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L'objectiu d'aquest treball és abordar la didàctica de la prosòdia des de dos punts de vista: en primer lloc, una perspectiva històrica i teòrica que examina el paper i tractament de la competència prosòdica; i, en segon lloc, les implicacions didàctiques i el desenvolupament d'aquesta competència a través del joc, tenint en compte a l'alumnat de l'aula d'Educació Infantil i d'Educació Primària.

Aquest article analitza la figura de Maria Fortesa / Maria de Fortalesa des d'una doble perspectiva. En primer terme, històrica. Maria és successora i representant dels xuetes mallorquins ajusticiats al segle xvii que, amb el canvi de continent i de posició social, mostra els contrastos entre les dues illes (Mallorca i Cuba) i el progrés del segle xix basat en l'assimilació del discurs colonial. En segon lloc, a través de Maria, Carme Riera descriu la figura de la "literata"; mostra les contradiccions i restriccions de la primera generació d'escriptores modernes de la qual se sent deutora. D'altra banda, tot i la distància autoral que proporcionen les tècniques narratives de la ironia, la paròdia i l'ús del pastitx, no s'amaga l'escriptura com una passió irrefrenable —a través de l'escriptura epistolar— tot i que es manté allunyada dels models literaris reconeguts a l'època.

Aquest text recull uns papers de treball al voltant de la in/visibilitat, amb el propòsit de revisar una categoria que ha creuat la trajectòria d’existència lèsbica, gai, queer, així com la teorització i el pensament a propòsit d’aquestes subjectivitats (i de la seva pròpia subjecció). L’associació de la visibilitat amb l’existència ha constituit un axioma. No obstant, la visibilitat no és sempre necessàriament la millor manera de fer-se visible o, immediatament, la millor estratègia política per a l’afirmació de la nostra existència. En aquests papers de treball parteixo de la formulació d’unes hipòtesis/propostes de reflexió, per continuar dialogant amb el volum Manifiestos gays, lesbianos, queer. Testimonios de una lucha (1969-1994), editat per Rafael M. Mérida, i acabo amb un breu testimoni de l’escriptora catalana Maria Mercè Marçal.

Due to the global COVID-19 pandemic, educational institutions all over the world were forced to make the executive decision of quickly and effectively transferring face-to-face classes into an online format. Issues such as technical difficulties, varying degrees of digital literacy within a given team of teachers or the question of how to preserve the essence of face-to-face classes in an online environment are among the many challenges that have affected and hindered the practice of instructors all over the world. With a focus on the teaching of Spanish as a Foreign Language (Español como Lengua Extranjera, ELE) and video-conferencing platforms such as the software known as Zoom, in this paper we discuss the importance of continuing the practice of teaching speaking in an online environment. Subsequently, we present a number of strategies that we have put into practice in our online ELE classrooms in order to try and maintain the same or very similar level of interaction between our students when compared to face-to-face classrooms.

This paper discusses the corpus of Gran Canarian Spanish gathered in 2016 in order to provide an in-depth sociolinguistic account of the lenition processes identified in the dialect. After a detailed description of the methodology and database preparation, I present two case studies showcasing the utility of such corpora. First, I show the phonetic and social factors governing the distribution of different surface variants of the underlying coda /s/, pointing to generalised variation and hence incompleteness of any of the weakening options. Second, I provide a comparison of the spontaneous speech produced by the 6 informants of the corpus with their productions from a laboratory study, which leads to the conclusion that variation is subject to yet another important factor: social setting and that the options chosen on each occasion are reflections of competing stages on the same lenition trajectory systematically applied by language users.

This paper presents the vernacular form caraças which, in European Portuguese (EP) is associated to multiple contexts, differents from its use as a feminine common noun. The data I will present shows that caraças behaves as a polarity item, without referential interpretation. On the one hand, caraçasbehaves as a minimizer, a subtype of Negative Polarity Item (NPI), being associated to the lowest point of a scale of value. On the other hand, it also behaves as a Positive Polarity Item (PPI), expressing maximal degrees, therefore being a maximizer. The fact that caraças occurs simultaneously as a NPI and a PPI could indicate we are in the presence of a bipolar element, as described by van der Wouden (1997). Nevertheless, data suggests that there are two distinct items caraças, one of them being a NPI and the other a PPI. The form caraças is also associated to other contexts of use, namely as a metalinguistic negation marker and in evaluative constructions such as N-of-an-N constructions. We also find it functioning as an interjection in exclamative sentences. Although the feminine common noun caraça (augmentative of cara ‘face’) remains in the lexicon as synonym of mask, the polarity item caraças does not result from a process of grammaticalization of the common noun, as documented for other polarity items. In this paper I will put forth the idea that caraças, in its masculine singular form, appeared as an euphemistic variant of caralho ‘dick’, a highly offensive taboo term, used to designate the masculine sexual organ.

In the context of Medieval Gallo-Romance lyric it is possible to recognize a small but significant group of texts that develop a particular topic connected to the crusades: the poetic “I” is forced by the woman he loves to move to the Holy Land. This paper studies all these poems aiming to recognize their common features and their possible references to contemporary historical reality.

Following in the footsteps of a well-established historiographical tradition on the cult, sanctuaries and pilgrimages of St. Michael in Europe, the paper will analyse a particular case study involving the Michaelic tradition of the Gargano and the rivalry among several Norman abbeys between the 11th and 12th centuries: the Priory of Saint-Michel-du-Mont-Gargan, a dependency of Saint-Ouen of Rouen. After reconstructing the birth and growth of the Priory, the study will examine the history of Saint-Ouen in order to contextualise the role of the cult of the Archangel and the function of this minor institution within the strategy of religious policy pursued by the mother abbey in the years of the formation of the Norman Principality after the Viking invasions.

This paper is one of the first attempts to reconstruct the story of Afia Begum, wife —and later widow— of Abdul Hamid (a Bangladeshi immigrant in Thatcherite London), whose entry was cleared by the British Home Office in 1982, months before her husband died tragically in a fire in East London. Upon her arrival in the United Kingdom, Afia was told that her grant to stay in the country was no longer valid owing to the death of her husband; that she was now an illegal immigrant in Britain. In the process of the reconstruction, I also revisit the untold story of the Sari Squad, a group of Asian women who fought valiantly, though peacefully, to stop Afia’s deportation. Although Afia was deported on May 8, 1984, her case was heard in the European Court of Human Rights and debated in the European Parliament; in both forums, the highhandedness of the British Home Office was fiercely critiqued. By way of conclusion, I lay out a hermeneutic in which to read Afia’s story, in a literary sense, offering a skeptical stance to reading it in binary terms of success-defeat/victimization-survival of a female foreigner battling a racist state. In doing so, I draw upon Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak’s “connection between nationalism and reproductive heteronormativity”, to argue that the case of Afia’s deportation suggests that her nationality can only be —tragically— established by determining the citizenship of her husband; this ends up doubly othering and transcendentalizing her nationality, reducing her to her sociobiological reproductive heteronormativity, impregnated with the cryptic trace of her husband’s ghost which practically became the summum bonum of her deprived statehood.

The system of forms and pronouns of address in European Portuguese presents great variation throughout the entire country. Although a tripartite and a bipartite paradigm exists in singular and plural, respectively, the dialect reality provides a more complex system that depends on geo and socio-linguistic factors. Despite the most recent studies on this phenomenon, there is little information about the actual usage of pronouns of address in the archipelagos. In this paper, I aim to pinpoint the current paradigm of pronouns of address in Madeira, by also establishing its geolinguistic, sociolinguistic, pragmatic and grammatical constraints, thanks to a quantitative corpus stemming from specific fieldwork. The main results show the elimination of vós as plural, the extension of vocês and its 3pl agreement pattern, as well as various pragmatic changes in progress regarding the conception of family and the spread of pragmatic solidarity.

In a bilingual society, each individual within the family domain has his or her own linguistic practices and beliefs about language choice. Therefore, language practices inside family can be considered as an important marker of intergenerational transmission of a minoritized language such as Galician. The primary focus of this study is to investigate how individual linguistic practices and ideologies of the pro-Galician parents act as ‘visible’ and/or ‘invisible’ language planning measures at home influencing their children’s language learning. Drawing from multiple ethnographic research methods including observational fieldnotes, in-depth fieldwork interviews from Santiago de Compostela and Bertamiráns and two focus groups in Santiago de Compostela and Vigo with several Galician parents, this paper demonstrates that in Galicia’s language shift-induced shrinking orthodox native speaker pool, pro-Galician parents can play an important role in the language revitalisation process. The paper also endeavours to ascertain whether these parents can restore intergenerational transmission in a Castilian dominated landscape and if their microcosmic interrogation of the dominant discourse could lead to bottom-up language policies of resistance at the grassroots level. In this regard, this article seeks to reevaluate sociolinguistic concepts such as family language policy and their immediate impact on home language planning and management decisions what these parents use to maintain the intergenerational transmission of Galician.

This paper examines the theme of pilgrimage in some short chivalric romances in Spanish, analyzing its incidence, characteristics and narrative function in relation to the more general theme of the journey and highlighting the reciprocal reflections between fictional writing and the historical-social reality of the time.

There is a growing body of literature that recognises the relationship between musical aptitude and language proficiency. Language is usually segmented into its subcategories when addressed in studies, while music is not. Due to this, it is unclear whether language proficiency is related to all music components (pitch, rhythm, etc.) in the same way. The purpose of this paper is to analyse the relationship between musical aptitude and receptive pronunciation in a foreign language, in this case, English. To achieve it, a field research study has been designed, in which participated 71 second grade 7-8-year-old students (34 boys and 37 girls) from a bilingual public school. Two tests were administered to measure their musical aptitude and their ability of discriminating phonemes. The musical test consisted of six exercises that assessed the different sub-skills of musical aptitude (pitch, loudness, duration, rhythm, timbre and tempo perception). On the other hand, the pronunciation test measured their auditory ability to differentiate phonemes in a foreign language. Our results show a positive correlation between musical aptitude and the identification of foreign language sounds.

This paper presents a first dialectometric approach to the geolinguistic distribution of the Romance varieties using a new corpus based on the Atlas Linguistique Roman ( ALiR ) which is currently being developed at the Centro Ramón Piñeiro para a Investigación en Humanidades. The dialectometrization of the ALiR will not only allow us to analyze linguistic distance among the varieties of the Romania Antiqua, but may also shed light from a quantitative perspective on several issues that have historically aroused controversy. Specifically, this paper deals with the degree of individuality of the Galician language with respect to Portuguese and Spanish (a controversy closely related to the still ongoing debate about the standardization of Galician), and concludes that reinforcing the presence and visibility of elements shared with Portuguese in corpus planning may have a postive effect on its prestige.

Established as colonial hill stations in Indian's Doon Valley, in the 1820s, Mussoorie and Landour emerged in Victorian literary imagination with the journals of Emily Eden, Fanny Parks, and the Wallace-Dunlop sisters. This paper argues that the Doon's female imperial architextures invented new prospects of grafting Anglo-Saxon aesthetics on the Himalayan terra nullius, diminishing, miniaturizing, and depopulating aspects of the hazardous, the alien, and the local. A thread of archetypes —jhampauns (Himalayan loco-armchairs) and Himalayan vistas— link the aesthetic arcs in the journals of Eden, Parks, and the Wallace-Dunlops. Although the architexture was ostensibly apolitical, it imbued the Doon's representational spaces with a reproducible English character, rendering its terra incognita into terra familiaris in imperial psyche, while carving a distinct imperial subjectivity for Memsahibs.

The main objective of this paper is to analyse word order in structures with perception verbs (to hear, to feel and to see) with infinitive complements in Old Portuguese. Based on previous work for standard (cf. Gonçalves 1999; Duarte & Gonçalves 2002) and dialectal (Pereira 2012) contemporary European Portuguese, this study highlights the position and shape of the subject of the infinitive clause. It aims to contribute to the study of perception constructions (and, by extension, causative constructions, since they have structural similarities) in the history of Portuguese. In this paper we also show the benefits of using a syntactic annotation system for the study of grammatical properties of highly specific constructions. The text under analysis is O Livro de José de Arimateia, in the edition of Castro (1984). This text was recently tagged and parsed within the framework of the WOChWEL project, which follows the annotation systems of the team of the Tycho Brahe Corpus, strongly influenced by the annotation of the Penn corpora.

Conforme a Teoria da Língua em Ato (CRESTI, 2000a), que fundamenta este artigo, a sintaxe no estudo da fala espontânea necessita ser estudada considerando a dimensão da articulação informacional, e, portanto, de forma diferente de como é tradicionalmente feita a análise sintática da escrita. Com o objetivo geral de aprofundar o estudo da sintaxe da fala e com base em corpora especificamente construídos para uma adequada análise desta diamesia, é aqui apresentado o primeiro mapeamento das orações completivas no corpus de fala de português brasileiro C-ORAL-BRASIL (RASO; MELLO, 2012), a fim de comparar esta primeira análise quantitativa com os dados disponíveis extraídos do corpus C-ORAL-ROM (CRESTI; MONEGLIA, 2005) para fala de italiano. A análise qualitativa das orações completivas nas duas línguas, conduzida sobre dois subcorpora do C-ORAL-BRASIL e do C-ORAL-ROM anotados informacionalmente, é apresentada em seguida. According to Language into Act Theory (CRESTI, 2000a), on which this paper is founded, the syntax of spontaneous speech can’t be analyzed without taking into account the informational patterning dimension. Its analysis, therefore, must be different from the traditional one applied to written language. With the general aim of examining in depth spontaneous speech syntax and on the basis of adequate spontaneous speech corpora, this paper shows the first mapping of completive clauses in spoken Brazilian Portuguese corpus C-ORAL-BRASIL (RASO; MELLO, 2012), in order to make a quantitative analysis comparable with available data from spoken Italian C-ORAL-ROM corpus (CRESTI; MONEGLIA, 2005). The qualitative analysis of completive clauses in both spoken languages is then presented, conducted on two sub-corpora of C-ORAL-BRASIL and Italian C-ORAL-ROM presenting informational patterning annotation.

In the first part of this paper, examples are given of the intervention of lords to change the name of some localities: such was not an unusual practice in Medieval times. Next, the commonest reasons for retoponymization are listed, with special attention to aesthetic reasons and offensive denominations which led four Galician parishes (Malos, Perros and Cas) to drop their former denominations and be renamed Os Ánxeles. As this name change happened in the 16th century, shortly after the Council of Trent, this paper supports the view that it was promoted by the bishops of the dioceses in question, driven by the reforming spirit of the Church administration following the Council. Do-cuments in the Archive of the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela (ACS) and in the Historical Archive of the University of Santiago (AHUS) support this hypothesis in the four cases studied.

In the Valley of Xálima three closely-related Romance varieties are spoken, referred to collectively as the fala. Since their “rediscovery” about a quarter of a century ago, the controversy over their linguistic affiliation has been intense. One position which claims that the fala has a Galician origin relies on historical arguments (medieval repopulation processes) and linguistic ones (alleged similarities to Galician not shared by the neighbouring languages). In 2013 the chief exponent of the Galician ties of the varieties spoken at Xálima, Dr. Xosé-Henrique Costas, published a book bringing together several papers on diverse aspects of the fala including a study of dozens of lexical items which according to Costas are exclusive to the fala (such as archaisms) or parallels between the fala and Galician that are found in neither Portuguese nor Spanish. However, careful reading of this text revealed that several of the forms cited are well-known in dialectal Portuguese, which points to the need to check the validity of the whole list. The aim of this paper is to carry out a systematic study of the presence or absence in Portuguese and Spanish dialect materials of these allegedly specific terms in the fala. The results of the analysis confirm the initial hypothesis: a significant number of the forms proposed by Costas are in use in Portuguese dialects (not only those adjacent to the Valley of Xálima) or even in standard Portuguese. There are also matches with dialect varieties of Extremadura and Salamanca. The conclusions of this paper highlight the need to take into account dialect data when examining the linguistic features of the fala as a necessary precaution which will help to make a scientific debate over its origin all the more robust.

Resumo: O presente trabalho tem por objetivo contrastar a constituição interna de verbetes de dicionários escolares Tipo 2. A inclusão dos dicionários escolares de língua portuguesa ao Programa Nacional do Livro Didático ampliou as discussões sobre este tipo de obra lexicográfica, o que culminou em um aprimoramento dos dicionários escolares nos últimos dez anos. No entanto, por ser uma prática incipiente no Brasil, a pesquisa lexicográfica brasileira ainda carece de diretrizes que norteiem a compilação de dicionários escolares de excelência. Desta forma, embora compiladas sob diretrizes fixadas pelo Ministério da Educação, as obras disponíveis no mercado ainda apresentam características muito heterogêneas quando comparadas umas às outras. Neste trabalho, procuramos contrastar as informações oferecidas nos verbetes de três dicionários Tipo 2 de modo a chamar a atenção para a necessidade de um estudo que consolide um Programa Constante de Informações para estas obras lexicográficas. Palavras-chave: Lexicografia pedagógica; dicionários escolares; Programa Constante de Informações. Abstract: This paper aims to contrast the internal formation of entries in Type-2 school dictionaries. The inclusion of Portuguese school dictionaries in the Programa Nacional do Livro Didático [“Brazilian Textbook National Program”] has enhanced the discussions about this kind of dictionary, improving the compiling of school dictionaries in the last decade. However, lexicographical research in Brazil is still very incipient and it has not yet established guidelines that assure the compilation of high quality school dictionaries. Consequently, despite being compiled according to parameters fixed by the Ministry of Education, school dictionaries still present heterogeneous features when compared to each other. In this paper, we contrast the information presented by entries of three Type-2 dictionaries, and we draw the attention to the need of a study that consolidates a Constant Program of Information to this sort of dictionary. Keywords: Pedagogical lexicography; school dictionaries; Constant Information Program.

Resumo: Este artigo mostra a relação entre estratégias usadas em dicionários escolares e enciclopédias digitais, especificamente em relação às remissivas ou links, que desempenham um importante papel em sua constituição. Assim, tomando por ponto de partida um verbete de um dicionário impresso e um artigo da Wikipédia, estabelecemos algumas comparações de modo a observar se se pode considerar um indício de transmutação do gênero verbete. Há que se considerar, pois, que atualmente vivenciamos um período de mudanças nas formas de interação com os textos, visto que as novas tecnologias nos impelem a transcender o simples folhear do papel, ou o movimento sacádico dos olhos entre as palavras, para a visualização difusa das informações que aparecem na tela do computador. Assim é que, com base nos conceitos metalexicográficos e hipertextuais, acreditamos que há um relacionamento extremamente relevante entre os links e as remissivas, que pode explicar o desenvolvimento de estratégias específicas de consulta, tanto em meio digital quanto impresso. No entanto, ainda não podemos precisar se isso se configura como uma reelaboração de gêneros. Palavras-chave: Verbete; reelaboração de gêneros; hipertexto digital. Abstract: This article shows the relationship between strategies used in learner’s dictionaries and online encyclopedias, specifically in relation to cross-references or links, which play an important role in its constitution. Thus, taking as a starting point of a dictionary entry form and an Wikipedia article, we establish some comparisons in order to see if it can be considered a sign of transmutation of the genre entry. One must consider, therefore, that currently we live an age of changes in the forms of interaction with the texts as new technologies compel us to transcend the simple sheet of paper, or saccadic eye movement between words, for viewing diffuse the information that appears on the computer screen. So that, based on the metalexicography and hypertext concepts, we believe that there is an extremely important relationship between the links and cross-references, which may explain the development of specific strategies for consultation, both in digital and paper. What, however, we can’t yet specify whether configured as a transmutation of genres. Keywords: Entry; transmutation; hypertext.

Migrating from Greek mythology to scripture and ecclesiastical writing, sirens are best known for the perils they put on the road of Odysseus, and conversely, on that of the crucified Christ and on that of the pilgrim, two significations that Odysseus, the eternal voyageur tied to the mast, came to symbolize in the Middle Ages. Long acknowledged in past scholarship, the siren motif was perceived of as a multi-layered image, whose negative Homeric connotations suited an even vaster range of destructive meanings, moral, social and political. More than sheer misogyny, the hybrid sirens represent violation of social order, mainly that of the manly world. It is therefore no coincidence to find them dwelling in the biblical debauched town of Babylon, and in the land of Edom, destined to be destroyed, alongside hybrid centaurs, both in the Septuagint and in the Vulgate. These beasts gained much popularity throughout the Middle Ages, and embody the ultimate significance of evil in the medieval bestiary, as well as in a wide-ranging exegetical literature. This development may stand for the immense dispersion of the siren motif in Romanesque sculpture. Meant at an edifying purpose, sirens associated with urban destruction, lust, and avarice, signify the menace of sin they seduce humanity to fall into. The virtuous Christian, recognizing the long-enduring classical motif in its new Christian context should take the paradigm of Odysseus in his Christological typology, and restrain from evil. Though constituting a rather popular motif of Romanesque sculpture in general, sirens seem to inhabit many of the churches of the Auvergne and the Velay regions of France, along pilgrimage shrines, located lengthwise the Via Podiensis and crosswise routes, thus forming a marked feature of the local imagery. More than sheer enthusiasm for the antique, as past scholarship would have it, sirens seem to have chanted a very specific local chant in Auvergne-Velay. Constituting a major motif, which testifies to a profound understanding of their contextual implications, they represent a multifaceted image, denoting didactic, apotropaic, liturgical, social, and political messages. The context of pilgrimage and pilgrimage roads seems to have constituted a perfect setting for this multitude of sirens. The Via Podiensis was known as particularly uninviting. The mountainous topography, infested with thieves and brigands, provided lucrative opportunities of ambushing pilgrims on their way. It is the purpose of this paper to uncover the versatile imports of the siren antique motif in Romanesque Auvergne-Velay, by pointing out their meticulous perplexing delineation in the context of actual hardships pilgrims and congregants endured within pilgrimage shrines and roads. The first part of this paper will survey the range of allegorical significances of sirens from Homer to Jerome and to medieval exegeses, followed by a description of sirens in Auvergne-Velay. Then, I would like to suggest a new reading of the particular rendering of sirens in the small church of Pont-du-Château and in the pilgrimage church of Notre-Dame of Orcival, which may bear a local historical significance, resulting from the conflicting situations of pilgrims, on their way to worship the celestial realm.

In this paper, we present the lexicographical treatment of register in the Galnet project of the TALG Group (Galician Language Tecnologies and Applications) of the University of Vigo, focused on the construction of the Galician version of WordNet 3.0. This is a project that is in its early stage of development, but which has already obtained some initial results available for consultation. In this paper we will describe the general characteristics of the project, the approach followed for the treatment of register and some results and conclusions obtained in this first stage of lexicographical work.

The main aim of this paper is to analyze the etymologies of place names in San Salvador de Taragoña (Rianxo, O Barbanza). First of all, names assigned to the parish listed in the Nomenclátor de Galicia are examined; however, the paper’s scope has been extended to include names not contained in the Nomenclátor but also designating inhabited areas within the parish. The article suggests that the latter might be taken into account in future revisions of the Nomenclátor. Authorized sources are used for the analysis of the corpus, discussing different proposed etymologies in the light of each place’s terrain and history. I suggest etymologies for place names not previously analyzed. The paper includes references to medieval texts in which a given place is mentioned as well as information from the Ensenada register and Madoz’s dictionary.

This paper focuses on the study of the dialect of the municipality of Castrelo do Val, Ourense, Spain. The objectives of the paper are to show the particularities of the variety spoken in the municipality and the convergence of varieties within the municipality. Based on a number of dialect markers (pronunciation of sogro, sogra, esterco, medo, novo, and birollo; the evolution of the Latin groups -ŭlt-, -ŭctand -ūct-; presence of viñen, bidueiro and filloas or variants of these elements, among others) this paper shows that the varieties spoken in each area studied within the municipality have distinct features that differentiate them from the varieties spoken in other areas, and that four linguistic areas converge at the municipality of Castrelo do Val: the valley, the parish of San Xoán de Servoi, the parish of Santa Eufemia de Piornedo and the north (the former parsih of Santiago de Campobecerros and its annex, the parish of San Miguel de Portocamba). The secondary objective of this paper is to determine the innovative and conservative oral varieties of the municipality. Overall, some innovations are entering the valley, including din as compared to dei in the north. Innovations have also been observed in northern areas, such as viñen in Veiga de Nostre, and some conservative forms have been found in the valley, such as vin in Pepín, Ribas, Gondulfes and Castrelo do Val. Data was collected through two survey questionnaires that contained indirect questions. The survey was conducted among speakers from every area in the municipality with very little or no formal education. Survey data was corroborated or refined using additional data from recordings made in each area in the municipality.

L’estudi de l’obra de Miquel Ortigues comporta una sèrie d’obstacles difícils de resoldre ateses les mancances documentals que es tenen a l’abast. Tot i això, l’estudi minuciós dels manuscrits del Cançoner sagrat de vides de sants pot oferir molta informació i encendre algunes llums per tal de resseguir les petjades d’aquest autor. Així ha ocorregut en analitzar aspectes formals com les filigranes del paper, el tipus de lletra, la composició dels quaderns o la pròpia història dels manuscrits. És ara que es pot començar a parlar de forma empírica de les dates, del procés de redacció i plantejar acaraments amb altres documents d’Ortigues per a albirar noves informacions que podrien resultar reveladores.

Alfonso Castelao’s speech in defence of the Galician language, delivered during a 1931 parliamentary debate prior to the writing of a new constitution for Spain’s Second Republic, is a masterful piece of oratory which has recently been the subject of several academic analyses (cf. especially Monteagudo 2000a, 2000b). The present paper applies discourse analysis to an examination of the oratorial ethos underpinning Castelao’s speech, viewing his constructed self-image (following Maingueneau 2002) as the product of interactions among a number of prediscourse elements (the speaker’s social role and institutional affiliation) and discourse-level features (lexis, syntax, direct and indirect references to the his own utterances). As the paper will show, and as Castelao himself indeed claimed, the ethos that emerges from Castelao’s speech is not that of a politician or a technician but rather the ethos of an artist. In consequence, the way in which his address is framed, i.e. the “scenography” presupposed by its utterance (Maingueneau 2005), diverges from what one would expect in a parliamentary debate in the direction of something fitting in more with the speaker’s projected self-image. Finally, another feature of Castelao’s discursive ethos is considered briefly, namely his status as representative of the Galician people.

Purist attitudes pervade a great number of studies in Galician linguistics, given that most of them are aimed to standardization and corpus planning. Concepts such as “authenticity” and “language quality” have been employed in recent papers, but these concepts were neither defined nor justified in these studies. In this paper I will argue that “authenticity” and “language quality” are not linguistic concepts; they are based instead on sociological and ideological attitudes. Nevertheless I will argue that puristic attitudes in Standard Galician may be legitimate in the process of codification of the standard language, and in the elaboration of new functional varieties, but the sources of legitimacy should be clearly defined and discussed. I will propose that purism in current Galician shall be based on widely shared attitudes and beliefs concerning language, such as the need to maintain a Galician standard language clearly distinguishable from Spanish and the convenience of bringing it closer to Portuguese, unless this does not cohere with the linguistic characteristics of Galician. With these criteria, linguists’ actions could have some impact on public linguistic usages if they aim the elaboration of linguistic models and resources for some spheres of public communication; its effects will be scarce, or even negative, instead, if linguists content themselves with criticizing some linguistic usages.

This paper presents a critical review of several recent studies that aim to model language contact, language shift and language death mathematically. We will present the models proposed by Abrams & Strogatz 2003, Mira & Paredes 2005, Mira, Seoane & Nieto 2011, Minett & Wang 2007 and Castelló (2010), as well as Castelló et al. (2012). These papers refer to different contact situations, including Galician-Spanish language contact. The different models and corresponding algorithms will be described and critiqued, distinguishing several degrees of sophistication and adequacy. The study identifies a series of shortcomings, particularly in Abrams & Strogatz’ and Mira & Paredes’ papers: data problems, argumentative and logical errors, and also inadequate simplifications. Nevertheless, it will be argued that the more sophisticated models in particular should continue to be developed, and a “heuristic spiral” between model developers and sociolinguists ought to be pursued, in order to achieve better models and greater insight into the mechanisms involved in language change and language shift.

Automatic named entity recognition and classification are important tasks for many natural language processing applications, such as machine translation, information extraction or question-answering systems. This paper describes the adaptation and implementation of several open-source systems for the identification and classification of the following named entities in Galician: (i) dates, (ii) numerals, (iii) quantities and (iv) proper nouns. Analysis of the first three types of named entities is performed with the software FreeLing, using finite-state automata. For the proper noun recognition task, two methods were compared: (i) finite-state automata and (ii) machine learning models. Finally, the semantic classification of proper nouns was carried out with a rulebased system that takes advantage of automatically obtained resources. This paper shows some evaluations for each tool, all available under free licenses.

The aim of this paper is to document the process of borrowing the Castilian bird names *becadaand *becacina into Galician, arguing against their adoption and in favor of restoring the genuine Galician names for these birds. The paper starts with a description of the four species of wading birds to which these names are applied: *becacina, more generic, may designate Gallinago gallinago, Gallinago media or Lymnocryptes minimus, all of which are quite similar; *becada, a more specific term, is applied to Scolopax rusticola. The paper goes on to discuss Castilian names and genuine Galician ones for these bird species, remarking on their etymology and semantic motivation. A chronological review of specialized ornithological publications and Galician lexicographical works leads to the conclusion that adoption of the Castilian designation *becacinain Galician may be dated to the 1970s; *becada appears only more recently, in the 1990s. The incorporation process is described and explained, and it is argued that both terms are clearly Castilianisms.

This paper presents preliminary results from research into the current sociolinguistic situation in the three areas that make up the Val de Xálima (Extremadura, Spain). Since the Middle Ages three linguistic varieties pertaining to the Galician-Portuguese language system have existed in this area. This community constitutes a sociolinguistic laboratory in which to observe the behaviour of languages in contact (i.e. the local varieties and Spanish), with regard to issues such as identity construction, social cohesion, language maintenance and loss. The aim of this paper is to present an analysis of practices, attitudes and ideologies in this linguistic community, especially among the young population, to determine what factors promote ongoing local variety maintenance. The data were collected through a questionnaire.The results of the study suggest that, unlike many community enclaves, the Valley shows very high indicators of language vitality because of continued intergenerational transmission as well as the community’s deep-rooted appreciation of local speech varieties. However, the linguistic vitality of this enclave is now challenged by accelerating economic growth and increasingly intensive trade with outside areas ensuing from structural changes in the region over the past two decades.

This paper studies the origins of a number of Galician idioms. Several subject areas were chosen as sources of idioms, starting with those which relate to experience, i.e. the direct observation of reality through the senses: the earth and the landscape, animals (mostly domestic animals that play a beneficial role in Galician life) and their peculiarities, body functions and so on; then moving on to more abstract socio-cultural structures: mythological concepts, folklore and religious thought. A methodological principle applied throughout this paper is that of comparison with neighbouring languages and cultures such as Spanish and Portuguese. One of the chief conclusions drawn from this study is confirmation of the hypothesis that idiomatic expressions, especially those that are bearers of lexical values, somehow reflect the world view of the people who forged them.

This paper looks at a prescriptive ruling which acknowledges both of the first-person-plural pronouns nós and nosoutros/-as (and likewise second-personplural vós and vosoutros/-as) as standard Galician forms with differentiated meanings, and inquires into the source facts underpinning the decision. Their treatment in the pre-Normas Galician grammatical tradition and written usage in the 19th and 20th centuries are briefly reviewed; the former assumes no semantic distinction and leans towards opting for one or the other form as standard. The main part of the artice which follows examines the pronouns' status in the spoken language in the late 20th century, based on field data, spontaneous usage in recordings and speakers' opinions. Three factors emerge as determining preference for either nós or nosoutros/as: geographical distribution, possible meaning distinctions and gender distinction. The paper concludes with a reflection on the appropriateness of the prescriptive rule of the standard language given its defining criteria.

A 17th century private letter, written to his wife by a sailor who had escaped from a shipwreck in India, is taken here as a case-study. The idea is to build an argument for the archive search and massive edition of old manuscripts linked to the discourse of ordinary people. Such documentation is a useful tool for language historians since it belongs to a textual genre different from the literary and institutional data normally available for the study of language change. Cultural historians may likewise fi nd the data useful for the study of creative and destructive tactics practised by ordinary people in everyday life. Finally, the philological treatment of such documentation allows one to ponder the capacity of textual criticism to deal with different texts, different readerships and different modes of publication. This paper also serves to present a research project: CARDS, Cartas Desconhecidas - Unknown Letters, which aims to offer both academic and lay audiences an electronic edition of Portuguese private letters written before 1900. The edition is also a tagged corpus, so that various hypotheses emerging from its reading can be tested, especially concerning the ways ordinary men and women relate to culture, historical time and language issues. The letters are extracted from paper fi les in court archives being screened in an ongoing project. The editing protocol followed is compatible with both human and machine processing, while philological analysis of the texts takes into account the expected interests of different target audiences The documents are also contextualized within the micro-historical setting in which they were originally produced, and labelled with linguistic and historiographical keywords.

This paper is intended as a contribution to a better understanding of the economic and political forms of the conceptual framework appertaining to modern linguistics as established throughout the nineteenth century. It is based on a series of texts depicting how some authors belonging to the historical-comparative paradigm approached the Baltic countries’ languages and cultures. The analysis of the way in which a corpus is constructed for the study of these languages and their situation on the European linguistic map allows us to sketch some hypotheses on the relation between the emergence of modern philologies and the modeling of modern languages along the world-market matrix that capitalism established during the 19 th century.

This paper focuses on the uses of the Galician diminutive nominal suffixes -et-e / -et-a, -uc-o / -uc-a e -ech-o / -ech-a in the Castrelo do Val (Ourense, Spain) dialect variety, while also surveying aspects of their use in other Galician dialects, including their occurrence in toponyms and some medieval corpora, and also in Portuguese and Spanish. This information is contrasted with data obtained from our participant observation of a particular variety of Galician while also supplying a historical perspective. The study uses a dynamic approach to word formation taking into account both words in actual use and the possibility of forming new words by means of the same suffixes. This analysis shows that the diminutive suffix -et-e is used as in the most widespread variety of Galician, whereas -uc- only has residual uses; use of -ech- is more restricted in the variety studied than in common Galician.

In this contribution, we will examine the noun maza- rico ‘curlew’ and its presence in Galician personal and geographical onomastics. After noting the presence of this noun and its formal variants in Galician-Portuguese, Castilian and Astur-Leonese, we will look to medieval sources for data pertinent to a reconstruction of the term’s earliest form and trace its use first as an anthroponym and subsequently as a place name. The paper concludes with a brief review of the presence in toponymy of mazarico and other names for the curlew (particularly zarapico and its variants).

The choice of code is a highly effective conversational strategy for constructing identity through discourse. Speakers project different identities by means of code choice between Galician, Spanish or code-switching varieties. This is particularly pertinent in conversational opening sequences when the situation is defined and the participants introduce themselves to each other. This paper analyses opening sequences in a number of conversations among speakers with different cultural background who belong to a rurban community. Sam- ples of spontaneous speech collected through ethno - graphic exploration and participant observation were used to analyse, in terms of interactional sociolinguistcs and ethnography of interaction, the way speakers begin to (re)construct their relational network in the open- ing sequence.

Els textos literaris representen una part important del material del qual fa ús el compositor alcoià Amando Blanquer Ponsoda (1935-2005) en moltes de les seues composicions. Al llarg del seu catàleg, extens i ben variat, trobem una nòmina notable i heterogènia d’autors els quals, mitjançant les seues creacions literàries, actuen com a font d’inspiració per a la música de Blanquer. De tot aquest conjunt, destaquen els textos medievals hispànics, que tenen en les obres de Juan de Mena, Ausiàs March, Joanot Martorell i Joan Roís de Corella, la seua plasmació. L’estudi de la cantata Vida de Maria (1979-1981), una composició de llarga gestació sobre un text de Corella, és l’objectiu d’aquest paper. L’anàlisi de l’obra i el seu acarament amb el text al qual deu la seua articulació, tracta d’esbrinar les relacions amb la poesia de Corella i la proposta sonora de Blanquer, empresa ben atractiva sempre pel tarannà humanístic en general, i literari en particular, d’aquest compositor.

Among the various indigenous rights movements across different times in Taiwan, the presence of indigenous women often goes obscure. Although in recent years there has been a great deal of publications on Taiwanese indigenous movements, some of the literature —constructed under the structure of the indigenous knowledge system—, while insisting on the status and value of indigenous autonomy, tend to overlook the historical context in Taiwanese society of indigenous women who participated in social movements. What are the issues of concern? This paper primarily serves to reveal the “silent crusades” and to bring forward the directions of interests of the indigenous women’s movements by analyzing related reports, autobiographies, interview transcripts, texts, etc. spanning over two decades and published in the weekly newspaper of the Presbyterian Church in Taiwan (PCT), Taiwan Church News, in addition to in-depth interviews with the leaders of indigenous women’s social movements.

Women’s participation in Cervantine criticism at the beginning of the twentieth century (1905-1906) has barely received recognition. This paper analyses the different perspectives women authors used to approach both Cervantes and his work. Strict literary criticism coexists with the exploration of Don Quixote’s main characters in the philosophical and literary essays of María Lejárraga, Matilde Ras, Concha Espina and Carmen de Burgos. The authors studied include intheirs texts their social concerns and feminist ideology and give their opinion about key political and intellectual debates affecting society at the beginning of the twentieth century.

The progressive may be described as a periphrastic construction (auxiliary + non-finite verb; for instance, in English: be + V-ing) which denotes an ongoing situation at a given time, be it an instant or an interval. This general picture, however, has faced two descriptive challenges: (i) those same forms may also appear associated with other temporal readings; (ii) the progressive meaning may also be obtained through other grammatical forms. The current paper approaches these apparent mismatches from the perspective of two varieties of Capeverdean, whose arrangements between forms and meanings of the progressive may provide a crucial insight to this cross-linguistic puzzle. The description and discussion of novel data support the two steps in a brand-new proposal for this Portuguese-based Creole: (a) the superficially different morphemes that mark the progressive have a unique diachronic path, involving the preverbal marker ta and a complete progressive cycle; (b) if we frame the temporal meaning of the progressive somewhat differently, considering the existence, under specific pragmatic conditions, of a precursory stage, at least one of the mentioned mismatches will be resolved. An additional contribution of the current discussion concerns the expression of time reference in natural language, namely that past, present or future meanings do not necessarily depend on dedicated tense morphemes

In a significant number of languages there exist morphosyntactic operations modifying the codification of the transitive second argument so that it is no longer marked as object and is marked instead by a preposition or oblique case. This modification of transitivity has semantic implications, especially concerning the degree of effectiveness of the event expressed by the verb. Although the details of this operation vary in each language, there are clearly identifiable cross-linguistic patterns, of which the principal one is the syntactic and semantic demotion of the second argument. This paper explores the possible alignment of constructions of different languages with the objective of treating them together. For this purpose, it is necessary to fil- ter out the details of particular realization patterns. In this way, each particular construction is shown to be a manifestation of a widespread, more general operation demoting the second participant. This article looks at antipassive and conative alternations and the Galician construction with preposition en , taking into consideration their syntax and semantics and examining their relation to transitivity.

In this paper, our aim is to develop part of what Mattos e Silva (1988) has named lato sensu historical linguistics through the systematization of the “intermediary zone” between linguistic science and historical science in the study of a language’s outward face. To this end, we first discuss epistemological and methodological aspects of the two disciplines in order to then show how they act together, giving examples of publications in which this partnership of sciences is achieved intuitively and classifying them within the areas we call social-linguistic history , adopting the denomination used by Mattos e Silva (2004), and cultural-linguistic history . Besides presenting an example of the kind of methodological partnership that has been practised for decades in historian-linguists’ writings, we suggest innovations such as the use of prosopograhy , a typical historical science’s method, to increase productivity in studies occupying this intermediary zone between sciences.

This text analyses the here dubbed D-construction in Galician and European Portuguese, composed of a determiner phrase (DP) followed by a demonstrative pronoun and a main clause. This quite unexplored contruction is described as a strategy to promote a referent into the sentence topic and at the same time contrasting it to other salient members of a partially ordered set, by means of the analysis of its pragmatic and prosodic aspects. An existing analysis supposing an appositive role for the demonstrative is argued against, thus strengthening the idea that DP and demonstrative do not form a single constituent. By means of a series of intuition tests, the D-construction is characterised as an instance of Hanging Topic Left Dislocation of a kind found in Germanic languages. Finally, a unified account is put forward for Galician and Portuguese, whenever the structure includes a coreferent clitic in the main clause. In this case the DP is assigned a position in a Frame projection (FrameP), whereas the demonstrative is a base-generated topic in the left periphery, connected to the clitic by long-distance agreement. In European Portuguese, where the structure may also occur without a resumptive clitic, the demonstrative can move into Spec,IP. Either of these are the first part of the derivation, respectively identical to Clitic Left Dislocation or Topicalisation. The paper concludes that the D-construction must be considered a marked syntactic construction on its own terms, and considers some possible themes for future research.

This paper focuses on negative indefinites in Portuguese, paying particular attention to nemigalha, a negative indefinite that disappeared from the language around the 16th century. We claim that nemigalha originates from the reanalysis of the negative particle nem and the minimizer migalha in an early stage of the language, starting as a weak negative polarity item and then becoming a strong negative polarity item, in the sense of Martins (1997, 2000). It is well known that minimizers can grammaticalize into intrinsically negative items, being good candidates to undergo the Jespersen Cycle (Jespersen 1917). Although that was not the case of nemigalha, it completed all the grammaticalization stages proposed by Garzonio & Poletto (2008, 2009), losing all the properties of a common noun and being able to stand alone as the only negative marker in preverbal position. The comparison between nemigalha and the negative indefinite nada shows that both items exhibited similar behaviour and occurred in identical contexts, probably acting as competing items until nemigalha’s disappearance. Furthermore, a few examples from the 16th century suggest that nemigalha might have become a more functional item, participating as a negation marker in presuppositional contexts (cf. Larrivée 2010 and Hansen 2013).

This paper analyses the representations of the body present in contemporary science-fiction literature and film. Using theoretical concepts by Althusser, Foucault and Haraway, the text establishes first a typology of cybernetic organisms in contemporary culture and reviews its presence and ideological implications in films like Robocop (1987), Johny Mnemonic (1995) or Matrix (1999). The paper argues for a self-conscience as political and historical subjects in order to avoid falling into a fallacious cyberandroginy that reinfornces phallogocentric power structures.

This paper aims to establish a critical view of the anthologies of women poetry edited in Catalonia from 1975 till 2001. Its main objective is the analysis of the textual configuration of some of the anthologies which vertebrate around the gender criteria. The paper makes visible the main guidelines of the anthologic act for women poetry in Catalan. Its description permits to show the degree of implication and, eventually, the degree of divergence that guided the editors in the process of construction of poetic identities alternative to the hegemonic literary models.

This paper reflects on the significance of the discussions that took place during the First Cyberfeminist International (Kassel, Germany, September 20-28, 1997) and their implications both for the attempts to define, and the arguments against defining, cyberfeminism. The text tackles the question of how to define (or avoid to define) "cyberfeminism" in the context of its relationship with the history of past feminist thinking and practices. The paper calls for a closer contact with the history of feminism in order both to avoid past mistakes and also appeal to wider groups of women in the technological circuit. The anti-theoretical attitude of movements like Cybergrrl-ism or different kinds of net utopianism actually undermines its potential to challenge the patriarchal status quo. A conscious attitude of selfdefinition can help the forming cyberfeminism to establish a crucial solidarity with transnational feminist and postcolonial initiatives in order to be able to exert an effective political action.

This paper discusses the relationship between the use of religious iconography related to eroticism by Spanish punk artists, and the gender stereotyping that the appropriation of these symbols aims to destabilize. The desire to shock and disturb the audience places these artists in a position where they have to challenge established values, such as religious and identity ones. There are many examples of male punk bands that openly rebel against organized religion, but the critique of these bands is direct, whereas women use eroticism to expose the patriarchal strategies of the church, as well as to project an image of themselves that breaks all expectations. Religious iconography becomes the tool for the ironic reevaluation and eventual destruction of cultural and gender structures as part of their artistic program.

As teorias lexicológicas tradicionais costumam classificar as palavras em “expressões com significado” e “expressões sem significado” com base na distinção entre “significado lexical” e “significado categorial”. No âmbito (meta)lexicográfico, a oposição entre “expressões com significado” e “expressões sem significado” redunda na distinção entre metalinguagem de conteúdo/de segundo enunciado e metalinguagem de signo/de primeiro enunciado. O objetivo deste trabalho é demonstrar a insustentabilidade de uma oposição estrita entre “expressões com significado” e “expressões sem significado” e avaliar as consequências disso na seleção da metalinguagem a ser empregada na redação das paráfrases explanatórias. The traditional theories of lexicology classify the words into “meaningful” and “meaningless expressions”, according to the distinction between “lexical meaning” and “categorial meaning”. Where (meta) lexicography is concerned, the opposition between “meaningful” and “meaningless expressions” results in a distinction between “metalanguage of content” and “metalanguage of sign”. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate that an opposition between “meaningful” and “meaningless expressions” stricto sensu does not hold, and to evaluate its consequences for the selection of the metalanguage that should be used to write the explanatory paraphrases.

O presente trabalho visa discutir a importância e as especificidades da atividade analítica e didática sobre os marcadores discursivos em português como língua materna e em espanhol como língua estrangeira para brasileiros. Para esta finalidade, pretendemos analisar um corpus composto por textos do gênero jornalístico, de tendência argumentativa, de alguns dos mais importantes jornais do Brasil, Espanha e Argentina. Baseados nessa análise, esperamos identificar os principais desafios ao enfocar os marcadores discursivos como eixo para refletir sobre questões tais como a construção do ethos e da alteridade em língua materna e estrangeira e as estratégias de persuasão a partir da retórica contrastiva, entre outras. Fundamentados na Linguística da Enunciação, área que reúne as principais teorias a partir das quais os pesquisadores refletem sobre fenômenos relacionados à enunciação, como nos trabalhos de Benveniste; e nos estudos pragmáticos e enunciativos sobre os Marcadores do Discurso, representados especialmente por Martín Zorraquino e Portolés, almejamos comentar o papel dos marcadores como guias de determinados efeitos de sentido que influenciam diretamente na construção do ethos e na percepção da alteridade no discurso. Tais construções e percepções podem seguir distintos percursos em língua materna e estrangeira, o que potencializa uma discussão sobre a relação entre forma e sentido na materialidade linguística, no português e no espanhol, enfocando a questão de como o sujeito se marca na língua. The present paper aims at discussing the importance and specific aspects of analytical and didactic work on the discourse markers in Portuguese as a mother tongue and Spanish as a foreign language to Brazilians. In order to accomplish that, we intend to analyze a corpus composed of texts of journalistic genre and argumentative tendency, from some of the most important Brazilian, Spanish and Argentine newspapers. Through this analysis, we hope to identify the key challenges by focusing on the discourse markers as guidelines to reflect on issues such as the construction of ethos and otherness in the mother tongue and in a foreign language as strategies of persuasion from contrastive rhetoric, among others. Our theoretical basis is the Linguistics of Enunciation, which meets the main theories from which the researchers reflect on phenomena related to the enunciation as the Benveniste’s works and Martin Zorraquino’s and Portoles’ studies about pragmatics and enunciative works on discourse markers. We aim to review the role of discourse markers as clue of specific effects of meanings that influence directly in the construction of ethos and in the perception of otherness in the discourse. Such constructions and perceptions may follow different pathways in the native language and foreign language, which strengthens a discussion about the relation between form and meaning in the linguistic materiality, in Portuguese and in Spanish, highlighting the way subject is marked in the language.

The southern façade of the Holy Sepulchre was adorned until 1929 with two carved lintels, distinct in their iconographies (exhibited ever since in the Rockefeller Museum). Whereas the western Christological lintel represents the narrative of the last days of Jesus in Jerusalem (albeit in breach with the narrative sequence), the eastern peopled-scroll lintel is a non-narrative representation of a variety of beasts, birds, and naked male figures, some of whom are obscenely pointing to their genitalia. The puzzling iconography of this bestial world includes the conspicuous images of a bird-siren and a centaur. Rather overlooked by past scholarship, it would seem implausible that the most important holy site in Christendom and a meta-pilgrimage church would have been decorated with meaningless imagery. This paper contextualizes the eastern lintel within crusader concepts of history and mythology, biblical symbolism, liturgy and patronage. The eastern door gave way to the funerary chapel of the crusader kings, located beneath the Calvary Chapel. An examination of the funerary context reveals that sirens played part in such schemes, endowing the lintel with an apotropaic vitality. A remarkable chapter in the chronicle of Fulcher of Chartres, illustrating the curiosities of the Lands of the Saracens, is suggested as a major conceptual notion for the understanding of the non-narrative lintel, which actually stands within the Bestiary tradition. The lintel thus becomes a liminal site, where all polyvalent layers meet, meant to show the opposition of good and evil forces. This opposition is established by installing a historiated Christological lintel to the west, embodying a liturgical vision of the New Jerusalem recently established by the Franks and, to the east, an image of the conquered beasts of the Saracens, doomed to hell, signaling Latin victory, on the one hand, and promising an apotropaic protection for the departed, on the other. The patronage of Queen Melisende, in collaboration with the crusader Church, is then analyzed.

Questo articolo tratta dell’origine etimologica della doppia câmara e câmera nel lessico del portoghese, con uno studio delle loro varianti semantiche e del loro uso nel testo scritto in prospettiva diacronica. I paronimi in questione sono casi di allotropia, arrivati dall’importazione del lessico delle lingue moderne, oltre a dalle forme ereditarie della tradizione latina. L’articolo riporta, inoltre, un breve studio comparativo con l’obiettivo di analizzare gli aspetti semantici che i termini godono in altre lingue romanze.This paper studies the etymological origin of the pair câmara and câmera in the lexicon of Portuguese language, with a study of their semantic variants and their use in written texts in diachronic perspective. The paronyms at issue are examples of doublets that have arrived from the vocabulary of modern languages , in addition to hereditary forms of the Latin tradition. The article also offers a short comparative study with the objective of analyzing the semantic aspects that these particular words have in other romance languages.

This work reexamines in the light of new data a proposal put forward in Martins (2011) concerning the historical development of clitic placement in Portuguese. Prima facie, this syntactic change follows a surprising path apparently involving a sudden reversal in the direction of change after the sixteenth century. It is argued in this paper that previous analyses, including that of the present author, fail to recognise the existence in sixteenth century and later Portuguese of two (social) dialects as regards the position of clitic pronouns. A simplistic observation of textual sources masks the complexity of the linguistic situation in the historical period in question, creating an illusion of continuity between different objects. The present study uses the sixteenth century cookbook Livro de Cozinha de um Frade Português do Século XVI, edited by Anabela Leal de Barros (2013), as an especially valuable textual source to help us understand the history of clitic placement in Portuguese.

In the second half of the twentieth century, Rosa Virgínia Mattos e Silva represented acute and provocative thinking concerning the linguistic social history of Brazil. In this paper, I pay homage to this eminent linguist, discussing five of her key proposals on the subject, namely: 1) The linguistic history of Brazil is not restricted to the history of the Portuguese language in Brazil, or the history of Brazilian Portuguese. 2) Brazilian Portuguese emerged in a multilingual context: language contact is therefore a constitutive element in its development. 3) On the linguistic stage of colonial Brazil, three principal actors stand out: European Portuguese, the indigenous linguas francas (línguas gerais) and general Brazilian Portuguese. 4) Africans and Afro-descendants were the major disseminators of the Portuguese language in Brazil and the key «formatters» (formatadores) of Brazilian Portuguese in its main social variety - popular Brazilian Portuguese. 5) The socio-historical and linguistic past of Brazil must be interpreted in order to understand the «variable, heterogeneous, plural and polarized» Brazilian Portuguese of today.

This paper focuses on the dative expression in Romance languages, particularly on European Portuguese (EP) and Spanish. Many authors have proposed that clitic(-doubling) constructions and nonclitic(-doubling) constructions in these languages exhibit the same properties of both English double object construction (DOC) and ditransitive prepositional construction (DPC) (e.g. Masullo 1992, Demonte 1994, 1995, Romero 1997, Cuervo 2003, Morais 2006, 2012). Others, such as Pineda (2013), argue that the only available strategy in Romance to express the dative is the DOC. We will argue against these two proposals, showing that the same arguments presented in the literature, which aim to prove the occurrence of DOC in Romance languages, namely, binding asymmetries, passivization, clitic-doubling as well as lexical-semantic constraints, can instead be used as arguments to support that EP and Spanish only exhibit a DPC. In addition, we will refuse analyses of the dative as an applied argument, such those following Pylkkänen (2002). Furthermore, we will propose that, if some comparison can be established between Romance and English dative strategies, this should be based on the distinction between a DPC introduced by a functional preposition and a DPC introduced by a directional preposition. In fact, DPC from EP is similar to the one that occurs in English with core dative verbs, such as give: in both languages, the preposition a/to acts as a Case marker (e.g. Larson 1988; Rappaport-Hovav & Levin 2008).

Neste artigo, fazemos uma análise da construção elaborada por orações do tipo Eduardo cortou o cabelo. Em primeiro lugar, oferecemos uma vasta análise semântico-lexical para a construção, testando sua (in) compatibilização com diversos verbos do português brasileiro (CIRÍACO, 2011). Em segundo lugar, mostrando que a análise semântico-lexical não é suficiente para descrever o significado da construção, arrolamos os contextos semântico-pragmáticos propícios para sua atualização na língua. Por fim, a fim de explicar os fatos observados, propomos uma representação para a construção assumindo os pressupostos teóricos da Gramática de Construções (GOLDBERG, 1995, 2006). In this paper, we offer an analysis of instances like Eduardo cortou o cabelo (Eduardo cut the hair = Eduardo got a haircut) in BP. Firstly, we offer an analysis of lexical-semantic aspects of the construction, testing its (un) compatibility with Brazilian Portuguese verbs (CIRÍACO, 2011). Secondly, acknowledging that a lexical-semantic analysis is not sufficient to describe the construction`s meaning, we present the favorable semantic-pragmatic contexts for instantiating the construction. Finally, to explain the observed facts, we propose a representation for the construction adopting the Construction Grammar theory (GOLDBERG, 1995, 2006).

No estudo das expressões idiomáticas, emprega-se com frequência uma taxonomia que estabelece categorias fraseológicas com base na classe hiperonímica de um dos nomes que ocorrem na expressão. Dessa forma, costuma-se usar uma classificação que inclui termos como zoomorfismos, botanismos, indumentismos, somatismos e gastronomismos, por exemplo. Falar cobras e lagartos seria um zoomorfismo; por outro lado, plantar bananeira seria um botanismo. O presente artigo tem o objetivo de questionar a adequação e a pertinência de tal classificação. Apesar de esse uso constituir a praxe em vários estudos fraseológicos, acreditamos ser necessário rever a conveniência desse tipo de agrupamento taxonômico e discutir a pertinência da nomenclatura, tendo em vista, sobretudo, a não conformidade da classificação com o conteúdo semântico da expressão. Para questionar a adequação dessa classificação são apresentados argumentos como a falta de referência dos nomes internos às expressões idiomáticas e a impossibilidade de recuperação anafórica. Esses traços mostram a inconveniência de se estabelecer uma taxonomia com base em nomes cujos esquemas cognitivos não são evocados e cuja semântica individual não é preservada. In the study of idiomatic expressions, a frequently used taxonomy establishes phraseological categories based on the hyperonymic class of one of the nouns occurring in the expression. A classification has been proposed that includes terms such as zoomorphisms, botanisms, indumentisms, somatisms and gastronomisms, for example. Falar cobras e lagartos (‘to speak ill of’, literally ‘to speak snakes and lizards’) is considered a zoomorfism; on the other hand, plantar bananeira (‘to stand on one’s head’, literally ‘to plant a banana-tree’) is considered a botanism. The present paper takes to question the adequacy and convenience of this kind of classification. Although this taxonomy has been used as praxis in many studies about phraseologisms, we believe that it is necessary to reconsider this kind of grouping and the adequacy of the nomenclature, mainly because of the non-conformity of the classification to the semantic content of the expression. We present arguments like the lack of reference of nouns found within the idiomatic expressions, and the impossibility of anaphoric recovering. Both features point out to the inconvenience of establishing a taxonomy based on words that correspond to no evoked schemata, and whose individual semantic content is not preserved.

Resumo: Neste artigo, pretende-se discutir a paródia do amor cortês pelos lamentos burlescos do Testament de François Villon, com base nos preceitos e modelos que orientavam a invenção das letras na época. Complementares ao lamento do próprio testador pelo amor louco da sua juventude, os Regrets de la belle heaulmière utilizam como modelo poético o sermão da Velha do Roman de la rose. A imitação de uma das passagens desse poema mais duramente censuradas por Christine de Pisan evidencia que esses lamentos só podem ser compreendidos à luz do debate sobre o Roman de la rose, realizado no início do séc. XV na França. Dessa perspectiva, a paródia deve ser considerada não como uma recusa da tradição cortês no final da Idade Média, como pela crítica contemporânea, mas como um gênero particular da poesia burlesca visando a ridicularização do amor louco. Palavras-chave: François Villon; paródia; amor cortês; debate sobre o Roman de la rose; lamentos burlescos. Abstract: This paper intends to discuss the parody of courtly love performed by the burlesque regrets of François Villon’s Testament, using the poetic precepts and models based on which the writing was invented at the time. Complementary to the regret of the testator himself for the mad love of his youth, the Regrets de la belle heaulmière use as a poetic model the Old Woman’s sermon of the Romance of the rose. The imitation of one of the passages of this poem most harshly criticized by Christine de Pisan shows that those regrets can only be understood in the light of the debate of the Romance of the rose at the beginning of the XVth century in France. From this point of view, his parody must be considered not as a rejection of the courtly tradition in the late Middle Ages, as it is by contemporary criticism, but as a particular genre of burlesque poetry aiming to mock mad love. Keywords: François Villon; parody; courtly love; debate on the Roman de la rose; burlesque regrets.

Resumo: Ao estudar a recepção no Brasil do livro Novelas ejemplares (1613), do escritor espanhol Miguel de Cervantes, encontramos um caso de intertextualidade (KRISTEVA apud NITRINI, 1997; FOKKEMA, 2004) entre um dos contos que compõem o livro de Cervantes, “El casamiento engañoso”, e uma obra de teatro do escritor brasileiro Ariano Suassuna, O casamento suspeitoso (1957). Neste trabalho, em um viés comparatista, pretendemos, por um lado, buscar pontos de convergência e divergência entre ambas as obras, mostrando como Suassuna assimila e transforma o material cervantino em prol de sua poética “armorial”; por outro, tentaremos verificar até que ponto estamos diante de um caso de intertextualidade sintática ou semântica (FOKKEMA, 2004). Palavras-chave: Ariano Suassuna; Cervantes; intertextualidade. Abstract: When studying the reception in Brazil of the book Novelas ejemplares (1613), of the Spanish writer Miguel de Cervantes, we found a case of intertextuality (KRISTEVA apud NITRINI, 1997; FOKKEMA, 2004) between one of the stories that compose the book of Cervantes, “El casamiento engañoso”, and a workmanship of theater of the Brazilian writer Ariano Suassuna, O casamento suspeitoso (1957). In this paper, in a comparative bias, we intend, on the one hand, to search points of convergence and divergence between both the workmanships, showing how Suassuna assimilates and transforms Cervantes’ material in favor of its “armorial” poetic; on the other hand, we will intend to verify in what measure this is a case of syntactic intertextuality or a semantic one. (FOKKEMA, 2004). Keywords: Ariano Suassuna; Cervantes; intertextuality.

Resumo: Maria Valéria Rezende aborda em O voo da guará vermelha o retrato contemporâneo da miséria, não apenas em termos econômicos, mas principalmente morais. Os personagens carecem de identidade e só a recuperam por meio da solidariedade e da literatura, fantasiando, contando histórias. Diante do exposto, o objetivo deste artigo é traçar algumas considerações acerca dos personagens Rosálio da Conceição e Irene, sobretudo no que diz respeito à construção de suas identidades em um contexto miserável, e mostrar como eles as recuperam por meio do contar e do ouvir histórias. Também pretende-se mostrar como os personagens vencem a situação de miséria, através do papel humanizador da literatura. Palavras-chave: Literatura contemporânea; Maria Valéria Rezende; identidade; papel humanizador da literatura. Abstract: Maria Valeria Rezende discusses in O voo da guará vermelha the contemporary portrait of misery, not only in economic terms, but mostly moral, in which the characters lack their identity and recover it only through solidarity and literature, fantasizing, telling histories. Given the above, the purpose of this paper is to outline some considerations about the characters Rosalio and Irene da Conceição, especially with regard to the construction of their identities in a context of widespread poverty, showing how they recover their identities by telling and hearing stories. This article also aims to show how the characters overcome the misery through the humanizing role of literature. Keywords: Contemporary literature; Maria Valéria Rezende; identity; humanizing role of literature.

Resumo: No ano seguinte ao lançamento de Pedra do sono (1942), de João Cabral de Melo Neto, Antonio Candido publica uma resenha sobre esse livro, na qual, além de pressentir acertadamente a grande promessa representada pelo poeta estreante e perceber as linhas mestras do livro, não deixa de lhe censurar o hermetismo e de chamar a atenção do autor para a necessidade de “elevar a pureza da sua emoção a valor corrente entre os homens” (CANDIDO, 2002, p. 141). Antes de Candido, Drummond, em janeiro de 1942, numa carta ao jovem poeta, já havia feito restrição semelhante à poesia do pernambucano, considerando-a muito hermética para o leitor comum. Cabral parece ter internalizado as censuras e as sugestões de seus primeiros leitores quanto à recepção da palavra poética e a elas “respondeu” em sua obra crítica e criativa. Neste trabalho, proponho acompanhar as soluções e tensões que estão na base das “respostas” cabralinas para o binômio poesia e leitor. Palavras-chave: João Cabral; poesia moderna; poesia brasileira; leitor. Abstract: In the year after the release of João Cabral de Melo Neto’s Pedra do sono (1942), Antonio Candido published a review of it in which he correctly perceived the great promise represented by the new poet and the guidelines of the book, as well as criticizing the hermeticism and calling the poet’s attention to the need of “bringing the purity of his emotion up to the current values of mankind” (CANDIDO, 2002, p. 141). Before Candido, Drummond in a letter to João Cabral written in January 1942 had already voiced similar restrictions to his poetry, considering it very hermetical for the common reader. Cabral seems to have taken in these criticisms and the suggestions from his first readers as to the reception of his poetry and “answered” them in his critical and creative work. In this paper, I intend to follow the solutions and tensions which are the basis of his “answers” to the pair constituted by poetry and the reader. Keywords: João Cabral; modern poetry; Brazilian poetry; reader.

In the last few decades considerable academic research has been undertaken from a psychological, sociological, anthropological, historical or linguistic point of view into the creation of identity based on a context- -dependent, linguistically mediated process of which the subject may be more or less aware. The present paper focuses on this process of gender identity (re) construction, while distancing itself from essentialism in the light of the historical transformations in current feminist thought. The corpus used is a two-hour recording of three heterosexual couples who were initially divided into two same-gender groups and subsequently brought together in a single mixed group. The suggested topics, “things that are important to you” and “dating”, aimed to bring out gender construction and illustrate how the creation of identities may be achieved through structuring and thematic development in the course of ordinary conversation. Taking our lead from queer theory and the latest studies on language and gender, care was taken not to apply stable gender categories to notions of femininity and masculinity; hence attention was paid to vacillations and intermediate positions occurring in the conversations. We argue that language should not only be seen a means of reflecting identities but also of creating them. This work shows that people create gender identities in the course of conversation through thematic management and do not always conform to established social roles.

Our purpose in this paper is an analysis of the discourse of some Galician activist groups which defend an alternative economic model opposite to the model that prevails nowadays. This discourse takes place in a context of economic and political crisis, and tries to fulfil citizens’ demands to resolve the problems they are suffering. A new system that also requires a new ideological construction, produced and transmitted through innovative discursive practices. This is the reason we approach the analysis from two theoretical perspectives: socio-cognitive and rhetorical-constructivist. We consider this varied theoretical framework, which begins with the reasons why there is a need to new ways of communication in such situations of crisis and continues with references to more discursive issues. Among these, we emphasize language conception as a way of achieving power, in the line of Critical Discourse Analysis, and as a creator of alternative realities. In this sense, discourse is able to activate new cognitive frames, by using discursive and rhetorical devices that configure certain conceptual schemes and function like arguments in the persuasive text. With this theoretical approach we show how these groups’ discourses construct an interpretive frame based on three points: social, environmental and local perspectives. From the argumentative point of view, this frame strongly opposes to the capitalist economical trying to involve citizens in new ways of life.

In Capeverdean, a Portuguese-based Creole language, many reflexive contexts do not show any overt reflexive expression. This is the case of transitive verbs like bisti ‘dress’ in simple clauses: Ana bisti ‘Ana has dressed herself’. This is a perplexing fact, given that there is an anaphor of the SELF-type available in the language: (si) kabesa — literally ‘his/her head’ —, meaning ‘himself/ herself’, which participates in reflexive clauses with other verbs. The current paper explores this puzzle, en-ding with a proposal supported empirically and also by recent studies for other languages. This novel analysis goes as follows: all Capeverdean finite sentences, except unaccusatives, have a Voice head, responsible for assigning external theta-roles. This also includes mid-dles, passives and this type of reflexives. It is this Voice head that, in spite of being silent, attracts the internal argument to a preverbal position and provides the interpretation for an implicit external argument, which is syntactically active.

This paper is based on acoustic data presented by Brissos (2014) for central-southern Portuguese dialects. It is divided into two main parts. 1, A review of the information found in the literature addressing or relevant to the problem of central-southern Portuguese dialect diversity. The geographical area under consideration corresponds to that studied in Brissos (2014). 2, Comparison of that information, which is based on impressionistic data, with the results presented in Brissos (2014). Auditory phonetic data on specific dialects or local speech varieties leads to the same basic conclusions as Brissos’ data. This suggests a revision of some of the ideas stated in studies of the dialect classification of central-southern Portuguese. This conclusion is reinforced by the fact that it is based on two different methods: that of impressionistic (i.e., traditional) dialectology, and that of acoustic dialectology. Both methods should be used in a complementary manner in present-day dialectology; the study of phonetic aspects of dialects cannot be based on impressionistic descriptions alone, as has traditionally been the case.

Ms. 23076 of the Spanish National Library contains a copy of the Galician version of the first Treaty on Veterinary in the Medieval Western world, Giordano Ruffo’s De medicina Equorum, which was largely spread in Latin and translated into se- veral different –mainly Romance– languages. Among the different kinds of errors that can be found in this codex, this paper focuses on some words which, though reasonable, deviate from those transmitted by the scarcely known tradition of Ruffo’s text with the aim of evaluating their difficulties and debating the pertinence or not of correcting them depending on whether the error stems from the transmission of the Galician version itself or from other versions originated in the Latin text.

Among the various indigenous rights movements across different times in Taiwan, the presence of indigenous women often goes obscure. Although in recent years there has been a great deal of publications on Taiwanese indigenous movements, some of the literature —constructed under the structure of the indigenous knowledge system—, while insisting on the status and value of indigenous autonomy, tend to overlook the historical context in Taiwanese society of indigenous women who participated in social movements. What are the issues of concern? This paper primarily serves to reveal the “silent crusades” and to bring forward the directions of interests of the indigenous women’s movements by analyzing related reports, autobiographies, interview transcripts, texts, etc. spanning over two decades and published in the weekly newspaper of the Presbyterian Church in Taiwan (PCT), Taiwan Church News, in addition to in-depth interviews with the leaders of indigenous women’s social movements.

This paper maps a cartography of struggle to document the dynamic, living legacy of Menominee leader Ingrid Washinawatok El-Issa and her contribution to the decolonial possibilities of transnational Indigenous feminism. I propose that mapping a cartography of struggle is a useful way for movements to consider how the past informs the present and future possibilities of resistance and decoloniality.

Resumo: Este trabalho apresenta parte de uma pesquisa na qual se investiga, por um lado, a presença de unidades fraseológicas com zoônimos nos dicionários Houaiss e Borba e, por outro, seus equivalentes de tradução em dicionários bilíngues português-inglês/inglês-português. Os dicionários bilíngues escolhidos como fonte da pesquisa foram os que são encontrados com maior frequência entre os estudantes, e portanto os que têm acesso fácil. O objetivo da pesquisa é averiguar como as unidades fraseológicas com zoônimos são registradas (localização e apresentação) nesses dicionários e comparar os equivalentes oferecidos nos diferentes dicionários bilíngues avaliados, identificando desse modo diferenças e/ou omissões. Justifica esta proposta a tentativa de provar, dependendo dos problemas identificados, que as informações oferecidas nesses dicionários não são suficientes para suprir as necessidades formativas dos aprendizes que buscam apoio neles para suas produções.Palavras-chave: Lexicografia; unidades fraseológicas com zoônimos (UFz); dicionários bilíngues; produção. Abstract: This paper presents part of a survey in which is investigated the presence of phraseological units with zoonims in the dictionaries Houaiss and Borba and also their translation equivalents in bilingual dictionaries Portuguese-English/ Portuguese. The bilingual dictionaries chosen are those most commonly found among students and therefore more easily accessed in bookstores. The objective of the research is to discover how the phraseological units with zoonims are recorded (location and presentation) in the dictionaries Houaiss and Borba and to compare the equivalents offered in those bilingual dictionaries, thereby identifying dissimilarities and / or omissions. This proposal is justified by the understanding that, depending on the problems identified, the information provided in these dictionaries do not meet the training needs of learners who seek support on them for their productions.Keywords: Lexicography; phraseological units with zoonims (UFz); bilingual dictionaries; production.

Resumo: O presente artigo apresenta uma proposta de classificação das ocorrências do verbo dar em português do Brasil. O objetivo da classificação é indicar uma taxonomia verbal que possa ser expandida e adaptada para a descrição de outros verbos da língua. Com base no modelo teórico-metodológico do Léxico- Gramática (GROSS, 1975, 1981), foram analisados os colocados do verbo dar, em suas mais diversas ocorrências, e essa análise levou a uma classificação sintático-semântica do verbo, a qual prevê as seguintes categorias: verbo pleno, verbo-suporte, verbo causativo, construção gramatical, constituinte de expressão cristalizada e constituinte de provérbio. Todas essas categorias podem ser desmembradas em outras subcategorias que abarcam todas as ocorrências do verbo dar no corpus PLN.Br Full. Palavras-chave: Tipologia verbal; classificação sintático-semântica; verbo dar.Abstract: This paper presents a proposal for classifying the occurrences of the verb dar (give) in Brazilian Portuguese. The classification aims to provide a verbal taxonomy which can be expanded and adapted for describing other verbs of the language. Based on Lexicon-Grammar theory and methodology (GROSS, 1975, 1981), the collocates of verb dar (give) were analyzed, and * Universidade Federal de São Carlos 106 CALIGRAMA, Belo Horizonte, v.18, n.2, p. 105-130, 2013 this analysis led to a syntactic-semantic classification, resulting in the following categories: plain verb, support verb, causative verb, grammatical construction, idiomatic expression constituent and proverb constituent. All these categories can be redefined into subcategories relative to all other occurrences of the verb dar (give) in PLN.Br Full corpus. Keywords: Verbal typology; syntactic-semantic classification; verb dar (give).

Resumo: Num percurso seminal de cunho especulativo, investigam-se derivações dos procedimentos narrativos empregados pelo romancista português Joaquim Paço d’Arcos em Memórias duma nota de banco (1962), particularmente, no que diz respeito ao cap. 3, em que se apresenta o episódio envolvendo a personagem Madame Koehler, judia idosa convertida em vítima do Holocausto. Notadamente à luz de fontes críticas sobre a obra (A. Quadros, O. Mendes, O. Grossegesse e A. A. Dória) e das considerações de H. White sobre representação no discurso histórico, comentam-se passagens do romance. Tendo-se em conta o estudo de W. Kayser sobre o grotesco, percebe-se que a nota de banco humanizada, responsável pela narração do romance, acaba por conferir à narrativa um tom que não evidencia a comiseração de que as personagens humanas pudessem ser alvo.Palavras-chave: Joaquim Paço d’Arcos; Memórias duma nota de banco; narração; Holocausto. Abstract: This paper investigates, in a preliminary and speculative way, the outcome of the narrative procedures employed by Portuguese novelist Joaquim Paço d’Arcos in Memórias duma nota de banco (1962). Special attention is given to chap. 3, in which is presented an episode involving Madame Koehler, the character of an old Jew victimized by the Holocaust. Fragments of the novel are discussed from critical studies on the novel (A. Quadros, O. Mendes, O. Grossegesse e A. A. Dória) and the observations of H. White about representation in historical discourse. Having in mind the investigation of W. Kayser on the grotesque, one can perceive that the humanized bill – which is also the narrator of the novel – grants a narrative tone which does not highlight the possible sympathy for the human characters.Keywords: Joaquim Paço d’Arcos; Memórias duma nota de banco; narration; Holocaust.

Resumo: O texto procura analisar o sentimento insular no conto “La estrella fugaz” de Carlos Victoria. Escritor cubano exilado em Miami, em 1980, que emigrou para os Estados Unidos no êxodo de Mariel. O conto narra o exílio de três escritores, dissidentes da Revolução cubana (1959), Reinaldo Arenas, Guillermo Rosales e Carlos Victoria, em um Miami marcado por recordações e tragédias. Também destaco a trajetória de vida de Carlos Victória, um intelectual dissidente na Cuba pósrevolucionária que produz literatura como forma de resistência e catarse.Palavras-chave: Narrativa cubana; exílio; recordações. Abstract: This paper intends to analyze the insular feeling in the story “La estrella fleeting” Carlos Victoria. Cuban writer in exile in Miami in 1980, who emigrated to the United States in the Mariel boatlift. The tale recounts the exile of three writers, dissidents of the Cuban Revolution (1959), Reinaldo Arenas, Guillermo Rosales and Carlos Victoria in Miami marked by memories and tragedies. Also I point out the life trajectory of Carlos Victoria, a dissident intellectual in post-revolutionary Cuba that produces literature as a form of resistance and catharsis.Keywords: Cuban narrative; exile; memories.

Resumo: Reconhecida por seu trabalho como crítica literária, Lúcia Miguel Pereira é pouco conhecida como romancista. O presente estudo tem o propósito de ‘apresentar’, de modo sucinto, as três narrativas de ficção Maria Luísa, Em Surdina e Amanhecer publicadas na década de 30 tendo em vista a vinculação da ficção aos acontecimentos daqueles tempos e, sobretudo, ao espírito ideológico predominante naquele contexto. Se a crítica literária contemporânea dos anos 30 reconheceu, na literatura nacional desse período, duas vertentes de escrita, a literatura social ou proletária e a literatura intimista ou psicológica, este estudo pretende ainda discutir a observação de Jorge Amado que acusa a autora de produzir romance engajado, subordinando conscientemente a criação a uma doutrina. Frente a esse apontamento do escritor baiano, notamos que, mais relevante que a vinculação da autora ao pensamento de direita ou de esquerda é o trabalho de representação de aspectos muito sutis da condição política e social daqueles tempos que foram ‘recriados’ pela autora, e transformados em elementos internos conduzindo a trajetória das personagens, principalmente femininas, e configurando, dessa forma, a razão de ser, sobretudo da obra Em Surdina. Se, para Jorge Amado, esses aspectos impediram o desenvolvimento da narrativa, a nosso ver, eles revelaram inquietações, anseios e temores femininos que integraram tanto a ficção quanto a crítica de Lúcia Miguel Pereira, dando forma assim a uma escrita intimista bastante coerente com o discurso predominante. Sendo assim, por vezes, a leitura dos relatos de ficção conduzem a uma revisão da subjetividade da autora associando-a àquelas subjetividades construídas em suas ‘criaturas de papel’.Palavras-chave: Ficção; história; crítica; década de 30; mulher. Abstract: Recognized for her work as a literary reviewer, Lucia Miguel Pereira is little known as a novelist. The present study aims to ‘present’, succinctly, the three fiction narratives Maria Luísa, Em Surdina e Amanhecer, published in the 30s, in order to link the fiction to the events of those times, especially, to the ideological spirit prevailing in that context. If the contemporary literary criticism of the 30s recognized, in the national literature of that period, two lines of writing, that is, the social or proletarian literature and the intimate or psychological literature, this study also intends to discuss Jorge Amado’s observation which accuses the author of producing novels inspired by personal interests, thus consciously subordinating the creation to a doctrine. Considering that remark by the writer from Bahia, we note that more relevant than the author’s bond to conservative or liberal thought is her effort of depicting very subtle aspects of political and social condition of those times which have been ‘recreated’ by her and changed into internal elements, leading the characters’ path, especially the female characters, and, therefore, setting the reason for being, mainly in the work Em Surdina. If, for Jorge Amado, those aspects have hindered the narrative’s development, in our view, they have revealed concerns, anxieties and women’s fears, which had made part of Lucia Miguel Pereira’s work, both in the fiction and in textual criticism, thus shaping an intimate written style quite consistent with the prevailing discourse. So, at times, the reading of the fiction narratives lead to a revision of the author’s subjectivity, by associating it to those subjectivities which have been framed in her “paper creatures”.Keywords: Fiction; history; criticism; decade of 30; woman.

After having addressed in the first paper — Ad limina 2 (2011) —, the beginning and development of the worship of Saint James in Portugal followed by intensive pilgrimage, we now approach the legendary of Saint James and its roots in pagan religion, as well as its Christianization in a troubled political, social and ecclesiastical time. Santiago in Portuguese folklore? We will also speak of the legendary of Saint James in Portuguese folk tradition, and of the rise and fall of pilgrimage to Compostela, as well as of the corruption of the worship of Saint James. Portugal was born hailing Saint James. That is why in Portugal, in the iconography, literature, proverbs, heraldry, place names, all over folk memory, Santiago is always close.

Up until it was razed during the French Revolution, the church of Saint Jacques-de-la-Boucherie in Paris, known as the church of the Butchery for its location close to the butchers’ quarter, was one of the oldest parishes in Paris as well as a well-known place of pilgrimage on the Way of Saint James, crossing the city to become the Via Turonensis, following the cardo along the rue Saint-Jacques. Famous nowadays for its magnificent belfry, a relic witness of its former splendor, the church seems to have been a very important home to music, particularly during the Baroque. In comparison to the importance of medieval studies, research into this unknown aspect of its history is also a part of the still feeble approach to studies on Saint James in the early Modern Age: that of music. Hence, this paper proposes to uncover a sort of « sound context » that could not leave churchgoers or pilgrims unmoved.

This paper examines the phenomenon of haplology in people's spontaneous speech in Pará. In particular, the study looks at what we call syntactic haplology. It only looks at contexts with /t/-/d/, /d/-/d/, /t/-/t/ and /d/-/t/ sequences such as la(du) dʒi fora, per(tu) du, a gen(tʃi) tʃinha medu and tu(du) tʃinha. The factors evaluated are divided into two groups: linguistic and extralinguistic, following the stratification proposed in the Atlas Linguístico do Pará (ALiPA) project, from which the data were taken. The data analysed consist of the corpus for the two towns of Belém, the capital of Pará, and Itaituba, and were processed by the variable rule program VARBRUL. The results indicate that haplology is a variable rule, but the phenomenon is not very productive among informants from the two towns.

Although Galician survived several centuries of language contact with Spanish, a combination of sociopolitical and socioeconomic factors in the latter half of the twentieth century has accelerated the process of language shift. Language policy interventions since the 1980s have, however, attempted to curb this trend in an effort to maintain the language in areas where it continues to be spoken and to revive it elsewhere. While there has been a decline in the number of traditional native speakers, there has been a revitalization of the language amongst certain younger, urban, middleclass and traditionally Spanish-speaking sectors of Galician society. These neofalantes, or "neo-speakers" of Galician, frequently find themselves negotiating their right for linguistic space amongst native speakers of Spanish and Galician. In this paper we explore this linguistic space through an analysis of contemporary discourses both about neo-speakers and by neo-speakers of Galician. These discourses were generated from three discussion groups consisting of native and neospeakers of Galician. In our analysis of the data, we look at the role of the new speaker as a legitimate and legitimized speaker (Bourdieu 1982). The study concludes that the sociolinguistic space occupied by new ways of speaking and new speakers requires greater social recognition.

Resumen: En el marco de los esquemas de intransitividad y transitividad indirecta (preposicional), este trabajo se limita a describir algunos ejemplos de verbos que alternan entre una construcción pronominal y otra no pronominal en portugués al contrario del uso pronominal único que presentan en español. Este tipo de alternancia diatética arranca del empleo de la voz media que en latín asumía distintos valores o acepciones y que explica el hecho de que una buena parte de verbos transitivos se construyan necesariamente como pronominales cuando se emplean como intransitivos.Palabras clave: Intransitividad; transitividad indirecta; voz media; portugués; español.Abstract: Under the sign of intransitivity and indirect transitivity (prepositional) models, this paper purposes only to describe a few examples of verbs that transit from a pronominal construction to a non-pronominal one in Portuguese, in opposition to that exclusive pronominal type, as it occurs in Spanish. This kind of diatectic alternation derives from the use of the middle voice which, in Latin, assumed distinct values or meanings, what explains why a number of transitive verbs are necessarily constructed as pronominal ones when they are applied as intransitive verbs.Keywords: Intransitivity; indirect transitivity; middle voice; Portuguese; Spanish.

Resumo: Neste trabalho, analisa-se a variação das vogais médias pretônicas na fala culta de Recife com base nos dados do Projeto NURC. Adotam-se os pressupostos de análise da teoria da variação laboviana, visando à depreensão dos contextos estruturais e sociais favorecedores à aplicação das regras variáveis de abaixamento e de elevação dos segmentos médios vocálicos. Na fala recifense, além de os resultados apontarem para a tendência de abertura das pretônicas médias, também evidenciam as mulheres jovens com uma maior produtividade da regra variável de elevação vocálica, assumindo um comportamento linguístico mais inovador.Palavras-chave: Vogais médias pretônicas; abaixamento vocálico; elevação vocálica; variação linguística.Abstract: This paper will analyze the variation in pretonic mid vowels in the standard speech of Recife, based on data from the NURC Project. The analysis will follow the assumptions of the Labovian variation theory, considering structural and social contexts that favor the use of the variable rules of lowering and raising vowels. In the speech of Recife, results point to both a tendency to open pretonic mid vowels as well as to young women producing higher vowels, suggesting a more innovative linguistic behavior.Keywords: Pretonic mid vowels; vowel lowering; vowel raising; linguistic variation.

Resumo: O objetivo deste artigo é apresentar resultados de análise quantitativa por meio da qual se buscou identificar fatores linguísticos e extralinguísticos que favoreçam a elevação da vogal /e/ nos clíticos pronominais me, te, se e lhe. Para tanto, foram analisadas 36 entrevistas retiradas do Banco de Dados VarX, que contém amostras de fala de habitantes da cidade de Pelotas (RS). Submetidos os dados à análise estatística, o programa selecionou as variáveis tipo de juntura, vogal da sílaba seguinte e tipo de clítico como fatores que influenciam o tipo de vogal – alta ou média – que irá se manifestar.Palavras-chave: Clíticos pronominais; vogal média; variação linguística; neutralização vocálica.Abstract: The objective of this paper is to present the results of a quantitative analysis which tried to identify both the linguistic and extralinguistic factors causing the raising of the vowel /e/ in the pronominal clitics me, te, se and lhe. 36 interviews taken from VarX Database, containing speech samples of Pelotas (RS) citizens, were analyzed. After submitting the data to statistics analysis, the variables selected as factors determining the type of vowel that will be produced – high or mid – were type of juncture, vowel of the following syllable and type of clitic.Keywords: Pronominal clitics; mid vowel; linguistic variation; vowel neutralization.

Resumo: Nosso objetivo neste artigo consiste em analisar o espaço do absurdo no romance Caieira, do escritor matogrossense Ricardo Guilherme Dicke. Como suporte teóricometodológico, utilizamos as ideias sobre o absurdo de Camus. Durante a análise, percebemos que o espaço em que se desenvolvem as ações narradas em Caieira representa uma relação de dominação, em que os personagens são reduzidas a fantasmas ou objetos, presas num mundo de cal, árido de humanidade. Mesmo quando o personagem principal tenta reverter o quadro, acaba se transformando num reverso da mesma moeda, repetindo o modelo de dominação contra o qual se insurge, reeditando um ciclo de poder e dominação. Palavras-chave: Literatura brasileira; análise literária; absurdo; espaço.Abstract: Our aim in this paper is to analyze the space of the absurd at the novel Caieira, by Ricardo Guilherme Dicke, writer from Mato Grosso. As a theoretical-methodological support, we use the ideas of on the absurd presented by Camus. During the analysis, we find that the space in which the actions narrated in Caieira develop represents a relationship of domination, in which the characters are reduced to objects or ghosts, trapped in a world of lime, arid of humanity. Even when the main character tries to reverse the situation, eventually becoming a reverse of the same coin, repeating the pattern of domination against which it protests, reissuing a cycle of power and domination. Keywords: Brazilian literature; literary analysis; absurd; space.

Resumo: Com base nas reflexões da antropologia da vida cotidiana, de Nadia Seremetakis, este trabalho propõe uma análise das configurações do espaço cotidiano e das imagens da mulher no romance La Plaza del Diamante, da escritora catalã Mercè Rodoreda. Essa obra nos remete, por sua vez, a um período particularmente conflituoso da história espanhola contemporânea – a guerra civil e o primeiro franquismo – e a um espaço emblemático da resistência ao fascismo: a Barcelona dos anos 1930. A percepção que a protagonista do romance tem desse espaço-tempo tangencia os grandes fatos e concentra-se nos objetos que condensam a história e a memória da cidade. Palavras-chave: Espaço cotidiano; imagem feminina; Barcelona; Guerra Civil Espanhola; Mercè Rodoreda. Abstract: Based on the reflections of the anthropology of everyday life, by Nadia Seremetakis, this paper proposes an analysis of the everyday space settings and women’s images in the novel La Plaza del Diamante, by the Catalan writer Mercè Rodoreda. At the same time, this work takes us to a particularly contentious moment of the contemporary Spain history – the civil war and the first Francoism – and to an emblematic area of resistance to fascism: the Barcelona of the 1930s. The protagonist’s perception of this space-time touches the great facts and focuses on objects that encapsulate the history and memory of the city. Keywords: Everyday space; feminine image; Barcelona; Spanish Civil War; Mercè Rodoreda.

Resumo: Este trabalho visa à discussão da literatura na Amazônia a partir de questões relacionadas a lugar, fronteira e espaço, noções estas que permeiam os escritos da região e nos levam a uma reflexão do espaço amazônico entremeado por elementos forâneos. Os termos aqui listados nos auxiliarão a compreender melhor o conceito de identidade cultural na Amazônia e a produção literária regional contemporânea. Entendemos que é fundamental o estudo da produção literária local por considerála ainda indicativa do contexto histórico, social e político dessa parte do Brasil, pois nos ajudará a construir uma ideia do local, regional e nacional, uma vez que o relato constrói a história imediata e social, relacionada ao lugar, fortemente marcado enquanto lugar de cultura. Portanto, compreender a Amazônia como o lugar de cultura é compreender o homem amazônico em seu contexto. Palavras-chave: Amazônia; espaço; literatura.Abstract: This paper aims to discuss literature in the Amazon from issues related to place, border and space, notions that permeate the writings of the region and lead us to a reflection about the Amazon region permeated by outsider elements. The terms listed here will help us to understand better the concept of cultural identity in the Amazon and contemporary regional literary production. We believe that it is important to study the local literary production because we consider it indicative of the historical, social and political development of this part of Brazil, since it will help us to build an idea of local, regional and national, because the report builds the immediate and social history, related to the place of culture, strongly marked as a place of culture. Therefore, understanding the Amazon as a place of culture is to understand the man in the Amazon in his context. Keywords: Amazon; space; literature.

Resumo: O primeiro objetivo deste trabalho é relatar algumas observações sobre o estatuto da gramaticalização da forma a gente em língua portuguesa, mais especificamente no dialeto mineiro do português brasileiro. O segundo é problematizar o que se convencionou chamar gramaticalização, tradicionalmente entendida como “o resultado de um processo que tem a solução do problema como alvo principal”, mostrando que é possível observar o processo por etapas. Palavras-chave: Gramaticalização; a gente; cliticização.Abstract: The first goal of this paper is to report on observations of the status of grammaticalization of a gente in the Portuguese Language, more specifically in the dialect from Minas of Brazilian Portuguese. The second is to problematize what is conventionally called grammaticalization, here understood as “the result of a process that has the solution of the problem as its main goal”, showing that it is possible to observe the process in stages.Keywords: Grammaticalization; a gente; cliticization.

Resumo: Neste trabalho investigamos o uso e regularização das formas relacionadas à expressão do valor semântico-discursivo de passado condicional no português falado em Itabaiana/SE. Adotamos os pressupostos de análise sociofuncionalista, que lida com a emergência de formas (via gramaticalização) e a regularização do uso (via mudança linguística). Os resultados apontam para a tendência de especialização de formas em contextos de uso/ funções, indiciando um processo de gramaticalização.Palavras-chave: Passado condicional; gramaticalização; especialização; sociofuncionalismo.Abstract: In this paper we investigate the use and regulation of forms associate at the expression of the semantic-discursive past conditional tense on spoken Portuguese in Itabaiana/SE. We follow the sociofuncionalist analysis that treats the emergence of forms (by grammaticalization) and regulating the use (by language change). The result points to the trend towards specialization of forms in certain contexts of use/function, indicating an incipience process of grammaticalization.Keywords: Conditional past tense; grammaticalization; specialization; sociofuncionalist approach.

Resumo: Este artigo tem por objetivo apresentar uma investigação inicial de construções que se desenvolvem a partir de expressões formadas com o verbo passar, considerando sua diversificada utilização em um cline de gradiência, seguindo uma perspectiva de gramaticalização, que parte de um uso mais concreto até um uso mais abstrato. Este estudo se baseia em teorias do funcionalismo.Palavras-chave: Funcionalismo; gramaticalização; prototipicidade; construções; gradiência.Abstract: This paper aims to present an initial investigation of constructions that are developed from expressions formed with the verb passar, considering their diversified use in a cline of gradience, following the perspective of grammaticalization, which parts of a more concrete to a more abstract use. This study is based on the theories of functionalism.Keywords: Functionalism; grammaticalization; prototypes; constructions; gradience.

The aim of this paper is to study the motivation of the Galician forms which appear in the Atlas Lingüistico da Península Ibérica (ALPI) in responses to the questionnaire item hijo menor ‘youngest son’. Our analysis consists of a classification and examination of the recorded forms in terms of the motivations for choosing different ways of designating a given referent. This was done using a method presented in Alinei (2002) which requires etymological and semantic research in order to identify the motivation of each term, leading to a classification. This was no easy task because in most cases the motivation is not transparent: although present in a speaker’s conscience at the time when the term is coined, awareness of the motivation may have faded away over time.

This paper presents a comparative study of the infinitive in Galician, Portuguese and Spanish. Galician and Portuguese possess a kind of person-marking infinitive which does not exist in Spanish and will therefore be given special attention here. Diachronic linguistics forms the basis of this research since it accounts for present-day use. The personal infinitive primarily appears in subordinate clauses. Each of its uses will be illustrated with examples from various consolidated on-line corpora. We will compare standard prescribed usage with instances of actual use, and discuss their Spanish translations. Although its main purpose is to serve as a guide for students, the study aims to establish functional principles of syntactic structure (not only stylistic factors) affecting the use of the personal infinitive in Galician and Portuguese.

This paper discusses the use of the graphemes and to represent the prepalatal voiceless fricative phoneme /∫/ in Galician place names and surnames. it argues that this nineteenth and twentieth century usage is not, as often assumed, a continuation of medieval spellings, even though in many cases the spellings match, but rather the result of adjustment to the norms of a 1815 spelling reform in Castilian. To demonstrate this, the written forms of names of Galician parishes in a source prior to the reform, the Catastro del Marqués de la Ensenada (1752-1754), and a later source, the Diccionario de Pascual Madoz (1845-1850), will be compared.

Resumo: Os manuais de linguística ou filologia românica costumam incluir o reto-românico como uma das principais línguas neolatinas, ao lado do português, espanhol, francês, italiano e romeno. No entanto, tal denominação refere-se na verdade a um conjunto extremamente heterogêneo de línguas, com uma profunda fragmentação dialetal. Acresce-se a isso o recente problema da padronização da norma escrita. Este artigo pretende especificamente apresentar a situação linguística atual dos Grisões e o problema da convivência do romanche com os dialetos alemães e o italianos. Palavras-chave: Reto-românico; dialetologia; contato linguístico. Resumen: Los manuales de linguística o filología románica costumbran incluir el reto-románico como una de las principales lenguas neolatinas, al lado del portugués, español, francés, italiano y rumano. Pero tal denominación se refere en la realidad a un conjunto extremamente heterogéneo de lenguas, con una profunda fragmentación dialectal. Se añade a eso el reciente problema de la estandarización de la norma escrita. Este artículo pretende especificamente presentar la situación linguística actual de los Grisones y el problema de la convivencia del romanche con los dialectos alemanes e italianos.Palabras-clave: Reto-románico; dialectología; contacto linguístico. Abstract: Raeto-Romance is usually included, as well as Portuguese, Spanish, French, Italian and Rumanian, among the main Neolatin languages in the handbooks about Romance Philology or Linguistics. However, an extremely heterogeneous set of very different languages, with a huge dialect splitting is meant by such denomination. The problem is also increased with the recent standardization of the written language. The current linguistic situation of the Grisons is specifically dealt in this paper, as well as the coexistence of the Rumantsch language together with the German and the Italian dialects.Keywords: Rhaeto-Romance; dialetology; linguistic contact.

This paper reexamines clitic placement in the history of Portuguese from the perspective of new data and the concept of ‘grammar competition’ (Kroch 1989, 2001). On the basis of a small corpus extracted from the plays of Gil Vicente, it is shown that in sixteenth century Portuguese, in addition to the ‘proclitic’ grammar that pervades written texts, there is an ‘enclitic’ grammar attested to by the popular characters in these plays. This presumably vernacular grammar is closer in important respects to Old Portuguese and contemporary European Portuguese than the prestige literary sixteenth century ‘proclitic’ grammar. Thus Gil Vicente’s plays provide the contemporary researcher with a valuable glimpse of an ‘enclitic’ sixteenth century grammar, which appears to be the hitherto missing link connecting the distinct patterns of clitic placement in finite clauses in Old Portuguese and contemporary European Portuguese. The competing grammars seem to have pertained to distinct social registers. Although the prestige ‘proclitic’ grammar was at the time dominant in written texts and widespread across Iberian Romance, the vernacular ‘enclitic’ grammar gradually replaced it subsequently.

Galician onomastic studies are few and recent. Doubts crop up daily about the standard forms of names of people and places that are often difficult to resolve because of the lack of reference works to consult. This paper reviews the state of onomastic research in Galicia and discusses issues raised in relation to the Galician name of the present pope, drawing attention to the need for the academic authorities to provide society with useful materials. Surrounding languages are examined to discover whether they face similar problems and what Galician lacks in comparison to them. The article concludes that there is a need for more rigorous criteria and an onomastic corpus in order for standardization to be achieved in this area.

This study has two main purposes. First, it analyses the vocabulary that the writer Manuel Leiras Pulpeiro sent to the Royal Galician Academy as his contribution to the latter’s dictionary, publication of which was begun in 1913 to be abandoned unfinished in 1928. Secondly, the article evaluates his contribution to this momentous item in the history of Galician lexicography and examines the way in which such data were treated. Since the Academy’s dictionary was to be the greatest lexical repertory of the Galician language, the Academy made use of many different sources, including Leiras Pulpeiro’s Vocabulario, which until now has received less attention than it deserves. The analysis of a variety of documents and a comparison of the two lexicons will show just how indebted the dictionary of the Academy was to Leiras Pulpeiro’s contribution. The paper ends with a brief consideration of how the Vocabulario has contributed to later Galician lexicography.

Resumo: No presente trabalho, apresentam-se exemplos de lições variantes entre os manuscritos Alc. 44 e Il. 70, testemunhos portugueses da Regra de São Bento. Com base na caracterização de variantes textuais e linguísticas, discute-se o parentesco entre os testemunhos. Palavras-chave: Crítica textual; história da língua portuguesa; Regra de São Bento; colação de testemunhos. Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to present examples of variant readings between manuscripts Alc. 44 and Il. 70, portuguese copies of the Rule of Saint Benedict. Based on the description of textual and linguistic variants, we discuss the degree of relationship between copies. Keywords: Textual criticism; Portuguese language history; Rule of Saint Benedict; collation of copies.

In this paper we examine various etymological proposals for the Galician verb devecer / debecer, and advance a new proposal deriving it from *DEBILESCERE, a verb formed from the adjective DEBILIS. This hypothesis explains the current Galician forms and meanings better than other theories according to phonetic, semantic and morphological criteria.

This paper describes the configuration of the verbal microstructure used in a new glossary of the Cancioneiro da Ajuda. The text we worked with is a new, as yet unpublished interpretative edition of the Cancioneiro by Mariña Arbor. The preparation of the materials was carried out within the framework of three research activities: the Galician Historical Dictionary, the Dictionary of Medieval Galician and the Historical Grammar of the Galician Language.The core of the microstructure holds linguistic information organised into semantic, morphological, syntactic and phraseological sections. Since the Cancioneiro is in verse, literary remarks are appended (inventory of the uses of words in incipit and rhyme positions).