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In the Strategic Plan for the CAP 2023-2027, the goal of special importance is the strengthening ecosystem services. Eco-schemes are a new type of direct support intended for farmers taking additional actions to protect the environment and climate. The study undertakes an institutional and environmental assessment of the proposal to withdraw from implementing some of the assumptions included in the eco-schemes. As a result, the criteria for their availability turned out to be inadequate for smallholder farms. Farmers implementing eco-schemes are exposed to additional expenditures or reduced incomes due to the extensification of production. However, they may receive applicable financial compensation on the annual basis. The current, rather complicated system authorizing payments for 2023, meant that relatively not many farmers made such efforts. At the same time, this results in receiving approximately 50% of support from the direct payments comparing to the previous year. In this paper there has been suggested the need for modification of the eco-schemes with the special emphasis on smallholder farms. It was based on two pillars: technological and environmental, with a proposal of requirements that may be relatively easy to meet in practice.

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This study examined empirically production effi ciency of cassava farms in Osun state of Nigeria using farm level data. The stochastic frontier production and cost function model was used to predict the farm level technical and economic effi ciencies respectively. The predicted technical effi ciency and economic effi ciency are the basis for estimating allocative effi ciency of the farms. Estimated results however, show that cassava farms in the study area exhibit decreasing positive return-to-scale giving the value of return to scale (RTS) of 0.840 obtained from the analysis, meaning that cassava farmers were effi cient in allocating their resources. Additionally, the analysis reveal that predicted effi ciency measure disaggregated into technical (TE), economic (EE) and allocative effi ciency (AE) with a view of examining not only TE but EE and AE when measuring productivity shows that mean TE, EE and AE of 0.903,0.89 and 0.807 were obtained from the analysis respectively meaning that TE appears to be more signifi cant than AE as a source of gain in EE. The policy implication of these fi ndings point to the fact that cassava farms in the study area were effi cient in allocating their resources considering their scope of operation and the limited resources.