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Leishmaniasis are zoonoses of tropical climate, caused by protozoa of the genus Leishmania and transmitted by the bite of the female sand fly Lutzomyia longipalpis, the straw mosquito, the most common form being cutaneous leishmaniasis and the rarest and most serious being visceral leishmaniasis. The aim of this review is to describe the types of differential laboratory diagnosis of Cutaneous and Visceral Leishmaniasis, the parasitological, immunological, cytological/ histological, and molecular examinations. The diagnosis of leishmaniasis varies according to the clinical, epidemiological and laboratory aspects of the disease, and the execution and sensitivity of each exam may vary according to the clinical forms, so the parasitological and cytological/histological exams showed greater efficacy for a more accurate diagnosis simple, fast and effective, but one cannot forget about the immunological and molecular exams in which it has great precision of results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]