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L'objectiu d'aquest treball és abordar la didàctica de la prosòdia des de dos punts de vista: en primer lloc, una perspectiva històrica i teòrica que examina el paper i tractament de la competència prosòdica; i, en segon lloc, les implicacions didàctiques i el desenvolupament d'aquesta competència a través del joc, tenint en compte a l'alumnat de l'aula d'Educació Infantil i d'Educació Primària.

Aquest article analitza la figura de Maria Fortesa / Maria de Fortalesa des d'una doble perspectiva. En primer terme, històrica. Maria és successora i representant dels xuetes mallorquins ajusticiats al segle xvii que, amb el canvi de continent i de posició social, mostra els contrastos entre les dues illes (Mallorca i Cuba) i el progrés del segle xix basat en l'assimilació del discurs colonial. En segon lloc, a través de Maria, Carme Riera descriu la figura de la "literata"; mostra les contradiccions i restriccions de la primera generació d'escriptores modernes de la qual se sent deutora. D'altra banda, tot i la distància autoral que proporcionen les tècniques narratives de la ironia, la paròdia i l'ús del pastitx, no s'amaga l'escriptura com una passió irrefrenable —a través de l'escriptura epistolar— tot i que es manté allunyada dels models literaris reconeguts a l'època.

Aquest text recull uns papers de treball al voltant de la in/visibilitat, amb el propòsit de revisar una categoria que ha creuat la trajectòria d’existència lèsbica, gai, queer, així com la teorització i el pensament a propòsit d’aquestes subjectivitats (i de la seva pròpia subjecció). L’associació de la visibilitat amb l’existència ha constituit un axioma. No obstant, la visibilitat no és sempre necessàriament la millor manera de fer-se visible o, immediatament, la millor estratègia política per a l’afirmació de la nostra existència. En aquests papers de treball parteixo de la formulació d’unes hipòtesis/propostes de reflexió, per continuar dialogant amb el volum Manifiestos gays, lesbianos, queer. Testimonios de una lucha (1969-1994), editat per Rafael M. Mérida, i acabo amb un breu testimoni de l’escriptora catalana Maria Mercè Marçal.

This paper presents the vernacular form caraças which, in European Portuguese (EP) is associated to multiple contexts, differents from its use as a feminine common noun. The data I will present shows that caraças behaves as a polarity item, without referential interpretation. On the one hand, caraçasbehaves as a minimizer, a subtype of Negative Polarity Item (NPI), being associated to the lowest point of a scale of value. On the other hand, it also behaves as a Positive Polarity Item (PPI), expressing maximal degrees, therefore being a maximizer. The fact that caraças occurs simultaneously as a NPI and a PPI could indicate we are in the presence of a bipolar element, as described by van der Wouden (1997). Nevertheless, data suggests that there are two distinct items caraças, one of them being a NPI and the other a PPI. The form caraças is also associated to other contexts of use, namely as a metalinguistic negation marker and in evaluative constructions such as N-of-an-N constructions. We also find it functioning as an interjection in exclamative sentences. Although the feminine common noun caraça (augmentative of cara ‘face’) remains in the lexicon as synonym of mask, the polarity item caraças does not result from a process of grammaticalization of the common noun, as documented for other polarity items. In this paper I will put forth the idea that caraças, in its masculine singular form, appeared as an euphemistic variant of caralho ‘dick’, a highly offensive taboo term, used to designate the masculine sexual organ.

In a bilingual society, each individual within the family domain has his or her own linguistic practices and beliefs about language choice. Therefore, language practices inside family can be considered as an important marker of intergenerational transmission of a minoritized language such as Galician. The primary focus of this study is to investigate how individual linguistic practices and ideologies of the pro-Galician parents act as ‘visible’ and/or ‘invisible’ language planning measures at home influencing their children’s language learning. Drawing from multiple ethnographic research methods including observational fieldnotes, in-depth fieldwork interviews from Santiago de Compostela and Bertamiráns and two focus groups in Santiago de Compostela and Vigo with several Galician parents, this paper demonstrates that in Galicia’s language shift-induced shrinking orthodox native speaker pool, pro-Galician parents can play an important role in the language revitalisation process. The paper also endeavours to ascertain whether these parents can restore intergenerational transmission in a Castilian dominated landscape and if their microcosmic interrogation of the dominant discourse could lead to bottom-up language policies of resistance at the grassroots level. In this regard, this article seeks to reevaluate sociolinguistic concepts such as family language policy and their immediate impact on home language planning and management decisions what these parents use to maintain the intergenerational transmission of Galician.

This paper presents a first dialectometric approach to the geolinguistic distribution of the Romance varieties using a new corpus based on the Atlas Linguistique Roman ( ALiR ) which is currently being developed at the Centro Ramón Piñeiro para a Investigación en Humanidades. The dialectometrization of the ALiR will not only allow us to analyze linguistic distance among the varieties of the Romania Antiqua, but may also shed light from a quantitative perspective on several issues that have historically aroused controversy. Specifically, this paper deals with the degree of individuality of the Galician language with respect to Portuguese and Spanish (a controversy closely related to the still ongoing debate about the standardization of Galician), and concludes that reinforcing the presence and visibility of elements shared with Portuguese in corpus planning may have a postive effect on its prestige.

The main objective of this paper is to analyse word order in structures with perception verbs (to hear, to feel and to see) with infinitive complements in Old Portuguese. Based on previous work for standard (cf. Gonçalves 1999; Duarte & Gonçalves 2002) and dialectal (Pereira 2012) contemporary European Portuguese, this study highlights the position and shape of the subject of the infinitive clause. It aims to contribute to the study of perception constructions (and, by extension, causative constructions, since they have structural similarities) in the history of Portuguese. In this paper we also show the benefits of using a syntactic annotation system for the study of grammatical properties of highly specific constructions. The text under analysis is O Livro de José de Arimateia, in the edition of Castro (1984). This text was recently tagged and parsed within the framework of the WOChWEL project, which follows the annotation systems of the team of the Tycho Brahe Corpus, strongly influenced by the annotation of the Penn corpora.

Conforme a Teoria da Língua em Ato (CRESTI, 2000a), que fundamenta este artigo, a sintaxe no estudo da fala espontânea necessita ser estudada considerando a dimensão da articulação informacional, e, portanto, de forma diferente de como é tradicionalmente feita a análise sintática da escrita. Com o objetivo geral de aprofundar o estudo da sintaxe da fala e com base em corpora especificamente construídos para uma adequada análise desta diamesia, é aqui apresentado o primeiro mapeamento das orações completivas no corpus de fala de português brasileiro C-ORAL-BRASIL (RASO; MELLO, 2012), a fim de comparar esta primeira análise quantitativa com os dados disponíveis extraídos do corpus C-ORAL-ROM (CRESTI; MONEGLIA, 2005) para fala de italiano. A análise qualitativa das orações completivas nas duas línguas, conduzida sobre dois subcorpora do C-ORAL-BRASIL e do C-ORAL-ROM anotados informacionalmente, é apresentada em seguida. According to Language into Act Theory (CRESTI, 2000a), on which this paper is founded, the syntax of spontaneous speech can’t be analyzed without taking into account the informational patterning dimension. Its analysis, therefore, must be different from the traditional one applied to written language. With the general aim of examining in depth spontaneous speech syntax and on the basis of adequate spontaneous speech corpora, this paper shows the first mapping of completive clauses in spoken Brazilian Portuguese corpus C-ORAL-BRASIL (RASO; MELLO, 2012), in order to make a quantitative analysis comparable with available data from spoken Italian C-ORAL-ROM corpus (CRESTI; MONEGLIA, 2005). The qualitative analysis of completive clauses in both spoken languages is then presented, conducted on two sub-corpora of C-ORAL-BRASIL and Italian C-ORAL-ROM presenting informational patterning annotation.

In the first part of this paper, examples are given of the intervention of lords to change the name of some localities: such was not an unusual practice in Medieval times. Next, the commonest reasons for retoponymization are listed, with special attention to aesthetic reasons and offensive denominations which led four Galician parishes (Malos, Perros and Cas) to drop their former denominations and be renamed Os Ánxeles. As this name change happened in the 16th century, shortly after the Council of Trent, this paper supports the view that it was promoted by the bishops of the dioceses in question, driven by the reforming spirit of the Church administration following the Council. Do-cuments in the Archive of the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela (ACS) and in the Historical Archive of the University of Santiago (AHUS) support this hypothesis in the four cases studied.

In the Valley of Xálima three closely-related Romance varieties are spoken, referred to collectively as the fala. Since their “rediscovery” about a quarter of a century ago, the controversy over their linguistic affiliation has been intense. One position which claims that the fala has a Galician origin relies on historical arguments (medieval repopulation processes) and linguistic ones (alleged similarities to Galician not shared by the neighbouring languages). In 2013 the chief exponent of the Galician ties of the varieties spoken at Xálima, Dr. Xosé-Henrique Costas, published a book bringing together several papers on diverse aspects of the fala including a study of dozens of lexical items which according to Costas are exclusive to the fala (such as archaisms) or parallels between the fala and Galician that are found in neither Portuguese nor Spanish. However, careful reading of this text revealed that several of the forms cited are well-known in dialectal Portuguese, which points to the need to check the validity of the whole list. The aim of this paper is to carry out a systematic study of the presence or absence in Portuguese and Spanish dialect materials of these allegedly specific terms in the fala. The results of the analysis confirm the initial hypothesis: a significant number of the forms proposed by Costas are in use in Portuguese dialects (not only those adjacent to the Valley of Xálima) or even in standard Portuguese. There are also matches with dialect varieties of Extremadura and Salamanca. The conclusions of this paper highlight the need to take into account dialect data when examining the linguistic features of the fala as a necessary precaution which will help to make a scientific debate over its origin all the more robust.

Resumo: O presente trabalho tem por objetivo contrastar a constituição interna de verbetes de dicionários escolares Tipo 2. A inclusão dos dicionários escolares de língua portuguesa ao Programa Nacional do Livro Didático ampliou as discussões sobre este tipo de obra lexicográfica, o que culminou em um aprimoramento dos dicionários escolares nos últimos dez anos. No entanto, por ser uma prática incipiente no Brasil, a pesquisa lexicográfica brasileira ainda carece de diretrizes que norteiem a compilação de dicionários escolares de excelência. Desta forma, embora compiladas sob diretrizes fixadas pelo Ministério da Educação, as obras disponíveis no mercado ainda apresentam características muito heterogêneas quando comparadas umas às outras. Neste trabalho, procuramos contrastar as informações oferecidas nos verbetes de três dicionários Tipo 2 de modo a chamar a atenção para a necessidade de um estudo que consolide um Programa Constante de Informações para estas obras lexicográficas. Palavras-chave: Lexicografia pedagógica; dicionários escolares; Programa Constante de Informações. Abstract: This paper aims to contrast the internal formation of entries in Type-2 school dictionaries. The inclusion of Portuguese school dictionaries in the Programa Nacional do Livro Didático [“Brazilian Textbook National Program”] has enhanced the discussions about this kind of dictionary, improving the compiling of school dictionaries in the last decade. However, lexicographical research in Brazil is still very incipient and it has not yet established guidelines that assure the compilation of high quality school dictionaries. Consequently, despite being compiled according to parameters fixed by the Ministry of Education, school dictionaries still present heterogeneous features when compared to each other. In this paper, we contrast the information presented by entries of three Type-2 dictionaries, and we draw the attention to the need of a study that consolidates a Constant Program of Information to this sort of dictionary. Keywords: Pedagogical lexicography; school dictionaries; Constant Information Program.

Resumo: Este artigo mostra a relação entre estratégias usadas em dicionários escolares e enciclopédias digitais, especificamente em relação às remissivas ou links, que desempenham um importante papel em sua constituição. Assim, tomando por ponto de partida um verbete de um dicionário impresso e um artigo da Wikipédia, estabelecemos algumas comparações de modo a observar se se pode considerar um indício de transmutação do gênero verbete. Há que se considerar, pois, que atualmente vivenciamos um período de mudanças nas formas de interação com os textos, visto que as novas tecnologias nos impelem a transcender o simples folhear do papel, ou o movimento sacádico dos olhos entre as palavras, para a visualização difusa das informações que aparecem na tela do computador. Assim é que, com base nos conceitos metalexicográficos e hipertextuais, acreditamos que há um relacionamento extremamente relevante entre os links e as remissivas, que pode explicar o desenvolvimento de estratégias específicas de consulta, tanto em meio digital quanto impresso. No entanto, ainda não podemos precisar se isso se configura como uma reelaboração de gêneros. Palavras-chave: Verbete; reelaboração de gêneros; hipertexto digital. Abstract: This article shows the relationship between strategies used in learner’s dictionaries and online encyclopedias, specifically in relation to cross-references or links, which play an important role in its constitution. Thus, taking as a starting point of a dictionary entry form and an Wikipedia article, we establish some comparisons in order to see if it can be considered a sign of transmutation of the genre entry. One must consider, therefore, that currently we live an age of changes in the forms of interaction with the texts as new technologies compel us to transcend the simple sheet of paper, or saccadic eye movement between words, for viewing diffuse the information that appears on the computer screen. So that, based on the metalexicography and hypertext concepts, we believe that there is an extremely important relationship between the links and cross-references, which may explain the development of specific strategies for consultation, both in digital and paper. What, however, we can’t yet specify whether configured as a transmutation of genres. Keywords: Entry; transmutation; hypertext.

Due to the global COVID-19 pandemic, educational institutions all over the world were forced to make the executive decision of quickly and effectively transferring face-to-face classes into an online format. Issues such as technical difficulties, varying degrees of digital literacy within a given team of teachers or the question of how to preserve the essence of face-to-face classes in an online environment are among the many challenges that have affected and hindered the practice of instructors all over the world. With a focus on the teaching of Spanish as a Foreign Language (Español como Lengua Extranjera, ELE) and video-conferencing platforms such as the software known as Zoom, in this paper we discuss the importance of continuing the practice of teaching speaking in an online environment. Subsequently, we present a number of strategies that we have put into practice in our online ELE classrooms in order to try and maintain the same or very similar level of interaction between our students when compared to face-to-face classrooms.

This paper discusses the corpus of Gran Canarian Spanish gathered in 2016 in order to provide an in-depth sociolinguistic account of the lenition processes identified in the dialect. After a detailed description of the methodology and database preparation, I present two case studies showcasing the utility of such corpora. First, I show the phonetic and social factors governing the distribution of different surface variants of the underlying coda /s/, pointing to generalised variation and hence incompleteness of any of the weakening options. Second, I provide a comparison of the spontaneous speech produced by the 6 informants of the corpus with their productions from a laboratory study, which leads to the conclusion that variation is subject to yet another important factor: social setting and that the options chosen on each occasion are reflections of competing stages on the same lenition trajectory systematically applied by language users.

Migrating from Greek mythology to scripture and ecclesiastical writing, sirens are best known for the perils they put on the road of Odysseus, and conversely, on that of the crucified Christ and on that of the pilgrim, two significations that Odysseus, the eternal voyageur tied to the mast, came to symbolize in the Middle Ages. Long acknowledged in past scholarship, the siren motif was perceived of as a multi-layered image, whose negative Homeric connotations suited an even vaster range of destructive meanings, moral, social and political. More than sheer misogyny, the hybrid sirens represent violation of social order, mainly that of the manly world. It is therefore no coincidence to find them dwelling in the biblical debauched town of Babylon, and in the land of Edom, destined to be destroyed, alongside hybrid centaurs, both in the Septuagint and in the Vulgate. These beasts gained much popularity throughout the Middle Ages, and embody the ultimate significance of evil in the medieval bestiary, as well as in a wide-ranging exegetical literature. This development may stand for the immense dispersion of the siren motif in Romanesque sculpture. Meant at an edifying purpose, sirens associated with urban destruction, lust, and avarice, signify the menace of sin they seduce humanity to fall into. The virtuous Christian, recognizing the long-enduring classical motif in its new Christian context should take the paradigm of Odysseus in his Christological typology, and restrain from evil. Though constituting a rather popular motif of Romanesque sculpture in general, sirens seem to inhabit many of the churches of the Auvergne and the Velay regions of France, along pilgrimage shrines, located lengthwise the Via Podiensis and crosswise routes, thus forming a marked feature of the local imagery. More than sheer enthusiasm for the antique, as past scholarship would have it, sirens seem to have chanted a very specific local chant in Auvergne-Velay. Constituting a major motif, which testifies to a profound understanding of their contextual implications, they represent a multifaceted image, denoting didactic, apotropaic, liturgical, social, and political messages. The context of pilgrimage and pilgrimage roads seems to have constituted a perfect setting for this multitude of sirens. The Via Podiensis was known as particularly uninviting. The mountainous topography, infested with thieves and brigands, provided lucrative opportunities of ambushing pilgrims on their way. It is the purpose of this paper to uncover the versatile imports of the siren antique motif in Romanesque Auvergne-Velay, by pointing out their meticulous perplexing delineation in the context of actual hardships pilgrims and congregants endured within pilgrimage shrines and roads. The first part of this paper will survey the range of allegorical significances of sirens from Homer to Jerome and to medieval exegeses, followed by a description of sirens in Auvergne-Velay. Then, I would like to suggest a new reading of the particular rendering of sirens in the small church of Pont-du-Château and in the pilgrimage church of Notre-Dame of Orcival, which may bear a local historical significance, resulting from the conflicting situations of pilgrims, on their way to worship the celestial realm.

In this paper, we present the lexicographical treatment of register in the Galnet project of the TALG Group (Galician Language Tecnologies and Applications) of the University of Vigo, focused on the construction of the Galician version of WordNet 3.0. This is a project that is in its early stage of development, but which has already obtained some initial results available for consultation. In this paper we will describe the general characteristics of the project, the approach followed for the treatment of register and some results and conclusions obtained in this first stage of lexicographical work.

The main aim of this paper is to analyze the etymologies of place names in San Salvador de Taragoña (Rianxo, O Barbanza). First of all, names assigned to the parish listed in the Nomenclátor de Galicia are examined; however, the paper’s scope has been extended to include names not contained in the Nomenclátor but also designating inhabited areas within the parish. The article suggests that the latter might be taken into account in future revisions of the Nomenclátor. Authorized sources are used for the analysis of the corpus, discussing different proposed etymologies in the light of each place’s terrain and history. I suggest etymologies for place names not previously analyzed. The paper includes references to medieval texts in which a given place is mentioned as well as information from the Ensenada register and Madoz’s dictionary.

This paper focuses on the study of the dialect of the municipality of Castrelo do Val, Ourense, Spain. The objectives of the paper are to show the particularities of the variety spoken in the municipality and the convergence of varieties within the municipality. Based on a number of dialect markers (pronunciation of sogro, sogra, esterco, medo, novo, and birollo; the evolution of the Latin groups -ŭlt-, -ŭctand -ūct-; presence of viñen, bidueiro and filloas or variants of these elements, among others) this paper shows that the varieties spoken in each area studied within the municipality have distinct features that differentiate them from the varieties spoken in other areas, and that four linguistic areas converge at the municipality of Castrelo do Val: the valley, the parish of San Xoán de Servoi, the parish of Santa Eufemia de Piornedo and the north (the former parsih of Santiago de Campobecerros and its annex, the parish of San Miguel de Portocamba). The secondary objective of this paper is to determine the innovative and conservative oral varieties of the municipality. Overall, some innovations are entering the valley, including din as compared to dei in the north. Innovations have also been observed in northern areas, such as viñen in Veiga de Nostre, and some conservative forms have been found in the valley, such as vin in Pepín, Ribas, Gondulfes and Castrelo do Val. Data was collected through two survey questionnaires that contained indirect questions. The survey was conducted among speakers from every area in the municipality with very little or no formal education. Survey data was corroborated or refined using additional data from recordings made in each area in the municipality.

In the context of Medieval Gallo-Romance lyric it is possible to recognize a small but significant group of texts that develop a particular topic connected to the crusades: the poetic “I” is forced by the woman he loves to move to the Holy Land. This paper studies all these poems aiming to recognize their common features and their possible references to contemporary historical reality.

Following in the footsteps of a well-established historiographical tradition on the cult, sanctuaries and pilgrimages of St. Michael in Europe, the paper will analyse a particular case study involving the Michaelic tradition of the Gargano and the rivalry among several Norman abbeys between the 11th and 12th centuries: the Priory of Saint-Michel-du-Mont-Gargan, a dependency of Saint-Ouen of Rouen. After reconstructing the birth and growth of the Priory, the study will examine the history of Saint-Ouen in order to contextualise the role of the cult of the Archangel and the function of this minor institution within the strategy of religious policy pursued by the mother abbey in the years of the formation of the Norman Principality after the Viking invasions.

Alfonso Castelao’s speech in defence of the Galician language, delivered during a 1931 parliamentary debate prior to the writing of a new constitution for Spain’s Second Republic, is a masterful piece of oratory which has recently been the subject of several academic analyses (cf. especially Monteagudo 2000a, 2000b). The present paper applies discourse analysis to an examination of the oratorial ethos underpinning Castelao’s speech, viewing his constructed self-image (following Maingueneau 2002) as the product of interactions among a number of prediscourse elements (the speaker’s social role and institutional affiliation) and discourse-level features (lexis, syntax, direct and indirect references to the his own utterances). As the paper will show, and as Castelao himself indeed claimed, the ethos that emerges from Castelao’s speech is not that of a politician or a technician but rather the ethos of an artist. In consequence, the way in which his address is framed, i.e. the “scenography” presupposed by its utterance (Maingueneau 2005), diverges from what one would expect in a parliamentary debate in the direction of something fitting in more with the speaker’s projected self-image. Finally, another feature of Castelao’s discursive ethos is considered briefly, namely his status as representative of the Galician people.

Purist attitudes pervade a great number of studies in Galician linguistics, given that most of them are aimed to standardization and corpus planning. Concepts such as “authenticity” and “language quality” have been employed in recent papers, but these concepts were neither defined nor justified in these studies. In this paper I will argue that “authenticity” and “language quality” are not linguistic concepts; they are based instead on sociological and ideological attitudes. Nevertheless I will argue that puristic attitudes in Standard Galician may be legitimate in the process of codification of the standard language, and in the elaboration of new functional varieties, but the sources of legitimacy should be clearly defined and discussed. I will propose that purism in current Galician shall be based on widely shared attitudes and beliefs concerning language, such as the need to maintain a Galician standard language clearly distinguishable from Spanish and the convenience of bringing it closer to Portuguese, unless this does not cohere with the linguistic characteristics of Galician. With these criteria, linguists’ actions could have some impact on public linguistic usages if they aim the elaboration of linguistic models and resources for some spheres of public communication; its effects will be scarce, or even negative, instead, if linguists content themselves with criticizing some linguistic usages.

This paper presents a critical review of several recent studies that aim to model language contact, language shift and language death mathematically. We will present the models proposed by Abrams & Strogatz 2003, Mira & Paredes 2005, Mira, Seoane & Nieto 2011, Minett & Wang 2007 and Castelló (2010), as well as Castelló et al. (2012). These papers refer to different contact situations, including Galician-Spanish language contact. The different models and corresponding algorithms will be described and critiqued, distinguishing several degrees of sophistication and adequacy. The study identifies a series of shortcomings, particularly in Abrams & Strogatz’ and Mira & Paredes’ papers: data problems, argumentative and logical errors, and also inadequate simplifications. Nevertheless, it will be argued that the more sophisticated models in particular should continue to be developed, and a “heuristic spiral” between model developers and sociolinguists ought to be pursued, in order to achieve better models and greater insight into the mechanisms involved in language change and language shift.

Automatic named entity recognition and classification are important tasks for many natural language processing applications, such as machine translation, information extraction or question-answering systems. This paper describes the adaptation and implementation of several open-source systems for the identification and classification of the following named entities in Galician: (i) dates, (ii) numerals, (iii) quantities and (iv) proper nouns. Analysis of the first three types of named entities is performed with the software FreeLing, using finite-state automata. For the proper noun recognition task, two methods were compared: (i) finite-state automata and (ii) machine learning models. Finally, the semantic classification of proper nouns was carried out with a rulebased system that takes advantage of automatically obtained resources. This paper shows some evaluations for each tool, all available under free licenses.

The aim of this paper is to document the process of borrowing the Castilian bird names *becadaand *becacina into Galician, arguing against their adoption and in favor of restoring the genuine Galician names for these birds. The paper starts with a description of the four species of wading birds to which these names are applied: *becacina, more generic, may designate Gallinago gallinago, Gallinago media or Lymnocryptes minimus, all of which are quite similar; *becada, a more specific term, is applied to Scolopax rusticola. The paper goes on to discuss Castilian names and genuine Galician ones for these bird species, remarking on their etymology and semantic motivation. A chronological review of specialized ornithological publications and Galician lexicographical works leads to the conclusion that adoption of the Castilian designation *becacinain Galician may be dated to the 1970s; *becada appears only more recently, in the 1990s. The incorporation process is described and explained, and it is argued that both terms are clearly Castilianisms.

This paper presents preliminary results from research into the current sociolinguistic situation in the three areas that make up the Val de Xálima (Extremadura, Spain). Since the Middle Ages three linguistic varieties pertaining to the Galician-Portuguese language system have existed in this area. This community constitutes a sociolinguistic laboratory in which to observe the behaviour of languages in contact (i.e. the local varieties and Spanish), with regard to issues such as identity construction, social cohesion, language maintenance and loss. The aim of this paper is to present an analysis of practices, attitudes and ideologies in this linguistic community, especially among the young population, to determine what factors promote ongoing local variety maintenance. The data were collected through a questionnaire.The results of the study suggest that, unlike many community enclaves, the Valley shows very high indicators of language vitality because of continued intergenerational transmission as well as the community’s deep-rooted appreciation of local speech varieties. However, the linguistic vitality of this enclave is now challenged by accelerating economic growth and increasingly intensive trade with outside areas ensuing from structural changes in the region over the past two decades.

This paper is one of the first attempts to reconstruct the story of Afia Begum, wife —and later widow— of Abdul Hamid (a Bangladeshi immigrant in Thatcherite London), whose entry was cleared by the British Home Office in 1982, months before her husband died tragically in a fire in East London. Upon her arrival in the United Kingdom, Afia was told that her grant to stay in the country was no longer valid owing to the death of her husband; that she was now an illegal immigrant in Britain. In the process of the reconstruction, I also revisit the untold story of the Sari Squad, a group of Asian women who fought valiantly, though peacefully, to stop Afia’s deportation. Although Afia was deported on May 8, 1984, her case was heard in the European Court of Human Rights and debated in the European Parliament; in both forums, the highhandedness of the British Home Office was fiercely critiqued. By way of conclusion, I lay out a hermeneutic in which to read Afia’s story, in a literary sense, offering a skeptical stance to reading it in binary terms of success-defeat/victimization-survival of a female foreigner battling a racist state. In doing so, I draw upon Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak’s “connection between nationalism and reproductive heteronormativity”, to argue that the case of Afia’s deportation suggests that her nationality can only be —tragically— established by determining the citizenship of her husband; this ends up doubly othering and transcendentalizing her nationality, reducing her to her sociobiological reproductive heteronormativity, impregnated with the cryptic trace of her husband’s ghost which practically became the summum bonum of her deprived statehood.

The system of forms and pronouns of address in European Portuguese presents great variation throughout the entire country. Although a tripartite and a bipartite paradigm exists in singular and plural, respectively, the dialect reality provides a more complex system that depends on geo and socio-linguistic factors. Despite the most recent studies on this phenomenon, there is little information about the actual usage of pronouns of address in the archipelagos. In this paper, I aim to pinpoint the current paradigm of pronouns of address in Madeira, by also establishing its geolinguistic, sociolinguistic, pragmatic and grammatical constraints, thanks to a quantitative corpus stemming from specific fieldwork. The main results show the elimination of vós as plural, the extension of vocês and its 3pl agreement pattern, as well as various pragmatic changes in progress regarding the conception of family and the spread of pragmatic solidarity.

This paper studies the origins of a number of Galician idioms. Several subject areas were chosen as sources of idioms, starting with those which relate to experience, i.e. the direct observation of reality through the senses: the earth and the landscape, animals (mostly domestic animals that play a beneficial role in Galician life) and their peculiarities, body functions and so on; then moving on to more abstract socio-cultural structures: mythological concepts, folklore and religious thought. A methodological principle applied throughout this paper is that of comparison with neighbouring languages and cultures such as Spanish and Portuguese. One of the chief conclusions drawn from this study is confirmation of the hypothesis that idiomatic expressions, especially those that are bearers of lexical values, somehow reflect the world view of the people who forged them.

This paper looks at a prescriptive ruling which acknowledges both of the first-person-plural pronouns nós and nosoutros/-as (and likewise second-personplural vós and vosoutros/-as) as standard Galician forms with differentiated meanings, and inquires into the source facts underpinning the decision. Their treatment in the pre-Normas Galician grammatical tradition and written usage in the 19th and 20th centuries are briefly reviewed; the former assumes no semantic distinction and leans towards opting for one or the other form as standard. The main part of the artice which follows examines the pronouns' status in the spoken language in the late 20th century, based on field data, spontaneous usage in recordings and speakers' opinions. Three factors emerge as determining preference for either nós or nosoutros/as: geographical distribution, possible meaning distinctions and gender distinction. The paper concludes with a reflection on the appropriateness of the prescriptive rule of the standard language given its defining criteria.

A 17th century private letter, written to his wife by a sailor who had escaped from a shipwreck in India, is taken here as a case-study. The idea is to build an argument for the archive search and massive edition of old manuscripts linked to the discourse of ordinary people. Such documentation is a useful tool for language historians since it belongs to a textual genre different from the literary and institutional data normally available for the study of language change. Cultural historians may likewise fi nd the data useful for the study of creative and destructive tactics practised by ordinary people in everyday life. Finally, the philological treatment of such documentation allows one to ponder the capacity of textual criticism to deal with different texts, different readerships and different modes of publication. This paper also serves to present a research project: CARDS, Cartas Desconhecidas - Unknown Letters, which aims to offer both academic and lay audiences an electronic edition of Portuguese private letters written before 1900. The edition is also a tagged corpus, so that various hypotheses emerging from its reading can be tested, especially concerning the ways ordinary men and women relate to culture, historical time and language issues. The letters are extracted from paper fi les in court archives being screened in an ongoing project. The editing protocol followed is compatible with both human and machine processing, while philological analysis of the texts takes into account the expected interests of different target audiences The documents are also contextualized within the micro-historical setting in which they were originally produced, and labelled with linguistic and historiographical keywords.

This paper examines the theme of pilgrimage in some short chivalric romances in Spanish, analyzing its incidence, characteristics and narrative function in relation to the more general theme of the journey and highlighting the reciprocal reflections between fictional writing and the historical-social reality of the time.

There is a growing body of literature that recognises the relationship between musical aptitude and language proficiency. Language is usually segmented into its subcategories when addressed in studies, while music is not. Due to this, it is unclear whether language proficiency is related to all music components (pitch, rhythm, etc.) in the same way. The purpose of this paper is to analyse the relationship between musical aptitude and receptive pronunciation in a foreign language, in this case, English. To achieve it, a field research study has been designed, in which participated 71 second grade 7-8-year-old students (34 boys and 37 girls) from a bilingual public school. Two tests were administered to measure their musical aptitude and their ability of discriminating phonemes. The musical test consisted of six exercises that assessed the different sub-skills of musical aptitude (pitch, loudness, duration, rhythm, timbre and tempo perception). On the other hand, the pronunciation test measured their auditory ability to differentiate phonemes in a foreign language. Our results show a positive correlation between musical aptitude and the identification of foreign language sounds.

Established as colonial hill stations in Indian's Doon Valley, in the 1820s, Mussoorie and Landour emerged in Victorian literary imagination with the journals of Emily Eden, Fanny Parks, and the Wallace-Dunlop sisters. This paper argues that the Doon's female imperial architextures invented new prospects of grafting Anglo-Saxon aesthetics on the Himalayan terra nullius, diminishing, miniaturizing, and depopulating aspects of the hazardous, the alien, and the local. A thread of archetypes —jhampauns (Himalayan loco-armchairs) and Himalayan vistas— link the aesthetic arcs in the journals of Eden, Parks, and the Wallace-Dunlops. Although the architexture was ostensibly apolitical, it imbued the Doon's representational spaces with a reproducible English character, rendering its terra incognita into terra familiaris in imperial psyche, while carving a distinct imperial subjectivity for Memsahibs.

This paper analyses the representations of the body present in contemporary science-fiction literature and film. Using theoretical concepts by Althusser, Foucault and Haraway, the text establishes first a typology of cybernetic organisms in contemporary culture and reviews its presence and ideological implications in films like Robocop (1987), Johny Mnemonic (1995) or Matrix (1999). The paper argues for a self-conscience as political and historical subjects in order to avoid falling into a fallacious cyberandroginy that reinfornces phallogocentric power structures.

This paper aims to establish a critical view of the anthologies of women poetry edited in Catalonia from 1975 till 2001. Its main objective is the analysis of the textual configuration of some of the anthologies which vertebrate around the gender criteria. The paper makes visible the main guidelines of the anthologic act for women poetry in Catalan. Its description permits to show the degree of implication and, eventually, the degree of divergence that guided the editors in the process of construction of poetic identities alternative to the hegemonic literary models.

This paper reflects on the significance of the discussions that took place during the First Cyberfeminist International (Kassel, Germany, September 20-28, 1997) and their implications both for the attempts to define, and the arguments against defining, cyberfeminism. The text tackles the question of how to define (or avoid to define) "cyberfeminism" in the context of its relationship with the history of past feminist thinking and practices. The paper calls for a closer contact with the history of feminism in order both to avoid past mistakes and also appeal to wider groups of women in the technological circuit. The anti-theoretical attitude of movements like Cybergrrl-ism or different kinds of net utopianism actually undermines its potential to challenge the patriarchal status quo. A conscious attitude of selfdefinition can help the forming cyberfeminism to establish a crucial solidarity with transnational feminist and postcolonial initiatives in order to be able to exert an effective political action.

L’estudi de l’obra de Miquel Ortigues comporta una sèrie d’obstacles difícils de resoldre ateses les mancances documentals que es tenen a l’abast. Tot i això, l’estudi minuciós dels manuscrits del Cançoner sagrat de vides de sants pot oferir molta informació i encendre algunes llums per tal de resseguir les petjades d’aquest autor. Així ha ocorregut en analitzar aspectes formals com les filigranes del paper, el tipus de lletra, la composició dels quaderns o la pròpia història dels manuscrits. És ara que es pot començar a parlar de forma empírica de les dates, del procés de redacció i plantejar acaraments amb altres documents d’Ortigues per a albirar noves informacions que podrien resultar reveladores.

This paper is intended as a contribution to a better understanding of the economic and political forms of the conceptual framework appertaining to modern linguistics as established throughout the nineteenth century. It is based on a series of texts depicting how some authors belonging to the historical-comparative paradigm approached the Baltic countries’ languages and cultures. The analysis of the way in which a corpus is constructed for the study of these languages and their situation on the European linguistic map allows us to sketch some hypotheses on the relation between the emergence of modern philologies and the modeling of modern languages along the world-market matrix that capitalism established during the 19 th century.

This paper focuses on the uses of the Galician diminutive nominal suffixes -et-e / -et-a, -uc-o / -uc-a e -ech-o / -ech-a in the Castrelo do Val (Ourense, Spain) dialect variety, while also surveying aspects of their use in other Galician dialects, including their occurrence in toponyms and some medieval corpora, and also in Portuguese and Spanish. This information is contrasted with data obtained from our participant observation of a particular variety of Galician while also supplying a historical perspective. The study uses a dynamic approach to word formation taking into account both words in actual use and the possibility of forming new words by means of the same suffixes. This analysis shows that the diminutive suffix -et-e is used as in the most widespread variety of Galician, whereas -uc- only has residual uses; use of -ech- is more restricted in the variety studied than in common Galician.

In this contribution, we will examine the noun maza- rico ‘curlew’ and its presence in Galician personal and geographical onomastics. After noting the presence of this noun and its formal variants in Galician-Portuguese, Castilian and Astur-Leonese, we will look to medieval sources for data pertinent to a reconstruction of the term’s earliest form and trace its use first as an anthroponym and subsequently as a place name. The paper concludes with a brief review of the presence in toponymy of mazarico and other names for the curlew (particularly zarapico and its variants).

The choice of code is a highly effective conversational strategy for constructing identity through discourse. Speakers project different identities by means of code choice between Galician, Spanish or code-switching varieties. This is particularly pertinent in conversational opening sequences when the situation is defined and the participants introduce themselves to each other. This paper analyses opening sequences in a number of conversations among speakers with different cultural background who belong to a rurban community. Sam- ples of spontaneous speech collected through ethno - graphic exploration and participant observation were used to analyse, in terms of interactional sociolinguistcs and ethnography of interaction, the way speakers begin to (re)construct their relational network in the open- ing sequence.

Els textos literaris representen una part important del material del qual fa ús el compositor alcoià Amando Blanquer Ponsoda (1935-2005) en moltes de les seues composicions. Al llarg del seu catàleg, extens i ben variat, trobem una nòmina notable i heterogènia d’autors els quals, mitjançant les seues creacions literàries, actuen com a font d’inspiració per a la música de Blanquer. De tot aquest conjunt, destaquen els textos medievals hispànics, que tenen en les obres de Juan de Mena, Ausiàs March, Joanot Martorell i Joan Roís de Corella, la seua plasmació. L’estudi de la cantata Vida de Maria (1979-1981), una composició de llarga gestació sobre un text de Corella, és l’objectiu d’aquest paper. L’anàlisi de l’obra i el seu acarament amb el text al qual deu la seua articulació, tracta d’esbrinar les relacions amb la poesia de Corella i la proposta sonora de Blanquer, empresa ben atractiva sempre pel tarannà humanístic en general, i literari en particular, d’aquest compositor.

Among the various indigenous rights movements across different times in Taiwan, the presence of indigenous women often goes obscure. Although in recent years there has been a great deal of publications on Taiwanese indigenous movements, some of the literature —constructed under the structure of the indigenous knowledge system—, while insisting on the status and value of indigenous autonomy, tend to overlook the historical context in Taiwanese society of indigenous women who participated in social movements. What are the issues of concern? This paper primarily serves to reveal the “silent crusades” and to bring forward the directions of interests of the indigenous women’s movements by analyzing related reports, autobiographies, interview transcripts, texts, etc. spanning over two decades and published in the weekly newspaper of the Presbyterian Church in Taiwan (PCT), Taiwan Church News, in addition to in-depth interviews with the leaders of indigenous women’s social movements.

Women’s participation in Cervantine criticism at the beginning of the twentieth century (1905-1906) has barely received recognition. This paper analyses the different perspectives women authors used to approach both Cervantes and his work. Strict literary criticism coexists with the exploration of Don Quixote’s main characters in the philosophical and literary essays of María Lejárraga, Matilde Ras, Concha Espina and Carmen de Burgos. The authors studied include intheirs texts their social concerns and feminist ideology and give their opinion about key political and intellectual debates affecting society at the beginning of the twentieth century.

The progressive may be described as a periphrastic construction (auxiliary + non-finite verb; for instance, in English: be + V-ing) which denotes an ongoing situation at a given time, be it an instant or an interval. This general picture, however, has faced two descriptive challenges: (i) those same forms may also appear associated with other temporal readings; (ii) the progressive meaning may also be obtained through other grammatical forms. The current paper approaches these apparent mismatches from the perspective of two varieties of Capeverdean, whose arrangements between forms and meanings of the progressive may provide a crucial insight to this cross-linguistic puzzle. The description and discussion of novel data support the two steps in a brand-new proposal for this Portuguese-based Creole: (a) the superficially different morphemes that mark the progressive have a unique diachronic path, involving the preverbal marker ta and a complete progressive cycle; (b) if we frame the temporal meaning of the progressive somewhat differently, considering the existence, under specific pragmatic conditions, of a precursory stage, at least one of the mentioned mismatches will be resolved. An additional contribution of the current discussion concerns the expression of time reference in natural language, namely that past, present or future meanings do not necessarily depend on dedicated tense morphemes

In a significant number of languages there exist morphosyntactic operations modifying the codification of the transitive second argument so that it is no longer marked as object and is marked instead by a preposition or oblique case. This modification of transitivity has semantic implications, especially concerning the degree of effectiveness of the event expressed by the verb. Although the details of this operation vary in each language, there are clearly identifiable cross-linguistic patterns, of which the principal one is the syntactic and semantic demotion of the second argument. This paper explores the possible alignment of constructions of different languages with the objective of treating them together. For this purpose, it is necessary to fil- ter out the details of particular realization patterns. In this way, each particular construction is shown to be a manifestation of a widespread, more general operation demoting the second participant. This article looks at antipassive and conative alternations and the Galician construction with preposition en , taking into consideration their syntax and semantics and examining their relation to transitivity.

In this paper, our aim is to develop part of what Mattos e Silva (1988) has named lato sensu historical linguistics through the systematization of the “intermediary zone” between linguistic science and historical science in the study of a language’s outward face. To this end, we first discuss epistemological and methodological aspects of the two disciplines in order to then show how they act together, giving examples of publications in which this partnership of sciences is achieved intuitively and classifying them within the areas we call social-linguistic history , adopting the denomination used by Mattos e Silva (2004), and cultural-linguistic history . Besides presenting an example of the kind of methodological partnership that has been practised for decades in historian-linguists’ writings, we suggest innovations such as the use of prosopograhy , a typical historical science’s method, to increase productivity in studies occupying this intermediary zone between sciences.

This text analyses the here dubbed D-construction in Galician and European Portuguese, composed of a determiner phrase (DP) followed by a demonstrative pronoun and a main clause. This quite unexplored contruction is described as a strategy to promote a referent into the sentence topic and at the same time contrasting it to other salient members of a partially ordered set, by means of the analysis of its pragmatic and prosodic aspects. An existing analysis supposing an appositive role for the demonstrative is argued against, thus strengthening the idea that DP and demonstrative do not form a single constituent. By means of a series of intuition tests, the D-construction is characterised as an instance of Hanging Topic Left Dislocation of a kind found in Germanic languages. Finally, a unified account is put forward for Galician and Portuguese, whenever the structure includes a coreferent clitic in the main clause. In this case the DP is assigned a position in a Frame projection (FrameP), whereas the demonstrative is a base-generated topic in the left periphery, connected to the clitic by long-distance agreement. In European Portuguese, where the structure may also occur without a resumptive clitic, the demonstrative can move into Spec,IP. Either of these are the first part of the derivation, respectively identical to Clitic Left Dislocation or Topicalisation. The paper concludes that the D-construction must be considered a marked syntactic construction on its own terms, and considers some possible themes for future research.