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L'objectiu d'aquest treball és abordar la didàctica de la prosòdia des de dos punts de vista: en primer lloc, una perspectiva històrica i teòrica que examina el paper i tractament de la competència prosòdica; i, en segon lloc, les implicacions didàctiques i el desenvolupament d'aquesta competència a través del joc, tenint en compte a l'alumnat de l'aula d'Educació Infantil i d'Educació Primària.

Este artigo presenta un estudo de diversos fraseoloxismos pragmáticos do español e do inglés que, en termos xerais, o falante emprega para expresa-lo seu compromiso respecto da verdade do que enuncia e isto intensifica a forza ilocutiva do seu acto de fala. Perséguese, deste xeito, caracteriza-lo status fraseolóxico destas expresións, o lugar que ocupan na periferia do sistema fraseolóxico e as funcións concretas que desempeñan no discurso, que van dende a expresión do compromiso epistémico ata a manifestación do acordo interactivo intensificado. A análise baséase, de xeito máis específico, na abundante presenza destas unidades nos córpora COLAm (español) e COLT (inglés) da linguaxe xuvenil, no que este tipo de expresións se empregan como fins de especial variedade e expresividade. // This article presents a study of several Spanish and English pragmatic idioms which, in broad terms, are used by speakers to convey their commitment towards what they express and thus serve to intensify the pragmatic/illocutionary value of a given speech act. We aim to define the phraseological status of this set of expressions and the place they occupy within the periphery of phraseology, and analyze their specific discursive functions, which range from the expression of the speaker’s epistemic commitment to the pragmatic intensification of agreement in interaction. Our analysis is based on the abundant presence of these idioms in the COLAm and COLT corpora of Spanish and English teenagers’ language, where they are used with particularly rich and varied expressive purposes.

Aquest article analitza la figura de Maria Fortesa / Maria de Fortalesa des d'una doble perspectiva. En primer terme, històrica. Maria és successora i representant dels xuetes mallorquins ajusticiats al segle xvii que, amb el canvi de continent i de posició social, mostra els contrastos entre les dues illes (Mallorca i Cuba) i el progrés del segle xix basat en l'assimilació del discurs colonial. En segon lloc, a través de Maria, Carme Riera descriu la figura de la "literata"; mostra les contradiccions i restriccions de la primera generació d'escriptores modernes de la qual se sent deutora. D'altra banda, tot i la distància autoral que proporcionen les tècniques narratives de la ironia, la paròdia i l'ús del pastitx, no s'amaga l'escriptura com una passió irrefrenable —a través de l'escriptura epistolar— tot i que es manté allunyada dels models literaris reconeguts a l'època.

Aquest text recull uns papers de treball al voltant de la in/visibilitat, amb el propòsit de revisar una categoria que ha creuat la trajectòria d’existència lèsbica, gai, queer, així com la teorització i el pensament a propòsit d’aquestes subjectivitats (i de la seva pròpia subjecció). L’associació de la visibilitat amb l’existència ha constituit un axioma. No obstant, la visibilitat no és sempre necessàriament la millor manera de fer-se visible o, immediatament, la millor estratègia política per a l’afirmació de la nostra existència. En aquests papers de treball parteixo de la formulació d’unes hipòtesis/propostes de reflexió, per continuar dialogant amb el volum Manifiestos gays, lesbianos, queer. Testimonios de una lucha (1969-1994), editat per Rafael M. Mérida, i acabo amb un breu testimoni de l’escriptora catalana Maria Mercè Marçal.

The growth of digital technologies in the economy has created new opportunities for entrepreneurs and organisations (Berman, 2012). The digital world environment, supported by technological devices (e.g., mobile computing) and social media platforms (e.g., Facebook, Instagram), has opened new ways to create new digital business models and media channels (Vasconcelos & Rua, 2021; Ciasullo & Lim, 2022; Miháldinecz & Rua, 2022; Rodrigues et al., 2022). Multinational organisations, but also small companies, do all or most of their business on the web (e.g., Google, Amazon, Facebook) (Capatina & Rancati, 2017; Jeansson et al., 2017; Pinto & Silva, 2019). The unique characteristics of digital technologies have provided entrepreneurs and organisations with many tools that can be used to innovate and create new ventures (Berawi et al., 2020). For example, open innovation and crowdsourcing facilitate co-creation and customer feedback in the development of new products, services, websites or applications (Gassmann et al., 2010; Musiello-Neto et al., 2022; Rua et al., 2023). Similarly, crowdfunding platforms (e.g. Kickstarter, Indiegogo, Go Fund Me) have made it easier and faster to finance a social or business project (Bernardino & Freitas Santos, 2020). Because of the internet, new digital business models (e.g. freemium, subscription, on-demand, affiliate, drop shipping, consulting, advertising, blogging, digital media) exist and could be used to sell products and/or services. In addition, business models (features and value of offerings) would continue to evolve even after launch due to competition and environmental changes. Digital entrepreneurship is the practice of pursuing new venture opportunities offered by new media on internet technologies (Antonizzi & Smuts, 2020). Therefore, entrepreneurs and organisations in a digital economy need to be aware of market opportunities to develop new ideas and business models and communicate their value propositions to potential customers and investors (Nambisan, 2016). This special issue aims to contribute to the growing body of knowledge on the digital economy, while addressing the question of how entrepreneurs and organisations are dealing with an increasingly digital world. The papers in this special issue present research findings from a variety of contexts. In the first article, Silva, Moutinho and Paço examine the relationships between entrepreneurship, intrapreneurship policies and e-commerce. In the article, the authors aim to analyse whether entrepreneurship and intrapreneurship are antecedents of e-commerce, as well as the bidirectional relationship between e-commerce and entrepreneurship. The study focuses on a panel of two European regions, Scandinavia (Denmark, Sweden, Norway and Finland) and Iberia (Portugal and Spain), between 2012 and 2020. The relevance of the groups studied is enhanced by the fact that they are culturally different and have different perspectives on the growth of e-commerce. The authors use an econometric analysis of the data based on Panel Corrected Standard Errors models. The study developed by the authors shows a bi-directional causality between entrepreneurship based on the creation of new firms and entrepreneurship based on surviving firms and e-commerce. The study also shows that R&D-based intrapreneurship is a driver of e-commerce. The second article, by Silva, Lima and Teixeira, examines the use of sales technology by salespeople as a source of information and stimulus for intrapreneurship. They find that salespeople's use of sales technology has positive effects on the firm's information system and, subsequently, on salespeople's intrapreneurial behaviour (strategic renewal and venture behaviour). The authors also suggest that the firm's information system plays a mediating role between salespeople's use of technology and their strategic renewal and venture behaviour. In the third article, based on social support theory and technology acceptance models, Makmor, Alam, Masukujjaman, Makhbul, Ali, and Mamun examine the factors determining purchase intention on social commerce sites. Using a detailed purchase intention model, the authors analyse the responses obtained from 392 questionnaires distributed in Malaysia, using partial least squares structural equation modelling. The research provides new contributions to the understanding of factors that can influence consumer purchase intention, highlighting the important role of consumer trust in the online context, as well as social support (both in the form of emotional and informational support), which are related to the technology acceptance model and purchase intention. The fourth article, developed by Bernardino, Freitas Santos and Silva, explores the personal network linkages of social entrepreneurs and the use of social media platforms to examine whether they bring more resources to the social organisation. A conceptual model is developed based on a review of the literature. Structural equation modelling is used to test the hypotheses on a sample of 313 Portuguese social organisations. They find that social entrepreneurs’ network linkages have a direct (via stakeholders) and an indirect (via social media use) effect on the resource acquisition process. Overall, their work demonstrates the strong role of personal networks as a potential determinant of resource acquisition for Portuguese social organisations. Finally, in the fifth paper, Katrin Kizilkan aims to expand knowledge about the entrepreneurial finance landscape and digital platforms in the context of entrepreneurs' social media communication behaviour. Based on signalling theory, Schulz von Thun's communication theory and social capital theory, the article assesses the main success determinants in the behaviour of crowdfunders. In the article, the author develops several hypotheses that are tested using a multivariate approach based on logistic regression. The data was collected from 169 campaigns available on the largest rewards-based crowdfunding platform in Germany (Startnext). The research conducted by Katrin reveals the success factors of a crowdfunding campaign in terms of the behaviour of the entrepreneur and the characteristics that social entrepreneurs should pay special attention to when designing a crowdfunding campaign. The results highlight the importance of quality signals to reduce information asymmetries. The article offers practical recommendations to entrepreneurs on how to run a successful campaign in the digital context, and in particular how to use social media effectively in the context of a reward-based crowdfunding campaign. Overall, each of the papers provides new insights into the challenges of the digital economy for entrepreneurship and organisations, incorporating a variety of theoretical perspectives and research designs, demonstrating the promise of different approaches to inform research on the digital economy. Indeed, the digital age brings new opportunities for the way businesses are developed, which could be exploited by both entrepreneurs and organisations.

Se estudia la disponibilidad en acceso abierto de la producción científica del personal del Servicio Gallego de Salud (Sergas) de los años 2014 a 2019, su evolución a través de las distintas vías de acceso y qué volumen se podría depositar en el repositorio institucional. METODOLOGÍA: A partir de una exportación de Sophos, la herramienta que mide la producción científica del Sergas, se analiza el conjunto de publicaciones en las que participa al menos un autor con filiación institucional del Sergas. Se utilizaron las APIs de Unpaywall, DOAJ y la función Find Full Text de EndNote para determinar si el artículo tenía una versión de texto completo disponible. RESULTADOS: La producción científica del Sergas de 2014 a 2019, excluidas las comunicaciones a congresos, asciende a 7.792 artículos de los cuales el 44.10% de pueden clasificar como de acceso abierto real (dorado, bronce o híbrido), el 51.16% están publicados en revistas que permiten el auto-archivo y solo un 4.75% no admiten acceso abierto o no ofrecen información sobre su política de acceso. Estos artículos se publicaron en 1.695 revistas diferentes, de las cuales 409 siguen el modelo de acceso abierto dorado. CONCLUSIONES: El 95% de los artículos revisados pueden estar disponibles para el usuario final por alguna de las vías de acceso abierto y podrían ser depositados en el repositorio institucional./ This paper studies the open access availability to the Galician Health Service (SERGAS) staff´s scientific production between 2014 and 2019, its evolution through the different open access routes and the volumen of publications that could be deposited in the institutional repository. METHODOLOGY: Based on an export from Sophos, (the tool that measures the scientific production of the SERGAS), this paper analizes the set of publications in which at least one author with SERGAS institutional affiliation. The APIs of Unpaywall, DOAJ and the Find Full Text function of EndNote were used to determine whether the article had a full-text version available. RESULTS: The SERGAS scientific production between 2014 and 2019, excluding conference contributions, amounts to 7,792 articles. 44.10% of those articles can be classified as real open access (gold, bronze or hybrid), 51.16% are published in journals that allow self-archiving and only 4.75% do not support open access or do not provide information on their access policy. These articles were published in 1,695 different journals, 409 of wich follow the gold open access model. CONCLUSIONS: 95% of the articles reviewed would be available to the end user through one of the open access routes and could be deposited in the institutional repository.

The significance of tourism in the development of regions has become of interest to academics in recent decades and its contribution is evident. The rapid tourism development is creating pressure on the destination’s competitiveness, as well as on its sustainable development. The Tatra Euroregion has been connecting two nationalities for decades via joint activities that develop the region by strengthening tourism. However, little attention is given to developing the Euroregion by way of tourism. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to identify whether the development of tourism in this Euroregion will be sustainable in the future, which can be fulfilled by answering two research questions, RQ1: What is the current state of tourism development in the Tatra Euroregion? and RQ2: Is the further development of tourism in the Tatra Euroregion subject to the principle of sustainability? We will answer the questions by analysing statistical data and documents that describe the cooperation activities within the Euroregion. The paper contributes to the analysis of cross-border cooperation within the Euroregion, as well as to research in the field of regional development with sustainable tourism, which is determined by the life cycle of the destination.

Este artigo ten por obxectivo incentivar a realización de pescudas académicas na área da Fraseoloxía e promover a comunicación, difusión e intercambio de coñecemento científico en volta destes estudos nas universidades. Con este fin, o traballo divídese en cinco seccións: introdución, o contexto universitario brasileiro, as caras da Fraseoloxía, o papel do director académico e as consideracións finais. A partir da metáfora “navegación nun mar de posibilidades de investigación”, o artigo introduce os estudos fraseolóxicos, ofrece definicións de fraseoloxía propostas por diversos autores, aborda as súas distintas caras en lingua materna e lingua estranxeira, sinalando principalmente tres rutas para o desenvolvemento da investigación: o campo do ensino, que recibe o nome de Fraseodidáctica; o campo da Tradución, sexa de lingua común ou de lingua de especialidade; e o campo da Fraseografía. Ofrece reflexións acerca da propia dirección académica, explicita o papel dos fraseoloxismos na escrita académica e apunta os diversos medios tecnolóxicos actualmente dispoñibles para a busca bibliográfica e a divulgación da investigación. En fin, procura contribuír a que os estudantes se interesen pola investigación e se convertan en investigadores en Fraseoloxía. // This paper aims to encourage academic researches completion in Phraseology field and to promote scientific knowledge communication, dissemination and exchange within Universities. For this purpose, the paper is presented in five sections: Introduction, Brazilian University Context, Phraseology faces, the role of the Supervisor, and concluding remarks. Using the metaphor “sailing in a sea of research possibilities”, the paper introduces the phraseological studies, brings phraseology definitions proposed by several authors, approaches its various faces in native and foreign language, indicating three main routes for research development: the field of Teaching, named Phraseodidactic; the translation field, either of common language as well as of specialized language; and the Phraseography field. It brings reflections about the advising itself, the role of phraseologisms in academic writing and points out the various technological media currently available for bibliographic survey and academic dissemination. Therefore, it aims to contribute for the students to be interested in research and to become Phraseology researchers.

The paper provides an in-depth analysis of profitability in Spain between 1995 and 2014, showing that behind the asset-price inflation of the growth period and its corresponding macroeconomic imbalances, an underlying problem of capital valorization can be found. For this purpose, a study of various measures of profitability is carried out based on the concept of productive labor and highlighting the role of finance (interest rates and indebtedness). The evolution of the profit rate in previous years is also shown , together with a comparison with countries in the Eurozone, both in the most advanced areas and in the periphery. The paper reveals the large extent of the underlying profitability crisis, with a huge fall of profit rates from the late sixties, during the period of the housing boom, and throughout the subsequent recession. In addition, this drop in profitability stands out in relation to other economies of the European periphery. Hence, the study puts the rate of profit at the center of the debate on the Great Recession in Spain, despite its absence in much of the economic literature.

The interest in and understanding of ethics among translation scholars has changed dramatically since the publication of Andrew Chesterman’s proposal for a Hieronymic Oath (Chesterman, 2001). Early definitions of ethics based on equivalence (Newmark, 1991), faithfulness, loyalty (Nord, 1997) and trust have been put aside in favour of more recent notions of translator ethics grounded in accountability (Baker & Maier, 2011) and social responsibility (Drugan & Tipton, 2017). Practising translators who abide by codes of ethics/conduct are bound by principles of honesty, integrity, linguistic competence, confidentiality, and trust. This paper begins by presenting a brief literature review of the main developments in translation ethics from the early linguists to contemporary interpretations. There then follows an analysis and comparison of several professional codes of conduct from the main international associations of translators and interpreters with the benchmark, the Association of Translation and Interpreting Professionals (APTRAD). It is one of the more recent translator associations and has a code of conduct adopted in the last six years. The objective of this paper is to determine which theoretical definitions of ethics are reflected in the codes of conduct and to discuss their usefulness for translators in their daily practice. The paper ends with recommendations for changes to codes of conduct to make them more relevant to practising translators.

This paper focuses on the relationship between the regional firm density and the growth of firms in the Portuguese textile and clothing industry to investigate how their geographic clustering influences said growth. Despite the concentration of this industry in the Northern region of Portugal in only four poles, our results show that the location of firms in the cluster is not relevant for growth when the whole industry is considered. However, disaggregate analysis shows that the clothing industry does exhibit both location externalities and cross-location effect, while textile manufacture exhibits neither. In addition, our empirical evidence reveals that the growth of firms located in the cluster is positively correlated with external finance. This result suggests that location becomes a solvency signal for firms, and, specifically, this might help to explain why textile manufacturers firms are located in the cluster. These findings are relevant for entrepreneurs and Portuguese policymakers, as it jeopardizes the optimal allocation of scarce resources in the Portuguese textile cluster.

This paper is an analytical-empirical review of the evolution of Spanish Business Schools and how they have been affected by the accreditation system. This system has made it possible for the Spanish Business Schools to rank among the best (10 of them are in the World top-25 and 4 have been accredited with the triple crown, which is the highest distinction). However, it has also led to the denaturalization of the Business Schools (B-Schools), which have been “devoured” by the Schools of Economics and Business at universities. In addition, the accreditation system has entailed an increase in costs (opportunity, marginal, sunk costs and so on). An explanation of the Spanish B-Schools paradox is offered in the article: the more accreditations achieved, the more difficult it is to maintain them, due to contradictions in the compliance regulation and to the difficulty in updating academic programmes since their success and assimilation into the welfare state economy is a risk for B-Schools and their adaptation to digital economy. Finally, the paper gives some keys to correct the problem detected and thus to adapt B-Schools to the emerging wellbeing economics, a new stage of the digital economy.

Intangible assets (IAs) are fundamental for the creation of firm value. However, the literature is inconclusive regarding the relationship between IAs and profitability. This paper uses financial data from Colombian firms from 2005 to 2015 to determine if this relationship exists. Thirty dynamic panel models have been used to see whether IAs are related to Return on Equity, Return on Assets, Earnings Before Interest and Taxes, Earnings Before Interest, Taxes, Depreciation, and Amortization, Gross margin, and Net margin. The results, despite a limited sample size and missing variables, are related to the literature in that they signal the negative relationship between IAs and profitability. Thus, the capitalized value of IAs seems to negatively affect Colombian firms' performance in the short and long term.

The paper aimed to examine the terms related to the concept of Lusophony in the French political and internet discourse to better understand the role of the Lusophone world in French-speaking society. We conducted a grammatical and contextual analysis of the words Portugal, Brésil, and lusophonie (and their adjectives) as they are used in the Europarl corpus and the FrTenTen corpora. The results show interesting differences between the two discourse genres. In political discourse, the examined words are related mostly to discussions about the economy, environmental issues, and food exports. On the other hand, in online discourse the analysed terms are most frequently applied to the topic of football, but also to discussions about colonization and beauty treatments (like Brazilian hair straightening). Utilizing the analysis presented in this study we could not detect the topic of culture, which is an unexpected result with regard to the global importance that Lusophone culture has in the field of music (e.g. fado and bossa nova), dance (e.g. samba and capoeira), and literature (e.g. Fernando Pessoa and José Saramago).

This paper presents the vernacular form caraças which, in European Portuguese (EP) is associated to multiple contexts, differents from its use as a feminine common noun. The data I will present shows that caraças behaves as a polarity item, without referential interpretation. On the one hand, caraçasbehaves as a minimizer, a subtype of Negative Polarity Item (NPI), being associated to the lowest point of a scale of value. On the other hand, it also behaves as a Positive Polarity Item (PPI), expressing maximal degrees, therefore being a maximizer. The fact that caraças occurs simultaneously as a NPI and a PPI could indicate we are in the presence of a bipolar element, as described by van der Wouden (1997). Nevertheless, data suggests that there are two distinct items caraças, one of them being a NPI and the other a PPI. The form caraças is also associated to other contexts of use, namely as a metalinguistic negation marker and in evaluative constructions such as N-of-an-N constructions. We also find it functioning as an interjection in exclamative sentences. Although the feminine common noun caraça (augmentative of cara ‘face’) remains in the lexicon as synonym of mask, the polarity item caraças does not result from a process of grammaticalization of the common noun, as documented for other polarity items. In this paper I will put forth the idea that caraças, in its masculine singular form, appeared as an euphemistic variant of caralho ‘dick’, a highly offensive taboo term, used to designate the masculine sexual organ.

The paper examines the concept of path dependency in policies, and seeks to examine how different pathways emerge in policy and how these change over time. It does so with reference to a case study of regional innovation policy development in Wales (UK) over a period of more than thirty years. Building on recent developments in regional studies and economic geography the paper considers whether path dependency is an inevitable feature of the policy process at the regional level. Drawing on documentary analysis and interviews with policy makers, it finds that policy decisions taken early on in the path creation phase (to support technological innovation) endure despite attempts to broaden out the pathway to a more inclusive form of innovation policy in Wales. While path dependency, most evident in core technological and R&D policy instruments, hasn’t prevented path experimentation, the findings suggest that rigidity and renewal co-exist in policies and the policy process for regional innovation over time. The findings contribute towards the growing focus on the temporal dynamics of policy change at the regional level and the complexity of policy as it seeks to address the challenge of innovation in less developed regions.

In a bilingual society, each individual within the family domain has his or her own linguistic practices and beliefs about language choice. Therefore, language practices inside family can be considered as an important marker of intergenerational transmission of a minoritized language such as Galician. The primary focus of this study is to investigate how individual linguistic practices and ideologies of the pro-Galician parents act as ‘visible’ and/or ‘invisible’ language planning measures at home influencing their children’s language learning. Drawing from multiple ethnographic research methods including observational fieldnotes, in-depth fieldwork interviews from Santiago de Compostela and Bertamiráns and two focus groups in Santiago de Compostela and Vigo with several Galician parents, this paper demonstrates that in Galicia’s language shift-induced shrinking orthodox native speaker pool, pro-Galician parents can play an important role in the language revitalisation process. The paper also endeavours to ascertain whether these parents can restore intergenerational transmission in a Castilian dominated landscape and if their microcosmic interrogation of the dominant discourse could lead to bottom-up language policies of resistance at the grassroots level. In this regard, this article seeks to reevaluate sociolinguistic concepts such as family language policy and their immediate impact on home language planning and management decisions what these parents use to maintain the intergenerational transmission of Galician.

Este artigo trata de comprobar se unha análise baseada en corpus de sinónimos fraseolóxicos pode conducir a unha descrición lexicográfica precisa. Tomarase como base para a obtención de datos o corpus de referencia do alemán DeReKo do Institut für Deutsche Sprache Mannheim. Analizaranse as locucións alemás do campo semántico TADEL (CRÍTICA) que en obras lexicográficas tradicionais se presentan frecuentemente co mesmo significado ou moi parecido. O estudo ten en conta especialmente os significados actuais e a estrutura das locucións, así como calquera modificación sintáctica como a transformación a pasiva, a conxugación de formas persoais do verbo ou as combinacións con atributos adxectivos e adverbiais. A análise do corpus mostra que as locucións de significado próximo se caracterizan por peculiaridades no seu uso. Nalgúns casos, estas peculiaridades teñen unha explicación, aínda que case ningunha é previsible. Polo tanto, sería recomendable incluír no dicionario comentarios sobre as peculiaridades sintácticas e pragmáticas das locucións. Nalgunhas ocasións, tamén se poden realizar conclusións sobre as características semánticas das locucións tendo en conta as peculiaridades no uso destas que permitan que as descricións lexicográficas sexan máis exhaustivas. Estas distincións tamén son importantes para a lexicografía bilingüe, así como para a fraseodidáctica no ensino de linguas estranxeiras. // The subject of the following paper are German idioms of the semantic field DISAPPROVAL usually described in dictionaries as absolute synonyms. The aim of the study is to find out whether there are any significant differences between these idioms by analyzing their usage in contexts from the German reference corpus DeReKo. The paper considers the meaning and inner form of phraseological synonyms as well as such syntactic modifications as passivation, constructing personal forms of the verb, combinations with adjectives and adverbial modifiers. Corpus analysis shows that idioms of the same semantic field differ under these aspects. Therefore, detailed comments on the syntactic and combinatorial properties of the idioms are necessary in dictionary to provide for their confident usage. Besides, some of the observed properties allow to make conclusions about the semantic and pragmatic features of idioms, which could also be mentioned in the dictionary to make the lexicographic descriptions of idioms more detailed and differentiated.

Crimes related to sexual abuse or rape provoke great social mobilizations, as happened with the gang called “la manada”. How the aftermath of the social mobilizations and socioeconomic factors influence the perception of security and the perception of justice, measured as judiciary decisions, are the aims of this paper. A randomized sample collected in two waves was obtained (N=605). The first one (N1=454) was performed after the judicial sentence of the case. A second wave (N2=151) was performed four months later, after the social alarm decreased. The perception of security increased after the peak moments of social mobilizations. The trust in justice was low and decreased after the social mobilizations. The perception of justice was higher among higher income levels. The perception of security decreases during the social mobilizations but it improves in a short period of time. The effects on the perception of justice last for a longer period.

This paper investigates the impact of using benchmark-adjusted alphas to assess the performance of small market mutual funds, investing in domestic and European equities. For the 2000-2020 period, our results show that fund benchmarks exhibit significantly negative alphas, which lead to an underestimation of mutual fund performance when employing standard models. As a result, benchmark-adjusted alphas are significantly higher than unadjusted alphas for both fund categories, though differences are larger for domestic than for European funds. We also find that the impact of the benchmark-adjustment procedure depends on market states. The domestic (European) benchmark exhibits considerably lower (higher) alphas during crisis than during non-crisis periods. During market crises, differences between pre- and post-adjustment alphas are statistically significant only for domestic funds, whereas during non-crisis periods both fund categories exhibit significant performance improvements. Our findings suggest that the benchmark-adjustment procedure has a higher impact when benchmark indices exhibit higher concentration.

The aim of this paper is to show that the attested diversity of interpretations of the Spanish simple future does not result from an inherent polysemy, but rather from the coexistence of two different systems being “visible” at the same time: an active, fully productive system (natural system), and a set of non-active uses, which survive from an ancient system no longer in force (cultivated uses). To this end, the paper examines data from first language acquisition patterns, frequency, distributional restrictions, range of usage, and interpretation routes. The distinction suggested is a crucial requirement for a monosemic approach to the semantics of the Spanish simple future cast in evidential terms – one that can make evident its internal logic and synchronic properties.

This paper correlates the aesthetic theorization of sensation with the materiality of sensation in The Book of Disquiet. The different editions of Fernando Pessoa’s work have, in the text or fragment, a unity of expression that the publishers put in order following a varietyof criteria. This paper argues that these unities are based on a conceptualization of sensation, such that the identity and the time of the narrative are inscribed according to impressions provoked by the writing.

The purpose of the study is to identify trends and future models for the innovative development of Russian Federation. Paper deals with the innovative development of the leading countries of world economic growth. Particular attention is given to «neoindustrialization» of economically developed countries and innovative nature of clustering of economic space. The modern factors of global competitiveness and economic content of the innovative transformation of the economy is specified. Theoretical approaches and tendencies of innovative transformation of economy are proved. The authors identified scientific, technological, production, spatial-territorial and institutionalmarket aspects of innovative transformation. Paper includes the differentiation of the States-leaders of industrial production in the context of key indicators of global competitiveness. The transformation model of innovative economy formation is presented, the indicators of global competitiveness of the Russian Federation are considered. The authors propose structural and logical scheme of innovative transformation of the national economic system of the Russian Federation is developed. A graphic interpretation of the transformation of the economic system of the territory under the influence of innovative development is proposed.

In recent years, Greece experiences a very intensive financial crisis that -as it is expectedhas important effects on the primary sector. ? new form of entrepreneurship for Greece, contract farming, appeared the last years. A successful case study of contract farming in Greece is between the large enterprise “ATHENIAN BREWERY” and the producersmembers of two agricultural cooperatives of Northern Greece. The main aim of this paper is to examine the process of contract farming through agricultural cooperatives. Specifically, this paper investigates the production process of malted barley through contracts of members of the cooperative of Epanomi and the cooperative of Trilofos, in the Prefecture of Thessaloniki (Northern Greece) and the private firm “ATHENIAN BREWERY”. Using a structured questionnaire that it was distributed in 132 producers- members of the agricultural cooperative of Epanomi or Trilofoss it was examined the advantages and the disadvantages of this form of cooperation for both growers-members of these two cooperatives and the private firm. Moreover, it was investigated the role of agricultural cooperatives in the process of contract farming. The results reveal that the most important benefit for the growers is to ensure availability of the products in a predetermined price. The most important benefit for “ATHENIAN BREWERY” is a better production plan which ensures a certain quantity and quality of raw materials. The role of both cooperatives is determinative as it guarantees the safety of the process for both contracting parties.

The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly impacted the health, economy, and social sectors, and micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs) worldwide, including in Indonesia. This paper examines the use of social media and e-commerce with an entrepreneurial orientation to enhance the business performance of MSMEs. The study should serve as a model for improving the quality of micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises in the Jambi Province, in Indonesia. The research employs quantitative and qualitative approaches. The latter method employs in-depth interviews, focus group discussions (FGDs), and observation, whereas the former uses the partial least squares method (PLS). The findings and discussions conclude that social media adoption positively affected the performance and entrepreneurial orientation of MSMEs during the said period. Similarly, e-commerce positively affected the performance and entrepreneurial orientation of MSMEs. Entrepreneurialism and social media adoption had a significant impact on the performance of MSMEs, and due to its entrepreneurial orientation, e-commerce influenced the performance of MSMEs

This paper presents a first dialectometric approach to the geolinguistic distribution of the Romance varieties using a new corpus based on the Atlas Linguistique Roman ( ALiR ) which is currently being developed at the Centro Ramón Piñeiro para a Investigación en Humanidades. The dialectometrization of the ALiR will not only allow us to analyze linguistic distance among the varieties of the Romania Antiqua, but may also shed light from a quantitative perspective on several issues that have historically aroused controversy. Specifically, this paper deals with the degree of individuality of the Galician language with respect to Portuguese and Spanish (a controversy closely related to the still ongoing debate about the standardization of Galician), and concludes that reinforcing the presence and visibility of elements shared with Portuguese in corpus planning may have a postive effect on its prestige.

The current paper focuses on the representation of Galician language in Portuguese metalinguistic speech from the 16th to the 19th century. Hence, this essay will work upon a corpus of selected texts from the Portuguese metalinguistic tradition of this period, embracing different textual typologies. Such corpus will be the basis to the survey of explicit references to Galician language, whose interpretation will be attempted here, especially concerning what they convey on reciprocal knowledge and the status of Galician in relation to Portuguese in the broader frame of the Iberian setting. This approach shall be undertaken observing the methodological guidelines of Linguistic Historiography and having as a fundamental reference Vázquez Corredoira (1998) monograph, but also the papers of Monteagudo (1988) and Duarte (2007), on the metagrammaticographical speech on Galician language during the outlined chronological framework.

A transformación do mix eléctrico nas últimas décadas foi un dos piares fundamentais da estratexia empresarial no sector enerxético. Tendo en conta as enormes diferenzas entre países, a escasa conexión eléctrica europea e o grao de concentración empresarial, avalíase a evolución en 6 países europeos. O presente estudo realiza unha análise descritiva desta transformación, tendo en conta a evolución de diversas variables cuantitativas no sector. As evolucións son dispares, baseadas moitas veces en realidades estatais diferentes. A mesma estrutura do sector, dende mercados liberalizados e teoricamente en competencia con outros regulados e baseados en campións nacionais como grandes empresas eléctricas que controlan boa parte do sector impide realidades semellantes, malia que a regulación europea trata de homologar a realidade continental para o sector. Do mesmo xeito, as transformacións internacionais teñen un impacto determinante na toma de decisións semellantes do sector, malia que moitas veces con estratexias dispares. En particular, a redución do consumo de fuel oil para a produción e a introdución de novas tecnoloxías renovables son procesos comúns por múltiples empresas. O presente traballo trata tamén de realizar un estudo comparativo, dende unha perspectiva rexional, dunha importante empresa eléctrica como Unión Fenosa con parte da contorna europea nos anos de vida da compañía, entre 1982 e 2007. The transformation of the electricity mix in the past decades has become one of the cornerstones of business strategies in the energy industry. Whilst weighing the considerable differences among countries, the scarce electricity connection in Europe and the degree of existing business clusters, the evolution is assessed in six European countries. This paper aims to offer a descriptive analysis of such changes, bearing in mind the evolution of various quantitative variables in the industry. Progress is unalike, frequently based on different state circumstances. The mere structure of the industry, from liberalized markets theoretically competing against other regulated ones which are national leaders as big electrical companies controlling a huge share of the industry, presents similar circumstances despite the fact that European regulations aims to standardize conditions throughout the continent in the industry. Likewise, international transformations have a fundamental impact on similar decision-making processes in the industry, even though these might often result in different strategies. In particular, a reduction of fuel oil comsumption encouraging the production and introduction of renewable technologies are common processes for several companies. This paper also aims to present a regional comparative study between an electricity provider as important as Unión Fenosa and the European zone during the years the company has existed, ie, between 1982 and 2007

Este artigo quere pór de manifesto a importancia da compoñente xeográfica nos proverbios meteorolóxicos e do calendario. Exponse que moitos refráns están estreitamente vinculados a un territorio concreto, de modo que resulta difícil comprender o seu significado sen ter en conta o espazo xeográfico no que se insiren (por exemplo, a localidade de recollida do refrán ou os topónimos incluídos no seu enunciado) e as características climáticas da zona. A incorporación da perspectiva xeográfica tamén permite acometer estudos de xeoparemioloxía (isto é, de análise da distribución espacial dos refráns), que permiten constatar a existencia de áreas paremiolóxicas, lugares onde se concentran determinados refráns; este enfoque tamén dá pé a realizar actividades en colaboración coas comunidades onde se recolleron os proverbios. Unha vez constatada a relevancia de tomar en consideración a xeografía dos refráns, o artigo presenta o proxecto Paremiología romance: refranes meteorológicos y territorio, desenvolvido na Universidade de Barcelona baixo a dirección de José Enrique Gargallo; descríbese brevemente a súa aposta por ofrecer a información xeográfica dun modo accesible para o usuario e o potencial de explotación destes datos na investigación científica. // This paper aims to highlight the importance of the geographic component in weather and calendar proverbs. Many sayings are closely tied to a specific territory, so it is difficult to understand their meaning without taking into account the physical space they are inserted in (e.g., the locality where the proverb was collected or the toponyms mentioned in the saying) and its climatic characteristics. The incorporation of the geographic perspective also enables undertaking geoparoemiologic studies (that is, the analysis of the spatial distribution of proverbs), that verifies the existence of paroemiologic areas, zones with significant concentration of certain types of proverbs; this approach also gives rise to the development of activities in collaboration with the communities where the sayings were collected. Having established the importance of the geographic perspective, the paper presents the project Paremiología romance: refranes meteorológicos y territorio, developed at the University of Barcelona under the direction of José Enrique Gargallo; the paper briefly describes its commitment to provide geographic information in an accessible manner and the potential exploitation of this kind of data in scientific research.

Este texto recolle unha proposta de aplicación da Etoloxía Humana ao estudo das fórmulas rutineiras. De forma concreta, pártese dun concepto específico, o de gramática universal do comportamento social humano (Eibl-Eibesfeldt 1979a, 1979b, 1993) e búscase relacionar as diferentes nocións teóricas que apoian este concepto con algunhas das cuestións que fundamentan as reflexións sobre as fórmulas. Deste xeito, considéranse algúns tipos de fórmulas rutineiras, como, por exemplo, as fórmulas de consentimento ou as de agradecemento, a partir da súa posible relación con determinadas estratexias de interacción ou cos mecanismos de ritualización estudados pola Etoloxía Humana. Deféndese a idea de que os estudos etolóxicos propician diferentes vías de reflexión que poden ser útiles para a investigación fraseolóxica. // In this paper This paper proposes an application of Human Ethology to the study of routine formulae. Concretely, the study starts from a specific concept: the Universal Grammar of the Human Social Behavior (Eibl-Eibesfeldt 1979a, 1979b, 1993), and relates the different theoretical notions that support this concept with some of the points underlying the reflections on the formulae. Therefore, some types of routine formulae, such as approval and gratitude formulae, are taken into account, considering the possible connection with some interaction strategies or the ritualization mechanism studied in Human Ethology. This work defends the idea that ethological studies offer different paths that may prove useful for phraseological research, especially in unravelling the innate and cultural bases ruling the construction and use of formulae.

The main objective of this paper is to analyse word order in structures with perception verbs (to hear, to feel and to see) with infinitive complements in Old Portuguese. Based on previous work for standard (cf. Gonçalves 1999; Duarte & Gonçalves 2002) and dialectal (Pereira 2012) contemporary European Portuguese, this study highlights the position and shape of the subject of the infinitive clause. It aims to contribute to the study of perception constructions (and, by extension, causative constructions, since they have structural similarities) in the history of Portuguese. In this paper we also show the benefits of using a syntactic annotation system for the study of grammatical properties of highly specific constructions. The text under analysis is O Livro de José de Arimateia, in the edition of Castro (1984). This text was recently tagged and parsed within the framework of the WOChWEL project, which follows the annotation systems of the team of the Tycho Brahe Corpus, strongly influenced by the annotation of the Penn corpora.

Conforme a Teoria da Língua em Ato (CRESTI, 2000a), que fundamenta este artigo, a sintaxe no estudo da fala espontânea necessita ser estudada considerando a dimensão da articulação informacional, e, portanto, de forma diferente de como é tradicionalmente feita a análise sintática da escrita. Com o objetivo geral de aprofundar o estudo da sintaxe da fala e com base em corpora especificamente construídos para uma adequada análise desta diamesia, é aqui apresentado o primeiro mapeamento das orações completivas no corpus de fala de português brasileiro C-ORAL-BRASIL (RASO; MELLO, 2012), a fim de comparar esta primeira análise quantitativa com os dados disponíveis extraídos do corpus C-ORAL-ROM (CRESTI; MONEGLIA, 2005) para fala de italiano. A análise qualitativa das orações completivas nas duas línguas, conduzida sobre dois subcorpora do C-ORAL-BRASIL e do C-ORAL-ROM anotados informacionalmente, é apresentada em seguida. According to Language into Act Theory (CRESTI, 2000a), on which this paper is founded, the syntax of spontaneous speech can’t be analyzed without taking into account the informational patterning dimension. Its analysis, therefore, must be different from the traditional one applied to written language. With the general aim of examining in depth spontaneous speech syntax and on the basis of adequate spontaneous speech corpora, this paper shows the first mapping of completive clauses in spoken Brazilian Portuguese corpus C-ORAL-BRASIL (RASO; MELLO, 2012), in order to make a quantitative analysis comparable with available data from spoken Italian C-ORAL-ROM corpus (CRESTI; MONEGLIA, 2005). The qualitative analysis of completive clauses in both spoken languages is then presented, conducted on two sub-corpora of C-ORAL-BRASIL and Italian C-ORAL-ROM presenting informational patterning annotation.

This paper investigates the validity of the Fisher Hypothesis in Turkey covering the period 2003 – 2012. To test validity of Fisher Hypothesis, this paper uses an Autoregressive Distributed Lag test for threshold cointegration recently introduced in the literature by Li and Lee (2010). The empirical results which are obtained from this paper indicate that Fisher hypothesis is valid for Turkey, meaning nominal interest rates would be an important leading indicator for inflation.

This paper tries to engage the economic and political debate around the proposition of a basic income grant (BIG) in Côte d’Ivoire. We simulate the economic wide and distributional impact of a universal basic income grant (BIG) in Cote d’Ivoire. How the BIG is financed is investigated. We use a microsimulated computable general equilibrium (CGE) model to analyze the effects of a universal basic income grant on the economy and on households. The model is performed using a Côte d’Ivoire’s 2003 social accounting matrix (SAM) based on the 1998 household survey composed of 4,200 households, and 2003 national accounts data. The paper uses a value added tax (VAT) financing approach to provide a reasonable feasible scenario, as we are all consumers. The results suggest that the macroeconomic impacts of the basic income grant are a powerful social protection tool in fighting poverty and inequality towards a welfare state.

O obxecto inicial deste artigo é fornecer unhas primeiras correspondencias fraseolóxicas entre as linguas galega e catalá, que poderían ser aproveitadas para a redacción dun futuro dicionario bilingüe galego-catalán, catalán-galego. O corpus fraseolóxico inclúe máis de cincocentas unidades organizadas ao redor duns trescentos lemas. Alén disto, revísanse criterios fraseográficos usados en diversas referencias bibliográficas e empréganse para este artigo os que se consideran máis apropiados coa incorporación de pequenas modificacións. O presente corpus bilingüe pode ter interese para o ensino e a aprendizaxe das linguas galega e catalá, para os traballos de tradución e para os estudos fraseolóxicos e culturais. O artigo en conxunto quere contribuír ao diálogo lingüístico e cultural entre os ámbitos galego e catalán. // The initial aim of this paper is to provide some first phraseological correspondences between Galician and Catalan languages that may be used to elaborate a future bilingual Galician‑Catalan / Catalan-Galician dictionary. The phraseological corpus includes more than five hundred units organized around some three hundred headwords. Besides, phraseographic criteria used in several bibliographical references have been reviewed, and those considered more appropriate have been used in this paper with some small changes. The present bilingual corpus may be of interest for both teaching and learning Galician and Catalan languages, for translation work as well as for phraseological and cultural studies. The paper as a whole intends to contribute to the linguistic and cultural dialogue between the Galician and Catalan areas.

Este artigo ten o obxectivo de presentar o actual proxecto que desenvolve o Projeto Terminológico Cone Sul (Termisul) (2010-2015), do Instituto de Letras da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS). Na súa vertente aplicada, o proxecto ten o obxectivo de construír unha base de datos de Combinacións Léxicas Especializadas (CLEs) da linguaxe legal, normativa e científica para tradutores e redactores especializados. A parte teórica analiza o proceso desa construción para propor a estrutura teórica que sustenta esa práctica. Preséntase o referente teórico, as etapas previstas, a metodoloxía aplicada e algúns dos resultados alcanzados ata o momento. // The purpose of this paper is to present the ongoing work developed by the Terminológico Cone Sul Project (Termisul) (2010-2015) at the Institute of Letters of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Brazil. As applied research, the project aims to build a database of Specialized Lexical Combinations (SLCs) of legal, normative and scientific language to assist specialized translators and text writers. The theoretical inquiry is concerned with the structuring of this building process in order to make up the theoretical framework that supports the practice. This paper presents the theoretical ground, the adopted methodology, further phases and some results achieved so far.

In the first part of this paper, examples are given of the intervention of lords to change the name of some localities: such was not an unusual practice in Medieval times. Next, the commonest reasons for retoponymization are listed, with special attention to aesthetic reasons and offensive denominations which led four Galician parishes (Malos, Perros and Cas) to drop their former denominations and be renamed Os Ánxeles. As this name change happened in the 16th century, shortly after the Council of Trent, this paper supports the view that it was promoted by the bishops of the dioceses in question, driven by the reforming spirit of the Church administration following the Council. Do-cuments in the Archive of the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela (ACS) and in the Historical Archive of the University of Santiago (AHUS) support this hypothesis in the four cases studied.

In the Valley of Xálima three closely-related Romance varieties are spoken, referred to collectively as the fala. Since their “rediscovery” about a quarter of a century ago, the controversy over their linguistic affiliation has been intense. One position which claims that the fala has a Galician origin relies on historical arguments (medieval repopulation processes) and linguistic ones (alleged similarities to Galician not shared by the neighbouring languages). In 2013 the chief exponent of the Galician ties of the varieties spoken at Xálima, Dr. Xosé-Henrique Costas, published a book bringing together several papers on diverse aspects of the fala including a study of dozens of lexical items which according to Costas are exclusive to the fala (such as archaisms) or parallels between the fala and Galician that are found in neither Portuguese nor Spanish. However, careful reading of this text revealed that several of the forms cited are well-known in dialectal Portuguese, which points to the need to check the validity of the whole list. The aim of this paper is to carry out a systematic study of the presence or absence in Portuguese and Spanish dialect materials of these allegedly specific terms in the fala. The results of the analysis confirm the initial hypothesis: a significant number of the forms proposed by Costas are in use in Portuguese dialects (not only those adjacent to the Valley of Xálima) or even in standard Portuguese. There are also matches with dialect varieties of Extremadura and Salamanca. The conclusions of this paper highlight the need to take into account dialect data when examining the linguistic features of the fala as a necessary precaution which will help to make a scientific debate over its origin all the more robust.

Resumo: O presente trabalho tem por objetivo contrastar a constituição interna de verbetes de dicionários escolares Tipo 2. A inclusão dos dicionários escolares de língua portuguesa ao Programa Nacional do Livro Didático ampliou as discussões sobre este tipo de obra lexicográfica, o que culminou em um aprimoramento dos dicionários escolares nos últimos dez anos. No entanto, por ser uma prática incipiente no Brasil, a pesquisa lexicográfica brasileira ainda carece de diretrizes que norteiem a compilação de dicionários escolares de excelência. Desta forma, embora compiladas sob diretrizes fixadas pelo Ministério da Educação, as obras disponíveis no mercado ainda apresentam características muito heterogêneas quando comparadas umas às outras. Neste trabalho, procuramos contrastar as informações oferecidas nos verbetes de três dicionários Tipo 2 de modo a chamar a atenção para a necessidade de um estudo que consolide um Programa Constante de Informações para estas obras lexicográficas. Palavras-chave: Lexicografia pedagógica; dicionários escolares; Programa Constante de Informações. Abstract: This paper aims to contrast the internal formation of entries in Type-2 school dictionaries. The inclusion of Portuguese school dictionaries in the Programa Nacional do Livro Didático [“Brazilian Textbook National Program”] has enhanced the discussions about this kind of dictionary, improving the compiling of school dictionaries in the last decade. However, lexicographical research in Brazil is still very incipient and it has not yet established guidelines that assure the compilation of high quality school dictionaries. Consequently, despite being compiled according to parameters fixed by the Ministry of Education, school dictionaries still present heterogeneous features when compared to each other. In this paper, we contrast the information presented by entries of three Type-2 dictionaries, and we draw the attention to the need of a study that consolidates a Constant Program of Information to this sort of dictionary. Keywords: Pedagogical lexicography; school dictionaries; Constant Information Program.

Resumo: Este artigo mostra a relação entre estratégias usadas em dicionários escolares e enciclopédias digitais, especificamente em relação às remissivas ou links, que desempenham um importante papel em sua constituição. Assim, tomando por ponto de partida um verbete de um dicionário impresso e um artigo da Wikipédia, estabelecemos algumas comparações de modo a observar se se pode considerar um indício de transmutação do gênero verbete. Há que se considerar, pois, que atualmente vivenciamos um período de mudanças nas formas de interação com os textos, visto que as novas tecnologias nos impelem a transcender o simples folhear do papel, ou o movimento sacádico dos olhos entre as palavras, para a visualização difusa das informações que aparecem na tela do computador. Assim é que, com base nos conceitos metalexicográficos e hipertextuais, acreditamos que há um relacionamento extremamente relevante entre os links e as remissivas, que pode explicar o desenvolvimento de estratégias específicas de consulta, tanto em meio digital quanto impresso. No entanto, ainda não podemos precisar se isso se configura como uma reelaboração de gêneros. Palavras-chave: Verbete; reelaboração de gêneros; hipertexto digital. Abstract: This article shows the relationship between strategies used in learner’s dictionaries and online encyclopedias, specifically in relation to cross-references or links, which play an important role in its constitution. Thus, taking as a starting point of a dictionary entry form and an Wikipedia article, we establish some comparisons in order to see if it can be considered a sign of transmutation of the genre entry. One must consider, therefore, that currently we live an age of changes in the forms of interaction with the texts as new technologies compel us to transcend the simple sheet of paper, or saccadic eye movement between words, for viewing diffuse the information that appears on the computer screen. So that, based on the metalexicography and hypertext concepts, we believe that there is an extremely important relationship between the links and cross-references, which may explain the development of specific strategies for consultation, both in digital and paper. What, however, we can’t yet specify whether configured as a transmutation of genres. Keywords: Entry; transmutation; hypertext.

Digitisation is a phenomenon that inevitably affects companies and economies. Consequently, the virtual market seems an excellent alternative for aspiring entrepreneurs. Recent statistics precisely point to accelerated growth of e-commerce. Indeed, this and entrepreneurship are business tools that allow a new dynamic in the market. However, recent research has barely explored the relationship between entrepreneurship and e-commerce, so this study contributes to the literature by filling the gap. In light of the above, this study has used several indicators from two groups of countries, namely Scandinavia, in broad terms (Denmark, Sweden, Norway and Finland), and Iberia (Portugal and Spain) from the years 2012 to 2020. The Panel Corrected Standard Errors models have been used for the econometric treatment of the data. The findings confirm the bidirectional causality between entrepreneurship and e-commerce. In addition, from a widerperspective of entrepreneurship, the paper also reveals that intrapreneurship based on Research and Development (R&D) is an e-commerce driver. Therefore, this study opens up a new discussion and provides relevant support for the theoretical framework and a valuable contribution to the scarce literature on the relationship between entrepreneurship and e-commerce.

Crowdfunding is a popular approach for entrepreneurs to obtain financial support and has therefore gained importance in the literature and practice in recent years. The communication behavior of starters that lead to the success of a campaign will be summarized and expanded by new findings. As a theoretical added value, this article offers the first attempt to transfer communication theories to the field of reward-based crowdfunding to reveal success determinants in crowdfunders user behavior. The purpose of this paper is to give practical recommendations to starters on how to run a campaign successfully and, more generally, on how they can make full use of social media. By analyzing the dataset of crowdfunding campaigns from Startnext, the largest German-speaking reward-based crowdfunding platform, new success factors are identified using multivariate analysis methods. The results show that social media can offer significant value for businesspeople in terms of marketing if it is used strategically and frequently.

Due to the global COVID-19 pandemic, educational institutions all over the world were forced to make the executive decision of quickly and effectively transferring face-to-face classes into an online format. Issues such as technical difficulties, varying degrees of digital literacy within a given team of teachers or the question of how to preserve the essence of face-to-face classes in an online environment are among the many challenges that have affected and hindered the practice of instructors all over the world. With a focus on the teaching of Spanish as a Foreign Language (Español como Lengua Extranjera, ELE) and video-conferencing platforms such as the software known as Zoom, in this paper we discuss the importance of continuing the practice of teaching speaking in an online environment. Subsequently, we present a number of strategies that we have put into practice in our online ELE classrooms in order to try and maintain the same or very similar level of interaction between our students when compared to face-to-face classrooms.

This paper discusses the corpus of Gran Canarian Spanish gathered in 2016 in order to provide an in-depth sociolinguistic account of the lenition processes identified in the dialect. After a detailed description of the methodology and database preparation, I present two case studies showcasing the utility of such corpora. First, I show the phonetic and social factors governing the distribution of different surface variants of the underlying coda /s/, pointing to generalised variation and hence incompleteness of any of the weakening options. Second, I provide a comparison of the spontaneous speech produced by the 6 informants of the corpus with their productions from a laboratory study, which leads to the conclusion that variation is subject to yet another important factor: social setting and that the options chosen on each occasion are reflections of competing stages on the same lenition trajectory systematically applied by language users.

Migrating from Greek mythology to scripture and ecclesiastical writing, sirens are best known for the perils they put on the road of Odysseus, and conversely, on that of the crucified Christ and on that of the pilgrim, two significations that Odysseus, the eternal voyageur tied to the mast, came to symbolize in the Middle Ages. Long acknowledged in past scholarship, the siren motif was perceived of as a multi-layered image, whose negative Homeric connotations suited an even vaster range of destructive meanings, moral, social and political. More than sheer misogyny, the hybrid sirens represent violation of social order, mainly that of the manly world. It is therefore no coincidence to find them dwelling in the biblical debauched town of Babylon, and in the land of Edom, destined to be destroyed, alongside hybrid centaurs, both in the Septuagint and in the Vulgate. These beasts gained much popularity throughout the Middle Ages, and embody the ultimate significance of evil in the medieval bestiary, as well as in a wide-ranging exegetical literature. This development may stand for the immense dispersion of the siren motif in Romanesque sculpture. Meant at an edifying purpose, sirens associated with urban destruction, lust, and avarice, signify the menace of sin they seduce humanity to fall into. The virtuous Christian, recognizing the long-enduring classical motif in its new Christian context should take the paradigm of Odysseus in his Christological typology, and restrain from evil. Though constituting a rather popular motif of Romanesque sculpture in general, sirens seem to inhabit many of the churches of the Auvergne and the Velay regions of France, along pilgrimage shrines, located lengthwise the Via Podiensis and crosswise routes, thus forming a marked feature of the local imagery. More than sheer enthusiasm for the antique, as past scholarship would have it, sirens seem to have chanted a very specific local chant in Auvergne-Velay. Constituting a major motif, which testifies to a profound understanding of their contextual implications, they represent a multifaceted image, denoting didactic, apotropaic, liturgical, social, and political messages. The context of pilgrimage and pilgrimage roads seems to have constituted a perfect setting for this multitude of sirens. The Via Podiensis was known as particularly uninviting. The mountainous topography, infested with thieves and brigands, provided lucrative opportunities of ambushing pilgrims on their way. It is the purpose of this paper to uncover the versatile imports of the siren antique motif in Romanesque Auvergne-Velay, by pointing out their meticulous perplexing delineation in the context of actual hardships pilgrims and congregants endured within pilgrimage shrines and roads. The first part of this paper will survey the range of allegorical significances of sirens from Homer to Jerome and to medieval exegeses, followed by a description of sirens in Auvergne-Velay. Then, I would like to suggest a new reading of the particular rendering of sirens in the small church of Pont-du-Château and in the pilgrimage church of Notre-Dame of Orcival, which may bear a local historical significance, resulting from the conflicting situations of pilgrims, on their way to worship the celestial realm.

O obxectivo deste artigo é ofrecer unha panorámica dalgunhas unidades fraseolóxicas comúns en italiano e alemán (e galego) que proceden de ritos e comportamentos ligados á superstición. Téntase descubrir se na base destas culturas tan diferentes existen mecanismos comúns de defensa contra as intervencións da mala sorte. A primeira vista parecería que o xesto de face-los cornos fose tipicamente italiano e tamén o de tocar ferro; mentres que o de stringere os pulgares e bater tres veces en madeira sexa tipicamente alemán. Ben mirado, verase que, máis aló das aparencias escóndense prácticas e técnicas sorprendentemente comúns, todas lóxicas dentro dunha loxica universal supersticiosa, que ten elementos especificamente culturais, pero que se connota tamén por un carácter universalmente máis difuso. // The goal of the following paper consists in offering a view of the most common expressions that derive from superstitious rituals and behaviours in both Italian and German (and Galician) culture. Precisely the intent of the following paper is to explore if there are similarities in the way to conceive the superstition as a general device to fight the bad luck, or if the two languages use different methods to talk about it. For example it’s typical in Italy to cross the fingers or touch iron objects, while in Germany we knock three times at wood or squeeze one's thumbs to wish someone all the best. Apparently they are different methods, but maybe they can presume the same logical process that could be universal for all the languages. That’s the question we want to analyse only by referring to German and Italian.

The European Union has responded to the financial crisis by taking measures to stabilize the financial system and to promote economic growth in the Member States. In the audit field, in 2010 the document Green Paper Audit Policy: Lessons from the Crisis, shows the intention of the European Commission to assume an international leadership in auditing , promoting cooperation within the Financial Stability Board and the G-20. This document was followed by the European Parliament resolution of 13 September 2011 on Audit Policy: Lessons from the Crisis, a new Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council amending Directive 2006/43/EC and also a new Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and Council on the specific requirements regarding statutory audit of public-interest entities. This paper highlights the visibility that the European Commission has given to the auditors' work. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to discuss the audit regulatory model introduced in Europe. Our paper shows that European regulation intends to reach a greater control over auditing activity. Our paper provides some thoughts on whether such regulation will improve the quality of auditing.