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The process of urban development and the migration of rural inhabitants to cities resulted in the loss of direct contact with the production of food of animal origin among the non-agricultural population, who associate its origin with the place of purchase. At the same time, the loosening of social bonds typical of city man (Homo civitas), reduced fertility and, consequently, unmet social needs, resulted in an increase in the number of kept companion animals that fulfill people's instinctive need for socialization. In many cases, dogs and cats have been given the status of family members. This shortening of the distance between humans and animals led to the humanization of animals and popularization of veganism and vegetarianism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Vegetarianism is an eating pattern centred on plant-based food. It encompasses many diets that differ in terms of whether they contain goods originating from animals, like milk and eggs. Nowadays, vegetarianism is increasing in popularity in developed nations, particularly in Europe. Individuals choose vegetarian diets for reasons related to health, ethics, or ecology. The rising popularity of vegetarian diets is not limited to adults but is also increasing among children. Aim of the study Vegetarian diets are generally considered to be beneficial for health. However, there are concerns over the ability to meet the dietary requirements necessary during infancy, youth, and adolescence on a vegetarian diet. Therefore, the primary aim of this systematic review is to answer questions about the efficacy of a plant-based diet in meeting the nutritional requirements of children and how to avoid the risk of nutritional deficiencies among vegetarian children. Material and methods Article provides an overview of the current literature about the vegetarian diet in children. The information has been collected from a comprehensive search of electronic databases, scientific journals, and statement papers published by nutrition and paediatric organisations. Results Following a vegetarian diet can be a beneficial decision for all children, assuming that it is properly organised and well balanced. The majority of paediatric and nutrition organisations do not recommend more strict diets for children, such as a vegan diet, which fully excludes not only meat but all animal products.

Copyright of Forum Zaburzen Metabolicznych is the property of VM Medica-VM Group (Via Medica) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Forum Zaburzen Metabolicznych is the property of VM Medica-VM Group (Via Medica) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction and purpose: Vegan and vegetarian diets rise in popularity. Their succes can be attributed to growing ecological awarness and trends in culture. Opponents criticise these diets as incompletely nutritional. In this review, we would like to summarise the state of knowledge over effects of vegan and vegetarian diets on skeletal system. Bone Mineral Density is a widely used indicator of likelyhood of fracture and develompent of osteoporosis. Comparing that parameter between vegans and vegetarians and non-vegans can lead to conclusions about bones’ health. A brief description of the state of knowledge: Lower intake of calcium and vitamins (D3, B12) in vegans and vegetarians can lead to lower bone mineral density and higher risk of fracture. Although, with supplementation of those nutrients negative effects are greatly reduced. Higher bone mineral density in non-vegetarian subjects can be result of higher body mass, gender and other factors. Plant-based diets are less acid-forming than their counterpart, resulting in lower bone resorption and reduced loss of calcium. Conclusions: Vegan and vegetarian diet can result in lower boner mineral density. However, if applied correctly, with supplementation of lacking nutrients, or enriching the diet with dairy products it may not lead to any negative effects on bones. Substances contained in plants, more frequently eaten by vegans and vegetarians may have positive effects on bone mineral density.

A healthy lifestyle and proper diet play a crucial role in everyone's life. Learning about human nutrition and the influence of food we eat on our bodies can be very positive. By incorporating the proper nutritional techniques into our lives, we can significantly improve our health and well-being itself. This paper aims to present a vegetarian diet as a good nutritional alternative for non-meat eaters. In this study, vegetarian and vegan diets were characterized. It discusses the factors influencing the choice of a vegetarian diet in religious, moral, nutritional, and health aspects. It focuses on crucial elements to remember when switching to this type of diet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nutritional choices are affected by culture, tradition and above all by the narrative we adopt for human history. The article gives an overview of the (pseudo)scientific beliefs, psychological factors and ethical orientations that affect nutritional choices. Among the various food theories today, great importance is given, for example, to the so-called Paleolithic diet, which consists of proposing a dietary model based on blood groups, which are assumed to have developed throughout different periods of the natural evolution of Homo sapiens, which were characterized by peculiar alimentary regimes. Moreover, psychological determinant drivers affect food choices and could lead to pathological eating behaviors (e.g., anorexia, overeating, binge eating). Finally, the ethical aspects of nutrition are closely correlated to vegetarianism, which in turn embraces an anti-speciesist thinking and recognizes the need for humans not to inflict unnecessary suffering on animals. Vegetarianism, anti-speciesism and ecologism often represent different aspects of the same issue: a lifestyle that testifies the need for a change in traditional paradigms, in the interest of humankind and the future of life on our planet.

The aim of the study is to evaluate the knowledge about vegetarian diet (which excludes meat from its menu), flexitarian diet (which limits meat in its menu) and traditional diet based on the questionnaire study. The hypothesis of the work is to show that a vegetarian diet is valuable for human health. 380 respondents, with no age limits, took part in the study. It was found that the vast majority of respondents who follow a vegetarian diet are more knowledgeable about the consumed products, are more satisfied with their diet and want to continue it in the future. There was also a large increase in respondents' interest in the new form of healthy eating that is the flexitarian diet. Increased knowledge about nutrition and food sourcing awareness should result in the elimination of negative opinions towards a vegan diet (veganophobia) and contribute to slowing down environmental degradation, food waste and illnesses associated with the consumption of contaminated and highly processed food. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Internet is one of the most important inventions of the 20th century. The virtualization of social life is a growing process. In this article the author examines memes via vegan and vegetarian perspectives to analyze how speciesism occurs in them.

Consumers' knowledge of the trends in nutrition is an aspect important not only in terms of their health and quality of life but also for food industry companies. They must respond to consumers' challenges and even stay ahead of them to win a crowd of new customers, thus increasing profits. The study aim is to characterize selected current nutritional and dietary trends. The following reasons for consumers to follow dietary trends are health, cultural, religious, ethical, ecological, psychological, financial, and connected with globalization. The essence, benefits, and limitations resulting from the use of different diets: vegetarian, vegan, and flexitarian diets, elimination diets (gluten-free diet and lactose-free diet), lowglycemic index diet, diet in insulin resistance, diets affecting mental health (comfort food, mood food, and mindful eating), and diets that include the elimination of food waste (no waste, less waste, freeganizm) were indicated. A dietician and doctor's recommendations should support the sensible use of any diet and its proper balance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Paediatrics & Family Medicine / Pediatria i Medycyna Rodzinna is the property of Medical Communications Sp. z o.o. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This is the first Polish translation of Porphyry's of Tyre text done by Ewa Osek. Except for the translation, the book contains the Greek text, a comprehensive introduction to the content of the work, a description of manuscripts and editions, as well as extensive and comprehensive comments on the translated text. Appendix and indexes are also included in the book. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is a reductio ad absurdum of assumptions which are shared by a largenumber of followers of the animal welfare movement and utilitarianism. I arguethat even if we accept the main ethical arguments for a negative moral assessmentof eating meat we should not promote vegetarianism but rather beefism (eating onlymeat from beef cattle). I also argue that some forms of vegetarianism, i.e. ichtivegetarianism,can be much more morally worse than normal meat diet. In order to justifythese thesis I show that there are significant moral differences in the consumptionof animal products from different species.

A purpose of this article is expressing the very interesting issues concerning the ritual sphere of big religions of world. In particular it concerns diet provisions referring to food of the animal origin. Principles of the religion determine in this situation, what kind of food is allowed to the consumption. Is a question, whether it is possible to separate the religion from the vegetarianism? Religions differ from themselves. However they agree as for the need for the moral behaviour and ethic. A charity and sympathizing towards the poor one are core values. These values are valued highly by all religions of world.

Objectives: The following article presents the relationship between vegetarianism and orthorexia nervosa (ON). Vegetarianism is an ideology and a way of life that aims at minimizing animal exploitation. A vegetarian diet excludes the consumption of meat together with other animal derived products. According to scientists, orthorexia nervosa is considered to be a new, yet unclassified eating disorder. It involves introducing dietary restrictions by individuals who feel a desire to improve their health status by healthy eating., Methods: The study involved 2,611 participants, namely 1,346 vegetarians and 1,265 non-vegetarians. The research questionnaire consisted of general personal and anthropometric characteristics, the BOT(Bratman Test for Orthorexia) and questions evaluating the participants' attitude towards nutrition., Results: Based on the obtained results, health food fanaticism is more specific to vegetarians than non-vegetarians. The risk for orthorexia nervosa decreases with age and diet duration. The biggest number of health food fanatics was found in the group of lacto-vegetarians, a lower number among ovo-vegetarians and lacto-ovo-vegetarians, and the smallest number was observed in the vegan group. Also, vegetarians were reported to have dietary consultations as frequently as non-vegetarians., Conclusions: Very few studies can be found on the relationship between orthorexia nervosa and vegetarianism. Some scientists believe that vegetarians are particularly prone to orthorexia nervosa. In addition, it has been suggested by other researchers that vegetarianism can be used to mask eating disorders, as it allows these affected individuals to avoid certain products or situations related to food. The direction of cause and effect cannot be determined.