Search

L’objectiu d’aquest article és estudiar la importància que té l’arxiu com a eina de construcció d’una identitat nacional i si a través de la seva organització es pot veure si la dita construcció nacional ha estat reeixida o no. En aquest sentit, s’agafa l’exemple de l’Arxiu Històric Nacional d’Espanya i s’analitza des de l’organització dels primers arxius en territori espanyol fins a la construcció de l’Arxiu Històric Nacional a finals del segle xix. Mitjançant aquesta anàlisi també es posa en relleu el paper que va tenir la Història en la formació de la identitat nacional i la seva interrelació amb l’arxiu. Una ciència no podria ser sense l’altre.

El present article analitza la relació epistolar entre el doctor Joan Solé i Pla i Josep Subirà Puig, dos familiars que des de Barcelona i Madrid es van comprometre amb l’ajut material i la promoció dels voluntaris espanyols i catalans a les files de la Legió Estrangera francesa durant la Primera Guerra Mundial. A través de la seva correspondència busquem analitzar les projeccions nacionals en disputa dels discursos sobre els voluntaris i comprovar una qüestió escassament treballada: la important cobertura i organització de la propaganda sobre els voluntaris impel·lida per Josep Subirà, qui, malgrat tot, va mantenir amb Solé i Pla una relació estreta marcada per la cordialitat familiar i l’entusiasme per les mútues activitats aliadòfiles.

Objectiu: analitzar les enquadernacions artístiques dels impresos del segle xviii recollides en la Base de dades d'enquadernació historicoartística de la Real Biblioteca per localitzar-hi les guardes dutes a terme amb papers decorats, amb la finalitat de classificar-los i descriure'ls segons les propostes de la literatura especialitzada. -- Metodologia: es recuperen els registres de la base de dades pel camp 'Fecha', s'extreu la informació dels camps 'Guardas' i 'Notas', s'analitzen les reproduccions de les guardes, s'identifiquen i es descriuen seguint el model de classificació de papers decorats, prèviament elaborat, inspirat en els treballs del professor Carpallo Bautista, format per cinc tècniques i les seves variants, i finalment s'efectua una anàlisi comparativa. -- Resultats: entre els 382 exemplars amb enquadernacions artístiques dels impresos del segle xviii s'han localitzat i analitzat 10 exemplars que inclouen guardes decorades amb planxes xilogràfiques, 135 papers marbrats o jaspiats amb bany (amb dissenys corresponents a 7 variants), 4 exemplars de papers encolats amb engrut, 3 exemplars de papers esquitxats, 18 exemplars amb papers daurats i gofrats, i 4 exemplars d'altres tipus (paper argentat, paper de percalina). Objective: to analyse the artistic bindings of the eighteenth-century prints stored in the Historical-artistic Binding Database of the Royal Library, in order to locate the endpapers made with decorated papers, and to classify and describe them according to the proposals of the specialist literature. -- Methodology: The records from the database were retrieved using the 'date' field, and the information is extracted from the 'endpapers' and 'notes' fields. The reproductions of the endpapers were analysed, identified and described following the classification model of decorated papers inspired by the works of Professor Carpallo Bautista, consisting of five techniques and their variants. Finally, a comparative analysis was carried out. -- Results: Among the 382 eighteenth-century prints with artistic bindings, ten were located and analysed that include endpapers decorated with xylographic plates, 135 with marbled or mottled papers (with designs corresponding to seven variants), four with paste-glued papers, three with dotted papers, 18 with gold and embossed papers, and four of other kinds such as silver or percaline paper.

En aquest article es presenten les activitats i experiències impulsades des de la Cartoteca de Catalunya amb l'objectiu de visibilitzar i reconèixer els treballs de les dones en un camp tradicionalment amb una gran presència d'homes, com són les ciències de la terra. Les dues activitats principals se centren en la celebració d'exposicions per donar difusió al fons propi de la Cartoteca, i a intentar desenvolupar col·leccions més equilibrades des del punt de vista de gènere. This article describes the activities designed by the Map Library of Catalonia to draw attention to the contributions of women to Earth sciences, a field traditionally dominated by men. The Library’s two main lines of action are the organization of exhibitions to bring its holdings to a wider public, and its project to develop more gender-balanced collections.

Objectiu: reflexionar sobre els rols del professor com a recomanador i prescriptor de lectures i sobre el lloc que ocupa cadascuna d'aquestes funcions en l'educació literària de l'alumnat. -- Metodologia: revisió bibliogràfica en el camp de la didàctica de la llengua i de la literatura i presentació de certes situacions escolars de lectura que exemplifiquen els supòsits des dels quals es pensa el rol docent. -- Resultats: un dels avenços més grans que s'han produït en els darrers anys en la didàctica de la llengua i de la literatura es vincula amb la definició progressiva de les funcions docents i dels objectius educatius relacionats amb els processos de formació del lector literari en el context escolar. En aquest marc cal renovar els processos de formació del professorat per tal d'assegurar la construcció del cànon formatiu que requereix la pràctica professional del mediador escolar de lectures. Objective: This article reflects on what teachers do when they recommend and prescribe works of literature to their students. It also examines how recommendation and prescription are important in children’s literary education. -- Methodology: The article reviews the research on language and literature education and examines particular classroom scenarios that explain why teachers choose certain roles over other when they recommend and prescribe works of literature. -- Results: In recent years, the most important progress in language and literature education has been tied to redefining teachers’ roles and the objectives of education as these relate to children’s acquisition of literary reading skills. In this context, teacher education programmes need to be revised in order to equip teachers with a literary canon that helps them address their task effectively.

En el setanta-cinquè aniversari de la mort d'Eduard Toda, que va ser diplomàtic, egiptòleg, escriptor i historiador, que va redescobrir i divulgar l'alguerès, que va reconstruir i restaurar Escornalbou i Poblet, que va compilar bibliografies i va ser un bibliòfil i un mecenes exemplar, s'analitza en primer lloc aquest darrer aspecte de la seva activitat que va contribuir a enriquir les biblioteques i els arxius del país. A continuació es presenta la seva relació amb l'Escola de Bibliotecàries que es va iniciar gràcies al lligam que havia establert amb la Biblioteca de Catalunya amb les seves generoses donacions de materials bibliogràfics. A partir de la documentació conservada a l'arxiu de l'antiga Escola de Bibliotecàries, es mostren les distintes facetes d'aquella relació: les excursions a Escornalbou que es complementen amb tot un recorregut cultural, les estades de les alumnes a Poblet on col·laboren en l'organització de la biblioteca pobletana, la introducció de les classes de restauració en el pla d'estudis de la carrera, la posada en marxa d'un laboratori de restauració que, per moltes dècades, compartiran l'Escola i la Biblioteca de Catalunya, etc. Certament, els vincles de Toda amb l'Escola es van caracteritzar per un afecte mutu i algunes de les activitats que va promoure amb les alumnes van contribuir a donar a l'Escola aquell toc d' Diplomat, Egyptologist, writer and historian, Eduard Toda is remembered as the man who rescued the Algherese dialect of Catalan from oblivion and who helped rebuild the monastery libraries of Escornalbou and Poblet. On the occasion of the seventy-fifth anniversary of his death, this paper reviews Toda’s book collecting activities, his general love of books and his outstanding work as a benefactor of libraries, which together contributed to enriching our country’s book heritage. The paper then turns to Toda’s relationship with the school for librarians the Escola de Bibliotecàries, which was founded thanks to his donation of a number of book collections to the Library of Catalonia. As recorded in the archives of the old Escola, this relationship was based on a number of different activities: Toda’s trips to Escornalbou, which also provided an opportunity for cultural study; his organization of periods of residence for student librarians at Poblet to help rebuild the monastery’s library; his creation of classes in book restoration in degree courses in librarianship; and the creation of a workshop for restoring library materials, which for many decades helped to link the Escola and the Library of Catalonia. Finally, as the article shows, Toda’s ties with the Escola de Bibliotecàries were reinforced by the mutual affection existing between him and the school as well as by the activities he organized with its students, which gave the school its singular nature as a place of study during the 1930s.

L’article planteja una breu aproximació al paper que va tenir el periodista Mateo Santos, director del setmanari cinematogràfic Popular Film (Barcelona, 1926-1937), entorn del qual es constituiria a Barcelona durant els anys de la II República un «grup d’afinitat» caracteritzat per l’afició al cinematògraf i per la militància llibertària dels seus joves integrants.

Aquest estudi analitza el paper molt important, però fins ara generalment sense reconèixer, de la comunitat catalana de Montevideo en el desenvolupament econòmic, social i institucional de l’Uruguai durant el període colonial (1724-1808) i també la primera fase (1808-1814) de les lluites entre criolls i peninsulars per al control dels territoris confrontats al Riu de la Plata.

L'objectiu d'aquest treball és abordar la didàctica de la prosòdia des de dos punts de vista: en primer lloc, una perspectiva històrica i teòrica que examina el paper i tractament de la competència prosòdica; i, en segon lloc, les implicacions didàctiques i el desenvolupament d'aquesta competència a través del joc, tenint en compte a l'alumnat de l'aula d'Educació Infantil i d'Educació Primària.

Aquest article analitza la figura de Maria Fortesa / Maria de Fortalesa des d'una doble perspectiva. En primer terme, històrica. Maria és successora i representant dels xuetes mallorquins ajusticiats al segle xvii que, amb el canvi de continent i de posició social, mostra els contrastos entre les dues illes (Mallorca i Cuba) i el progrés del segle xix basat en l'assimilació del discurs colonial. En segon lloc, a través de Maria, Carme Riera descriu la figura de la "literata"; mostra les contradiccions i restriccions de la primera generació d'escriptores modernes de la qual se sent deutora. D'altra banda, tot i la distància autoral que proporcionen les tècniques narratives de la ironia, la paròdia i l'ús del pastitx, no s'amaga l'escriptura com una passió irrefrenable —a través de l'escriptura epistolar— tot i que es manté allunyada dels models literaris reconeguts a l'època.

Aquest text recull uns papers de treball al voltant de la in/visibilitat, amb el propòsit de revisar una categoria que ha creuat la trajectòria d’existència lèsbica, gai, queer, així com la teorització i el pensament a propòsit d’aquestes subjectivitats (i de la seva pròpia subjecció). L’associació de la visibilitat amb l’existència ha constituit un axioma. No obstant, la visibilitat no és sempre necessàriament la millor manera de fer-se visible o, immediatament, la millor estratègia política per a l’afirmació de la nostra existència. En aquests papers de treball parteixo de la formulació d’unes hipòtesis/propostes de reflexió, per continuar dialogant amb el volum Manifiestos gays, lesbianos, queer. Testimonios de una lucha (1969-1994), editat per Rafael M. Mérida, i acabo amb un breu testimoni de l’escriptora catalana Maria Mercè Marçal.

Reflexions, des d’una perspectiva arxivística, sobre la part de la documentació que va ser confiscada als anomenats “enemigos y desafectos al Movimiento Nacional” a partir de l’ocupació militar de Catalunya (1938–1939) i que està dipositada a l’Archivo General de la Guerra Civil, amb seu a Salamanca. Des de l’època coneguda com a transició política del franquisme a la democràcia, n’han reclamat el retorn persones i institucions diferents —principalment la Generalitat de Catalunya— i pràcticament tots els grups polítics han fet intervencions parlamentàries en aquest sentit. S’avalua l’opinió pública formada a partir d’uns dos-cents documents (articles, entrevistes i altres tipus de col•laboracions) publicats a la premsa escrita editada a Espanya entre el juny i l’octubre de 2002, complementant-les amb les opinions expressades en fòrums de discussió tècnica com Arxiforum o Bibcat.

Estudi tipològic sobre les fórmules de publicació i les vies d’accés a la bibliografia científica en l’entorn actual de comunicació digital i en xarxa. Es parteix del concepte d’article de revista com a unitat ben definida i estable en l’entorn imprès, i com a nucli sobre el qual s’ha fonamentat la comunicació acadèmica i professional des del naixement de la revista científica en el segle XVII. S’analitzen les transformacions que permet l’entorn digital en la comunicació científica i es descriuen algunes de les pràctiques observades entre autors, institucions de recerca, empreses editorials i institucions bibliotecàries com a resposta a les noves possibilitats de l’article tant com a producte com pel que respecta al procés de crear-lo i distribuir-lo. Aquestes transformacions afecten la naturalesa mateixa de l’article com a unitat mínima, única i estable de comunicació científica. Es conclou que sota formes documentals d’agregació editorial i de control bibliogràfic ben diferenciades, a voltes simultànies o àdhuc aparentment contradictòries, aflora una comunicació científica més plural. Aquesta pluralitat es concreta en més possibilitats de comunicació per als autors, menys nivells d’intermediació quant als agents que intervenen i afegeixen valor al producte, més disponibilitat per als usuaris des del punt de vista econòmic i d’accés, i més interacció i riquesa de continguts gràcies a les noves possibilitats multimèdia i hipertextuals.Study of the publication models and the means of accessing scientific literature in the current environment of digital communication and the web. The text introduces the concept of journal article as a well-defined and stable unit within the publishing world, and as a nucleus on which professional and scholarly communication has been based since its beginnings in the 17th century. The transformation of scientific communication that the digital world has enabled is analysed. Descriptions are provided of some of the practices undertaken by authors, research organisations, publishers and library-related institutions as a response to the new possibilities being unveiled for articles, both as products as well as for their creation and distribution processes. These transformations affect the very nature of articles as a minimal unit -both unique and stable- of scientific communication. The article concludes by noting that under varying documentary forms of publisher aggregation and bibliographic control -sometimes simultaneously and, even, apparently contradictory- there flourishes a more pluralistic type of scientific communication. This pluralism offers: more possibilities for communication among authors; fewer levels of intermediaries such as agents that intervene and provide added value to the products; greater availability for users both economically speaking and from the point of view of access; and greater interaction and wealth of contents, thanks to the new hypertext and multimedia possibilities.Estudio tipológico sobre las fórmulas de publicación y las vías de acceso a la bibliografía científica en el actual entorno de comunicación digital y en red. Se parte del concepto de artículo de revista como unidad bien definida y estable en el entorno impreso, y como núcleo sobre el cual se ha fundamentado la comunicación académica y profesional desde el nacimiento de la revista científica en el siglo XVII. Se analizan las transformaciones que permiten el entorno digital en la comunicación científica y se describen algunas de las prácticas observadas entre autores, instituciones de investigación, empresas editoriales e instituciones bibliotecarias como respuesta a las nuevas posibilidades del artículo tanto como producto como en lo que respecta al proceso de crearlo y distribuirlo. Estas transformaciones afectan a la misma naturalesa del artículo como unidad mínima, única y estable de comunicación científica. Se concluye señalando que, bajo formas documentales de agregación editorial y de control bibliográfico bien diferenciadas, a veces simultáneas o incluso aparentemente contradictorias, aflora una comunicación científica más plural. Esta pluralidd se concreta en más posibilidades de comunicación para los autores, menos niveles de intermediación en cuanto a los agentes que intervienen y añaden valor al producto, más disponibilidad para los usuarios desde el punto de vista económico y de acceso, y más interacción y riqueza de contenidos gracias a las nuevas posibilidades multimedia e hipertextuales.

The present paper focuses on the travel notes by Michel Vieuchange (1904-1930), a young Frenchman who decided to reach Smara, a holy Muslim city located in the middle of the desert, to describe it, and to draw a map. His notes are to be analysed through the prism of autobiogeography. The term used by Michel Collot means telling your life through the places that has affected you. In the case of Vieuchange’s notes the geographical descriptions intervene with the description of the personality of the traveler and form a whole. The paper shows that three cities, Tiznit, Tigilit and Smara, mark three stages of the travel and correspond to different aspects of Vieuchange’s personality.

This paper is made in continuation of the article of Fabrice Marsac, Witold Ucherek and Magdalena Dańko “De l’infinitive de perception dans la pratique traductologique” (Studia Romanica Posnaniensia 46/1, 2019); both papers fall within the framework of the bilateral Polonium program “On the translation of French perception structures into Polish” (n° PPN/BIL/2018/1/00181), implemented and financed by the Polish National Agency for Academic Exchange (NAWA), the French Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs (MEAE) and the Ministry of Higher Education, Research and Innovation (MESRI). In the present case, we intend to report on the content and progress of the part “multi-dimensional labelling” of this long-term French-Polish project. Therefore, we describe the formal encoding of structures, categories and functions of the items in the large multi-label corpus (French-Polish) we have been collecting since 2019.

In the Italian academic discourse research, Master’s degree theses used to be studied mainly from the perspective of linguistic competencies of their authors. However, strictly linguistic skills are not the only challenge for undergraduate, who must also convey intellectual content in appropriate discursive and rhetorical forms. The paper explores the patterns of a peculiar form of “collaborative writing”, i.e. the cooperation between the thesis supervisor and the student. Using the example of Master’s theses in linguistics, written in Italian as a foreign language, three basic didactic approaches are discussed in the paper. In the didactics of content the supervisors emphasize knowledge, i.e. linguistic concepts expected to be applied in a Master’s thesis. In the didactics of forms, the supervisors focus on the linguistic code, that is, on grammatical and lexical correctness of the Master’s thesis. In the didactics of forms of content the supervisors use regularities observed in academic discourse, such as genre and rhetorical structures, as valuable teaching resources likely to help students develop metacommunicative awareness.

This paper discusses two topics which are very popular nowadays among the academics dealing with foreign language teaching, namely: intercultural competence and pragmatic error. The author notes the fact that those two notions appear separately, because the starting points for discussing them are usually different fields of science. The aim of the paper is to demonstrate that on one hand the two notions need to be treated uniformly, and on the other, that the pragmatic error should be included in error classifications which are references for both the authors of handbooks as well as people educating future teachers. For that purpose, the author defines intercultural competence, presents various approaches to error and its classification in teaching, and then explains what pragmatic error is and describes its linguistic characteristics.

Society management and the COVID-19 pandemic require continuous restatement and consolidation. Furthermore, the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development created by the United Nations establishes a set of 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) that meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability to meet the needs of future generations and where Goal 5 addresses gender equality as a central priority. The main aim of this paper is to present a crossed-analysis study on how the health crisis has influenced differently the social behaviour between gender and generations in Spain. For this study there have been used a massive open data from the Sociological Research Centre (CIS). The mixed techniques´ methodology of this research was applied to study four social effect dimensions, such as “way of living”, “way of thinking”, “way of self-healthcare” and “social habits and behaviour”. The used techniques contributed analytically to gender and generations management during the pandemic with the intent of complementarity. Obtained findings by analysing four studied dimensions explain the effects and consequences of the pandemic involving differences between men and women, younger and older generations, leading to society management implications that can timely serve as a paradigm with scientific insights for public policies.

Recently, multiple collaborative initiatives have been established which all aim to incorporate and enhance the representation of multilingualism into discussions on the otherwise largely English-dominated “field” of digital humanities. Taking sensitivity to multilingualism as an overarching concept, the present paper introduces and analyzes some recent, and ongoing, collaborative initiatives (mainly with a starting point in Europe) to show how these projects conceptualize, handle, and strive to strengthen language diversity in DH. More specifically, the examples featured in the article include preliminary insights from the Disrupting Digital Knowledge Infrastructures collective, lessons from my pilot graduate course (Digital Humanities and East Asian Studies: Theory and Practice), as well as the role and significance of the DARIAH-EU supported OpenMethods platform. Ultimately, the paper, which also features interviews with Erzsébet Tóth-Czifra and Cosima Wagner from two of the abovementioned initiatives, argues for the importance of language sensitivity in research, teaching, and knowledge dissemination to create a more inclusive, and collaborative, basis toward multilingualism in DH.

The paper deals with Italian helping verbs (modal, aspectual, causative verbs) and light verbs which form complex predicates and with the rules that guide its use in Italian descriptive grammars published in Italy between 1953 and 2005. The author shows that those forms in both – traditional and contemporary Italian descriptive grammars are treated at the level of word classes whereas it could be more appropriate to discuss them as clause elements as they form complex predicates. In our opinion this way of describing such verbs is due to the tradition in Italy to focus on a form and not on function of an element. What is more, Italian grammarians tend to omit in Italian descriptive grammars noun predication and the role of semantic predicate (n pred.). The goal of the paper is to present the advantages of an integrated approach to helping verbs (modal, aspectual, causative verbs) and light verbs in modern Italian. The author emphasizes its importance for contemporary Italian FL syntax teaching

The aim of this paper is to address the issue of teaching politeness in textbooks dedicated to learners of Italian as a foreign language. It is assumed that in today’s ever-changing world, full of conflicts and challenges of various kinds, polite communication has become of increasing importance as it helps overcome differences between the participants of the act of communication and promote a peaceful coexistence. Politeness is a phenomenon particularly sensitive to the situational context: the forms considered appropriate vary according to the parameters such as place, channel, age or status of the interactants. Since the complexity of politeness and the variability of its exponents make it difficult to teach, the purpose of this research is to analyze if and how the current textbooks of Italian deal with this aspect of communicative competence. The paper examines which aspects of politeness are taught and with what methods. The analysis is based on the selected textbooks of Italian published in Italy and Poland, in order to compare their approaches.

The aim of the paper is to present the tourist and image potential of contemporary public architecture. Wrocław was chosen as the research subject, as it is a historical center with an extremely rich architectural heritage, which has enjoyed great interest among visitors for centuries. With the announcement of Wrocław as the European Capital of Culture 2016, and then the European Best Destination in 2018, its attractiveness increased significantly, which was reflected not only in the number of visitors, but also in the advertising materials themselves. Both before and after arrival, millions of tourists encounter a multitude of various advertising forms, both virtual and printed, which determine the direction of sightseeing and shape a specific image and perception of the city. In general opinion, Wrocław is considered a historic city, the most interesting places of which are concentrated around the Old Town and Ostrów Tumski. The Centennial Hall, built at the beginning of the 20th century, stands out from the „newer heritage”. The idea of the study, however, was to answer the question whether contemporary architecture is used in any way in the current tourist advertisement of the city. Another goal was to identify and list the most frequently appearing objects from the adopted group, and to analyze the manner of their presentation. Based on the collected materials, efforts were made to assess the role of the media in creating a tourist product in terms of promoting local architecture in recent years. At the same time, an attempt was made to evaluate the role of architecture in creating the city’s progressive brand. In the research, the author used the method of analyzing the existing statistical data, iconographic research and the method of analyzing the content of advertising materials, as well as scientific studies on cultural heritage and tourism in the city. The final part of the paper shows that modern architecture can be a significant element increasing the tourist attractiveness of the city.

The present paper is aimed to analyze how certain concepts of political identity are translated into poet-ics of identity in contemporary Spanish narrative. The analysis covers four novels published since 1998, written by Spanish authors and which achieved high rates of sales and positive critical recognition. The study was not limited to specific immigrant groups in order to reflect a variety of experiences and political positions represented in the texts. The paper is a study of the image and functions of immigrant characters in selected Spanish novels of the last three decades: Háblame, musa, de aquel varón (1998) by Dulce Chacón, Ventajas de viajar en tren (2000) by Antonio Orejudo, Cosmofobia (2007) by Lucía Etxebarria and En la orilla (2013) by Rafael Chirbes. Sociologists and psychologists indicate three main classes of negative attitudes towards immigrants (citizen insecurity, threat to cultural identity and competitiveness in obtaining resources). Within this context the article aims to determine to what extent the literary representations of immigrant characters constitute reproductions or transgressions of culturally prefabricated images of the Other and explores the different narrative and ideological functions these characters play. The paper also studies the presence of discourses that support social exclusion of immigrants and the means of subverting them.

This paper analyses the Spanish Civil War combatants’ private diaries as an alternative and/or complementary source to more conventional ones for the study of the conflict. The study mainly focuses on the lifespan of the sub-genre ’personal diary’ as an historical text, highlighting the reasons for its relevance as compared to other individual documents, the reasons for its onset, the importance of daily writing habits for the author, the eventual writing abandonment, later use of the document, and the main topics reflected by the combatants. The paper focuses on the analysis of 30 personal diaries, a substantial amount that allows for considering those texts as essential historiography sources. All this contributes to a closer, more tangible and more attractive interpretation and study of the conflict than the conventional ones do.

The aim of this paper is to analyse the process of awareness of the Workers Brotherhood of Female Catholic Action (WBFCA) during the first decades of Francoism. To this effect, a perspective is considered which establishes a dialogue and puts a strain on the notions of gender, class and religion within Catholic Spanish Action (CSA). This research shows the importance of Catholic workers’ identities in order to understand in depth the social participation modes “from below” developed in that period, as well as the conduct of Catholic workers therein. Drawing on female individual memories, this research displays some of the WBFCA subjectivities. Finally, the paper analyses some individual –and collective– tensions that arose between the workers and the CSA ladies, a point that allows for a better understanding of the communal narratives provided by the working class.

Since the nineteen seventies, the Socialist International (SI) played a key role in the rapprochement between Europe and Latin-America. Indeed, Felipe González and the PSOE promoted the SI principles at both national and international levels, being at the root of the relationships between Western Europe and Latin America. Within this context, this paper aims at examining the trajectory of the PSOE foreign policy towards Latin America. With this purpose, this paper identifies three crucial moments between the nineteen seventies and the nineteen nineties. The first one coincides with a clear approach between the PSOE and Latin America involving increased mutual knowledge and the strengthening of their links through the SI. The second one took place when previous “political” statements were brought to life. The third and last moment is identified with the re-sizing of “economic” activity in foreign matters after Spain became a member of the EEC.

The conjunction como si select usually in the subordinated adverbial clauses (modal, conditional and comparative) the tenses of the subjunctive mood cantara / cantase and hubiera / hubiese cantado. However in some papers is mentioned the possibility of the construction of como si with the tenses of indicative mood. This paper contains the analysis of the modal selection after como si and, particularly, the possible substitution of subjunctive by the indicative tenses. The analyses is realized on the ground of the corpus of Real Academia Española (CORPES XXI, CREA, CREA. Versión anotada).

The purpose of this paper is to illuminate the main ethical, legal and social implications (ELSIs) concerning social humanoid robots that have their base in artificial intelligence (AI). The main dilemma highlighted touches upon the expansion of the concept of legal personhood, and the attribution of appropriate legal responses to govern the future proliferation of AI systems vis-à-vis social humanoid robots. The paper cautions on the need to carefully reflect on notions of personhood and human dignity for AI systems, balanced against the underlying representation of values and behaviors that may threaten to erode the human rights discourse. Additionally, it questions the wisdom of the broad expanse of the European legal response to the development and use of AI systems.

The paper aims to present the potential, for foreign language students, of the exolingual interactions online in public and open forums. For the analysis of students’ commentaries, I apply the observation categories that were first elaborated for the analysis of posts published in press sites. I focus on narrative commentaries in which web users organize phenomena and events discussed in public discourse and try to give them their individual interpretation. I consider this kind of interaction on press sites as contrib-uting to the civic debates: I argue that they can be also integrated in observation categories used to describe and analyze exchanges between students discussing social issues in reference to foreign lan-guage media information. In the paper I present two kinds of commentaries: those written by native speakers in public forums and those written by FL students in response to public commentaries.

There are different formal structures which requests can be made with depending on the register used and the degree of courtesy. During the teaching process, these structures are introduced according to their recursiveness and difficulty, and not necessarily due to their courtesy. This can cause mismatches between the perception of requests in L2 and in L1. In this paper we intend to analyze if this is really the case, or if there are no differences in the perception of these structures in L1 and L2.

The aim of this paper is to demonstrate the feasibility of applying the Invited Inferencing Theory of Se-mantic Change in order to establish the semantic evolution of idioms with literal correlates, in particular somatisms or kinegrams. The methodology is applied to analyze the testimonies (until 1700) of Spanish somatism cerrar los ojos in a diachronic corpus of Spanish language (CORDE), so as to find out what inferences generated contextual meanings that conditioned its lexicalization as idiom, semanticizing sym-bolic meanings related to death, sleep, knowledge, irrationality, submission or trust.

The paper analyzes the stylistic variation of implosive /s/ in Guayaquil Spanish. The aim is to verify the sociolinguistic status of /s/-weakening according to Labov’s three-level hierarchy: linguistic indicators, markers, and stereotypes. It is argued that the aspired allophone [h], by representing a clear pattern of stylistic variation, can be qualified as a marker, and since it receives metalinguistic commentary from the speakers, it is also a stereotype in the Guayaquil speech community. The analysis contains a quantitative study of /s/ variation on a corpus of radio speech (CHARG) and a qualitative confrontation of the results with responses gathered in a language attitudes survey.

Objetivo: analizar las encuadernaciones artísticas de los impresos del siglo xviii recogidas en la Base de datos de Encuadernación histórico-artística de la Real Biblioteca para localizar las guardas realizadas con papeles decorados, con la finalidad de clasificarlos y describirlos según las propuestas de la literatura especializada. -- Metodología: se recuperan los registros de la base de datos por el campo 'fecha', se extrae la información de los campos 'guardas' y 'notas', se analizan las reproducciones de las guardas, se identifican y describen siguiendo el modelo de clasificación de papeles decorados, previamente elaborado, inspirado en los trabajos del profesor Carpallo Bautista, formado por 5 técnicas y sus variantes, y finalmente se realiza un análisis comparativo. -- Resultados: dentro de los 382 ejemplares con encuadernaciones artísticas de los impresos del siglo xviii se han localizado y analizado 10 ejemplares que incluyen guardas decoradas con planchas xilográficas, 135 papeles marmoleados o jaspeados al baño (con diseños correspondientes a 7 variantes), 4 ejemplares de papeles encolados al engrudo, 3 ejemplares de papeles salpicados, 18 ejemplares con papeles dorados y gofrados, y 4 ejemplares de otros tipos (papel plateado, papel de percalina). Objective: to analyse the artistic bindings of the eighteenth-century prints stored in the Historical-artistic Binding Database of the Royal Library, in order to locate the endpapers made with decorated papers, and to classify and describe them according to the proposals of the specialist literature. -- Methodology: The records from the database were retrieved using the 'date' field, and the information is extracted from the 'endpapers' and 'notes' fields. The reproductions of the endpapers were analysed, identified and described following the classification model of decorated papers inspired by the works of Professor Carpallo Bautista, consisting of five techniques and their variants. Finally, a comparative analysis was carried out. -- Results: Among the 382 eighteenth-century prints with artistic bindings, ten were located and analysed that include endpapers decorated with xylographic plates, 135 with marbled or mottled papers (with designs corresponding to seven variants), four with paste-glued papers, three with dotted papers, 18 with gold and embossed papers, and four of other kinds such as silver or percaline paper.

This paper aims at examining the causes of the emergence of French subordinate Noun-Noun com-pounds. It is well known that the Noun-Noun pattern in French remains marginal compared to other lexicogenic processes, especially N-PREP-N or N-A, and it is supposed that its appearance as well as its progressive development took place during the last two centuries (19th-20th). The aim of this paper is to examine more in detail when and why French Noun-Noun structures emerge. As for the first question, empirical data from the Frantext corpus allow to hypothesize that both the type and the token frequency of French Noun-Noun compounds remain stable since the thirties of the nineteenth century until the end of the Second World War and that after this period, especially during the sixties, it begins to grow exponentially. Contrary to Arnaud’s estimate (2003, p. 141), no significant change in frequency or productivity was observed around the middle of the 19th century. As for the second question, the author claims that the emergence of subordinate N-N compounds was triggered by an increase in the productivity of the attributive N-N compounds, for which there is no competitive pattern in French. The theoretical rationale of this hypothesis is anchored in paradigmatic approaches to word formation, with specific reference to the formalization made according to the Construction Morphology framework (Booij, 2010).

Acronyms are lexical units that have been thoroughly explored in terms of their morphology or pronun-ciation. However, their semantic value has not been entirely determined yet. The present paper aims at investigating the manner in which a semantic value of an acronym, and particularly a difference between proper and common acronyms, influences techniques applied to translating them. In order to achieve the aforementioned objective, on the basis of the cognitive theory of proper names, the authors have distinguished Polish and French acronyms being ergonyms as well as acronyms belong-ing to proper names and these designating item classification. The paper concerns the analysis of both Polish and French translations of ergonyms in foreign language press and French common acronyms in the Polish press. The performed analysis allows observing a tendency towards transferring acronyms-ergonyms that play the role of a rigid designator rather than full names in the target text. By contrast, the techniques of translating common acronyms differ, depending on whether they designate phenomena typical of the source culture or universal ones.

This paper points out the faults in the view that troubadour poetry developed expressing a new culture in medieval courts (fin’amor, ‘amour courtois’), as well as in the view that it developed expressing broadly religious issues (this of course does not mean that religious education and culture in many a troubadour is called into doubt). The new feature in comparison with ‘traditional’ sung poetry was the fact that performing songs and listening to them had become a social habit in aristocratic courts, so that singing could─in some instances─take on a public as well as a political meaning. Thus, the preservation and trasmission of poetic texts, and the interest in their authors as particular individuals, became important as never before, but this dates only from the time of Guilhem IX. The paper surveys some features in the poetry of early troubadours (Guilhem, Jaufre Rudel, Cercamon, Marcabru) and argues that before Bernart de Ventadorn there are only isolated statements of the so-called fin’amor poetics, which can be considered as fully developed only in Bernart’s works.

[ca] L’article proposa un replantejament del paper de les terres gironines en la cultura trobadoresca, centrat sobretot en les circumstàncies de la possible etapa inicial de l’activitat de Cerverí (el moment en què es va convertir en Cerverí de Girona), la interpretació del sentit de la ruta de la seva Recepta de xarob i, finalment, la reconstrucció d’un cercle poètic entorn de la catedral de Girona. Per a tots aquests aspectes, combina l’anàlisi literària amb les dades històriques, tot recollint informació dispersa i inèdita sobre els personatges rellevants. En resulten exemples evidents de la implicació de la noblesa amb la cultura trobadoresca i de la manera com la lírica dels trobadors reflecteix les xarxes familiars i polítiques, i així complementa la visió que tradicionalment s’ha tingut de les relacions entre la noblesa i la reialesa en moments de conflicte.

Els paral·lelismes entre la futura Isabel II i Isabel I de Castella van ser explotats en els camps polític, literari i artístic pels òrgans propagandístics de la monarquia espanyola, des del naixement de la infanta, l’octubre de 1830, fins als primers dos anys de regència de Maria Cristina de Borbó. I és que Isabel la Catòlica va néixer en una època en què, a falta de fill baró, la successió a la Corona de la filla primogènita dels monarques estava permesa. Tanmateix, aquesta tradició castellana, regularitzada en el còdex de Las Siete Partidas d’Alfons X al segle XIII, va quedar invalidada amb l’Auto Acordat per Felip V el maig de 1713, que també donava prioritat als barons de branques laterals. Davant d’això i de l’amenaça que la Corona passés a mans de Carles Maria Isidre de Borbó, el 29 de març de 1830 es va aprovar la Pragmàtica Sanció que promulgava l’acord de Corts de 1789 amb què Carles IV va pretendre recuperar la vella consuetud castellana. Poc abans de la mort de Ferran VII, en els festeigs per l’acte de jurament i reconeixement de les Corts espanyoles a Maria Isabel Lluïsa de Borbó com a princesa d’Astúries, la tradició política i l’estètica medievals van adquirir un paper encara més rellevant, sobretot en pintures i arquitectures efímeres creades ex professo per adornar els carrers de moltes ciutats del Regne. L’organització de torneigs medievals, com el de Barcelona, o les vindicacions de comtes i vells sobirans en obres literàries adornades amb gravats, en arbres genealògics i en diversos gèneres de la literatura popular també van ser utilitzats per evocar la Catalunya de Guifré el Pilós o l’Espanya dels Reis Catòlics. Aquesta mirada cap al passat medieval va servir a la Corona espanyola per legitimar la successió femenina al tron, mentre que, de retruc, es va crear el marc idoni que permetria a certs sectors afins a Isabel manifestar públicament la seva inclinació per l’estil gòtic, el qual s’estava posant de moda entre les classes burgeses per influx del moviment romàntic.

La darrera restauració del voladís de l’Ajuntament de Palma recuperà en gran part el valor artístic i simbòlic que aquest havia perdut després d’anys de degradació. L’esmentat element segueix jugant avui un paper rellevant en l’escenografia que desplega la façana de l’edifici consistorial en presidir la plaça de Cort, un nucli fonamental de la vida ciutadana de Palma. La present investigació pretén aclarir, a partir de fonts documentals inèdites, algunes circumstàncies que envoltaren la realització de l'esmentat ràfec i que en possibilitaren l’originalitat respecte als de la resta de casals ciutadans. Malgrat la pèrdua de la majoria de fonts directes sobre la fabricació de l’obra, l’estudi estableix un possible precedent desaparegut que n’explica la inspiració forana. També la relaciona amb altres treballs de fusta de l’edifici i evidencia que formà part d’un projecte unitari. Finalment, aporta novetats significatives sobre el seu autor, Gabriel Torres, que en permeten contextualitzar la intervenció i demostren fins a quin punt arribà la preeminència dels escultors sobre els fusters durant la segona meitat del segle XVII. Per acabar, s’hi fa una evolució històrica i una valoració de l’obra.

This article focuses on the work of the insufficiently known writer Elena Soriano and more specifically on her novel La playa de los locos. The main objective is to analyze the cultured references present in the work, both from Judeo-Christianity and from classical culture or other literary texts. Likewise, the allusions to the famous fairy tales present in the novel have been studied. Given the disavowal of the publication of the novel by censors, the first part of this paper explains the context surrounding its publication and its repercussions on the author's career.

This paper aims to analyse and present the Italian paratexts of the Brazilian novel Tereza Batista cansada de guerra (1972) by Jorge Amado. Paratexts are a valuable instrument, sometimes even better than the actual translation, in order to verify how the source cultural and literary systems are represented. In this case, by examining the paratextual elements, the representation of Brazilian women and of Brazil in general is presented, as well as the status of the translation and the translation agents involved in the process, the rewarded translatress Giuliana Segre Giorgi and the publishing houses.

This paper reflects on some of the findings from a Horizon 2020 research project, Unsettling Remembering and Social Cohesion in Transnational Europe (UNREST, Horizon 2020, funded 2016–2019, http://www.unrest.eu/), which aimed to test and apply an agonistic mode of remembering in different settings. The analysis focuses on the potential advantages of promoting agonistic representations of past conflicts in museums through the adoption of ‘radical multiperspectivism’, as opposed to the ‘consensual multiperspectivism’ informing most contemporary exhibitions and displays. The paper argues that such an approach, which foregrounds socio-political passions by drawing on both artistic interventions and contrasting narratives, can deepen visitors’ understanding of violent conflicts and help counter the growing shift towards antagonistic memory, by turning enemies into adversaries.

This paper presents the vernacular form caraças which, in European Portuguese (EP) is associated to multiple contexts, differents from its use as a feminine common noun. The data I will present shows that caraças behaves as a polarity item, without referential interpretation. On the one hand, caraçasbehaves as a minimizer, a subtype of Negative Polarity Item (NPI), being associated to the lowest point of a scale of value. On the other hand, it also behaves as a Positive Polarity Item (PPI), expressing maximal degrees, therefore being a maximizer. The fact that caraças occurs simultaneously as a NPI and a PPI could indicate we are in the presence of a bipolar element, as described by van der Wouden (1997). Nevertheless, data suggests that there are two distinct items caraças, one of them being a NPI and the other a PPI. The form caraças is also associated to other contexts of use, namely as a metalinguistic negation marker and in evaluative constructions such as N-of-an-N constructions. We also find it functioning as an interjection in exclamative sentences. Although the feminine common noun caraça (augmentative of cara ‘face’) remains in the lexicon as synonym of mask, the polarity item caraças does not result from a process of grammaticalization of the common noun, as documented for other polarity items. In this paper I will put forth the idea that caraças, in its masculine singular form, appeared as an euphemistic variant of caralho ‘dick’, a highly offensive taboo term, used to designate the masculine sexual organ.

This paper explores two peripheral Northern Italian dialects (NIDs), namely Lamonat and Frignanese, with respect to their genealogical linguistic classification. The two NIDs exhibit morpho-phonological and morpho-syntactic features that do not fall neatly into the Gallo-Italic sub-classification of Northern Italo-Romance, but resemble some of the core characteristics of the putative Rhaeto-Romance language family. This analysis of Lamonat and Frignanese reveals that their conservative traits more closely relate to Rhaeto-Romance. The synchronic evidence from the two peripheral NIDs hence supports the argument against the unity and autonomy of Rhaeto-Romance as a language family, whereby the linguistic traits that distinguish Rhaeto-Romance within Northern Italo-Romance consist of shared retentions rather than shared innovations, which were once common to virtually all NIDs. In this light, Rhaeto-Romance can be regarded as an array of conservative Gallo-Italic varieties. The paper concludes with a discussion of the geo-sociolinguistic properties of the two peripheral dialect areas under investigation that lead to a conservative linguistic behaviour within the Lamonat and Frignanese speech communities. Given the relatively similar historical and geo-political background of these speech communities, we attempt the formulation of a geo-sociolinguistic model of linguistic innovation diffusion that captures the conservative behaviour of Lamonat and Frignanese. We propose that those dialect areas that, in Bartoli’s (1945) geo-spatial linguistic typology, are both “lateral” and “isolated” deflect linguistic innovations. This proposal must be interpreted within a more general “gravity” and “wave” sociolinguistic model of diffusion of linguistic innovations, whereby “lateral” and “isolated” dialect areas give rise to a mechanism that we call “the pond rock effect” and that renders such dialect areas resistant to language change.

This paper proposes a contextualization of the didactic comic book Aguinha!! De Cabo Verde às Canári-as... e vice-versa. The comic book in question emerged as part of the institutional project financed by European funds, but at the plot level it hides any explicit affinities with Europe. For this reason, we chose to analyze the contents of the book in the transinsular order and to draw both on the concept of environ-mental education and on border thinking. It is also proposed to frame this comic book as a complementary, non-autonomous didactic material

This paper presents an analysis of mythopoeic elements in three novels by Mia Couto. Starting from Mircea Eliade’s definition of myth, we look for elements of the Living Cosmos with its axis mundi, centre and periphery, chaos and harmony and quest in the novels. Such structure of the analysis allows us to consider the cultural colonization and decolonization of contemporary Mozambique. We conclude that the analysis of the mythopoetic schema in Mia Couto’s novels demonstrates a crisis of cultural harmony in the contemporary Mozambican state and nation. On the other hand, however, the mythopoetic reveals a horizon of cultural and traditional models of persistence that save not only from chaos but above all from the dehumanization of society.

Variously intended as a field of study, a paradigm, and/or a method of literary criticism, World Literature has in the last two decades become a central subject in literary studies. The current debate around World Literature is certainly central to the present and the future of the discipline of Comparative Literature. At the same time, as I show in this paper, a redefinition of World Literature, which would include a deeper understanding of both its risks and its potential benefits, can push us towards a revision of the canon(s) of our national literary traditions. Moving from Tim Park’s assertion that the popularity of Elena Ferrante’s “dull global novel” would contribute to obscuring more deserving authors – among whom he cites Natalia Ginzburg – this paper argues that Ferrante’s literary success could, on the contrary, pave the way for a rediscovery of past writers within the Italian literary tradition. Through a comparison of Ferrante’s L’Amica Geniale and Ginzburg’s La Strada che Va in Città, the article shows how both works are, in Pheng Cheah’s terms, “literature that worlds and makes a world”, insofar as they foreground a world that is open and unstable, crucially caught between tradition and modernity, as well as the local and the global. Ultimately, both works call for a conception of World Literature that does not need to imply the loss of the local, but that can rather promote what Florian Mussgnug calls “responsible and responsive local sensitivity”.

Objectius: El present article vol oferir l'estat complet dels estudis fílmics en les revistes indexades a SCImago i ESCI vinculades a les ciències socials en els darrers quinze anys. -- Metodologia: Després d'estudiar-ne l'univers complet (5.343 articles), hem analitzat amb una metodologia quantitativa d'anàlisi de contingut el volum de la producció específica dels estudis fílmics: un 3,9 % de l'univers publicat a Scopus (104 articles) i un 9,7 % de l'univers publicat a ESCI (266 articles). -- Resultats: Es conclou una clara predominança dels treballs amb una sola signatura masculina, en recerques entorn de la narrativa audiovisual a partir d'anàlisis qualitatives centrades en el discurs, amb preferència sobre enfocaments historicocontextuals o d'índole quantitativa. Objective: Our work tries to offer the concrete state of the film studies on the journals (SCIMAGO and ESCI) indexed in the Social Sciences category. -- Methodology: We have studied the complete universe (5343 papers), and applied a quantitative approach based on a content analysis methodology over the film studies concrete production: 3,9 % of the whole SCOPUS universe (104 papers) and 9,7 % of the ESCI universe (266 papers). -- Results: We have found a clear predominance of the papers signed by a single male author, using qualitative analyses based on the discourse analysis methodology on the audiovisual narrative field, over other possible approaches as the historic-contextual processes or the quantitative methodologies.