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This paper presents a new, digital, and interactive list of wounds, deaths, and other acts of aggression in the Iliad. After an introduction, it discusses the state of the art in quantitative approaches to the subject. The following section presents the methodology for compiling the data, briefly establishing the criteria for the distribution of instances in each category. In the discussion, I compare the results with previous similar projects and mention a few examples of the potentiality of the new list – to be published online, not included in the paper –, showing the advantages of the digital format.

ABSTRACT This paper examines the role that the notion of political obligation has in the thought of the Italian philosopher of politics and law Alessandro Passerin d’Entrèves (1902 - 1985), especially in its relationship with the democratic regime and forms of resistance on the part of citizens. By analyzing the author’s main arguments in this regard, it seeks to demonstrate the flexibility of the author’s concept of State, and the importance of philosophy as a point of intersection between morality and law, constituting itself as an instrument of phenomenological approach to the forms of human association.

ABSTRACT We can often find in the literature (both popular and academic) ascriptions of complex collective duties to extensive unstructured collections of individuals. By ‘complex collective duties’, I mean collective duties that, plausibly, require that the individual members of an extensive unstructured collection should enact different contributory act-types to achieve an end jointly - for example, the alleged universal collective duty to end global poverty. In this paper, I argue that these duties are not action-guiding. The reason is that they do not pass what I call the ‘test of action-guidance’. This test assumes the intuitive belief that a moral duty is action-guiding only if it is clear to the duty-bearer the act-type that she should enact after the ascription of the duty. Complex collective duties ascribed to extensive unstructured collections fail to pass this test because, even though each duty-bearer (that is, each member of the collection) receives guidance on the end that they should achieve jointly, it is not clear to these agents the act-type that each of them should put into practice.

This article enters into the scholarly discourse surrounding transnationality and its legal manifestations, specifically aligning itself with the discussion of transjudicialism within the context of a global legal community. The paper argues that contemporary transjudicialism extends beyond the simplistic dialogue between courts, emerging as a pivotal instrument consolidating Transnational Law. The exposition of this argument is buttressed by an inductive methodological approach, employing techniques of reference, category, operational concepts, and bibliographic research. The paper concludes by illustrating the formation of an already consolidated global legal order, primarily driven by the evolution of transjudicialism, further emphasizing the need for the extension of current legal models.

The issue of neutral Spanish in literary translation has given rise to numerous statements and representations on its implications and its status within the Spanish language and the Spanish-speaking publishing market. This paper reviews the current state of knowledge with a double purpose: 1) to describe the previous studies on neutral Spanish, with a particular emphasis on the characteristics of neutral Spanish in literary translation, as well as on its methodology and the results obtained to this date, in order to systematize the research efforts on the subject of study; and 2) to connect said results (primary sources) with the representations on the artificiality and language impoverishment associated with neutral Spanish (secondary sources) in order to observe to what extent the former support the latter

Dubbing has been the dominant modality for conveying foreign media productions in Turkey for several decades. In the chain of dubbing translation, by the time the process is completed, there is a varied group of people from translators to voice actors, editors, and dubbing specialists that play a role in the many-sided process of dubbing. With the aim of reaching an impeccable outcome, the steps of dubbing (script and timing, casting, recording, editing) must be completed in a harmonious way. Some studies have been conducted on dubbing in Turkey in terms of translation quality (Sayman), censorship (Okyayuz), and translation strategies (Tekin); however, non-translation issues such as the performance of voice actors have not been explored. This paper offers further insight into the process of dubbing by distributing a survey to ten voice actors to evaluate the impact of translation on their end during the voicing process, their attitudes toward translators, and the translation along with their expectations from translators. Upon compiling the responses from the professional voice actors, the data is analyzed and discussed togain a better understanding of the process. The results indicated that the voicing process is mainly affected by the quality of translation and that there are challenges that arise from it. Therefore, to some extent, voice actors also intervene in the translated dialogues while recording. Overall, the end product, which is the translated dialogues, represents not only the work of the translator but also the voice actors.

We start from the observation that language pairs like Polish and English display an intriguing asymmetry: Polish has the structural resources to express grammatical gender in nouns while English predominantly leaves these under-determined. Therefore, a speaker of English can conventionally say “I am a nurse” irrespective of the speaker’s gender, while in Polish male/female/non-binary speakers would likely use variable forms. This asymmetry leads to nuanced translation choices which this paper aims to explore. Based on a newly compiled corpus of English-to-Polish Netflix subtitles – amounting to 3.5 million words – we examine how 113 different occupation-related feminatives are deployed by translators. We address three main research questions (RQ1-RQ3). RQ1 is about the frequency of the relevant feminatives in our corpus. RQ2 deals with how the feminatives are distributed across the 284 productions analysed in the dataset. Finally, RQ3 addresses the relationship between the frequency of feminatives in Netflix subtitles and the acceptability of these feminatives, as judged by speakers.

At the end of the 19th century, translations of French Parnassian, Decadentist and Symbolist poetry introduced the models for literary change into the Hispanic world. The first poems translated in Spain from Maurice Rollinat's Les Névroses (1883), published in the magazine La Diana, directed by the poet Manuel Reina, are to be found in this context. This paper examines these translations, carried out jointly by Aniceto Valdivia and Manuel Reina, and analyses which elements of the new French poetics are rewritten to establish the role of these translations in the fin-de-siècle literary renewal.

Furio Ceriol’s El concejo y consejeros del príncipe is one of the most widespread dissertations about the theory of the state in Europe during 17th century. In the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth this exposition had three translations and five editions between 1595 and 1646. All of them are located in the Catholic sphere and their authors were favorable to the reinforcement of royal power. The translators modified and commented on the text to adjust it to their political intentions, or they presented it accompanied by other works that completed its meaning. This paper aims to highlight the translation and editing strategies used in the various interpretations of this treatise.

Critical and pancritical rationalism were mainly debated in the second half of the XXth century, however a new important paper on pancritical rationalism has been published recently, and hence a critical commentary of this recent publication is required, one is offered here.

Several Spanish authors have conceptualised the judicial process as a forced and inevitable temporal evolution that must precede the resolution of the controversy and that depends on slowness —as the antithesis of immediacy—. According to this doctrine, this process aims to avoid an immediate judicial response. In this paper, I will examine why the judicial process has been defined in this way; the reasons why speed is not desirable in the judicial function. To this end, I draw on the findings of cognitive psychology and, more specifically, on a set of theories that support the existence of two ways of processing information —two ways of knowing, believing, thinking, reasoning, and acting—: one fast and one slow; these are the dual processing theories. As a result of this confrontation, I propose a rationale, a purpose, and a definition for the judicial process, which are based on the idea that the presence of a time interval is necessary for the right to judicial impartiality and the right of defence to —materially— exist.

What could justify the paper on evidence in international commercial arbitration? What is so peculiar about this instance of the realisation of the law that it explains the autonomy of the subject of evidence when it takes place in international commercial arbitration? Isn't the general theory of evidence applicable to the demonstration of reality in a certain type of proceedings – arbitral proceedings – whenever they concern commercial and plurilocalised disputes? These are the central questions around which the text will gravitate. We will emphasise what we believe to be the determining factor in the development of a praxis that does not cause a break between the general theory of evidence developed for civil cases tried in state courts and the central vectors of evidence as known in international commercial arbitration: the context of the exercise of jurisdiction.

Society management and the COVID-19 pandemic require continuous restatement and consolidation. Furthermore, the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development created by the United Nations establishes a set of 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) that meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability to meet the needs of future generations and where Goal 5 addresses gender equality as a central priority. The main aim of this paper is to present a crossed-analysis study on how the health crisis has influenced differently the social behaviour between gender and generations in Spain. For this study there have been used a massive open data from the Sociological Research Centre (CIS). The mixed techniques´ methodology of this research was applied to study four social effect dimensions, such as “way of living”, “way of thinking”, “way of self-healthcare” and “social habits and behaviour”. The used techniques contributed analytically to gender and generations management during the pandemic with the intent of complementarity. Obtained findings by analysing four studied dimensions explain the effects and consequences of the pandemic involving differences between men and women, younger and older generations, leading to society management implications that can timely serve as a paradigm with scientific insights for public policies.

This paper addresses the entanglements, complicities and collisions between financialization processes and state action during the current housing crisis in Spain, with a focus on Catalonia and the Barcelona area in the last decade. Departing from the assumption that housing financialization has been a major driver of the crisis, state interventions, including housing policies and legal regulations imposed on financial and real estate markets and on landlord-tenant relations, will be interpreted as modulators that may either alleviate or amplify the impacts of financial dynamics on people’s access to adequate housing. Drawing on the cases of several legal reforms, we will illustrate variegated attitudes towards financial extraction adopted by different state agencies. It will be thus shown how, in the rare cases where the state has tried to alleviate the social harms derived from financial extraction, reforms have been superficial, have arrived late, and have failed to reverse the structural drivers of the crisis. We will thus try to shed some light into the nature of state action in the face of housing financialization, contending that states should not be understood as outsides with respect to finance, as, to the contrary, they are part of finance’s very conditions of possibility.

[ca] L’article proposa un replantejament del paper de les terres gironines en la cultura trobadoresca, centrat sobretot en les circumstàncies de la possible etapa inicial de l’activitat de Cerverí (el moment en què es va convertir en Cerverí de Girona), la interpretació del sentit de la ruta de la seva Recepta de xarob i, finalment, la reconstrucció d’un cercle poètic entorn de la catedral de Girona. Per a tots aquests aspectes, combina l’anàlisi literària amb les dades històriques, tot recollint informació dispersa i inèdita sobre els personatges rellevants. En resulten exemples evidents de la implicació de la noblesa amb la cultura trobadoresca i de la manera com la lírica dels trobadors reflecteix les xarxes familiars i polítiques, i així complementa la visió que tradicionalment s’ha tingut de les relacions entre la noblesa i la reialesa en moments de conflicte.

This paper addresses the profound sense of place in Gillian Flynn's crime fiction, which transpires through the locale of the small town. Distinguishing between setting and landscape, the analyses of Sharp Objects, Dark Places, and Gone Girl reveal a tendency in the genre towards more realistic and social narratives which blend melancholic atmospheres and characters into complex storyworlds highlighted with metaphysical overtones. The article's overall claim is that Flynn's crime fiction has an important social dimension reminiscent of the hard-boiled. Her novels indeed explore new avenues of a form of rural hard-boiled in which there are no tough guys or super villains, but rather ordinary men and women who struggle with their own epistemological and ontological limitations.

The onus of re-constructing a diverse socio-spatial and economically-prepared urban framework in the design of greenfield cities rests on the foresight of a Master Plan document. The conceptualisations in the making of a ‘brand-new city’ are challenged with its subsequent realisation. Often, urbanisation doesn’t tread its planned course, and contentious dualities of planned vs unplanned persists. In Navi Mumbai, five decades later, small-scale slum-settlements emerge as landscapes of dispossession and inevitable gentrification creating urban ruptures within the city morphology. Navi Mumbai was an expression of India’s euphoria as a newly independent nation, exemplified by pragmatic city planning. However, five decades later, the emergence of planning disruptions continues to indicate inadequacies. The paper examines the spatial logics of habitation under changing economic conditions and built-in spatial inequalities. It initiates a discourse on the type of environments planned cities foster towards residents from lower economic and social backgrounds. The key research questions addressed are: How do master plans further socio-economic segregations? What was the impact of neoliberal changes on affordable housing?Points of critique: Navi Mumbai’s reliance on ‘Euro-American’ visions and Fordist planning present several delinkages with adjacent industrial districts, indigenous farming settlements and sensitive ecological edges. The analysis conferred that affordable housing schemes became an unequal instrument of social cohesion, in light of built-in inequities. The Development Plan of Navi Mumbai excluded its original inhabitations- agricultural and fishing villages, a characteristic adopted by several development plans in contemporary Indian cities. Close examination of mechanisms of ‘incrementality’, as a hall-mark of affordable housing projects, suggests disconnections between designer’s vision and dweller’s aspirations.

This paper proposes the problematization of generic and mass-produced forms of architecture through the oppositional relationship with indigenous self-constructed spaces. Starting from an ethnographic study about an unique indigenous horticulture project in the center of Rio de Janeiro, The Dja Guata Porã Garden, we demonstrate the effort to build a territory that organizes itself based on multispecies relationships. The project is contrasted with the formal urban space where it takes place, within a housing complex “Minha Casa, Minha Vida”, the largest public housing policy in Brazil, where the architecture is designed with generic spaces that cannot be modified according to the residents. From this spatial contrast, we propose that this indigenous horticulture project, with pedagogical purposes, is a gap in the formal urban space.

In the post-war 1950s, the severe housing crisis triggered crucial reforms within the architectural field. The Modern Movement’s old guard, revisiting previous principles and tools, was questioned by an uprising avant-garde pursuing a more humane architecture. The C.I.A.M.s witnessed new paradigms towards housing and city, particularly the Aix-en-Provence Congress, entitled La Charte de l’Habitat. Despite this scission, bridges prevailed. Although being co-authored by the ‘elders’, Chandigarh’s masterplan, especially its inceptive Sector 22 layout, was planned by Jane Drew as a habitat. Containing the major daily programs, the coexistence of functions within the ecosystem challenged La Charte d'Athènes-based discourses. For the lowest ranks, Drew excelled, designing Peons’ Villages: humane microhabitats, communities combining housing, infrastructure, leisure, and green spaces near the collective equipment, transport, and communications networks serving Sector 22 macrohabitat. Indeed, notwithstanding a solid modernist affiliation, Drew was already pioneering a ground-breaking anthropological approach to design since working in West Africa. Attentive to the local culture and focused on future users’ practical needs and spiritual aspirations, Drew led participatory methodologies that superseded functionalism, notably preceding and framing later debates towards “habitat”. Based on the consultation of Drew’s unpublished archives and on my field trip to Chandigarh, I aim to highpoint Drew’s socially engaged discourses, suggesting her innovative contribution to a redirection within Modernism, framed by the discussion around the concept of “habitat”. The goal of the paper is to position a new light on Drew’s still-overlooked legacy, especially in her sensibly envisioned Chandigarh habitats, sharing how lively and preserved they are, seven decades later.

This paper discusses the territorial reform in Portuguese parishes in 2013 following the bailout from the International Monetary Fund, the European Central Bank and the European Commission (Troika). The purpose of this paper is (i) to frame the reform of the parishes in Portugal in the trends of reorganization at the local level in European countries in recent decades; (ii) to situate the aggregation at the national scale, integrating it in the Reform of Local Administration of the XIX Government (2011-2015); (iii) to analyze, from the Algarve, the changes in the exercise of its powers, in the provision of services to the population and in the relationship with the municipality; (iv) to discuss the results achieved.The methodology is based on the literature review on local territorial reforms in European countries, on the critical reading of the national process, and the empirical approach is based on the perspective of the elected representatives, based on semi-structured interviews with all the mayors of the aggregated parish councils in the Algarve.The top-down aggregation process applied in the country triggered in the region a reaction of sharing and collaboration between parishes, reducing tensions and fractures between communities (but, in other situations, exposing old divisions or fractures). The new map is assimilated, but criticism remains and two reversals have already occurred.

This paper reflects on health reparation practices in the context of neoliberal hegemony and long-lasting impunity. It builds on an ethnographical approach (2019-2022) to four health reparation initiatives created by users and workers of a state reparation program together with civil organizations in the South of Chile. It states that the way these initiatives deal with the damage produced by state violence (1973-1990) point toward an alternative horizon for health reparations, which may also counter today’s authoritarian orientations.

This paper seeks to approach the story that blames the Chilean left for the institutional breakdown that ended in the civil-military dictatorship led by Augusto Pinochet. If we take as a reference the Uruguayan case, in relation to the discussion on "who threw the first stone" (the left or the right), we do it to question and deepen our own case, by analyzing the arguments that justify representations of the past that criminalize, shame and dehumanize the identity pillars of the Chilean left. Thus, we will explore the responsibilities of the right wing not only in the institutional ruptures, but also in the dissemination and representation of common meanings that aim to see the actions of the left as a "cause" and the military irruption as a "consequence".

This paper aims to explore the ‘migratory careers’ of a group of highly educated Brazilian women and the dynamics activated to achieve the job-education match in Spain. It analyses the reasons for emigration and settlement, as well as the structures of opportunities and constraints, from a multidimensional perspective. The main findings show the existence of a system of vulnerabilities that influence both their geographical trajectories and their occupational (im)mobilities. This is explained in terms of the interrelationship between hindering/fostering factors in different dimensions of life, with the aim of developing a balanced migratory career to achieve the job-education match.

Spanish musical film was recurrent during the Francoism, with actors who sang or singers who acted. At first, linked to popular styles, Spanish cinema opted since 1960s for melodic song or pop, and promoted an idea of modernity to Europe and Latin America through singers of the time. This paper analyzes the characters and songs of the seven films which Raphael starred between 1966 and 1973, in the second Francoism, where, almost autobiographically, he played aspiring and music stars, sang the hits from his albums and his performances worked in these films as a music video.

The aim of this paper is discussing some polemical points when it comes to the Brazilian literature written by afro-Brazilian writers. What is the most adequate category to use for talking about these texts: afro-Brazilian literature? Afrodescendent literature? Brazilian black literature? After that, it is presented a “study case” focusing the short novel Ilhota, written by Zeli de Oliveira Barbosa.

This paper analyses the decolonial production of Edgardo Lander and Ramón Grosfoguel. It will focus on a historiographical reconstruction of the characteristics presented by the Coloniality-Modernity network. The methodological approach applied here is that of the History of the Latin-American Ideas. It concludes that the network fractures due to the publication of a political document authored by some of the decolonial intellectuals, who are critics of Nicolas Maduro’s government. These theoretical-political dissidences allow to disarticulate the myth of the Modernity-Coloniality group.

Recent years have seen the appearance of a substantial quantity of new research on the question of the legal rights and experiences of women in later medieval and early modern England. This work has concentrated on the legal standing of married women compared to those who were not married. It has led to a greater understanding of the doctrine of “coverture” which held that married women lacked legal independence, and has asked how far the doctrine was observed by the courts and thus carried practical weight in shaping women’s participation in the market economy of both countryside and town. The primary aim of the proposed paper is to review the literature on coverture and property rights and draw out its implications for the study of women’s work and involvement in markets for commodities, labour and capital. It is argued that recent research shows coverture to have been a widely recognized reality which had a significant impact on the capacity of women to participate in contractual relationships.

ABSTRACT Typical resultative constructions in English are unavailable in Brazilian Portuguese (BP) and in Romance. This fact has been attributed by previous studies to different event-framings, following the Talmian view. English would illustrate the satellite-framing pattern, whereas Romance would illustrate the verb-framing pattern. Literature in BP has mainly focused on describing properties of different sentences similar to resultatives of the English type. A large part of the debate has been devoted to answering whether these can be classified as true resultatives. Much less attention has been dedicated to a proper description of the framing patterns in BP. This paper fills in this gap and, by doing so, argues that BP admits both framing patterns. The v-framing pattern is highly productive, exemplified by numerous complex parasynthetic verbs that entail a result. The s-framing pattern is marginal, illustrated by a small sample of modified resultatives and verb-particle constructions. This paper supports the framing analysis, but recasts its merits in light of new connections established among (apparent) resultatives in BP.

Digital surveying and rapid prototyping techniques are important tools to support processes related to cultural and architectural heritage. Digital surveying can be used to document, analyse, and enjoy the built heritage thanks to point clouds and detailed digital models resulting from the processing of data acquired during field activities. 3D printing, on the other hand, enables the creation of realistic physical replicas of heritage artefacts that can support activities related to analysis, documentation, conservation, valorisation and enjoyment. The use and combination of these techniques to architectural and cultural heritage have brought benefits and advantages since digital and physical replicas can be used in the processes of documenting, analysing, preserving and enhancing historical artefacts by promoting their accessibility on multiple levels.The paper discusses the results of research aimed at defining and testing an effective workflow for the development of physical models suitable for the analysis, documentation and communication of architectural heritage. The experimentation was performed considering as a case study a peculiar element of architecture, a historical portal. The paper illustrates the technical challenges faced starting from the photogrammetric survey to the digital reconstruction of the analysed artefact for 3D printing, with a focus on the printing parameter settings used to produce physical replicas with high-quality, but different resolutions and scales, to be used for several purposes, such as analysis and documentation and education and communication.DOI: https://doi.org/10.20365/disegnarecon.31.2023.18

In the history of the city of L’Aquila, squares have always had a pivotal role in the foundation and transformation of its design. In fact, squares in L’Aquila have always been part and parcel of the city’s image, each one with its specific identity and meaning; meeting and gathering places in which the inhabitants recognize themselves and of which they have suffered the absence during these years of reconstruction following the earthquake of 2009, still underway today, that is finally allowing the population to reclaim the spaces of the historic centre.The paper delves into the values of hand and life drawing, which still has great potential as a scientific process made up of technique, perception and critical restitution, in order to read and document the urban spaces of the city’s identity and to recognize their historical and architectural values.DOI: https://doi.org/10.20365/disegnarecon.31.2023.20

This study, starting from the representations of a number of projects kept in Palermo in public and private archives, seeks to highlight their role not only in the knowledge of little-known architecture, but above all their value as custodians of memory and bearers of knowledge. “The architecture in the drawer”, that which remains on paper and not debased by compromises, not only takes on a “material” value but above all an ethical value because making visible the thought and operative practice of an architectural scholar is a moral act.Analytical and critical redesign, in this sense, contributes with its natural slowness, which is synonymous with reflection, to nourishing knowledge of the project, of making architecture, of compositional and figurative processes and, last but not least, of the constituent principles of an architectural thought.Through the analysis of a number of drawings preserved in two archives containing projects by Salvatore Caronia Roberti and Salvatore Cardella, the aim is to show part of the points of a timeline, in this case coinciding, describing themes and modes of architecture making in Palermo, with the awareness that many significant passages are left out.Thus a drawing of a timeline, open and welcoming, which however identifies two substantial points in its development; two graphical stages that may constitute further reflections that assist architectural historiography and above all the knowledge of what has often been relegated to an unknown fate.DOI: https://doi.org/10.20365/disegnarecon.31.2023.9

The actual greater diffusion of advanced surveying and representation tools, increasingly user friendly, represent an advantage in terms of cultural heritage digitizing and knowledge sharing, but it requires a series of consideration on the quality of the procedures adopted and the possibility of qualitatively and quantitatively evaluating the results obtained.Surveying means knowing and understanding the existing, in its geometric-morphological-constructive specificities; the different methods and tools of data acquisition must be chosen with the objective of documenting and representing the real geometries, ensuring that recognition of the differences between the stratified elements, which represents the first moment of diagnostic analysis of the historical asset. Only graphical elaborations made according to these criteria, with levels of detail according to the different scales of representation, can usefully become support for conservation project and management of restoration processes.The characteristics of uniqueness and complexity of each historic building require an ad hoc design of the survey activities, tools and methodologies to be adopted, and of the forms and scales of representation. Nonetheless, it is possible to identify a general workflow of the surveying activities in order to obtain data that could be geometrically reliable, quantitatively controllable, comparable and repeatable over time.This paper aims to make a series of considerations about these questions, starting from the analysis of case studies addressed in recent years.DOI: https://doi.org/10.20365/disegnarecon.31.2023.19

The project aims to present the 3D reconstruction of the Roman Theater of Amman, the ancient Philadelphia of the Palestinian Decapolis, through rigorous representative models. The outcomes will be part of a future exhibition providing site-specific installations and user experience artifacts based on digital interaction and tactile models. The paper illustrates the multidisciplinary approach associated with using 3D virtual reconstruction and game engine tools to reflect on the practice of representing ancient monuments and digital museology. Travelers of the 18th and 19th centuries drafted the fascination of discovery as an experience in their notebooks. At the same time, their written records could address contemporary visitors to an extensive cultural knowledge of places and buildings, the historia of Philadelphia. Investigations are shifting scientific models towards a dynamic cultural experience representative of cultural heritage, including intangible heritage, stories, and new technological paradigms, increasingly rapidly making it possible to duplicate art and heritage. This shift is pinpointing the role of representation for cultural studies and humanities, experimenting with practices and tools to drill methodologies, and producing models for interaction design, socialization, gaming, and museum experience.DOI: https://doi.org/10.20365/disegnarecon.31.2023.15

The paper describes a research experience conducted on the maiolica floorings of the Oratories of the Bianchi and San Mercurio in Palermo. The study focuses on the analysis, documentation, and digital reconstruction of the drawing of the two floorings, which, due to various circumstances, have been severely damaged, compromising their original image. The research aims to develop a multimedia application using motion tracking to digitally experience the lost configurations. The process involved archival research, surveys using laser scanning and photogrammetric techniques, graphic analysis, and comparison with similar elements. The survey, thoroughly documenting the state of preservation of the flooring, allows for accurately relating the ‘reconstructed’ drawing to the ‘partial’ state of affairs. Starting from survey data, it is possible to obtain three-dimensional digital models that enable users to explore objects or environments digitally in detail. User movement can be tracked to provide an engaging and personalised experience. The multimedia motion tracking application, developed for the flooring of the Oratorio di San Mercurio, constitutes a form of virtual restoration, allowing the exploration of an imaginary context without direct physical interventions on the artifacts. In this way, virtual reconstruction becomes an integral part of the interpretation process of the flooring.DOI: https://doi.org/10.20365/disegnarecon.31.2023.13

The paper explains the methodology and workflow for the emergency drone recording and processing applied in the Colonial Ammunition Company Shot Tower case study in Auckland, Aotearoa New Zealand. It sheds light on the strategic decisions employed during the drone scan and following data processing under significant limitations. The imperfections in data capture and processing, driven by real-world constraints, present valuable lessons for future endeavours. By capturing the intricacies of this emergency documentation process, the paper aims to contribute valuable insights and replicable workflows to the broader field of heritage preservation. The intersection of technology, urgency, and collaboration showcased in this case study opens avenues for refining methodologies, incorporating advancements, and developing standardised processes for heritage preservation in emergency scenarios.By initiating a broader discourse on the need for standardised processes, collaboration frameworks, and technological advancements in heritage preservation, this paper contributes to this relevant and necessary topic that has not received much attention in academia so far. This paper contributes not only to a case study but is a call to action for developing comprehensive frameworks that empower heritage preservation in the digital age. Shot Tower's challenges and the final demolition in February 2023 serve as a microcosm of the larger issues confronting heritage sites in Aotearoa New Zealand — issues that demand systematic solutions and a coordinated effort from the various entities entrusted with heritage management.DOI: https://doi.org/10.20365/disegnarecon.31.2023.1

Semiotics, as the field dealing with the production of meaning-making mechanisms, was supposed to be a holistic project. Semioticians in the 20th century were concerned about providing semiotics an epistemological identity. For instance, semiotics was aimed at following a meta-role (Greimas, 1976) as ‘a metadiscipline of all academic disciplines’ (Posner, 2003, p. 2366). In fact, Sebeok (1976) deemed semiotics as a ‘doctrine of signs’, refusing to call it a science or a theory. Despite this sophisticated terminology, semiotics remained poorly organised in the national academic systems. This lack of organisation in the academic institutions did not allow semiotics to show this allegedly federative role of general knowledge. Instead, semiotics ended up receiving different designations such as ‘esoteric knowledge’, ‘cabalistic language’, ‘formalistic paranoia’, and so forth. This paper delves into the institutional disorganisation of semiotics by addressing two main aspects. Firstly, the lack of interest by early semioticians to accurately organise their field in the institutions, and secondly, how this treatment, as a meta-field, thwarted its aspirations to be considered as a fully-fledged discipline. Thirdly, I engage in a current discussion (Parra, 2020) in semiotics that questions how semiotics has favoured applied approaches to the production of meaning.

Although Anglicisms1 have been the subject of research for quite some time now, their definition in the literature sometimes tends to be somewhat inexplicit, and there are points of disagreement, especially regarding their classification and the distinction between their types. This paper advocates a uniform, consistent approach to defining loans (Anglicisms) and their typology in terms of an interplay between three criterial features which are transferred in, and thereby constitute, (lexical) borrowing: concept, model, and form. Their combination results in seven feature patterns or loan types (both mono- and bilingual), which the paper correlates and compares with standard categories of Anglicisms found in the literature and illustrates using examples from Czech

The paper presents the initial findings of a research project that investigates the origins of Italian ATAP NNs, such as parolaN chiaveN (keyword) or luogoN simboloN (place.symbol — symbolic place). This study is based on a meticulously chosen sample of 1,924 NN types that include 47 different modifiers as their rightmost constituent, sourced from Google n-grams frequency lists (2020), which represent the most extensive diachronic linguistic data currently available. While recent literature suggests that Italian ATAP NNs emerged in the latter half of the 20th century and gained significant productivity only after 2000, our data indicate that this process occurred approximately 50 years earlier, particularly for a notable subset of N2-based semi-schematic constructions. With respect to the theoretical frameworks of Construction Morphology, Relational Morphology, and Diachronic Construction Grammar, the analysis of the data provides an insight into the interaction between the fully schematic ATAP NN construction and various semi-schematic constructions (N2-based families). Moreover, the study attempts to identify key diachronic stages in the development of the pattern.

The paper examines the guidelines dedicated to Italian teaching and, above all, to the ideal thematic, language and stylistic features of school reading books in the programmes for primary school and in the related instructions for teachers issued by the Ministry of Education from 1860 to 1905: a decisive period for the arrangement of the Italian school system, the literacy processes and the spread of the national language. It can be seen how these official documents significantly shaped the writing of school books. The paper also explores the complex relationship between the institutional attempts to regulate textbook production, as evidenced by relevant ministerial documentation parallel to the programmes, and the rich publishing activity in this field. To complete the overview of the dialectic between school-educational publishing and the regulatory will of the Ministry and of the boards connected to it, responsible for the evaluation of textbooks, the witnesses of two prominent school female authors of the 2nd half of the 19th century are commented on: Ida Baccini and Felicita Morandi.

This paper analyses the descriptions of the Catalan language provided by foreign travellers who journeyed through the Catalan-speaking territories in the second third of the 19th century. It examines their observations and linguistic perceptions of the Catalan language and the language spoken by the inhabitants of these regions. Additionally, the study delves into the names used by travellers to refer to the Catalan language, its origins, its relationship with other Romance languages, and its status among them. While some travellers may not have provided detailed descriptions of the language due to the diverse purposes of their journeys, their various accounts and statements allow us to deduce their positions and opinions in addressing these questions. This analysis takes place during the 19th century, a period in which Romance philology was still an emerging area of research.

La darrera restauració del voladís de l’Ajuntament de Palma recuperà en gran part el valor artístic i simbòlic que aquest havia perdut després d’anys de degradació. L’esmentat element segueix jugant avui un paper rellevant en l’escenografia que desplega la façana de l’edifici consistorial en presidir la plaça de Cort, un nucli fonamental de la vida ciutadana de Palma. La present investigació pretén aclarir, a partir de fonts documentals inèdites, algunes circumstàncies que envoltaren la realització de l'esmentat ràfec i que en possibilitaren l’originalitat respecte als de la resta de casals ciutadans. Malgrat la pèrdua de la majoria de fonts directes sobre la fabricació de l’obra, l’estudi estableix un possible precedent desaparegut que n’explica la inspiració forana. També la relaciona amb altres treballs de fusta de l’edifici i evidencia que formà part d’un projecte unitari. Finalment, aporta novetats significatives sobre el seu autor, Gabriel Torres, que en permeten contextualitzar la intervenció i demostren fins a quin punt arribà la preeminència dels escultors sobre els fusters durant la segona meitat del segle XVII. Per acabar, s’hi fa una evolució històrica i una valoració de l’obra.

Els paral·lelismes entre la futura Isabel II i Isabel I de Castella van ser explotats en els camps polític, literari i artístic pels òrgans propagandístics de la monarquia espanyola, des del naixement de la infanta, l’octubre de 1830, fins als primers dos anys de regència de Maria Cristina de Borbó. I és que Isabel la Catòlica va néixer en una època en què, a falta de fill baró, la successió a la Corona de la filla primogènita dels monarques estava permesa. Tanmateix, aquesta tradició castellana, regularitzada en el còdex de Las Siete Partidas d’Alfons X al segle XIII, va quedar invalidada amb l’Auto Acordat per Felip V el maig de 1713, que també donava prioritat als barons de branques laterals. Davant d’això i de l’amenaça que la Corona passés a mans de Carles Maria Isidre de Borbó, el 29 de març de 1830 es va aprovar la Pragmàtica Sanció que promulgava l’acord de Corts de 1789 amb què Carles IV va pretendre recuperar la vella consuetud castellana. Poc abans de la mort de Ferran VII, en els festeigs per l’acte de jurament i reconeixement de les Corts espanyoles a Maria Isabel Lluïsa de Borbó com a princesa d’Astúries, la tradició política i l’estètica medievals van adquirir un paper encara més rellevant, sobretot en pintures i arquitectures efímeres creades ex professo per adornar els carrers de moltes ciutats del Regne. L’organització de torneigs medievals, com el de Barcelona, o les vindicacions de comtes i vells sobirans en obres literàries adornades amb gravats, en arbres genealògics i en diversos gèneres de la literatura popular també van ser utilitzats per evocar la Catalunya de Guifré el Pilós o l’Espanya dels Reis Catòlics. Aquesta mirada cap al passat medieval va servir a la Corona espanyola per legitimar la successió femenina al tron, mentre que, de retruc, es va crear el marc idoni que permetria a certs sectors afins a Isabel manifestar públicament la seva inclinació per l’estil gòtic, el qual s’estava posant de moda entre les classes burgeses per influx del moviment romàntic.

Abstract Vygotsky’s article about the psychology of the actor is a good example of continuities and connections between the early and late work of this psychologist and theater critic. Contrary to a divide between an “instrumental”, “mechanistic” and “reductionist” phase before 1930 and later a “holistic” phase (Yasnitsky, van der Veer, 2016, p. 92), the discourse about the actor and Diderot’s notion of “artificial feelings” (sensibilité artificielle) proves Vygotsky’s ongoing commitment regarding questions of experience (perezhivanie), catharsis and the status of emotions. The dichotomy of the actor’s emotions as shown by Diderot in Paradox of Acting is a key for Vygotsky to insist on the historicity of emotions and a transformation of psychology’s methods. As part of the creative work, the actor’s emotions are divided with opposing forces. In Vygotsky’s Psychology of Art, the formalist term for such a division is dvoistvennost’ (twofoldness). Only by overcoming naturalist assumptions and by placing emotions in the context of other mental functions, psychology with indirect methods would be capable of dealing with this historicity. This is a “psychology in terms of drama”, as suggested in “Concrete Psychology”. My paper will focus on the connections between early reviews, “The Psychology of Art” (1925), “Concrete Human Psychology” (1929) and “The Psychology of the Actor’s Creative Work” (1932).

This paper aims to analyse and present the Italian paratexts of the Brazilian novel Tereza Batista cansada de guerra (1972) by Jorge Amado. Paratexts are a valuable instrument, sometimes even better than the actual translation, in order to verify how the source cultural and literary systems are represented. In this case, by examining the paratextual elements, the representation of Brazilian women and of Brazil in general is presented, as well as the status of the translation and the translation agents involved in the process, the rewarded translatress Giuliana Segre Giorgi and the publishing houses.

This article focuses on the work of the insufficiently known writer Elena Soriano and more specifically on her novel La playa de los locos. The main objective is to analyze the cultured references present in the work, both from Judeo-Christianity and from classical culture or other literary texts. Likewise, the allusions to the famous fairy tales present in the novel have been studied. Given the disavowal of the publication of the novel by censors, the first part of this paper explains the context surrounding its publication and its repercussions on the author's career.

O paper procura relacionar os limites impostos ao exercício da cidadania aos moradores de áreas conflagradas e a ação de grupos criminosos, apresentando alternativa criada para oferta de serviço público de orientação jurídica e acesso à justiça, tendo como objeto de estudo a iniciativa embrionária da Defensoria Pública do Estado do Rio de Janeiro denominada “Defensoria em Ação nas Favelas”. O objetivo é demonstrar a necessidade de as instituições públicas ocuparem seu espaço e prestarem serviço público de qualidade nas áreas sob o domínio de quadrilhas armadas, disputando com as milícias e facções do tráfico de drogas a população hipervulnerável, residente nas periferias das cidades, a partir da experiência no território fluminense. A hipótese é que através da busca ativa é possível resgatar uma parcela significativa da população do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, constantemente alijada do exercício de sua cidadania, garantindo-lhe o acesso à justiça. O problema ganha relevo porque se estima que um terço dos moradores da capital fluminense more em áreas de risco controladas pelas milícias, ao passo que outros 24% são expostos ao domínio das facções do tráfico de drogas. Cientes das diversas formas de vilipêndio aos direitos basilares desta expressiva parcela da população, busca-se averiguar se, ao menos em relação ao acesso à justiça, a ação tem obtido êxito. Para tanto, será utilizada a revisão bibliográfica e apresentação de estudo de caso

In the years 1835–1857 the British diplomatic mission in Athens did not confine its activity to carrying out British policy but built up a straightforward and carefully cultivated relationship with the English press. Several episodes revealed its intention of using the papers as a vehicle in order to vindicate the conduct and the opinions of its personnel on Greek politics. This article argues that in early-Victorian Britain statesmen were fully conscious of the implication of supervising the information on foreign affairs that reached the public and of exerting diplomatic pressure on other states through the daily press. As international developments gradually made interesting reading, the scarcity of communication from a faraway country such as Greece lent authority to the reports published in the London papers, which were heavily “influenced” by British international considerations. In this context the columns of a daily newspaper and the brevity of journalistic contributions enabled members of the British Legation in Athens to present their severe censor of successive Greek governments to a wider section of the British political body.

This paper aimsto clarify whether the concepts of Health, Mental Health and Wellbeing overlap or if there should be a proper definition for each one of them. Taking advantage of previous studies with students from two Polytechnical Institutes, conversational notions were used to form a questionnaire around the three topics above. The cooccurrences in the responses of the 43 subjects indicate that the central concept is Wellbeing, and that Health differs from Mental Health because it is closer to positive and negative ways of coping.

ABSTRACT This paper aims to map the different theoretical options related to the Precautionary Principle (PP). Great part of the literature on it can be systematized by answering to three different questions: is there a basic structure in the PP? If so, in which interpretation of the PP does this structure express itself? Finally, are its damage or knowledge conditions fixed or adjustable? The first question separates realist from non-realist approaches. The second question allows us to discriminate monist, dualist, or pluralist positions in relation to the three interpretations of the PP: decision rule, procedural requirement, or epistemic rule. Finally, the third question distinguishes rigid from non-rigid formulations of the principle. Based on this mapping, one can not only navigate through the different formulations of the PP present both in official documents and in specialized literature, but also deflect some of its common objections, and understand Hans Jonas’ eventual connection with PP. Notwithstanding, this mapping does not capture other important themes attached to PP, which motivates a final distinction between narrow and broader forms of PP.

In previous works, I have sought to explain and justify the hostility of criminal proceedings toward statistical evidence by suggesting that criminal fact-finding implicitly adheres to the view that culpable conduct requires free will that is necessarily unpredictable. In this paper, I argue that Criminal Law should treat people based on the assumption that they have unpredictable free will, even if this assumption is unfounded or even false. I first show how the use of predictive evidence undermines the effectiveness of stigmatisation, based in part on the phenomenon of ‘bypassing’. I then claim that my justification has a considerable advantage over the popular incentive-based justification.