão do micronucleo que tinha em média 6 micra de diametro. Pelo estudo do material corado verificamos que os elementos depois de se reunirem pela região do peristoma dando origem aos pares, soffrem 2 divisões successivas (mitoses) do micronucleo e dos 4 elementos assim formados, 3 soffrem degeneração, vindo o restante novamente a se dividir para formar os pronucleos em torno dos quaes se processa uma condensação do plasma. Depois da troca dos pronucleos migradores que se vão collocar em cada um dos elementos em conjugação ao lado dos pronucleos estacionarios, dá-se a formação de 2 fuzos de divisão, parallelos (gonomeria) só então processando a fuzão dos 2 pronucleos (estacionario e migrador). Dos 2 novos elementos originados dessa divisão, um vae constituir o novo micronucleo e o outro depois de soffrer nova mitose, vae dar origem a duas placentas que crescendo pouco a pouco vão se fundir mais tarde para dar origem ao novo macronucleo. Os macronucleos dos elementos que entraram em conjugação, permanecem durante quasi todo o phenomeno embora em via de degeneração por picnose, fragmentando-se mais tarde para serem reabsorvidos na pahse em que se processa a fusão dos pronucleos. O Balantidium sp. existente nas fézes do porco, foi tambem por nós cultivado com grande facilidade, occorrendo o phenomeno de conjugação constantemente nas culturas de 24 horas. Com o B. simile parasita do M. mulatta o resultado foi completamente differente. Essa especie é dificil de cultivar e só se obtem resultados usando certos artificios de technica taes como juncção de uma substancia tampão ao meio de cultura conseguindo-se então uma intensa proliferação do ciliado 24 horas depois da sementeira, quer nos tubos iniciaes como nos repiques (4ª a 5ª passagem). Essa especie ao contrario da do homem e da do porco absolutamente não conjunga nas culturas e isso podemos affirmar baseados em longa observação. Nas culturas se passa identico facto ao que já foi por nós observado e descripto em material de fézes de M. mulatta, isto é, a « Endomixia ». Nos preparados corados feitos com o material das primeiras culturas como dos repiques, pudemos observar toda a evolução do phenomeno, isto é, desde as fórmas iniciaes (mitose do micronucleo e inicio de degeneração do macronucleo) até as phases finaes do processo. Nesse material verificamos mais uma vez, de maneira clara que a formação do micronucleo se faz a custa de uma das placentas como já tivemos occasião de assignalar em nosso trabalho acima referido. Nelson em recente trabalho (Observations and Experiments on Conjugation of the Balantidium from the Chimpanzee - Amer, Jour. of Hyg., Vol. 20, nº 1, 1934), põe em duvida o phenomeno de endomixia estudado por nós nessa especie de Balantidium. A affirmação desse autor não merece ser discutida por não ter elle apresentado a unica prova que poderia invalidar a nossa observação e que seria, a demonstração da existencia de pares de conjugantes, facto esse que o proprio autor declara nunca ter observado em material que teve occasião de estudar. Quanto ao nosso material que Nelson diz ter examinado temos a declarar se tratar apenas de algumas laminas nas quaes podiam ser vistas algumas das phases do phenomeno e que foram cedidas por nós ao Professor Hegner quando de passagem pelo Brasil. Baseados em longas pesquisas, concluimos que o Ealantidium simile representa uma especie de ciliado em que a conjugação parece tersido substituida de maneira permanente, pelo phenomeno de endomixia. Facto identico occorre, segundo estudos nossos ainda ineditos, em um grupo de ciliados, ito é, na familia Cyathodiniidae. Para esses ciliados propomos aqui a denominação de ciliados azygoticos ou parthenogeneticos.We report here on the behaviour of some Ciliates of te genus Balantidium in artificial culture media. For this study we have employed mainly Dobell and Laidlaw's amoeba medium to which rice starch was added. We investigated Balantidium coli, isolated from man; Balantidium sp., from the pig; and Balantidium simile, from Macaca mulatta, the Rhesus monkey. We could cultivate the human parasite very casily for a long time, transplanting it every 24 to 48 hours. Conjugation was very constantly observed in this species in culture about 24 hours old, either original cultures or transplants. The conjugants are found in pairs as small forms about 38,6 X 32,1 micra. The neutral individuals reach an average size of 75,5 X 57,8 micra. Small isolated preconjugant forms were also found in large numbers. These pre-conjugant forms in stained slides could be distinguished not only by their small size but also by the large size of their micronulcei which reached an average of 6 micra in diameter. The study of the stained material shows that the conjugants associate in pairs attaching themselves one to another by their peristomal region. Then their micronuclei divide twice by mitosis. From the four micronuclei thus three degenerate the remaining one dividing again in order to form the pronuclei around which a condensation of the cytoplasm is produced. After the exchange og the migratory pronuclei takes place, they are found in cach of the conjugants side by side with the stationary pronuclei. In each pair of pronuclei two mitotic spindles are formed, paralled one to another (gonomery) the fusion of both pronuclei (stationary and migratory) only then taking place. From both nuclei formed by this mitotic division simultaneous to the nuclear fusion, two new nuclei result one of which will become the new micronucleus. The other new nucleus divide again to form two placentae which will slowly grow and then fuse again to form the new macronucleus. The macronuclei originally found in both conjugants in spite of being found to degenerate by pycnosis are usually seen throughout almost all the conjugating process. Later on they break up in fragments which are reabsorved during the stage of pronuclear fusion. The species of Balantidium occurring in the pig was also very easily cultivated, conjugation being constantly observed in 24 hours old cultures. In Balantidium simile things were quite different. This species is difficult to cultivate, good results being obtained only when special technique is used as, for instance, when a buffer is added to the culture medium. In such a case abundant growth and multiplication of the Ciliate is seen after 24 hours either in the original cultures or in the transplants to the 4th. or 5th. subcultures. On the ground of a prolonged observation we can assert that Balantidium simile, in opposition to what one sees in the human and pig parasites, never conjugate in culture. In the original cultures and transplants of Balantidium simile the same phaenomena occur that we described from the faeces of Macaca mulatta, the Rhesus monkey, that is endomixis. On the stained slides we could observe the entire process, since the appearance of the initial forms (mitosis of the micronucleus and beginning of the degeneration of the macronucleus) until the final stages. Once more in this material we could see in a very clear way that the micronucleus is formed from one of the placentae, as we had the opportunity to show in a previous paper. Nelson in a recent paper (Observations and Experiments on Conjugation of the Balantidium from the Chimpanzee - American Journal of Hygiene, vol 20, n. 1, 1934), express his doubts about the phaenomena of endomixis we described in Balantidium simile. This author's opinion does not deserve discussion since he did not present the only proof that could invalidate our conclusions, that is the demonstration of the occurrence of pairs of conjugants, a fact he never succeeded to observe in the material at his disposal. As for our material that Nelson says to have examined it consists only in a few slides we gave to Professor Hegner when he visited Brazil. In these slides some stages of endomixis could be seen. On the ground of long lasting researches we conclude that Balantidium simile is a Ciliate in which conjugation seems to have disappeared and been relaced entirely and permanently by endomixis. According to our researches a similar fact accurs among another group of Ciliates, the families Cyathodiniidae and Enterophrydae. We propose to name azygotic or parthenogenetic the Ciliates in which this phaenomenon is observed.

According to E. Chagas (1938), South-American Kala Azar is a widespread disease from the jungle, several cases being reported from North Brazil (Estado do Pará: Marajó Island, Tocantins and Gurupi river valleys; Estados do Piauí and Ceará: coast and hinterland). Other cases were found in Northeast Brazil (Estados de Pernambuco, Alagôas and Sergipe: coast and hinterland; Estado da Bahia: hinterland). A few cases were described from Estado de Mato-Grosso (Brazil), Provincia de Salta and Território do Chaco (Argentine), and Zona contestada do Chaco (Paraguai-Bolívia). A well defined secondary anemia associated with enlargement of the liver and spleen are the chief symptoms. Death usually occurs in cachexia and with symptoms of heart failure. Half the patients were children aged less than ten years (CHAGAS, CASTRO & FERREIRA, 1937). Quite exhaustive epidemiological researches performed by CHAGAS, FERREIRA, DEANE, DEANE & GUIMARÃES (1938) in Municipio de Abaeté (Estado do Pará, Brazil) gave the incidence of 1.48% for the natural infection in human, 4.49% in dogs, and 2.63% in cats. The infection was arcribed (CUNHA & CHAGAS, 1937) to a new species of Leishmania (L. chagasi). Latter CUNHA (1938) state, that it is identical to L. infantum. ADLER (1940) found that so far it has been impossible to distinguish L. chagasi from L. infantum by any laboratory test but a final judgment must be reserved until further experiments with different species of sandflies have been carried out. Skin changes in canine Kala Azar were signaled by many workers, and their importance as regards the transmission of the disease is recognized by some of them (ADLER & THEODOR, 1931, 2. CUNHA, 1933). Cutaneous ulcers in naturally infected dogs are referred by CRITIEN (1911) in Malta, by CHODUKIN & SCHEVTSCHENKO (1928) in Taschkent, by DONATIEN & LESTOCQUARD (1929) and by LESTOCQUARD & PARROT (1929) in Algeria, and by BLANC & CAMINOPETROS (1931) in Greece. Depilation is signaled by YAKIMOFF & KOHL-YAKIMOFF (1911) in Tunis, by YAKIMOFF (1915) in Turkestan. Eczematous areas or a condition described as "eczema furfurace" is sometimes noted in the areas of depilation (DONATIEN & LESTOCQUARD). The skin changes noticed by ADLER & THEODOR (1932) in dogs naturally infected with Mediterranean Kala Azar can be briefly summarized as a selective infiltration of macrophages around hair follicles including the sebaceous glands and the presence of infected macrophages in normal dermis. The latter phenomenon in the complete absence of secondary infiltration of round cells and plasma cells is the most striking characteristic of canine Kala Azar and differentiates it from L. tropica. In the more advanced stages the dermis is more cellular than that of normal dogs and may even contain a few small dense areas of infiltration with macrophages and some round cells and polymorphs. The external changes, i. e., seborrhea and depilation are roughly proportional to the number of affected hair follicles. In dogs experimentally infected with South-American Kala Azar the parasites were regularly found in blocks of skin removed from the living animal every fortnight (CUNHA, 1938). The changes noticed by CUNHA, besides the presence of Leishmania, were perivascular and diffuse infiltration of the cutis with mononuclears sometimes more marked near hair follicles, as well as depilation, seborrhea and ulceration. The parasites were first discovered and very numerous in the paws. Our material was obtained from dogs experimentally infected by Dr. A. MARQUES DA CUNHA< and they were the subject of a previous paper by CUNHA (1938). In this study, however, several animals were discarded as it was found that they did develop a superimposed infection by Demodex canis. This paper deals with the changes found in 88 blocks of skin removed from five dogs, two infected with two different canine strains, and three with two distinct human strains of South-American Kala Azar. CUNHA'S valuable material affords serial observations of the cutaneous changes in Kala Azar as most of the blocks of skin were taken every fortnight. The following conclusions were drawn after a careful microscopic study. (1) Skin changes directly induced in the dog by the parasites of South-American Kala Azar may b described as an infiltration of the corium (pars papillaris and upper portion of the reticular layer) by histocytes. Parasites are scanty, at first, latter becoming very numerous in the cytoplasm of such cells. Sometimes the histocytes either embedding or not leishman bodies appear as distinct nodes of infiltration or cell aggregations (histocytic granuloma, Figs. 8 and 22) having a perivascular distribution. The capillary loops in the papillae, the vessels of the sweat glands, the subpapillary plexus, the vertical twigs connecting the superficial and deep plexuses are the ordinary seats of the histocytic Kala Azar granulomata. (2) Some of the cutaneous changes are transient, and show spontaneous tendency to heal. A gradual transformation of the histocytes either containing or not leishman bodies into fixed connective tissue cells or fibroblasts occut and accounts for the natural regression just mentioned. Figs. 3, 5, 18, 19 and 20 are good illustrations of such fibroblastic transformation of the histocytic Kala Azar granulomata. (3) Skin changes induced by the causative organism of South-American Kala Azar are neither uniform nor simultaneous. The same stage may be found in the same dog in different periods of the disease, and not the same changes take place when pieces from several regions are examined in the same moment. The fibroblastic transformation of the histocytic granulomata marking the beginning of the process of repair, e. g., was recognised in dog C, in the 196th as well as in the 213rd (Fig. 18) and 231st (Fig. 19) days after the inoculation. (4) The connective tissue of the skin in dogs experimentally infected with South-American Kala Azar is overflowed by blood cells (monocytes and lymphocytes) besides the proliferation in situ of undifferentiated mesenchymal cells. A marked increase in the number of cells specially the "ruhende Wanderzellen" (Figs. 4 and 15) is noticed even during the first weeks after inoculation (prodomal stage) when no leishman bodies are yet found in the skin. Latter a massive infiltration by amoeboid wandering cells similar to typical blood monocytes (Fig. 21) associated to a small number of lymphocytes and plasma cells (Figs. 9, 17, 21, and 24) indicates that the emigration of blood cells...

The author has studied the influence of acetylcholine solutions directly applied on the motor cortex of dogs, cats monkeys and rabbits. For this purpose small squares of filter paper were soaked in the acetylcholine solution and soon afterwards laid on the motor cortex. Solutions varying from 0,2 to 10 per cent have been experimented. It has been shown that local application of the solutions on the motor points, previously localized by induction coil, produced motor reactions. It has been found, in the dogs that 10 per cent acetylcholine solutions cause localized muscular twitchings (clonus) in almost all the animals experimented. Generalised epileptiform convulsions were obtained in44,4% of the dogs. Convulsions were also obtained by employing 1 per cent solution of acetylcholine. Definite response has been obtained with 0,2 per cent solution. Failure of motor action, pointed out by other authors, has been related to the use of anesthetics. Convulsions were easily produced by rapid light mechanical stimulations of the skin covering the muscles in conection with the excited motor point, and the application on the motor point of acetylcholine. The results on monkeys can be summarized as follows. Two species of monkeys were experimented: Cebus capucinus and Macaca mulata. In the monkeys C. capucinus generalised convulsive reactions were induced with actylcholine solutions in a concentration as low as 0,5 per cent. Motor reaction or convulsive seizeres were obtained in seven of the eight monkeys used. Three monkeys M. mulata were stimulated with 10 per cent acetylcholine solution but only localized muscular contraction hae been observed. Similar results has been obtained on the motor cortex of cats and rabbits. One of the three cats employed has shown epileptiform convulsions and the remaining only localized muscular contractions. In the rabbits muscular twitchings have been also induced. The sensitizing power of eserine on the action of acetylcholine has been also searched. The results indicate that a previous application of eserine solution on the motor center, potentiates the action of acetylcholine. The intensity of the muscular twitchings is greater than the obtained before the application of the eserine solution. Generalised epileptiform convulsions sometimes appeared following the use of lower concentrations of acetylcholine than those previously employed. Experiments have been carried out by injecting eserine and prostigmine by parenteral route. A dosis dufficient for induce small muscular tremors did not enhance obviously the motor effects produced by the application of the acetylcholine solutions on the motor cortex. From seven dogs experimented, all previously tested for convulsive seiruzes by application of 1 and 10 per cent acetylcholine solution with negative results, only one has shown epileptiform convulsions after the injection of prostigmine. Morphine has also been tested as facilitating substance for convulsions induced by acetylcholine. Six from the nine dogs submitted to the experiments, developed epileptiform seizures after injection of morphine and stimulation of the motor cortex with acetylcholine. (Table IV). In another series of experiments atropine and nicotine have been studied as for to their action on the motor effects of acetylcholine. Nicotine has a strong convulsant action, even when employed in very high concentration. Since a depressant effect has not appeared even by the applications of high concentrations of nicotine in the motor corteõ of dogs, unlike the classical observations for the autonomus nervous system, it was not possible to verify the action of acetylcholine on a motor center paralised by nicotine. It is important to not that the motor phenomena observed after the first aplication of acetylcholine, can desappear by the renewal of the pieces of filter paper soaked in the acetylcholine solution. Atropine, either applied on the motor point in low concentration, or injected in sufficient amount for inhibiting the “muscarinic effects” of acetylcholine on the autonomous nervous system, did not prevent the motor reactions of acetylcholine on the cerebral cortex.

The localization of the xanthine oxidase (X.O.) and xanthine dehydrogenase (X.D.) activities in rat liver have been studied using separation of cytoplasmic particles into fractions by differential centrifugation. The results clearly demonstrate that practically all the enzymic activity is present in the supernatant fluid corresponding to the cell sap containing the soluble proteins of the cell. No activity could be detected for the nuclear, mitocondrial and microsomal fractions. The enzymatic activity of the mixture of the four factions was 102 per cent of that of the original homogenate. The distribution of the xanthine dehydrogenase in the protein fractions of the rat serum was accomplished in preliminary experiments by means of 50% ammonium sulphate precipitation and subsequent dialysis against water. All enzymatic activity was confined to the globulin fractions of the serum. Paper electrophoresis was performed and the protein and lipoprotein fractions determined. A method for the localization of the X.D. activity in the protein fractions separated by paper electrophoresis was developed. The results obtained suggest that xanthine dehydrogenase is localized in the globulin fractions possessing mobilities of [alpha 1], [beta] and [gamma] globulins and are probably bound to the lipoproteins.

De 176 necrópsias feitas em vertebrados, os autores coletaram diversos helmintos, nos arredores de Alfenas, Estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil. A maioria das espécies aquí incluídas são redescritas e algumas delas, apenas referidas ou por já haverem sido apresentadas em trabalhos precedentes pelos próprios autores, ou por serem bem descritas atualmente, não se justificando um novo estudo. Com respeito aos Cestódeos, o propósito foi o de acrescentar alguns dados no que se refere à morfologia, com base nas descrições originais que são incompletas, em sua maior parte. São discutidos os seguintes itens: Freqüência das classes de vertebrados abatidos; parasitismo geral, por grupo de helmintos; parasitismo por grupo de helmintos, nos grupos de vertebrados. São apresentados também, comentários e figuras originais de cada espécie redescrita, bem como uma lista dos animais necropsiados. Several helminths were recovered, by the authors, from 176 Vertebrates shot at the outskirts of Alfenas, in the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil, duringperiodical excursions, from 1967 to 1971. the animals were not chosen in a standard number of individuals within each Class. The authors tried to get a whole strin of Vertebrates in general. The species here listed are redescribed; some of them only refered, for either they were alredy issued in preceding papers by the authors, or are too well known by now, to justify a revision. Concerning on the Cestodes, their purpose was to emphasize the morfology, based on the imcomplete original descriptions of the species majority. The following items are discussed; Class frequency of Vertebrates shot; general parasitism by helminthic group. (This percentage is calculated, based on the infected animals and not on the whole set.); parasitism by helminthic group in each Vertebrate Class. Besides, they make Subulura freitaslauroi Pinto, 1970; synounnym of Subulura alfenensis Pinto, 1969 and propose a new combination for Taenia pyramidata (Rudolphi, 1819), give new host records for Diplotriaena henryi: Blanc, 1918, Dendouteria pilherodiae Mahon, 1956, Unciunia trichocirrosa Skrjabin, 1914 and Biuterina campanulata (Rudolphi, 1819), D. henryi and U. trichocirrosa are also refered in Brazil for the first time. They add original camera lucida drawings of all the redescribed helminths, include personal comments on some species, as well as present a list of the inspected animals, forming thus the subject matter of the present paper.

Os autores, no presente trabalho, fazem um estudo da posição sistemática das espécies do subgênero Lepidapedon (Lepidapedoides) Yamaguti, 1970, sendo o mesmo referido pela primeira vez no Brasil. Transferem para este subgênero: L. hancocki Manter, 1940; L. longevesiculum Hafeezullah, 1970 e L. manteri Hafeezullah, 1970. Consideram L. ghanensis Fischthal & Thomas, 1970 sinônimo de L. holocentri Siddiqi & Cable, 1960. Apresentam uma chave de classificação para as espécies pertencentes á Lepidapedon (Lepidapedoides) Yamaguti, 1970. Descrevem e figuram L. (L.) epinepheli Bravo-Hollis & Manter, 1957 em novo hospedeiro. In this paper the authors discuss the systematical position of the species under Lepidapedon (Lepidapedoides) Yamaguti, 1970, as well as refer it for the first time in Brasil. They transfer to this subgenus L. hancocki manter, 1940; L. longevesiculum hafeezullah, 1970 and L. manteri Hafeezullah, 1970. L. (L.) ghanensis Fischthal & Thomas, 1970 is considered a synomim of L. (L.) holocentri Siddiqi & Cable, 1960. They present a classification key for the species under Lepidapedon (Lepidapedoides) Yamaguti, 1970 and a complete description and original drawings of L. (L.) epinepheli Bravo-Hollis & Manter, 1957, also refering a new host record for it. The authors disagree about the proposition of the type species of the subgenus, L. (L.) holocentri Siddiqi & Cable, 1960, for L. (L.) levenseni (Linton, 1907) Manter, 1947 is the former one and has all the representing characters of Lepidapedon (Lepidapedoides). The trematodes were recovered from intestine of Lutjanus jocu (Bloch & Schneider) commonly named "Vermelho", from Cabo Frio, Rio de Janeiro State.

O Rhodnius neglectus é assinalado para a Fauna do Estado da Bahia como a única espécies do gênero ali ocorrente. Dados sobre sua biologia e a morfologia, são apresentados. É feito um estudo do aparelho genital dessa espécie e são salientados os caracteres morfológicos que serão adotados para a diferenciação específica dos triatomíneos nos seguintes trabalhos a serem publicados na série sobre a fauna de hemípteros do Estado.One female specimen of Rhodnius neglectus was collected inthe State of Bahia, Brazil and is considered the only species of the genus so far found in that State. The AA. present data on the biology and morphology of the insect and make a thorough study of the genital apparatus of the species, which will be used for species differentiation in the future papers about the fauna of Triatominae of the State of Bahia.

Na presente nota, redescrevemos Thubunaea dactyluris karve, 1938, em novo hospedador e assinalamos a ocorrência deste gênero pela primeira vez no Brasil. O material é resultante de uma necrópsia feita em Ameiva ameiva (L.), proveniente da Praia do Anil, Município de Magé, Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Foram estudados 8 machos e 10 fêmeas. São apresentados 9 figuras e 1 quadro com as medidas correspondentes, mostrando as variações encontradas. In this paper the authors redescribe Thubunaea dactyluris Karve, 1938 in a new host; this is the first reference of this genus in Brazil. The nematodes were recovered from the stomach of Ameiva ameiva (L.), from Anil Beach, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. The authors studied eight males and ten females. Nine figures and one measurement table are presented, showing all these variations.

Visou-se, no presente trabalho, observar a persistência do vírus da gripe em hamsters inoculados por via intracerebral. Foram empregados 10 desses animais, assinalando-se a presença do vírus, no tecido nervoso, até, pelo menos, 10 meses e 9 dias após a inoculação. In the present paper the author describes the experiments made by the inoculation of PR8 strain of influenza virus by intracerebral route in hamsters. The virus persisted in the brains at least until 10 months and 9 days. The hamsters inoculated did not show signs of illness.

Executou-se o presente trabalho com a finalidade de isolar o vírus da gripe do sangue e de órgãos de camundongos inoculados por via intracardíaca. A observação foi feita com intervalos de 3 a 120 dias após à inoculação. O isolamento do vírus apresentou algumas variações, conforme o tempo decorrido e o material examinado. A presente publicação foi feita em prosseguimento ás anteriores (1 e 2) que tratam da persistência do vírus da gripe em animais inoculados. Neste caso, inocularam-se camundongos brancos por via intracardíaca, ainda não experimentada por nós. In the present paper, the author describes the experiments made by the inoculation of PR8 strain of influenza virus in mice by intracardiac route. The virus persisted in the blood and various organs until 120 days after inculation. The presence of the virus in the blood and organs were irregular in relation with the number of mice which presented pulmonary lesions.

A fibrose do miocárdio foi, primitivamente, atribuída á cicatrização de infartos e á miocardite intersticial. Em data relativamente recente maior atenção veio despertar a miocitólise como outra causa capaz de produzi-la (SCHLESINGER & REINER, MAGARINOS TORRES). Descrevemos, neste trabalho, a miocitólise difusa do miocárdio como diversa da miocitólise focal, estudada por SCHLESINGER & REINER. Na cardiopatia crônica chagásica, a fibrose do miocárdio é aparentemente, o resultado da miocitólise difusa em menor escala associada á da miocaedite específica. Embora não patognomônica da doença de Chagas, a miocitólise difusa, em sua fase crõnica (figs. 3 a 11), por vêzes distinguida, devidamente, da miocardite intersticial, é constante e, não raro, extensa na cardiopatia crônica chagásica, fato a ser levado em conta quando tentado o seu diagnóstico microscópico. A raridade, porém com que é surpreendida a sua fase aguda (figs. 13 e 14) indica que ela se processa de maneira lenta, atingindo, apenas, raras fibras musculares, em cada momento concreto, circunstãncia essa que, de certo modo, virá dificultar o seu estudo pelo microscópio electrônico. A lesão de C. Magarinos torres (figs. 15, 16 e 17) não parece relacionada com a miocitólise, embora reconheça, provàvelmente, uma patogenia semelhante: anemia local condicionando perturbações no metabolismo das células musculares cardíacas. A destruição de células musculares, discreta em cada campo microscópico, porém difundida, exige evidentemente menos afluxo de sangue arterial, nas zonas em que a miocitólise é mais acentuada, fato que não poderia explicar o colapso das finas ramificações arteriais ocasionalmente encontrado (figs. 18, 20 e 22). A conservação de capilares sanguíneos do primitivo estroma do miocárdio distingue a fibrose resultante da miocitólise difusa (figs. 8, 9, 11 e 12) da que produz a miocardite intersticial crõnica. A acentuada congestão dos capilares (fig. 12) atesta o intenso grau de insuficiência cardíaca congestiva presente nos pacientes com cardiopatia crõnica chagásica autopsiados, assim como a existência de um círculo vicioso: congestão crônica, anóxia, perturbações do metabolismo nas células musculares, miocitólise. Os fatos aqui referidos reforçam a hipótese segundo a qual a forma cardíaca da doença de Chagas estaria sempre condicionada a lesões vasculares do coração além da miocardite específica ìntimamente associada. Myocardial fibrosis was formerly chiefly ascribed to healed infarcts and to interstitial myocarditis. Recently, however, more attention has been paid to myocytolysis as another possible source of fibrosis (SCHLESINGER & REINER, MAGARINOS TORRES). Besides focal myocytolysis of the myocardium well recognized in later years, another type-diffuse myocytolysis-is reported in this paper. In Chagas' heart disease fibrosis of the myocardium is largely the consequence of diffuse myocytolysis. In its chronic stage (figs. 3-11) which has been often mistaken for interstitial myocarditis, diffuse myocytolysis while not specific is always found and often extensive in Chagas' heart disease and this circumstance should be taken into account when attempted the micorscopic diagnosis of such condition. Its acute stage (figs. 13 and 14), is seldom found suggesting a slow progress for this process, as only a few myocardial fibers are attained at the same time. This point is worth considering when performing its study with the electron microscope. C. Magarinos Torres' lesion (figs. 15, 16 and 17) is likely not related to myocytolysis although both changes probably recognize identical pathogeny: metabolic disturbances in myocardial fibers induced by local anemia. The need for arterial blood supply is likely diminished in the areas of marked diffuse myocytolysis on account of extensive destruction of myocardial cells and this possibly accounts for collapse of small arterial branches (figs. 18, 20 and 22) occasionally found. The original stroma with preserved blood capillaries in the areas of the so-called "fibrosis" (figs. 8, 9, 11 and 12) distinguishes diffuse myocytolysis from chronic interstitial myocarditis. Marked dilatation of such capillaries (fig. 12) demonstrates the high degree of congestive cardiac insufficiency found in fatal cases of Chagas's heart disease and is indicative of a vicious circle: passive hyperemia, local anemia, metabolic disturbances in myocardial fibers, myocytolysis. Data here reported reinforce the concept that in Chagas' heart disease vascular changes intimately associated to a specific myocarditis are at work.

Two new species and three new sub-especies of the genus Gliricola are described in this paper. The former were found on a specimen of Cavia aperea from Santo Amaro, near the city São Paulo, and the latter on wild rats from several localities in Brazil. The parasites of Cavia aperea - G. spinosus and G. lindolphoi - are characterised by the male genitalia. That of G. spinosus is similar to that of G. porcelli, the type species of the genus, but is distinguished by two large hook-like spines on the copulatory sac; that of G. lindolphoi by possessing an appearence entirely its own, principally concerning the chitinous structure of the vesicula and the articulation parameres-basal plate. Several females were also found on the same host, the author inclining to consider them as G. spinosus but that might actually be G. porcelli or G. lindolphoi. The author considers the new rat parasites, and also G. fonsecai, sub-especies of G. decartatus, thus joining in a natural group closely allied forms wich may be recognised though small particularities of chaetotaxy found in the abdomen and the genital region of the females. The males are difficult to identify, although having small differences in the genitalia of some of them.

Prosseguindo nas suas experiências referentes à ação dos Raios X e do Radium sôbre vírus, iniciadas em 1953, quando verificaram que o vírus da gripe submetido a doses não elevadas de Raios X mostra-se com poder patogênica aumentando para camundongos, os autores, nas pesquisas referidas no presente trabalho, submeteram o vírus da poliomielite, amostra MEF1 do tipo 2, à ação de Raios X em doses que que foram de 307r até 3.408.500 r. Empregaram-se 2.140 animais, nas experiências aqui relatadas, o que permitiu conclusões seguras. Os autores observaram irregularidade no comportamento do vírus da poliomielite submetido à ação dos Raios X, no sentido de aumentar-lhe o poder patogênico, em relação com o vírus testemunha, não irradiado. Assinalaram a observação que fizeram sôbre a resistência do vírus seguramente a 3.101.000 r o que julgaram de interêsse registrar. A resistência quase desaparece a 3.386.000 r. Após aplicação de 3.408.500 r o vírus tornou-se inativo. The authors refered in the present paper the experiments made with poliomyelitis virus, type 2, strain MEF1, after exposition to X Rays in the Carrel flask in a fluid layer of 0,1 ml of the vírus suspension. The titrations of the irradiated virus were made after the exposition of the virus suspension from 307 r to 3.408.500 r. The authors observed irregularity in the behaviour of the irradiated virus in comparison with the control. The virus was less active after exposition from 1.021.000 r to 3.386.000 r than the control but still pathogenic for mice. After exposition to 3.408.500 r the virus was inactivated.

As experiências relatadas no presente trabalho visaram observar a persistência do vírus da gripe em hamsters inoculados pelas vias subcutânea, peritoneal e nasal. Usaram-se 53 hamsters na verificação da persistência do vírus nos seus organismos a qual atingiu até um ano e cinco meses, pelo menos, numa das séries de experiências. A outra parte do trabalho consistiu em verificar a passagem do vírus, em série, de hamster a hamster. Observamo-la até o máximo de nove vezes, o que foi excepcional, notando-se passagens, na série, com resultados negativos intercalados. Para esta última parte forma usados 91 hamsters, perfazendo o total de 144 em todas as experiências realizadas. In the present paper the author describes the experiments made by the inoculation of PR8 strain of influenza virus (routine passages 669 to 825 in mice) in hamsters by subcutaneous, peritoneal and nasal routes and also passages from inoculated hamster to normal hamsters in serial passages. The virus persisted at least until 515 days in one experiment (3rd). In another experiment (8th) the 9th passage was positive. The hamsters inoculated did not show signs of illness or lesions macroscopic of microscopic in the main organs after death.

Tentamos verificar, em algumas experiências, a ação oligodinâmica da prata sôbre os vírus da coriomeningite linfocitária benigna, amostra WE, da poliomielite, amostra MEF1, e da vacina, amostra do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, como o haviamos feito com o vírus da gripe, amostras PR8 e DL/Rio. Nas provas usamos recipientes de barro, recobertos de fina camada de prata na parede interna, ou aquêles em que a prata, sob a forma de pó se misturava ao próprio barro. Esses recipientes são denominados, no comércio, moringas esterilizantes. Colocou-se, no seu interior, a emulsão a 10% do tecido cerebral contendo o vírus da coriomeningite linfocitária ou da poliomielite, verificando-se o seu poder patogênico para camundongos, em intervalos regulares, pela injeção intracerebral de 0,03 ml do material. Os resultados, que podem ser vistos nos Quadros 1 e 2, indicam que aquêles virus resistem à ação oligodinâmica da prata. No caso do vírus da vacina, a diluição foi colocada, da mesma maneira, nos referidos recipientes. O vírus apresentou, também, completa resistência, conforme se vê nas figuras de 1, 2 e 3. Experiências testemunhas feitas com Micrococcus pyogenes e Escherichia coli, cujas suspensões foram igualmente colocadas nas moringas esterilizantes, revelaram que as bactérias não sobreviviam além de 20 horas. Frizamos, na publicação sôbre vírus da gripe, que o referido fenômeno é importante porque sabemos que o efieto oligodinâmico se observa sôbre microorganismos como bactérias, protozoários e outros seres vivos, alterando as suas propriedades ou matando-os sendo, portanto, interessante sob o ponto de vista biológico. O fenômeno pode ainda ser aplicado para o isolamento de vírus, quando em contaminação com bactérias. We have tried to verify, in some experiments, the silver oligodynamic action upon the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, WE strain the poliomyelitis virus, MEF1 strain, and the vaccinia virus, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz strain, as we have done with the influenza virus, PR8 strain and DL/Rio strain. In the tests we used clay pitchers covered in the inner surface with a thin layer of silver of with powdered silver mixed with the clay material. The 10 per cent infectious cerebral emulsion of the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus or of the poliomyelitis virus were put into the pitcher and the pathogenic power for mice verified, at regular intervals, by the intracerebral injection of 0,03 ml. The results expressed in the tables 1 and 2 indicates that those viruses resist the silver oligodynamic action. In the case of the vaccinia virus, the dilution was put into the pitcher in the same way. The virus presented, too, complete resistence, as we can see in the figures 1, 2 and 3. Control experiments made with Micrococcus pyogenes and Escherichia coli, put into the pitchers with silver, showed that the bacteriae were dead after 20 hours. As we emphasized in the paper about the influenza viruses, the reported phenomenon is important because we know that the oligodynamic effect is observed upon microorganisms like bacteria, protozoa and other living beeings altering its properties or killing them and, therefore, intersting from the biological point of view. The phenomenon can also be applied to the isolation of viruses with bacterial contamination.

São descritas as células glandulares das apófises do metatórax dos machos de alguns hesperidae. As apófises glândulas odoríferas já descritas morfològicamente na primeira parte dêste trabalho. Os orgãos compõem-se de elementos glandulares independentes e unicelulares cuja secreção é excretada de cada célula por uma escama odorifera e evaporada pela superfície da mesma. Os principais componentes das células glandulares são: a) corpo plasmático ativo que apresenta alterações citológicas típicas para as fases de repouso e de secreção, com zona basal de ergastoplasma e uma zona condutora incluindo um reservatório de secreção; b) o núcleo apresenta um aumento da superfície bem como, certas alterações durante as fazes de secreção, condicionadas pelas trocas entre núcleo e protoplasma; c) aparelho condutor de natureza quitinosa formado em tôdas as espécies pela inserção da escama. A respeito do aparelho condutor são descritos dois tipos de células glandulares: 1 - Células grandes com um canal muito prolongado que a atravessa em toda extensão; 2 - Células pequenas com canal condutor curto percorrendo sómente a parte apical da mesma. Ele ocupa uma posição simétrica ou assimétrica. O primeiro tipo encontra-se em espécies possuindo sómente êste aparelho como único órgão odorífero. O segundo tipo aparece em formas que têm, além das glândulas nas apófises, mais uma dobra costal também considerada como aparelho odorífero. Es werden die Druesenzellen der Apophysen des Metathorax der Maennchen einiger brasilianischer Hesperiden dargestellt. Die Apopysen beherbergen Duftdruesen, die im ersten Teil dieser Arbeit (BARTH, 1) erstmalig morphologisch beschrieben wurden. Die Druese ist ein komplexorgan mit einem druesigen Teil in den genannten Apophysen und einem verdunstenden Teil in Form eines Borstenpinsels an der Hintertibie. Die Druesenflaeche einer Apophyse setzt sich aus einzelligen, selbstaend gen Druesenelementen zusammen, die ihr Sekret durch jeweils eine Duftschuppe ausleiten und auf ihr verdunsten lassen. Die Druesenzelle entspricht der trichogenen Zelle der Duftschuppe. Die Hauptteile der Druesenzelle sind: a) sezernierender Plasmakoerper mit typischen cytologischen Veraenderungen waehrend der Ruhe-und Sekretionsphase, mit ergastoplasmatischer Basalzone und einer ebensolchen Ausleitungszone, die einen Sekretsammelraum einschliesst; b) Kern, der entsprechend dem trophischen Wechselspiel zwischen Kern und Protoplasma eine Vergroesserung der Oberflaeche erfahren hat und waehrend der Sekretionsphasen charakteristische Veraenderungen durchlaeuft. Die Kerne sind extrem polymorph; c) Ausleitungsapparat, der in jedem Falle von der Insertion der Schuppe gebildet wird und damit ch t niger Natur ist. In Bezug auf den Ausleitungsapparat werden zwei Druesentypen unterschieden: 1. grosse Zellen mit stark verlaengertem Kanalsystem, das die ganze Zelle durchlaeuft; 2. kleine Zellen mit kuerzerem Ausleitungsapparat, der nur in den apikalen Zellteil eindringt, bezw, nur eine Zellhaelfte der in diesem Falle asymmetrischen Zelle einnimmt. Der erste Typ findet sich bei Arten, die nur diesen Apparat als Duftorgan besitzen, waehrend der zweite Typ bei Formen gefunden wird die ausser den Apophysendruesen noch einen ebenfalls als Duftreinrichtung gedeuteten Constalumschlag tragen. Zur Beschreibung gelangen die Druesen von: Sebaldia busirus, Pellicia bromias und polyctor, Heliopetes arsalte und Hesperia syrichtus. Es werden verschiedene Funktionsstadien der Druesenzellen beschrieben, wobei die Kern-Plasma-Korrelation besonders deutlich in den grosszelligen Druessen von Sebaldia busirus und Pellicia bromias zum Ausdruck kommt. Waehrend der Sekretbildung waechst der Kern bedeutend durch Aufnahme von Fluessigkeit. Das Chromatin wird nicht vermehrt. Waehrend des Sekretausstosses aus dem Zellplasma gibt der Kern bedeutende Mengen fluessiger Substanzen ab, die wahrscheinlich katalysatorartig wirkende Regeneratoren fuer die Wiederherstellung der urspruenglichen Plasmastruktur darstellen. Diese trophische Wechselwirkung zwischen Kern und Plasma ist sowohl an den grosskernigen, wie an den kleinkernigen Zellen zu beobachten. The gland cells of the metathoracic apophyses of some Brazilian Hesperidae are descrived. The apophyses possess scent glands which were firstly descrived in the morphological part of this study (BARTH, 1). The gland represents a complex organ with a glandular part hidden in the mentioned apophyses, and with an evaporating part formed by a brush of bristles on the hand tibia. The gland surface of an apophyse is composed of unicellular and independent gland elements leading out their excretion each by means of a scent scale. The liquid apears on the surface of the scale for evaporation. The gland cells correspond to the trichogenic cells of the scent scales. The principal parts of each gland cell are: a) a secreting protoplasmic body with typical cytological alterations during the inactive and active phases, with an ergastoplasmic basal zone and a conduct apparatus of just the same material including a cavity for storage; b) a nucleus which, corresponding to the trophic correlation between nucleus and protoplasm, suffered an increasing of its surface and which runs through typical alterations during the phase of activity. The nulcei are extremly polymorphic. c) a conduct apparatus which in every case is formed by the insertion socket of the scale and, in consequence, is of cuticular nature. With regard to the conduct apparatus two types of glands are descrived: 1. large cells with a prolongated duct system running through the whole cell; 2. small cells with a shorter duct apparatus entering the apical part of the cell to occupy only one half of it, the cell thus becoming asymmetrical. The first type is found in species which possess only this apparatus as a scent organ, while the second one occurs in species which, in addition to the glands in the apophyses, have one more scent aparatus formed by a costal fold. This paper deals with the following species: Sebaldia busirus, Pellicia bromias, Pellicia polyctor, Heliopetes arsalte and Hesperia syrichtus. Different phases of function of the gland cells are descrived. The correlation between the nucleus and the protoplasm becomes specially distinct in the glands with big cells, in Sebaldia busirus and Pellicia bromias. During the formation of the scent material the nucleus grows considerably by taking up fluid substances, while the chromatic mass does not increase. Simultaneous with the expulsion of the liquid out of the protoplasm of the gland cells the nucleus excretes an important quantity of fluid substances which probably represents regenerators which, reacting like catalysatores, restore the original structure of protoplasm.

Em continuação aos estudos dos trematódeos monogenéticos da Coleção Helmintológica do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, descrevemos no presente trabalho uma espécie do gênero Loimos MacCallum, 1917, Loimolinae Price, 1936, loimoidae Bychowsky, 1957 que consideramos nova para a ciência, e assinalamos nova ocorrência de Tagia ecuadori (Meserve, 1938) Sproston, 1946, Tagiinae Yamaguti, 1963, Diclidophoridae Najibina & Obonikova, 1971, no Atlântico Sul. Loimos scitulus sp. n. diferencia-se das outras espécies do gênero pelos seguintes caracteres: forma e estrututra do proaptor, oótipo grande, número de testículos, posição do poro genital, filamento do ovo e forma de opistaptor. Dentre as diferenças dadas Loimos scitulus sp. n. aproxima-se de L. salpinggoides pela estrutura do proaptor, de L. secundus pela posição do poro genital; de L. winteri pelo opistaptor. Quanto aos exemplares de Tagia ecuadori por nós estudados, apesar de ter sido evidenciada uma vagina, identificamos a esta espécie, por apresentar estruturas e medidas que se enquadram nas variações dadas pelos estudiosos do grupo. In this paper we describe a new Monogenetic Trematode of the genus Loimos MacCallum, 1917 (Loimolinae Price, 1936; Loimoidae Bychowsky, 1957) from the gills of Scolidoni serraenovae (Rich), and we give a new record for Tagia ecuadori (Meserve, 1938) Sproston, 1946, at the south Atlantic Coast, with a brief description. Loimos scitulus sp. n. differs from the other species of the genus by the form of the proaptor, by the big ootipe, by the number of testicles, by the position of the genital pore, by the filament of the egg and by the form of the opistaptor. There are simmiliarities with the proaptor of Loimos salpinggoides; with the position of the genital pore of Loimos secundus; and with the opistaptor of Loimos winteri. Although the specimen of Tagia ecuadori were found to have a muscular vagina, we identified them to this species for all the structures and measures are in the variation given for this group.

Nos ultimos annos teem sido observadas mortandades de peixes nos rios do Estado de S. Paulo. Vê-se, das informações obtidas pelo autor e por outros pesquisadores, que o phenomeno não parece novo entre nós; elle tem sido tambem verificado em outros rios do Brasil, embora não repetido com tanta regularidade como agora. Ficou demonstrado no presente trabalho, tratar-se de uma doença contagiosa, causada por um virus filtravel. Apparecem, a principio, alguns peixes doentes ou mortos; seu numero cresce muito nos dias seguintes. Parece serem atacados logo a maioria dos peixes do local onde ella surge porque, em 2 a 3 dias adoecem milhares e, em poucos, 8 a 15, decresce rapidamente o numero de animaes doentes e mortos. Nesse tempo a doença propagou-se a outros rios, relacionados com o primeiro, a montante ou a jusante delle, até muito distante do ponto onde começou a doença. A doença caracterisa-se clinicamente pela diminuição da capacidade motora dos peixes, que se movem com pouca actividade, deixando-se levar pela correnteza ou procurando permanecer nos pontos remansosos do rio; e pela tendencia a subir á superficie das aguas, em posição vertical ou obliqua, differente dos peixes sãos, que sobem horizontalmente. No inicio da doença os peixes defendem-se da captura, mais tarde são facilmente apprehendidos com a mão. As lesões se resumem em manchas, de tamanho variavel, situadas de cada lado do dorso. Essas manchas nem sempre são presentes. Mais constante é a congestão das nadadeiras, principalmente das nadadeiras peitoraes. Internamente ha augmento de muco na garganta, pallidez do figado e congestão da vesicula biliar, cuja bile é amarellada. Essas lesões internas tambem não são constantes. A doença transmitte-se: directamente, pela cohabitação de peixes seguramente sãos com peixes doentes, ou pela juncção de virus á água contendo peixes sãos; indirectamente, pela agua contaminada, ou pela agua filtrada em vela Chamberland F, cuja integridade foi verificada bacteriologicamente. O virus causador da doença é attenuado e destruido em temperaturas acima de 15° ou só age bem sobre peixes conservados em agua com temperaturas proximas de 12°. Conserva-se perfeitamente a 0°. Esta particularidade explica a coincidencia da doença sempre no inverno e nos rios de menor volume, onde as mudanças bruscas de temperatura são possiveis. Entretanto, a agua fria por si só não reproduz a doença nos animaes testemunhas, collocados em aquarios ao lado dos infectados, em todas as experiencias. A vista desta particularidade foi dada á doença a denominação de cryoichtyozoose. Verificações histologicas revelaram nos peixes doentes um processo inflammatorio na mucosa buccal, cujas cellulas apresentavam inclusões acidophilas, suggerindo-se então o nome estomatite contagiosa dos peixes, mais apropriado que o nome anterior, porque tem um substracto anatomico para a especificação da doença. Essas lesões permittem um diagnostico da doença a posteriori e á distancia. Investigações feitas sobre a etiologia permittiram afastar todas as outras causas conhecidas de mortandades em peixes: bacteiras, protozoarios, agentes physicos, incluindo o frio, e agentes chimicos, occasionando todos lesões bem conhecidas nesses animaes. Além disso, taes causas são facilmente constatadas por technicas simples de laboratorio ou pelo aspecto dos peixes atacados. Na «discussão» do assumpto ficou patente haver analogias dessa doença com certas mortandades observadas em outros paizes, particularmente com a estudada por Huxley, nos rios do Sul da Escossia, observada durante varios annos. Não é impossivel, tambem, que algumas das doenças descriptas em peixes como causadas por bacterias ou parasitos, sem prova segura da pathogenia desses agentes pathogenicos, tenham sua origem em agentes da mesma natureza da doença de S. Paulo. During the past few years there has been observed a dying of fishes in the rivers of the Brazilian State of São Paulo. It is evident, from information obtained by the author and by other investigators, that the phenomenon does not appear to be new among us; it has also been verified in other Brazilian rivers, although not repeated with such regularity as at the present time. In the present paper it is demonstrated that we have to do with a contageous disease, caused by a filterable virus. The epizooty manifests itself by the appearance of some dead or sick fish; the number increasing very much during the suceeding days. It seems that at the outset a majority of the fishes is attacked, in the locality where it appears, for in 2 or 3 days, thousands are affected, and in a short time, 8 to 15 days, there is a rapid decline in the number of ill and dead animals. During this interval the disease spread to affluents of the first river, either above or below the first point of attack, and to a considerable distance from it. Clinically, the disease is characterised by the leassened motor capacity of the fishes, which move very slowly, allowing themselves to be carried by the current, or trying to remain the coves and at the margins of the river; and by the tendency of rising to the surface in an oblique or verticle, position, different from the healthy fish, which rise in a horizontal position. In the initial stage of the disease, the fish actively resist capture, but later on they can be easily taken with the hands. The visible lesions are restricted to spots, of variable size, situated at each side of the dorsum. These spots are frequent but not always present. A more constant character is the congestion of the fins, especially the pectoral fins. Interiorly, there is noted an increase of the mucus in the troath, paleness of the liver with congestion of the gall bladder, the gall being yellowish in colour. These internal lesions also are not constant. The disease is transmitted: directly, by the cohabitation of fish undoubtedly healthy with diseased fish, or by the contamination of the water containing healthy fish by the virus; indirectly, buy placing healthy fish in contaminated water, or in this water filtered through a Chamberland F candle, verified bacteriologically to be free from cracks. The virus do not cause the disease or is destroyed by temperatures above 15° C., or is active on fishes at the temperature of about 12° C. It retains its virulence perfectly at 0° C. This particularity explains the coincidence of the disease always appearing in the winter and in the smaller rivers, in which sudden variations of temperature appeared. However, cold water alone did not produce the disease in healthy test animals, placed in aquaria by the side of the infected fish, in all of the experiments. Because of this characteristic, the disease has been designated as « cryoichthiozoose ». Further histologic investigations shows in sick fishes inflammatory process in the mouth, whose cells show acidophil inclusions. The name « Contagious estomatitis of fishes » was proposed giving a anatomical substrat to the disease, instead the first name. This lesions do permit a further and distant diagnosis of the disease. It was verified that all other known agents causing dying of fishes, such as bacteria, protozoa, physical agents, including low temperature, chemical agents, all causing well known lesions in fishes, could be excluded. Aside from this, they are easily verified by simple laboratory techniques or by the lesions produced in the fishes attacked. In the « discussion » of the subject, it was evident that analogies exist between this disease and certain fish mortalities observed in other countries, especially that studied by Huxley and observed during several years in the rivers of Southern Scotland. It is also possible that some of the fish diseases described as caused by bacteria or animal parasites, but without sure proof of the pathogenicity of these agents, have the same etiology as the disease of the São Paulo rivers, here described.

Com o fim de produzir o fenômeno de KOCH, os A. A. inocularam em 30 leprosos da Colônia Mirueira (Recife), de várias idades e formas clínicas, emulsões vivas de três culturas de bacilos ácido-álcool resistentes isolados de leprosos pro um dêles (S.A.). As doses inoculadas foram de 0,2 cc., por via intradérmica, em cada doente, das amostras "CII", "E" e "H" e mais da Leprolina S.A. (antígeno morto). No 10º dia da inoculação verificou-se que 24 dos 30 pacientes tiveram reação geral intensa; 2, reação moderada e 4, nenhuma reação geral. 16 dos 30 tiveram reação leprótica, sendo 10 em casos ativos (lepromatosos) e 6 em inativos, e 17 dos 30 tiveram adenopatias inguinais. O inóculo "CII" produziu escaras de 1 x 1 e 2 x 2 cm. de diâmetro, com destruição total da pele, nos 30 pacientes (o total dêles); o inóculo "E" produziu escaras de igual intensidade em 29, o inóculo "H", escaras muitos mais benignas em 23, e a Leprolina em 10, naturalmente por ação concomitante de um dos outros três inóculos. No 10º dia foram semeadas em meio de LOEWENSTEIN secreções das escaras de sete dos 30 doentes, num total de 20 tubos, dos quais 19 produziram retroculuras, a amioria contaminada por fungos ou por bactérias cianófilas. De um doente foi obtido retrocultura cromogênica da escara produzida na intradérmoreação pela "Leprolina S. A.", macro e microscòpricamente indiferencável das amostras "CII" e "E". Aliás, pela extensiva experimentação feita com estas duas amostras, estamos nos inclinando por considerá-las como idênticas. No 18º dia da inoculação foram feitos 30 esfregaços de secreções de lesões experimentais de 13 doentes, com 15 resultados positivos (50%), apesar do exame tardio. As morfologias macro e microscópica das retroculturas obtidas em Recife confirmam os caracteres descritos nas culturas originais. Dêste rápido ensaio se conclui que a maioria dos pacientes apresentou o fenômeno de KOCH parcial ou integral, com as clássicas reações gerais, focais e locais. A falta de recursos de laboratório na Colônia não permitiu melhor aproveitamento de tão precioso material experimental, e por isso êste trabalho apresenta várias lacunas.With the aim to produce the KOCH's phenomenon, the A. A. incoulated 30 lepers of the Colonia Mirueira (Recife), from various ages and clinical types, with alive suspensios of three strains of acid-fast bacilli isolated from lepers. Each volunteer received three intradermical inoculations in his thighs, of 0.2 c.c. each from strains "Chaves II", "Emília", and "Hecke" and in his left forea rom 0.2 c.c. of Leprolina S.A. (killed antigen). At the 10th day of inoculation were verified that 24 out of the 30 volunteers had severe general reaction, 2, moderate ones and 4, nothing. 16 out of the 30 had leprosy reaction, being 10 lepromatous cases and 6 inactive oens. The inoculum "C II" produced craters, of 1 x 1 and 2 x 2 cm. diameter in the 30 patients (total), craters with complete destruction of the skin; the inoculum "E" did the same in 29, of equal severety and the inoculum "H" did only in 23, but lesions of minor severety and the "L" produced craters in ten patients, evidently due to the concomitant action of one of the three inocula. At the same 10th day were inoculated secretions onto 20 tubes of LOEWENSTEIN medium of seven patients. 18 days later were seen developpment of retrocultures in 19 ou 20 tubes, the mojority being contaminated by fungs or cyanophile bacteria. From one patient (nº 16) was recovered a chromogenic culture from his Leprolin-test, macro and microscopically undistinguishable from strain "C II" or "E", which, based on a large experimentation the senior writer is inclined to consider as identical. At the 18 th day were made smears from lesions of 13 patients, 30 in total with 15 positive (50%) for one or another of the inocula. The macro and microscopical morphologies of the recovered cultures (retrocultrues) coincide with the characteristics of the original cultures from which the inocula were made. In conclusion, the majority of the patients showed partial or integral KOCH's prenomenon, with its classical general, local and focal reactions. By lack of laboratory resource, at the leper Colony, the precious material available from this series of experiments were not used, resulting in omissions of various kind in this paper.

No presente trabalho são descriptas as alterações anatomo-pathologicas do baço na anemia drepanocytica (anemia falciforme, Sicklecell anemia) A observação refere-se a um menino de 12 annos de edade, de côr preta, o qual veio a fallecer em consequencia de processo de trombo-phlebite cerebral e de leptomeningite. A doença não foi reconhecida durante a vida e sómente pelo exame dos córtes histologicos do baço é que foi estabelecido o diagnostico de anemia drepanocytica, apresentando o baço as alterações peculiares á doença. In the present paper, the pathologico-anatomical changes of spleen in drepanocytic anemia are described (Sickle-cell anemia). In the case history, a 12 years old negro boy is concerned, who died in consequence of a cerebral thrombophlebitis process and leptomeningitis. The disease had not been recognized during life, and only on examination of the histological sections of the spleen the diagnosis of drepanocytic anemia was made, as this organ presented changes which are peculiar of the disease.

É apresentada uma revisão das recentes aquisições na anemia ancilostomótica, assinalando a importância de alimentação qualitativamente deficiente junto á infestação helmíntica na gênese desta doença. Acentuou-se que a anemia ancilostomótica é uma doença de carência. Profilaxia clássica da Ancilostomose resume-se em evitar a infestação do homem pelos ancilostomídeos. Critica-se a aplicabilidade destas medidas e eficiência das mesmas no que diz respeito á incidência da anemia. O presente trabalho mostra aquisições preliminares sôbre fundamentos de uma profilaxia de carência (tipo profilaxia do bócio endêmico) da anemia ancilostomótica, baseada na administração de alimentos contaminados por um sal de ferro. As misturas sulfato ferroso-farinha de mandióca e citrato férrico amoniacal-caldo de feijão, mostraram-se eficientes em prevenir a queda das cifras hemáticas durante largos períodos de tempo em indivíduos maciçamente infestados (6-8 meses). Não foi verificada a dose diária mínima eficiente dêstes sais, obtendo-se resultados satisfatorios mesmo com 0.1 g diária de sulfato ferroso (correspondendo a 0.037 g de ferro metálico). Numerosos alimentos e sais de ferro foram experimentados com resultados infrutíferos por diferentes razões. A influência dos helmintos, pela hemorragias intestinais que acarretam poude ser mais uma vez estudada, nos casos de sais de ferro administrados em doses ineficientes ou em períodos de prova sem medicação marcial. É proposta nova classificação de intensidade de infestação, levando em consideração o conhecido fato de ser a atividade dos helmintos, exclusivamente expoliadora. Em conclusão, nos parece exequível a profilaxia da anemia ancilostomótica mediante ingestão de alimentos contaminados por quantidades eficientes de sais de ferro. Êste método profilático extremamente econômico será na prática, provàvelmente, muito superior aos métodos de profilaxia anti-helmíntica, que além de onerosos são pouco práticos, pois interferem em hábitos enraizados nas populações rurais. A review of the recent advances in the mechanism of hookworm anemia is presented, pointing out the importance of a qualitatively defective nutrition in the genesis of this disease. The carencial aspect of hookworm anemia is emphasized. The accepted prophylaxia of hookworm disease limits itself to avoiding human infestation by the ancylostomidae. This method is criticized as a pratical means of eradicating the anemia in rural population. This paper deals with preliminary studies to build up a carencial type of prophylaxis in hookworm anemia (as in prophylaxis of endemic goitre) based on the administration of iron salts, in the food usually consumed in Brazil. The mixtures ferrous sulphate and mandioca flour or amoniacal ferric citrate and baked beans, have been able to prevent anemia in patients heavely infested. during long periods of time (6-8 months). the minimus efficient daily doses of iron needed to maintain normal blood levels have not been precisely ascertained, but even 0.1 g of ferrous sulphate (37 mg of metalic iron) daily in mandioca flour was satisfatory for that purpose. Different foods and iron salts have been tried with no results, for different reasons. When iron salts were administered in insufficient doses, the progressive evolution of the anemia was observed in detail. In conclusion the use of iron salts in suficient quantities mixed to usual food is advised as a prophylatic method is hookworm anemia. A campaign of this type can be accomplished at extremely low cost, and probably has definite advantages over the classical prophylaxis, whose methods interferes with rooted habits of people of rural areas and therefore give very poor practical results.

O autor estudou a ação inativante, sôbre o complemento de cobaia, alguns venenos de serpentes brasileiras pertencentes às famílias dos Elapideos e Crotalideos. Da primeira, foi utilizado veneno de Micrurus frontalis, da segunda, foram usados venenos de espécies pertencentes aos gêneros Crotalus (C. terrificus) e Bothrops (B. atrox, B. neuwiedii, B. jararaca, B. ja-raracussú, B. cotiara e B. alternata). O venenos de M. frontalis e C. terri¬ficus se revelaram incapazes de inativar o complemento, ao passo que os diversos de Bothrops empregados se mostraram altamente inativantes, destruindo sempre o 4.° componente do complemento (C4), fração idêntica à afetada pela ação da amônea. The author shows in this paper the results of the inactivation of com¬plement or alexin by some Brazilian snakes venoms of the Elapideae and Cro¬talideae families. The venom of Micrurus frontalis (Elapideae family) and of Crotalus terrificus (Crotalideae family) did not destroy the complement; but the venoms of Bothrops generus (B. atrox, B. neuwiedii, B. jararaca, B. jararacussú, B. cotiara e B. alternata), (Crotalideae family) are highly active in the inactivation complement, always destroing the fourth component, whichis exactly the same component that is detroyed by ammonia.

The present paper is a contribution to the knowledge of the genus Ormiophasia Townsend, 1919, based mainly on the male genital characters. Five new species are described from Brazil.

Os autores apresentam seis tabelas, distribuídas de acôrdo com o relêvo do solo, onde tôdas as áreas estudadas nos Estados de Santa Catarina e Paraná são paresentadas com os índices trabalhados. No texto é realçado o valor quantitativo do índice "MK". A possibilidade de deduzir-se um fator de correção que representam um novo índice qualitativo (α), não pôde ser sustentada. Os autores, também, procurando relacionar a fitossociologia das áreas trabalhadas com o índice qualitativo correspondente (sociologia dos anofelíneos), acharam três tipos bastante diferentes de habitats para o subgênero Kerteszia na região. Concluindo, os mesmos, realçam que a presente nota apenas visa um subsídio a novos métodos ecológicos no estudo dêsses problemas. The authors present six tables, distributed in accordance with the soil relief, where all the studied areas in the States of Santa catarina and Paraná (brasil), are presented with the index statistic work. The quantitative value of the "MK" index is brought forward. The authors have arrived as the conclusions that the index "α" previonsly presented ar a conection factor is not consistent with the studies performed in the field. The authors, also in an effort of reporting the phytosociology of the worked areas with the corresponding index of quality (sociology of the anopheline), found three different types of habitats for the subgenus kerteszia in the region. In conclusion, the authors point out that the present paper only aims at a new introduction to new ecological methods, in the study of these problems. Die Autoren veroeffentlichen sechs Tabellen, verteilt in Uebereinstimmung mit dem Bodenrelief, in denen alle bearbeiteten Waldflaechen in den Staaten Santa Catarina und Paraná mit den betreffenden Indices dargestellt sind. Im Text heben sie den quantitativen Wert des Index "MK" hervor. Die moegliche Ableitung eines Korrektionsfaktors, der einen neuen qualitativen Index (α) darstellen koennte, kan nicht erwiessen werden. Die Autoren fanden, indem sie versuchen die Phytosoziologie der bearbeiteten Flaechen mit dem korrespondierenden qualitativen Index (Soziologie der Anophelinen) in Beziehung zu bringen, drei gut differenzierte Typen von "Habitats" fuer die Untergattung Kerteszia in dem betreffenden Gebiet. Zum Schluss heben sie hervor, dass die vorliegende Mitteilung nur auf neue oekologische Methoden im Studium dieser Probleme hinweisen soll.

No presente trabalho é feita a revisão da subfamília Atactorhynchinae Petrostschenko, 1956. Para o gênero Floridosentis Ward, 1953, o estudo é baseado em exemplares do material tipo, além de outros encontrados parasitnando três peixes do gênero Mugil (Parati), provenientes de Cabo Frio, Rio de Janeiro. Quanto ao gênero Atactorhynchus Chandler, 1935, o nosso estudo foi baseado na descrição original de Chandler e do trabalho de Golvan sobre a classe dos Eoacanthocephala (Van Cleave, 1936). In this paper, the authors revise the sub-family Atactorhynchinae Petrotschenko, 1956, after studying types of Floridosentis mugilis (Machado Filho, 1951) and material recovered from intestine of Mugil sp. from Cabo Frio, Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. They confirm what was suggested by Bullock, 1962, about a new combination for the type species of Floridosentis Ward, 1953. For this reason, they make F. elongatus, synonym of F. mugilis Machado Filho, 1951. Besides they also enlarge the subfamily diagnosis and add a table showing the maind differences between the two genera under Atactorhynchinae Petrotschenko, 1956.

In this paper, preliminary to a series of investigations that the A. has the purpose to make about the influence of climatic factors particularly upon the prevalence of the most important acute infectious diseases in Brazil, he raises the question whether such factors do affect in this country the total death rates, as it is reasonable to suppose, according to what has been observed in temperate zones of northern and southern hemispheres. The inclusion of absolute humidity among other climatic factors to be dealt with seems justifiable according to Rogers and Stallybrass. Owing to scarcety of reliable data the A. was obliged to limit to a five-years period (1940-1944) the complete proposed investigation, which includes seven of the most important cities, scattered throughout the brazilian territory, from north to south - Belem, recife, Salvador, Rio, S. Paulo, Curitiba and Porto Alegre. Reference is made to their normal climatic conditions and monthly death-rates variations with their mean values and standard deviations. In a first part dealing with seasonal variations only for purposes of comparison, he points out that in there tropical cities of Brazil, without very clear seasonal differentiation, the curve of general mortality reached its highest point in austral autumn season and the remaining four (including Rio near the tropic) in the spring, with the exception of Curitiba, where the peak coincided with the summer season. He shows how such important causes of deaths, as diarrheas, common respiratory diseases and tuberculosis, whose seasonal distribution for each one of the seven cities is referred, may explain such seasonal variations. On a second part, a study is made of the general mortality distribution by four-months periods selected in accordance respectively with the highest or lowest values of rainfall and of mean temperature and humidity during period 1940-1944. Finally he compares the monthly waves of such climatic factors and the corresponding waves of total death - rates and finds through correlation coefficients 17 significant values with respect to their standard errors. Variations in the death - rates seemed to be perhaps more closely and uniformly associated with variations of mean humidity, as is indicated by coefficients ranging from + 0.3 to 0.6.

No presente trabalho é feito um estudo de cinco trematódeos monogenéticos pertencentes à família Capsalidae Baird, 1853. Para a subfamília Benedeniinae Johnston, 1931, foram criadas duas espécies pertencenteso ao gênero Benedenia Diesing, 1858: Benedenia pompatica sp. n., que muito se assemelha a Benedenia sciaenae (Beneden, 1852), diferindo desta principalmente pela estrutura do 2º e 3º pares de macroganchos e Benedenia innobilitata sp. n. que mais se aproxima de Benedenia jaliscana Bravo-Hollis, 1951, afastando-se desta espécie pela ausência do cirro armado e também pela estrutura e localização da vagina. Da subfamília Trochopodiane (Price, 1936) são apresentados novos hospedadores: Lepidotrigla cavillone para Trochopus pini (Beneden & Hesse, 1863) e Serranus cabrilla para Megalocotyle grandiloba Paperna e Kohn, 1964, sendo apresentadas com novas descrições e ilustrações. Ainda desta subfamília é criada uma nova espécie do gênero Allomegalocotyle (Robinson, 1961) Yamaguti, 1963. A. gabbari sp. n. diferencia-se de A. johnstoni (Robinson, 1961), única espécie do gênero, pela morfologia dos macroganchos, localização do poro vaginal e vesícula seminal bem desenvolvida e externa. In this paper we make a study of five monogenetic trematodes of the family Capsalidae Baird, 1853. We describe two new species of the genus Benedenia Diesing, 1858, Benedeniinae Johnston, 1931: Benedenia pompatica sp. n., which is very similar to Benedenia sciaenae (Beneden, 1852) abd differs from it mainly by the structure of the second and third pair of the haptoral hooks; and Benedenia innobilitata sp. n. near to Benedenia jaliscana Bravo-Hollis, 1951 does not have the armed cirrus, proper to the last and the structure and position of the vagina is also a considered characteristic. For the subfamily Trochopodinae (Price, 1936) we give new hosts: Lepidotrigla cavillone for Trochopus pini (Beneden & Hesse, 1863) and Serranus cabrilla for Megalocotyle grandiloba Paperna & Kohn, 1964, and we also redescribe and illustrate them. Under this subfamily we also propose a new species of the genus Allomegalocotyle (Robinson, 1961) by the morphology of the haptoral hooks, the position of the vaginal aperture and the big external seminal vesicle.

Os autores resumem os conhecimentos atuais sobre eliptocitose normal e patologica. Apresentam 20 verificações em individuos normais, cujos resultados mostraram uma excentricidade menor que a descrita por autores europeus: 2.000 hematias em 20 individuos normais. I 71, II 26, III 3, IV 0, I.E. 1,06, E.E. 3. Confirmaram a hipereliptocitose na anemia perniciosa. Descrevem um caso de hiperexcentricidade constitucional, cujo resultado manteve-se constante durante 5 anos. Por fim descrevem em um caso fatal de leucemia reticulo-endotelial uma hiperexcentricidade bastante acentuada: 300 hematias observadas I 14, II 27, III 35, IV 24, I.E. 5,63, E.E. 59. Medindo a excentricidade das hematias apresentadas em microfotografias e desenhos de diversos trabalhos referentes á leucemia monocitica ou reticulo-endotelial, verificaram no resultado global uma hiperexcentricidade bem nitida. The authors summarize all that is known at the present time about normal and pathological eliptocytosis. They present 20 observations of normal persons, the results of which showed a smaller excentricity than that described by the European authors: 2000 red cells in 20 normal persons. I 71, II 26, III 3, IV 0, I.E. 1,06, E.E. 3. They reassured the fact of a hypereliptocytosis in pernicious anemia. A case of constitutional hyperexcentricity is detailed in which the result was constant during 5 years. Lastly they describe in a fatal case of reticulo-endothelial leucemia a highly pronounced hyperexcentricity: 300 red cells observed I 14, II 27, III 35, IV 24, I.E. 5,63, E.E. 59. Measuring the excentricity of the red cells shown in the microphotographs and sketches of several papers dealing with monocytic or reticulo-endothelial leucemia, the authors verified in the final result, a very clear hiperexcentricity.

Foi pesquisada a capacidade transmissora do Aëdes (O.) lepidus em relação ao Plasmodium gallinaceum. Êste mosquito comportou-se como ótimo vector, apresentando elevado índice oocístico e esporozoítico e produzindo a malária por picada em animais sensíveis (pintos e frangos). The observations reported in this paper indicate that the recently describeb Aëdes (O.) lepidus is a very good vector of Plasmodium gallinaceum, transmitting the malarial infection to chicks of varying ages.

Benzoato de estradiol aplicado em altas doses a cães tem uma ação essencialmente trombocitopênica e o mecanismo de formação da anemia que se estabelece é semelhante ao observado na anemia da purpura experimental pelo sôro anti-plaqueta. O quadro patológico é, em ambos os casos, resultante desta trombocitopenia aguda. The paper stresses the similarity between pathological changes produced in dogs by estradiol benzoate and anti-platelet serum. Estradiol benzoate when administered in large doses (0.1 mg per kilo) produces primarily a thrombocytopenia after a short period (4 to 6 days). As a consequence of the lack of platelets in circulation (1/3 to 1/10 from the normal volume), a picture of purpura appears with predominance of intestinal hemorrhages followed by severe anemia (8 to 15 days). When active anti-platelet serum is administered a thrombocytopenia is rapidly obtained (12 to 48 hours). Intestinal purpuric lesions are very conspicuous and hemorrhages with acute anemia are always present. These results show the identity of the mechanism of anemia produced by estradiol benzoate and anti-platelet serum. The pratical value of determinations of occult blood in feces of patients with thrombocytopenic purpura is emphasized, as an aid to diagnosis and observation od crises of the Werlhof's disease.

O autor redescreve Auris bilabiata melanostoma (Moricand), utilizando exemplares vivos colecionados no Estado do Rio. Além do estudo da genitália, câmara paleal e rádula, analisa variações das conchas de várias proveniências. Chama a atenção para a necessidade de estudos comparativos das partes moles para uma conclusão definitiva, sôbre a validade das duas subespécies (bilabiata s. st. e melanostoma).In the present paper, Auris bilabiata melanostoma (Moricand, 1836), is described based on alive specimens from Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Genital organs, pallial chamber and radula are described, as well as variations of the shells from several localities. The author emphasizes the importance of the study of soft parts to come to a definitive conclusion about the validity of the two sub-species (bilabiata s.st. and melanostoma).

In this paper a new species of the genus Lecithochirium Luehe, 1901, is described. To simplify the study of this genus, we divided it in 3 groups according principally to the relation among the suckers. L. manteri sp. n., comes nearest to L. texanum, L. priacanthi, and L. microstomum, but differes mainly from them by the great size of the suckers, pharynx and eggs.

Em prosseguimento a trabalhos anteriores referentes à ação dos raios X e radium sôbre os vírus, especialmente o da gripe, verificaram os A.A. que o radium exerce, em certas doses, ação excitante sôbre o vírus da poliomielite, como acontecera com as doses fracas de raios X sôbre o vírus da gripe. As experiências que levaram a essas conclusões foram feitas ocm a aplicação de 4 mg de radim contidos em 4 tubinhos verificando-se que, após 127 e 159 dias o vírus testemunho tinha perdido tôda a atividade, que antes já se mostrara diminuida, ao passo que o submetido à ação do radium mostrou-se sempre mais ativo, assim se conservando integralmente após aquêlo prazo. Na prática, essa observação poderá conduzir a um meio destinado a aumentar a virulência do referido vírus. The authors refered the previous publication of the results obtained when the influenza virus in saline suspensios of mice lungs was irradiated with small doses of X rays. The irradiated vírus was more virulent for mice than the control one. The effect of the exposition to 1 mg of radium was not significant. In the present paper the authors refered the experiments made with the poliomyelits virus, MEF1 strain, after exposition to 1 needle of 1 mg of radium and to 4 tubes of 1 mg of radium. The virus suspension was put into the Carrel flask in a fluid layer of 0,1 cm. The titulations of the irradiated virus suspension activity were made in the first case (exposition to the radium needle) after 7, 13, 20 and 30 days and, in other experiments, after 90, 120, 150 and 182 days of exposition. The results were not statistically significant. In the second case (exposition to the 4 tubes of 1 mg of radium each), after 60 and 90 days of exposition showed more activity than was shown in the control. After 127 and 139 days the control suspension completely lost the activity and the irradiated virus maintained the same infective title. In conclusion, the poliomyelitis virus, MEF1 strain, after radium exposition, in the described experimental conditions, showed higher infective title than the control. This property can be used to increase the virulence of that virus and, possibly of other viruses.

No presente trabalho, em que foram analisados os caractéres de Schizotrypanum e consideradas suas relações com os de outros flagelados digenéticos, acreditamos ter ficado bem demonstrado que este gênero encontra sólidos fundamentos em que se baseie. Schizotrypanum possue caractéres morfológicos peculiares, que o aproximam de Leishmania no periodo de multiplicação e de Trypanosoma na fase sanguinea. Os flagelados pertencentes a esse gênero caracterisam-se não só pela morfologia da fórma de tripanosoma, como pela evolução no organismo do vertebrado. No S. cruzi, como no S. vespertilionis, a multiplicação se processa nos tecidos, constando da divisão binaria das formas intracelulares de leishmania; os tripanosomas sanguicolas não se multiplicam. Nenhum Trypanosoma apresenta no mamífero uma evolução morfológicamente e ecológicamente identica á de Schizotrypanum. S. cruzi aproxima-se dos tripanosomas patogenicos pela morfologia da fórma sanguicola e pela virulencia ás vezes mortal para o homem e diversos animais; deles se afasta entretanto pela evolução no inséto, modo de transmissão e facil cultivabilidade, caractéres biológicos estes que são comuns aos tripanosomas não patogenicos. Em nenhum dos grupos de tripanosomas póde o S. cruzi ser rigorosamente incluido, deles se distinguindo facilmente seja por sua morfologia, seja por sua biologia. O conjunto de caractéres próprios fundamenta perfeitamente a manutenção do gênero de Chagas, indicando-lhe como situação mais adequada, na classificação dos tripanosomídeos de mamíferos, o logar intermediario entre Leishmania e Trypanosoma. A separação do gênero Schizotrypanum é o melhor caso, quiça o unico justificado, dentre as numerosas tentativas para o desmembramento de Trypanosoma. Ela se impõe como medida compreensiva e util para a coordenação dos membros da complexa familia dos tripanosomideos e se justifica á luz dos mais exigentes critérios sistematicos.In the present paper, the characteristics of the genus Schizotrypanum were analyzed and their relationship to those of other digenetic flagellates considered. It is to be believed that proper evidence has been brought forward to establish that genus on a firm basis. Schizotrypanum has peculiar morphological characters which assimilate it to Leishmania in the intracellular period and to Trypanosoma in the blood stage. Flagellates belonging to that genus are characterized not only by the morphology of the trypanosome form, but also by the evolution in the vertebrate's organism. In S. cruzi, as in S. pipistrelli, multiplication takes place in the tissues by binary division of the intracellular leishmania forms, the blood trypanosomes do not multiply. Trypanosoma never presents in the mammalian host an evolution morphologically and ecologically identical to that of Schizotrypanum. S. cruzi is rather like the pathogenic trypanosomes by the morphology of the blood form and by its virulence, often fatal to man to various animals; it differs however, from these by its evolution in the insect, and its mechanism of transmission, which are common to the non-pathogenic trypanosomes. S. cruzi cannot be rigorously included in either of these groups, as it is easily distinguished both by its morphology, and by its biology. The combination of its biological and morphological characters perfectly justifies the maintaining of Chagas' genus and assigns to it an intermediate position between Leishmania and Trypanosoma. This appears to be the best case, if not the only justifiable one, for the demembration of the genus Trypanosoma. The recognition of Schizotrypanum in an independent status is based upon a rigid systematic basis and imposes itself as a comprehensive and quite useful means of coordinating the members of the intricate family Trypanosomidae.

This paper is based on Sarcophagid flies taken by prof. A. DAMPF at CHAPULTEPEC (D.F.) and Cuernavaca (State of Morelos), mexico. The author examines 33 species and a subspecies belonging to 13 genera, including 6 new species and a new subspecies. One species of the genus Oxysarcodexia was found also at Texas, U. S. A. by Dr. H. J. Reinhard.

Os autores descrevem um caso de pseudomyxoma do peritoneo, originario do appendice ileo-cecal, em individuo do sexo masculino, de 58 anos de edade. O processo teve evolução lenta, caracterizando-se clinicamente, por symptomas peritoneas (ventre augmentado, encerrando conteúdo gelatinoso e presença de um tumor palpavel ao nivel da região hepatica). O aspecto histologico do tumor corresponde ao do Pseudomyxoma peritonei. Levando em conta a systematização dos casos de pseudomyxoma do peritoneo, proposta por Trotter, o caso presente deve ser enquadrado entre aqueles que constituem o primeiro grupo (distribuição universal do tumor sobre o peritoneo). The present paper deals with a case of Pseudomyxoma peritonei arising from the appendix in a Brazilian, white, 58 years old, male. The growth amply spreads over the peritoneum, giving rise to strong adhesions amongst the peritoneal viscera, particularly on the part of the liver, spleen and pancreas (Ills. 4, 5 and 6). In certain spots, the growth even forms a mass the size of a foetus head, made up of a great number of blisterlike formations, well delimited by septa of connective tissue and full of a substance the appearance and consistency of the white of egg (Ill. 1). On microscopical examination, the majority of the formations present smooth walls; in some of them an epithelial covering is met with, the cells of which are cylindrical and ranged along a single layer (Ills. 2 and 3). The contents of the formations give the positive reactions of mucicarmine. The tumour stroma is infiltrated by mononuclear cellular elements, particularly by lymphocytes (Ill. 7); there are also found giant cells the type of those of foreign body (Ills. 8 and 9). In accordance with the anatomicopathological aspects met with, we consider the case as pseudomyxoma peritonei ex processu vermiformi, the same having to be classified in Group I of Trotter's systematization (dissemination of the tumour all over the peritoneum).

O trabalho refere as observações feitas em 1947 em um foco de leishmaniose muco-cutânea na Baixada Fluminense (Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil). A existência da moléstia como uma endemia na região foi comprovada pelo encontro de 21 cicatrizes típicas, reagindo positivamente à intradermo-reação com antígeno específico, algumas datando de 5 a 15 anos. Na época dos trabalhos, entretanto, foi constatado um "surto epidêmico", o qual coincidira com uma grande derrubada florestal para fabrico de carvão vegetal. De 306 pessoas examinadas (cêrca de 50% da população local), foram encontradas 39 com lesões leishmanióticas (12,7%). Dentro e fora dos domicílios foram capturados Phlebotomus intermedius. Em 12 cães examinados foi encontrado um com diagnóstico provável da moléstia. Quinze gatos examinados mostraram-se negativos e, do mesmo modo, 28 mamíferos silvestres de pequeno porte. Dos 39 paciente, 4 tinham lesões mucosas (10,3%); 16 apresentavam lesões múltiplas (41,0%); e 19 eram mulheres (48,7%). Havia absoluta predominância das lesões nas partes descobertas do corpo. Cêrca de 1/3 dos casos era em crianças até 10 anos, atestando uma intensa transmissão domiciliária. Existiam casas com 2 a 6 enfermos. Com base nos informes dos pacientes ou responsáveis quanto ao tempo de doença (e admitindo-se um período incubativo médio de 2 meses), conclui-se que, provàvelmente, a grande maioria das infecções se dera entre julho e novembro, coincidindo com a derrubada florestal acima citada. Em 36 casos foi feita a intradermo-reação de Montenegro, obtendo-se respostas duvidosas em 2 e positivas em 34, com intensidade variável. Foram feitas 18 biópsias. Na epiderme havia hiperacantose e, freqüentement, pseudoepiteliomatose com globos córneos e microabcessos; e na derme observaram-se 2 quadros característicos: ou um infiltrado de plasmócitos predominantes, ou uma reação granulomatosa, os quais, às vêzes, se associavam. Em geral, a granulomatose ocorria nos casos mais antigos, isolada ou associada à infiltração, que predominava nos casos mais recentes da enfermidade. A granulomatose traduziria um estado hiperérgico do organismo, uma vez que os indivífuos que a apresentaram tinham maior tempo de doença e reagiam fortemente à intradermo-reação. As leishmanias nunca se mostraram muito numerosas nos cortes estudados. Em 3 paciente foi observada cura espontânea. Foram tratados 26 doentes, sendo 18 com tártaro emético, 4 com "fuadina" e 4 com ambos os remédios. O tártaro mostrou-se tóxico, embora desse resultados tão bons quanto a "fuadina". Dois paciente com lesões da mucosa nasal não se curaram completamente, não obstante terem recebido ambos os remédios. Cinco anos depois dêste inquérito contatou-se pràticamente a extinção dêste foco de leishmaniose. Durante êsse tempo tinham sido feitas aspersões domiciliárias periódicas com o DDT para combate à malária (NERY GUIMARÃES & BUSTAMANTE, 1953).The paper reports a survey made in a focus of muco-cutaneous leishmaniasis in a locality of the lowlands of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (Baixada Fluminense). The existence of the disease as an endemic of the region was confirmed by the finding of 21 cases with typical scars and responding positively to Montenegro's intradermo-reaction with specific antigen and some of them dating back from 5 to 15 years. At the time of the survey, however, an epidemic outbreak was discovered, coincidig with a great felling of trees for the making of charcoal. Out of 306 persons examined (50% of the local population), 39 presented leishmaniotic lesions (12,7%). Both within the houses and outside, adults Phlebotomus intermedius were captured. From 12 houses, 136 specimens were captured (11,3 per house). Out of 23 dogs examined, one was found with a probable diagnosis of elishmaniasis. Fifteen cats were found negative, as well as 28 small wild mammals. From the 39 patients, 4 had mucous lesions (10,3%), 16 presented multiple lesions (41,0%), and 19 were female (48,7%). There was an absolute predominance of lesions on bare parts of the body. About one third of the cases were children of 10 years or less, confirming the intense domiciliary transmission. Some houses had 2 to 6 patients. On basis of informations furnished by the patients of by their relatives as to the time elapsed since the beginning of the infection, and admitting an incubation period of 2 months, it is possible to conclude that the great majority of infections probably occurred between July and December, coinciding with the great felling of trees already referred to. In 36 cases Montenegro's intradermo-reaction was made, with 2 doubtful and 34 positive results of variable intensity. Eighteen biopsies were made, the epidermis presenting hyperacanthosis, and frquently pseudoepitheliomatosis with corneous globules and micro-abscesses. The dermis showed two characteristic pictures: an infiltration with predominance of plasmocytes or a granulomatous lesion with epithelioid and giant cells. In general, granulomatosis occurred in older cases, isolated or associated to infiltration with plasmocytes. It seems that granulomatosis represents a hyperergic condition of the infected organism, as the patients who showed it had the disease for a longer time and reponded strongly to the intradermo-reaction. Leishmaniae were not numerous in sections. Three patients showed spontaneous cure. Twenty six patients were treated, 16 with tartar emetic, 4 with "fuadin" and 4 with both these drugs. Some of the patients treated with tartar showed toxic symptoms, although the results were as good as those obtained with "fuadin". Two patients with nasal mucous lesions were not cured, notwithstanding the use of both these drugs. Five years after this survey, muco-cutaneous leishmaniasis was absent from the region, probably as a consequence of several preiodical DDT house sprayings to combate malaria during the intervening years (NERY GHIMARÃES & BUSTAMANTE, 1953).

Relatam-se, no presente trabalho, experiências feitas em hamsters visando observar a transmissão congênita do vírus da gripe. inocularam-se 151 hamsters prenhes ou acasaladas, usando-se a via parenteral ou a nasal. o vírus foi isolado em percentagens variáveis, conforme o caso, sempre acima de 50%, quer das hamsters mães, quer dos filhotes, fetos ou embriões. Observaram-se 15,2% de perturbações embrionárias ou fetais. Processou-se, infecção latente ou inaparente nos animais e os órgãos dos que foram sacrificados não revelaram alterações comuns, macroscópicas ou microscópicas. In the present paper the author refers the experiments made by the inoculation of the influenza virus, PR8 strain, passages 581 to 735, in 151 pregnant or mated hamsters. He observed alterations in some embryos and foetuses and isolated the virus from them and from the normal baby hamster. The inoculation were made by parenteral and nasal routes. The virus was isolated from adult hamsters, baby hamsters, foetuses and embryos in 55 per cent of cases. There was 15,2 per cent of foetal or embryonic alterations.

In this paper of the catalogue of south brazilian arboreal pollen grains, the autor deals with the Papilionatae. The Mimosoideae and Caesalpinioideae are yet in preparation, so that a discussion of the three subfamilies (or families) is not possible. In relation with the systematical subdivision of the Papilionatae, we found a large correspondence with the morphology of the present pollen grains. The group of Phaseoleae contains the genera Mucuna, Erythrina and Dioclea; the grains of the studied species are very different one from another; the first of the genera possesses very volumous grains, with three colpori and a reticulated superficies; the second has three-porated pollen grains with a large reticulated superficies, and the third, Dioclea, is yet different; it possesses oblated grains, each three-colporated, with a thick sexine and a psilated superficies. So, we can say, that Phaseoleae is a erypalynous group. Dalbergieae, with the genera: Andira, Dalbergia, Lonchocarpus, Machaerium, Platymiscium and Pterocarpus (and Dahlstedtia, the only exception), has very uniform pollen grains, and may be considered stenopalynous. It is not possible to include the genus Dahlstedtia into this group. A little exception is represented by Pterocarpus violaceus, because of the reticulated sexine of its grains, while the others, also three-colporated, possess a tectate-reticulated sexine. The genera Myrocarpus and Ormosia, from Sophoreae, are very more similar to the Dalbergieae as to any other genus of the Phaseoleae. In dieser Arbeit des katalogs der suedbrasilianischen Baumpollen, befasst sich der Autor mit den Papilionatae. Da sich die Mimosoideae und die Caesalpinioideae noch in Bearbeitung befinden, konnte eine Diskussion der drei unterfamilien (oder Familien) noch nicht stattfinden. In Bezug auf die systematische Unterteilung der Papilionaceen, ergab sich eine weitgehende Uebereinstimmung mit der Morphologie der vorliegenden Pollenkoerner. Die Gruppe Phaseoleae enthaelt die Gattungen Mucuna, Erythrina un dioclea; die Pollen der bearbeiteten Arten sind sehr verschieden: die erstere der Gattungen besitzt sehr grosse Koerner mit je drei Colpori und netzartiger Oberflaechenstruktur; die zweite hat dreiporige Pollen, mit weitmaschiger Netzoberflaeche, und die dritte, Dioclea, ist wieder anders: sie besitzt sehr flache Pollen mit je drei Colpori, sehr dicker einzige grosse Ausnahme), hat sehr einfoermige Pollen, kann also als eine eurypalynische Gruppe angesehen werden. Dalbergieae, mit den Gattungen Andira, Dalbergia, Lonchocarpus, Machaerium, Platymiscium und Pterocarpus (und mit Dahlstedtia, als einzige grosse Ausnahme), hat sehr einforemige Pollen, kann also als stenopalynisch angesehen werden. Nur die Gattung Dahlstedtia fuegt sich nicht in diesen Rahmen ein. Eine schwache Ausnahme macht noch Pterocarpus violaceus, da diese Art Koerner mit echter Netzoberflaeche besitzt, waehrend alle andern, zwar auch mit drei Colpori, eine unechte Netzoberflaech haben; sie hat also eine "reticulate" Sexine, waehrend die andern eine "tectatereticulate" vorweisen. Die Gattungen Myrocarpus und Ormosia, der Gruppe Sophoreae, sind den Dalbergieae viel aehnlicher als irgend einer Gattung der Phaseoleae.

Os autores, na presente nota, propõem Acanthocolpus brasiliensis sp. n. sendo este gênero pela primeira vez referido no Brasil. A espécie aqui descrita difere das demais do gênero pela ausência de espinhos na vagina e no ducto hermafrodita e pela presença de vitelinos em quase toda extensão da metade posterior do corpo. In this paper the authors propose a new specie under Acanthocolpus Lühe, 1906 also reafirms this genus for the first time in Brasil. Acanthocolpus brasiliensis sp. n. differs from the other species of the genus by presenting folicular vitellaria in almost the hole area of the posterior part of the body, by the absence of spines in vagina and in ejaculatory duct. A. brasiliensis sp. n. is similar to A. orientalis Srivastava, 1939, which differs also by the size of the body, cirrus sac and vagina.

The autopsy of a case of CHAGAS'S disease or American tryponosomiasis (a girl, 5 years old), dead in the 22nd day of illness is reported. The anatomic diagnosis was a follows: Acute diffuse chagasic nyocarditis. Chagasic encephalitis. Chagasic lymphadenitis of the right posterior auricular node. Tuberculosis of the bronchial and pulmonary nodes. Chronic passive hyperemia and atelectasia of the lungs. Chronic passive congestion and hemorrhages of the spleen. Serous hepatitis. Parotiditis. Edema of the right eyelids. Bilateral hydrothorax. Hydropericardium. Hydroperitoneum. The morphology of Schizotrypanum cruzi in the myocardium is considered. Besides agglomerates with typical small oval or round intracellular bodies, pre-flagellate and flagellate organisms, others are found in which the great amount of parasites and marked pressure exerted by them against each other render very difficult their identification; sometimes the similitude of such agglamerates to Toxoplasma is striking (Fig. 1 and 1 A). In such a case, the structure of the blepharoplast (Fig. 1 and IA), usually preserved, is profitable and allows the identification of the pre-flagellate and flagellate forms of Schizotrypanum cruzi. Most of the small sensitive nerves in the epicardium shows mononuclear infiltration of the perineurium (perineuritis, Figs. 12-14). Microscopically there is extensive Zenker's degeneration (Figs. 6-8) and parasitism of the heart muscle fibers, marked cellular infiltration of the interstitial connective tissue, which are found in the ordinary musculature of every chamber of the heart (Figs. 10-11) as well as in Tawara's node (Fig. 9), main bundle (Fig. 2) and right (Fig. 4) and left (Fig. 5) septal divisions of the bundle of His, and perineuritis. Those anatomic changes are associated to an abnormal electrocardiogram presenting some similitude to that of an anemic infarct of the anterior wall of the heart and which will be discussed elsewhere (unpublished paper by Dias, Nobrega & Laranja).

Leite fresco-crú ou fervido nenhuma acção exerce sobre o tonus de uma preparação de intestino isolado e perfundido, entretanto determina augmento bastante apreciavel da amplitude das contracções rhythmicas. O leite fermentado, natural ou experimentalmente, pela proliferação de bacilos coli ou aerogenes, por espaço de 6 a 24 horas, em estufa a 37° C., determina muitas vezes augmento consideravel do tonus do segmento de intestino, bem assim augmento da amplitude das oscilações phasicas, em todo caso, uma e outra alteração mostrando-se de modo menos energico do que já observaramos com os filtrados de culturas antigas de bacillo coli. A acção sobre o tonus não parece depender da acidez do leite fermentado, desde que ella não desapparece com a neutralisação do leite. De outro lado, uma solução de acído lactíco do mesmo theôr encontrado no leite fermentado, expresso em graus Dornic, não determina augmento do tonus da preparação. O aquecimento até 115° C., ou o resfriamento prolongado a + 3° C., não supprime a actividade do leite fermentado natural - ou artificialmente, no que concerne seus efeitos sobre tonus da preparação de intestino isolado, facto analogo tendo sido já por nós observado com os filtrados de culturas antigas de bacillo coli. A ingestão prévia de filtrados de culturas antigas de bacillo coli, ou de leite fermentado experimentalmente por esse germe, parece determinar uma maior reactividade do segmento de intestino, o que se póde averiguar pelas reacções mais promptas e mais energicas, quando dos ensaios in-vitro com leite fermentado experimentalmente com bacillo coli, em confronto com as experiencias realisadas com intestino de coelhos normaes. O mesmo facto já havia sido por nós observado com os filtrados de culturas antigas de bacillo coli.Fresh milk, boiled or umboiled, does not have any action on the tonus of a preparation of an isolated and perfused rabbit's gut, however it produces a considerable increase in the height of the rhythmic contractions. Soured milk, naturally fermented or by addition of colon or aerogenes bacilli from 6 to 24 hours at 37° C., may evoke a considerable increase in the tonus of the preparation. Both alterations are, however, not so intense as those obtained with filtrates of old cultures of colon bacilli, as refered to in previous papers. The action on the tonus does not appear to depend onthe acidity of the soured milk because neutralised soured milk does not prevent the phenomenon to be present. On the other hand a lactic acid solution inthe same concentration as the soured milk - expressed by Dornic degrees - does not increase the tonus of the preparation. Heating up to 115° C. or prolonged cooling to + 3° C. does not prevent also the activity of the naturally or artificially soured milk onthe tonus as we have also described with the filtrates of old cultures of colon bacilli. By previous propination to rabbits of filtrates of colon bacilli, or artificially fermented milk by the same bacteria, a great increase of intestinal reactions was noticed, as compared with experiments performed upon the intestine of normal rabbits. Identical results were also obtained with filtrates of cultures of colon bacilli, as referred to previously.

The present paper is a simple introduction to the ecological requirements of Cephaelis ipecacuanha and only a few preliminary conclusions are reached. Cephaelis ipecacuanha has the habit of a forest plant, which is closely connected with the meteorological and floristic factors. This makes it very necessary to study its ecolo-gical relationships carefully, so as to understand its productivity in accordance with its mi¬croclimatic and microedaphic reactions. Conclusions: 1 — Within the ecological range of Cephaelis ipecacuanha, some zones show more fa¬vourable phytosociological conditions than other zones. Consequently, the vegetative and biological types must be investigated in different associations. a — The most favourable vegetative and biological types encountered, in regard to the phytosociological characteristcs of Cephaelis ipecacuanha, were found respectively in the rain forest on the slopes of the Serra dos Parecis and in the serclimax of the river Galera and its tributaries. b — The phytosociological optimum of Cephaelis ipecacuanha was seen in the Vochysietum (Vochysia sp.) which corresponds to number 11 of the original text. It can be defined as follows: shading by vegetation approximately 90%, as the herbaceous sinusium covers 90% of the area worked in, though the arboreal and arbustive coverture is only 65% and 60% respectviely. The inclination is pratically nil (less than 5°) but the drainage is good because the soil is deep and silicous-humous, thus facilitating infiltration by the rain water which inundates the ground temporarily during the periods of floods. The pH oscillates between 5 and 6, denoting a slightly acid soil.

A chemical test previously described for the diagnosis of pregnancy was applied to the study of the excretion of gonadotropin in the urine during menstrual cycle. The chemical test is based on the selective adsorption by kaolim of the reducing substances biologically related to urinary gonadotropin. The active substance when acidified to pH 4.0 is adsorbed by the kolin and eluated with O.1N sodium hydroxide. The alkaline solution is treated by Somogyi's copper reagent and the excess not reduced is titrated by 0.005 N sodium thiosulfate. Gonadotropin is quantitatively addorbed by kaolin at pH 4.0 and eluated by alkaline solution as previously demonstrated by the A. (1). In the present paper the complete menstrual cycle was studied daily. It was observed that normally there are two distinct maxima of excretion. This study is based on 11 normal cycles (24-30 days) and 34 abnormal ones. Normal cycles showed a intramenstrual estrogens elimination from 200 to 260 mice units determinated by the Allen - Doisy full estrus smear test. The abnormal cycles belonging also to normal women showed much less estrogen excretion (14 to 25 mice units) Table II). In those cases with decreased estrogen excretion no fall in the curve after 14 th. day was observed. The A. suggest that the peaks of gonadotropin excretion is not related to the oculation but possibly due, the first one, to the follicle stimulating hormone and the second to the luteinizing hormone of hormone stimulating of the inerstitial tissue.

In the present paper the authors describe the male and female genitalia of various species of Zelurus (=Spiniger). There were not always obtained reliable specific characters, specially in nearly related species. Futhermore there were studied 59 species and subspecies, from Dutch Guiana, Brazil, Peru, Bolivia and Argentine. New locality records and synonymic notes are given and some allotypes are designated. Eight species and two subspecies, from Brazil and Argentine, proved to new to science.

O presente trabalho faz parte de uma seqüência iniciada em 1953 com a verificação do efeito dos raios X sôbre o vírus da gripe em que observamos que os mesmos, em doses fracas, tem aumentado o seu poder patogênico para camundongos. Posteriormente, verificamos a ação do radium sôbre o vírus da gripe e da poliomielite. Neste último caso, o vírus irradiado mostrou-se ativo durante maior número de dias. Nas pesquisas aqui referidas, submetemos o vírus da coriomeningite linfocitária benigna a ação do radium, usando quatro agulhas de 1 mg desse elemento em dispositivo que idealizamos para êste fim. Depois de irradiada, foi a suspensão de vírus diluida a 10*-1, 10*-2 e 10*-3 para as inoculações em camundongos, juntamente com as diluições testemunhas. Observamos que o vírus resistiu pelo menos 264 dias, à temperatura de 4ºC. Quanto às alterações do poder patogênico provocadas pelo radium verificamos que o mesmo não se altera após 24 horas de irradiação. Diminue após 8 dias para aumentar, de modo seguro, após 20 e 33 dias. Iguala-se ao testemunha depois de 78 dias. In the present paper the authors refered the experiments made with the lymphocytic chriomeningitis virus. We strain, after exposition to 4 tubes of 1 mg of radium. The virus suspension was put into the Carrel flask in a layer of 0,1 cm. The titrations of the irradiated virus suspension were made after 24 hours, 8, 20, 33, 78, 85, 120, 264, 292, 387 and 535 days. the virus was still active after 264 days, not after 292 days. The virus irradiated during 24 hours presented the same pathogenicity form mice than the control but after 8 days it was lesser and after 20 and 33 days it was enchanced (Graphic 10). After 78 days the pathogenic power was the same for the irradiated virus and the control.