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This study aimed to evaluate the effect of ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) in obtaining soluble sugars (SS) from the peach palm by-product and to characterize the extract obtained in terms of phenol composition and antioxidant potential. The effect of the sample/solvent ratio on the extraction of AS was evaluated, then a Box- Behnken experimental design was applied to evaluate the effect of the independent variables (pH, temperature and time). Conventional extraction in an orbital shaker (EOS) was conducted for comparative purposes. The aqueous extracts were also characterized in terms of phenolic content and composition and antioxidant activity. The solubility of sugars in water was higher in the sample/water ratio of 2.5 mg mL-1. Based on the responses of the experimental design adopted, it was found that SA was obtained at pH = 4.0, temperature of 35 °C and extraction time of 5 minutes, which resulted in the removal of 16.44 g 100 g-1 of AT. Furthermore, the UAE method was more effective in removing SS (15.23 g 100 g-1) and total phenolic compounds (308.51 mg 100 g-1) compared to the orbital agitation extraction method (EOS). However, in relation to antioxidant activity, the ABTS+ FRAP methods did not show a significant difference between UAE and EOS. It was possible to detect five phenolic acids presents in the middle sheath of the peach palm heart, whose contents were similar in the extractions performed by UAE and EOS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pumpkin is a product has phenolic compounds in its composition, both in the skin and in the pulp, and therefore, it can be an alternative for incorporation into a food matrix poor in this type of nutrient, such as yogurt. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the content of carotenoids from the processing by-product (dry peel, at 55 °C / 24 h), from cabotiá squash (Cucurbita maxima x Cucurbita moschata), aiming its application in natural yogurt. For the initial analysis, the concentrations of 1 and 2% flour were added to the yogurt, I1% and I2%, respectively, and the amount of carotenoids present after 0, 14 and 28 days was evaluated, in the absence and presence of light, in order to verify if these compounds suffer significant degradation. The pumpkin peel flour showed a concentration of 14.252 mg carotenoids / 100 g of flour. Formulations I2% underwent changes in the concentration of these compounds from day 14, whereas I1% did not show significant difference in the evaluated time. The total phenolic content was higher in the pumpkin peel flour (2.47 mg EAG / g) followed by the formulation of I2% (0.079 mg EAG / g) and I1% (0.051 mg EAG / g). When performing the sensory analysis, the attributes flavor, texture and overall appearance, did not show significant difference (p < 0.05), whereas texture and aroma showed significant difference (p < 0.05), but both formulations (I1% and I2%) had an acceptance rate above 77%. Thus, it can be said that the use of the by-product, pumpkin peel, as a source of nutrients in yogurt by up to 2%, can be an alternative that will please consumers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agribusiness is on the increase and evidently the use of herbicides too. The physiological and morphoanatomic responses in Bowdichia virgilioides Kunth (Fabaceae) are evaluated when exposed to paraquat herbicide in green house conditions and possible response patterns of the species identified. The above will furnish subsidies for the study of the species in areas reached by the herbicide and/or those with the same mechanism. Design comprised randomized blocks with eight herbicide doses: 25, 50, 100, 200, 400, 800 and 1200 g i.a ha-1 and control (0), with four replications for each dose. Gas exchange, emission of chlorophyll a fluorescence, contents of chloroplasticidic pigments, membrane permeability and visual and anatomic analyses were undertaken. Results showed that paraquat is phytotoxic for B. virgilioides, since even in small doses the herbicide affected all analyzed parameters. Death of plants occurred with higher dose rates. The presence of phenolic compounds was also confirmed. Responses may be used as diagnostic tools for the herbicide's effects on young plants of the species in vegetal fragments applied by herbicide spray. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agroforest systems make possible ecologically viable exploitation of forest and crop species. Pityrocarpa moniliformis is a forest species with high apiculture value and, consequently, an extra profit source for farmers, whilst corn is one of the main species as a food basis due to its carbohydrates and proteins. Research work is required on possible interactivities established between forest and crop species, such as allelopathy. A possible allelopathic influence of the dry leaves of Pityrocarpa moniliformis in decomposition may be identified on the establishment and development of corn seedlings, var. Ibra. The presence or absence of alkaloids, triterpenoids, steroids, saponins, coumarins, phenolic compounds, tannins, flavonoids, anthraquinones, anthocyanidins, chalcones, leucoanthocyanidins, catechins and flavonones, was identified through qualitative characteristics for the aqueous extract of the dry leaves of Pityrocarpa moniliformis by totally randomized and factorial design The establishment of seedlings through percentage, speed index and mean emergence time and early development, height of aerial part, length of root system, dry mass of aerial and root section and total were undertaken. Alkaloids, triterpenoids, saponins, phenolic compounds, tannins, flavonoids, anthraquinones, catechins and flavonones, potentially allelopathic compounds, were extant in the foliar extract. Corn as an integral part of an agri-forest system with P. moniliformis is not recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coffee-shrub production is prone to plagues that affect plants' development and development. Alternative methods for insect control that lessen the adverse effects of insecticides are relevant, such as plants and the use of their chemical components with insecticide activities. Current research, conducted at the Laboratory of Entomology and Phytopathology of Embrapa Rondonia, evaluates the use of botanic extracts of Piper carniconnectivum, Piper permucronatum, Piper tubercullatum, Piper umbellatum, Cecropia sp., Cymbopogon citratus, Eucalyptus citriodora, and Vismia guianensis to control the coffee borer beetle. Extracts were obtained from dry and fresh leaves and their insecticide potential and effectiveness of application methods (topic, contaminated surface and controlled spraying) tested. Hydro-alcohol extract (dry) of the leaves of Piper tuberculatum had a 90% mortality, whilst Piper umbellatum had a 65% mortality. Among the botanic fresh extracts of the species evaluated, Vismia guianensis and Piper tuberculatum had a 80% and 50% mortality, respectively. Qualitative characterization of extracts of Vismia guianensis, Piper umbellatum and Piper tuberculatum revealed chemical components, such as saponins, phenolic compounds, flavonoids and tannins. Extracts proved to be a possible management strategy for the borer due to reduced risks to the environment and human health. Further studies should be done for the safe insertion of botanic products in the market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dyes are defined as substances that give color to foods and beverages, and can be of natural or synthetic origin. The use of natural dyes is growing due to greater consumer demand, as they attribute several health benefits. Native fruits, in addition to being beneficial, are considered excellent sources of natural pigments and can be included in the diet, resulting in a diverse and colorful diet. Carotenoids are phenolic compounds, which belong to the natural pigment class, and are found in fruits, in yellow, orange and red tones. The present study is a review of the scientific literature on the importance of carotenoids, considered sources of natural pigments and from fruits native to Brazil, specifically acerola (Malpighia emarginata), guabiroba (Campomanesia xanthocarpa), passion fruit (Passiflora edulis) and pitanga (Eugenia uniflora L.) as well as the beneficial effects that these fruits bring to health. Several studies show that the consumption of native fruits, sources of pigments have functional properties. Thus, it is concluded that the native fruits source of carotenoids, in addition to being used as natural dyes, also confer several nutraceutical effects, with a daily dose ranging from 9,000 to 18,000 µg / day, which can be used for prevention and treatments of several pathologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Galling insects manipulate the development of their host plants. Galls are rich in secondary metabolites, such as phenolic compounds and terpenes. Caryocar brasiliense acts as a host of galling insects. Few studies report the impacts of this plant-insect interaction on the species' morphology, physiology, and secondary metabolism. Objective: The purpose of this study was to verify if there is a correlation between the levels of total phenols and flavonoids in C. brasiliense leaf extracts and environmental variables, such as temperature and precipitation, throughout the year, and to evaluate how galling insects can interfere in this seasonality. Methods: Ethanol extracts from leaves were obtained by soxhlet extraction. The main classes of secondary metabolites were detected by phytochemical prospecting. The levels of total phenols and flavonoids were quantified by the Folin-Dennis tests and complexation reaction with aluminum chloride, respectively. Pearson 's correlation coefficient shows that the levels of phenols and flavonoids were correlated with the average monthly maximum temperatures and precipitation accumulation, respectively, recorded in Gurupi - Tocantins. Results and Discussion: Phytochemical prospecting indicated flavonoids, saponins, tannins, triterpenes, steroids, and alkaloids in both extracts. In C. brasiliense, the samples of healthy leaves suffered a greater variation in the levels of phenols (68.39±2.3 to 279.34±3.1 mg GAE g-1 extract) and flavonoids (164.06± 3.0 at 269.03±3.6 mg QE g-1 extract) compared to leaf samples with galls. A strong positive correlation was found between the contents of total phenols and maximum temperatures and a strong negative correlation with precipitation through Pearson's correlation. Conclusions: The variations observed in the levels of phenols and flavonoids in the extracts of C. brasiliense seem to be related to abiotic factors and the herbivory promoted by the galling insect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the work was to develop a skimmed yogurt with functional potential, flavored with Indian fig jam. The physical-chemical characteristics of the fruit pulp skimmed UHT milk and developed yogurt were analyzed. Microscopic research and total soluble solids of Indian fig jam were also carried out and the texture, antioxidant capacity, and content of phenolic compounds in the developed product. The color analysis was performed on the pulp of the Indian fig and the flavored yogurt. The yogurt was made in three repetitions, and the analyzes were carried out in triplicate. The pulp showed average values of 87.13% for moisture, 0.38% ash, 0.54% protein, 0.08% lipids, pH 6.07, 0.04% acidity and total soluble solids of 7.63 ° Brix. The yogurt flavored with Indian fig jam stood out for its high levels of phenolic compounds (640.69 mg EAG / 100 g) and antioxidant activity (72.7 µMOL Trolox / g), it was also observed that the Indian fig could be used as a natural dye even at low concentrations in yogurt, thus dispensing the use of artificial dyes. In the microscopic research of the jam, the presence of glochid-like spines was detected, which shows the need for an efficient technique to guarantee the safety of the consumer. It is concluded that the yogurt elaborated in the present study is an option for consumers who search for tasteful foods and drinks that brings some additional health benefit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The production of jams with the addition of residues from fruit processing, such as peels and seeds, can reduce environmental impacts and nutritionally enrich the products. With a view to using the residues from the melon and mandacaru processing, as well as minimizing the postharvest losses of these fruits, the objective was to develop and characterize three formulations of cv. 'Orange Flesh', plus melon peel and mandacaru seeds. The jellies were characterized according to the physical-chemical parameters (pH, total titratable acidity, total sugars, reducing and non-reducing sugars, total soluble solids, water content, water and ash activity) and bioactive compounds (ascorbic acid, total phenolic compounds, total anthocyanins and total flavonoids). From the elaborated jellies it was observed that the formulation with the addition of the cooked melon peels (F3), was the one that obtained the highest levels of bioactive compounds, such as phenolic compounds 39.98 mg 100-1 g-1, however the formulations F2 (melon jelly with 1% mandacaru seeds) and F1 (melon jelly) obtained good results. The melon pulp, its peels and mandacaru seeds proved to be viable alternatives in the production of jams. The incorporation of mandacaru seeds and melon peels contributed to the functionality and attractiveness of the jellies and serves as an alternative for using waste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over a century ago, viticulture went from the cultivation of one species or grape variety to the cultivation of a plant composed of two genotypes: one responsible for growing the root system and the other for producing the fruit. To adapt to this new reality, a great amount of research has been done, with various studies ranging from grafting techniques to sensory analysis. Despite numerous studies on the influence of rootstocks on scion performance, many aspects of this interaction are still unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the effect that different rootstocks have on the concentration of phenolic compounds in Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot wines produced in the Southern Highlands of Santa Catarina, Brazil, by testing rootstocks 3309C and 101-14Mgt, in addition to P1103. Experiments were conducted in the municipalities of Painel (28°01'S, 50°08'W and 1,200 m) and São Joaquim (28°14'S, 49°58'W and 1,300 m) during the 2015, 2016, and 2017 vintages to assess the concentrations of flavonoid and non-flavonoid compounds in the wines. The results indicate that different rootstocks affect the wines' phenolic composition. The concentration of flavonoid compounds increases with rootstock 3309C, compared to the commonly used rootstock P1103, in the Southern Highlands of Santa Catarina. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grape juice is a product widely consumed for its nutritional characteristics and presence of phenolic compounds, which have important antioxidant activity. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant activity and the total phenolic compounds content of different types of grape juice and nectars, found in commerce in two cities in Rio Grande do Sul. We selected 17 red grape juices, 6 white grape juices and 4 nectars, representing all the samples found in markets of the two cities. The antioxidant activity was determined by the free radical scavenging ability using the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) method, and content the of total phenolic compounds (TPC) was evaluated by the Folin-Ciocalteau method. For comparative analysis of the data, variance analysis and Students t-test for independent samples were applied. The antioxidant activity ranged from 50.14 to 97.38% and the TPC ranged from 143.83 to 1111.83 mgEAG/mL. The highest antioxidant activity was found in red juices, followed by white juices and nectars. The highest values of TPC were found in red juices, followed by nectars and white juices. This study contributes to the knowledge about TPC and biological activity of juices produced in the Northeast region of the state of Rio Grande do Sul. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The processing of fresh fruits into derived products provides conservation and consumption outside the harvest period, however, it is important that these products reach the consumer market, attending to and guaranteeing their physical-chemical and functional quality. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate physicochemical characteristics and quantification of bioactive compounds in commercial samples of guava and banana sweets, and acerola and guava pulps. The products purchased were represented by four commercial brands, coming from the local markets of Pombal and Patos in Paraíba. Determinations of soluble solids, titratable acidity, pH, ratio, water content, fixed mineral residue, ascorbic acid, chlorophyll, carotenoids, flavonoids, anthocyanins and total extractable polyphenols were carried out. For ash content, sample A of guava jam stood out among the others, indicating a greater amount of inorganic residue. Samples A, B and C of guava jam and sample D of banana jam had the highest content of compounds phenolic. The sweet banana sample C showed the highest content of soluble solids. Acerola pulp sample D obtained the best result for ascorbic acid and phenolic compounds. For pH, only samples B, C and D of guava pulp are within the limits allowed by Brazilian legislation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pineapple is praised for its aroma, flavor, and nutritional value. Researches of food composition and bioactive substances gained more space in the academic environment due to a more current severe concern of maintaining a healthier lifestyle. The objective of this paper was to quantify the presence of total phenolic compounds and to evaluate the antioxidant activity in vitro in the peel and pulp of two pineapples varieties: the Abacaxi Pérola and Abacaxi Havaiano (Ananas comosus), cultivated and commercialized at the region of the Triângulo Mineiro and Southern of Goiás. This region was chosen due to its geographic proximity to the city of Itumbiara, and for being a region with an outstanding production of the subject two varieties. The content of total phenolic compounds was evaluated using the Folin-Ciocauteau method and the antioxidant activity was assessed using the free radical scavenging method (DPPH • - 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrilhidrazil). The tests showed values of 72.53 to 143.90 mg GAE / 100g for each sample, for the aqueous extract and from 62.04 to 165.47 mg GAE / 100g of sample, the highest values being found for the bark extracts. For the test carried out with DPPH, to check the antioxidant activity of aqueous and hydroethanolic extracts, significant consumption of the DPPH reagent was not observed. The reading was performed for 1 hour without the measured value undergoing substantial changes. Therefore further studies need to be carried out to elucidate the antioxidant activity in pineapples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is necessary to adopt a quality control system that guarantees reliability in relation to herbal products, especially in the consumer market, giving them security, efficiency and quality. Thus, the present study aimed to characterize parameters for quality control of pega-pinto root tincture produced at the Home Remedies Manufactory linked to the Center for Popular Education (CENEP), located in the city of Nova Palmeira-PB. For this, organoleptic characteristics (color and odor) were observed and the microbiological and physicochemical tests were carried out according to the specifications of the Brazilian Pharmacopoeia (2010). The determination of the total number of mesophilic microorganisms was performed by the plate count method in depth, the pathogen search aimed at the detection of Escherichia coli, Salmonella and Staphylococcus aureus using selectives culture mediums and the antimicrobial efficacy was given by the method of diffusion in agar versus E. coli. Characteristic constituents were determined by phytochemical tests, pH, relative density and solid residue were checked. Pega-pinto tincture showed yellowish coloration, characteristic soft odor, presence of particles in suspension and formation of precipitate. Count values of the total number of mesophilic microorganisms varied from 2.0 x 10² to 1.1 x 10³ CFU/mL for bacteria, and 1.6 x 10² to 5.3 x 10² for fungi. None of the microorganisms surveyed was identified, indicating absence of E. coli, S. aureus and Salmonella. No inhibition of E. coli was observed in antimicrobial efficacy assays. The presence of phenolic compounds, alkaloids, and a slightly positive reaction to tannins was evidenced. The physical-chemical parameters were pH 5.69, relative density 0.93 mg/mL and dry residue 2.86%. Thus, compliance with the pharmacopoeia microbial limits was observed and, although it did not show efficacy against E. coli, the values of physic-chemical parameters are similar to those of other tinctures, being described for the first time for the tincture of pega-pinto. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The large variety of plant specimens found in Brazil with still unexplored medicinal potential, combined with the increase in bacterial resistance to antimicrobials traditionally employed, opens an important field of research aimed at prospecting new drugs. In this context the objective of this work was to evaluate the antibacterial potential of Eugenia dysenterica and to characterize its phytochemical profile. Ethanolic extracts were obtained by drying, grinding, turbo-extraction and lyophilization of the leaves of the plant. The CIM and CBM tests were performed to evaluate the antimicrobial potential on the following strains: Proteus mirabilis ATCC 15290, Echerichia coli ATCC25922, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC29213 and Staphylococcus epidermides ATCC 12228. E. dysenterica presented bactericidal action at 2mg.ml-1 against S. aureus and bacteriostatic at 1mg.ml-1 against P. mirabilis. Several phenolic compounds were detected in the phytochemical screening, and the presence of these compounds may justify the biological potential of this plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The qualitative and quantitative chemical composition (total phenolics, tannins and flavonoids contents), as well as the antioxidant activity of an ethanolic extract of the leaves of Coccoloba cowellii (Polygonaceae) was determined in this study. The extract was prepared by dynamic ultrasound-assisted extraction using firstly petroleum ether:ethyl ether (1:1, v/v) and therefore ethanol:water (8:2, v/v). Quantitative chemical composition (total phenolics, tannins and flavonoids content) was determined using spectroscopic techniques, while the antioxidant activity was determined by means of the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing power tests. The ethanolic extract showed significant antioxidant activity in both assays, with values of 34,01 % ± 4,03 % in the DPPH and reduced Fe3+ ferricyanide complex to the ferrous form (Fe2+), similar to the ascorbic acid used as standard in both assays. The antioxidant activity of the extract is consistent with the total phenolic, tannins and flavonoid contents of the extract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since mate is a source of several bioactive compounds, it has been the object of many studies. Extract preparation from its leaves is the extraction of health-giving compounds, such as polyphenols and antioxidants. Several methodologies for the preparation of liquid and hydro-alcoholic extracts from leaves are described where time, temperature, particle size, solute-solvent ratio and shake intensity affect the quality of the extract obtained. Current research compares and establishes temperature and time conditions for the highest rates in total phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity (%AA) in mate extracts. Seven methods described in the literature were selected, with five for aqueous extracts and two for hydro-alcoholic extracts. TPCs were determined by Folin-Ciocalteu, with modifications, for microplate protocols, and %AA by the DPPH (1,1-difenil- 2-picril-hidrazil) method. TPC's quantitive analysis ranged between 2,113 and 2,423 mg EAG L-1 for aqueous extracts and between 2,707 and 2,997 mg EAG L-1 for hydro-alcoholic extracts. Antioxidant activity ranged between 39.8% and 55.27%. Extracts with the highest TPC and %AA rates were aqueous extract obtained at 85°C for 10 min heating and hydro-alcoholic extract obtained at room temperature (25-20°C) with 120 min of extraction. Extracts may be added to food, with antioxidant capacity and functional properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The cerrado is a diversified biome which has many types of fruit species, among which the jenipapo (Genipa americana L.) is highlighted. Objective: To analyze the chemical composition, bioactive compounds and physicochemical parameters in in natura Jenipapo. Methodology: Jenipapo was bought in shops located in Minas Gerais and Goiás. The analyses were made in triplicate and the results expressed as mean and standard deviation. The moisture, proteins, lipids, ash, dietary fiber, vitamin C, titratable acidity, soluble solids and pH were determined following the methods of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists and the Adolfo Lutz Institute. In addition, analyzes of "available" carbohydrates were performed by the phenol-sulfuric method and by difference; the levels of betacarotene were analyzed by spectrophotometry. Antioxidant activity was performed by DPPH assay. Results: The jenipapo pulp showed 70.0% moisture; 0.6% protein; 0% lipids; 1.1% ash; 6.3% dietary fiber; 20.1% available carbohydrates; 22.1% available carbohydrates (by difference); 26.0 mg vitamin C/100g; 0mg betacaroteno/100g; 176.3 mg phenolic compounds/100g; pH 3.85; 15.2° Brix; 0.40% titratable acidity and 70.2% antioxidant capacity. Conclusion: The in natura jenipapo showed considerable moisture values, total carbohydrates (mainly dietary fiber), vitamin C, phenolic compounds, acidity, soluble solids and high antioxidant activity. Thus, the inclusion of jenipapo in the diet could improve its quality, contributing to food and nutritional security of the cerrado population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study was to evaluate the chemical composition of flour obtained from the peel of passion fruit and their antioxidant activity in vitro. The fruits were cleaned, the peels were separated from pulp, dried in an oven with circulating air and ground to obtain the flour. The centesimal composition was determined and the polyphenols present in the peel were extracted by three methodologies. Total phenolic content and antioxidant activity were determined using three different methods (scavenging of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl - DPPH free radical, Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power - FRAP e Oxigen Radical Absorbance Capacity - ORAC). The results show that the flour has high fiber content (65.22±0.27%) and 74% of which correspond to insoluble fraction. Although the results of total polyphenol indicate that there is a predominance of compounds with hydrophilic characteristics in the peel, the evaluation of the antioxidant activity of the extracts showed that the antioxidant power of lipophilic compounds present in the methanol / acetone extract was superior to the compounds present in the aqueous and ethanol extracts. The results of this study demonstrate that the passion fruit peel could be used as a source of fiber and antioxidants, however, its incorporation into food formulations must address their physical, chemical and sensory, to ensure their best use and acceptance among consumers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The graft incompatibility is a problem that causes economic loss to producers and delay in the launch of new cultivars and rootstock because of the long time required for compatibility testing. The aim of this review is to show of the most important and relevant research conducted over the years involving the graft incompatibility in fruit species, specially the genus Prunus. The graft incompatibility is an extremely complex phenomenon that involves anatomical, physiological, biochemical and molecular interactions between scion and rootstock. Being for this reason a difficult problem to analyze. However, it is believed that through a joint analysis of graft incompatibility the understanding of the mechanisms may advance more quickly and so allow the solution for the phenomenon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]